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The Southeast Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetle fauna is reviewed for the first time. Thirty-four genera and 315 species are reviewed, illustrated, and keyed to genera and species. Sixty-three new species are described:Amasa cycloxystersp. nov.,Amasa galeodermasp. nov.,Amasa gibbosasp. nov.,Amasa linisp. nov.,Amasa tropidacronsp. nov.,Amasa youliisp. nov.,Ambrosiophilus caliginestrissp. nov.,Ambrosiophilus indicussp. nov.,Ambrosiophilus lannaensissp. nov.,Ambrosiophilus papilliferussp. nov.,Ambrosiophilus wantaneeaesp. nov.,Anisandrus achaetesp. nov.,Anisandrus aucosp. nov.,Anisandrus auratipilussp. nov.,Anisandrus congruenssp. nov.,Anisandrus cryphaloidessp. nov.,Anisandrus feroniasp. nov.,Anisandrus herasp. nov.,Anisandrus paragogussp. nov.,Anisandrus sinivalisp. nov.,Anisandrus venustussp. nov.,Anisandrus xuannusp. nov.,Arixyleborus crassiorsp. nov.,Arixyleborus phiaoacensissp. nov.,Arixyleborus setosussp. nov.,Arixyleborus silvanussp. nov.,Arixyleborus sittichayaisp. nov.,Arixyleborus titanussp. nov.,Coptodryas amydrasp. nov.,Coptodryas carinatasp. nov.,Coptodryas inornatasp. nov.,Cyclorhipidion amasoidessp. nov.,Cyclorhipidion amputatumsp. nov.,Cyclorhipidion denticaudasp. nov.,Cyclorhipidion muticumsp. nov.,Cyclorhipidion obesulumsp. nov.,Cyclorhipidion petrosumsp. nov.,Cyclorhipidion truncaudinumsp. nov.,Cyclorhipidion xeniolumsp. nov.,Euwallacea geminussp. nov.,Euwallacea neptissp. nov.,Euwallacea subalpinussp. nov.,Euwallacea testudinatussp. nov.,Heteroborips fastigatussp. nov.,Heteroborips indicussp. nov.,Microperus latesalebrinussp. nov.,Microperus minaxsp. nov.,Microperus sagmatussp. nov.,Streptocranus petilussp. nov.,Truncaudum bullatumsp. nov.,Xyleborinus cuneatussp. nov.,Xyleborinus disgregussp. nov.,Xyleborinus echinopterussp. nov.,Xyleborinus ephialtodessp. nov.,Xyleborinus huifenyinaesp. nov.,Xyleborinus jianghuansunisp. nov.,Xyleborinus thaiphamisp. nov.,Xyleborinus tritussp. nov.,Xyleborus opacussp. nov.,Xyleborus sunisaesp. nov.,Xyleborus yunnanensissp. nov.,Xylosandrus bellinsulanussp. nov.,Xylosandrus spinifersp. nov.. Thirteen new combinations are given:Ambrosiophilus consimilis(Eggers)comb. nov.,Anisandrus carinensis(Eggers)comb. nov.,Anisandrus cristatus(Hagedorn)comb. nov.,Anisandrus klapperichi(Schedl)comb. nov.,Anisandrus percristatus(Eggers)comb. nov.,Arixyleborus resecans(Eggers)comb. nov.,Cyclorhipidion armiger(Schedl)comb. nov.,Debus quadrispinus(Motschulsky)comb. nov.,Heteroborips tristis(Eggers)comb. nov.,Leptoxyleborus machili(Niisima)comb. nov.,Microperus cruralis(Schedl)comb. nov.,Planiculus shiva(Maiti & Saha)comb. nov.,Xylosandrus formosae(Wood)comb. nov.Twenty-four new synonyms are proposed:Ambrosiophilus osumiensis(Murayama, 1934) (=Xyleborus nodulosusEggers, 1941syn. nov.);Ambrosiophilus subnepotulus(Eggers, 1930) (=Xyleborus cristatuloidesSchedl, 1971syn. nov.);Ambrosiophilus sulcatus(Eggers, 1930) (=Xyleborus sinensisEggers, 1941syn. nov.; =Xyleborus sulcatulusEggers, 1939syn. nov.);Anisandrus hirtus(Hagedorn, 1904) (=Xyleborus hirtipesSchedl, 1969syn. nov.);Cnestus protensus(Eggers, 1930) (=Cnestus rostratusSchedl, 1977syn. nov.);Cyclorhipidion bodoanum(Reitter, 1913) (=Xyleborus misatoensisNobuchi, 1981syn. nov.);Cyclorhipidion distinguendum(Eggers, 1930) (=Xyleborus fukiensisEggers, 1941syn. nov.; =Xyleborus ganshoensisMurayama, 1952syn. nov.);Cyclorhipidion inarmatum(Eggers, 1923) (=Xyleborus vagansSchedl, 1977syn. nov.);Debus quadrispinus(Motschulsky, 1863) (=Xyleborus fallaxEichhoff, 1878syn. nov.);Euwallacea gravelyi(Wichmann, 1914) (=Xyleborus barbatomorphusSchedl, 1951syn. nov.);Euwallacea perbrevis(Schedl, 1951) (=Xyleborus molestulusWood, 1975syn. nov.;Euwallacea semirudis(Blandford, 1896) (=Xyleborus neohybridusSchedl, 1942syn. nov.);Euwallacea sibsagaricus(Eggers, 1930) (=Xyleborus tonkinensisSchedl, 1934syn. nov.);Euwallacea velatus(Sampson, 1913) (=Xyleborus rudisEggers, 1930syn. nov.);Microperus kadoyamaensis(Murayama, 1934) (=Xyleborus pubipennisSchedl, 1974syn. nov.; =Xyleborus denseseriatusEggers, 1941syn. nov.);Stictodex dimidiatus(Eggers, 1927) (=Xyleborus dorsosulcatusBeeson, 1930syn. nov.);Webbia trigintispinataSampson, 1922 (=Webbia mucronatusEggers, 1927syn. nov.);Xyleborinus artestriatus(Eichhoff, 1878) (=Xyelborus angustior[sic] Eggers, 1925syn. nov.; =Xyleborus undatusSchedl, 1974syn. nov.);Xyleborinus exiguus(Walker, 1859) (=Xyleborus diversusSchedl, 1954syn. nov.);Xyleborus muticusBlandford, 1894 (=Xyleborus conditusSchedl, 1971syn. nov.; =Xyleborus lignographusSchedl, 1953syn. nov.). Seven species are removed from synonymy and reinstated as valid species:Anisandrus cristatus(Hagedorn, 1908),Cyclorhipidion tenuigraphum(Schedl, 1953),Diuncus ciliatoformis(Schedl, 1953),Euwallacea gravelyi(Wichmann, 1914),Euwallacea semirudis(Blandford, 1896),Microperus fulvulus(Schedl, 1942),Xyleborinus subspinosus(Eggers, 1930).

Ambrosiella species in the latest definition are tightly associated with ambrosia beetles in genera Anisandrus, Cnestus, and Xylosandrus within the tribe Xyleborini characterized by a mesothoracic mycangium. Eccoptopterus and Hadrodemius are another two xyleborine genera possessing mesothoracic mycangium, but their symbiotic fungi are unknown. A survey of Ambrosiella s.s. in Taiwan revealed five species, including one new species, A. catenulata, and indicated that members of Eccoptopterus and Hadrodemius are also associated with Ambrosiella s.s. It corroborates a previous hypothesis that Ambrosiella s.s. species are exclusively associated with ambrosia beetles having mesothoracic mycangium. The association appears asymmetrical: a single Ambrosiella species can be carried by multiple species of beetles, while each beetle species associates with only one Ambrosiella species. Descriptions and illustrations of species obtained in this study are provided. Identification is based on morphological and molecular analyses.

The following 13 new combinations are given: Ambrosiophilus osumiensis (Murayama, 1934), Ancipitis machili (Niisima, 1910), Cyclorhipidion bispinum (Nobuchi, 1981), Cyclorhipidion japonicum (Nobuchi, 1981), Cyclorhipidion laetum (Niisima, 1909), Cyclorhipidion misatoense (Nobuchi, 1981), Cyclorhipidion miyazakiense (Murayama, 1936), Cyclorhipidion okinosenense (Murayama, 1961), Cyclorhipidion takinoyense (Murayama, 1953), Debus defensus (Blandford, 1894), Immanus permarginatus (Schedl, 1933), Microperus calamoides (Murayama, 1934), Microperus quercicola (Eggers, 1926), all originally described in Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864. The following 24 new synonyms are proposed: Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff, 1876) (=Xyleborus collis Niisima, 1910 syn. n.); Ambrosiophilus osumiensis (Murayama, 1934) (=Xyleborus metanepotulus Eggers, 1939 syn. n.); Ancipitis machili (Niisima, 1910) (=Xyleborus depressus Eggers, 1923 syn. n.; = Xyleborus kojimai Murayama, 1936 syn. n.); Anisandrus dispar (Fabricius, 1792) (=Xyleborus ishidai Niisima, 1909 syn. n.); Cnestus aterrimus (Eggers, 1927) (=Cnestus maculatus Browne, 1983 syn. n.; = Cnestus murayamai Schedl, 1962 syn. n.; = Cnestus murayamai Browne, 1963 syn. n.; = Tosaxyleborus pallidipennis Murayama, 1950. syn. n.); Cyclorhipidion miyazakiense (Murayama, 1936) (=Xyleborus armipennis Schedl, 1953 syn. n.; = Xyleborus wakayamensis Nobuchi, 1981 syn. n.); Microperus kadoyamaensis (Murayama, 1934) (=Xyleborus nameranus Murayama, 1954 syn. n.); Microperus quercicola (Eggers, 1926) (=Xyleborus izuensis Murayama, 1952 syn. n.); Planiculus bicolor (Blandford, 1894) (=Xyleborus ashuensis Murayama, 1954 syn. n.); Xyleborinus attenuatus (Blandford, 1894) (=Xyleborinus canus Niisima, 1909 syn. n.); Xyleborinus schaufussi (Blandford, 1894) (=Xyleborus kraunhiae Niisima, 1910 syn. n.); Xyleborus festivus Eichhoff, 1876 (=Xyleborus detectus Schedl, 1975a syn. n.; = Xyleborus pinicola Eggers, 1930 syn. n.; = Xyleborus pinivorus Browne, 1980 syn. n.); Xyleborus metacuneolus Eggers, 1940 (= Xyleborus kaimochii Nobuchi, 1981 syn. n.); Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston, 1857) (=Xyleborus shionomisakiensis Murayama, 1951 syn. n.); Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg, 1837) (=Xyleborus septentrionalis Niisima 1909 syn. n.); Xyleborus seriatus Blandford, 1894 (=Xyleborus todo Kono, 1938 syn. n.); Xylosandrus brevis (Eichhoff, 1877) (=Xyleborus montanus Niisima, 1910 syn. n.). Arixyleborus yakushimanus (Murayama, 1958) is removed from synonymy with A. malayensis (Schedl, 1954). The types of Xyleborus nagaoensis Murayama, 1934, and X. ohtoensis Nobuchi, 1981 were examined and are confirmed to be correctly placed in Xyleborus. Lectotypes are designated for Xyleborus ishidai Niisima, 1909, and Xyleborus septentrionalis Niisima, 1909.

Ambrosia beetles farm ascomycetous fungi in tunnels within wood. These ambrosia fungi are regarded asexual, although population genetic proof is missing. Here we explored the intraspecific genetic diversity of Ambrosiella grosmanniae and Ambrosiella hartigii (Ascomycota: Microascales), the mutualists of the beetles Xylosandrus germanus and Anisandrus dispar. By sequencing five markers (ITS, LSU, TEF1α, RPB2, β-tubulin) from several fungal strains, we show that X. germanus cultivates the same two clones of A. grosmanniae in the USA and in Europe, whereas A. dispar is associated with a single A. hartigii clone across Europe. This low genetic diversity is consistent with predominantly asexual vertical transmission of Ambrosiella cultivars between beetle generations. This clonal agriculture is a remarkable case of convergence with fungus-farming ants, given that both groups have a completely different ecology and evolutionary history.

WOS: 000413202900005 Hazelnut, a very important cash crop in Turkey, is frequently colonized by bark and ambrosia beetle species (Scolytinae). Some scolytine species may cause economic damage while other species do not; therefore, proper identification is important in orchard management. Extensive sampling demonstrated that the most common pest species in Turkey's hazelnut orchards are Anisandrus dispar, Xylosandrus germanus, and Xyleborinus saxesenii. Hypothenemus eruditus can also be common, but only colonizes branches that are already dead. Lymantor coryli, Hypoborus ficus, Taphrorychus ramicola, and Taphrorychus birtellus are rare and do not causes damage to live plants. Xyleborinus saxesenii appears to have been frequently misidentified and misreported as either L. coryli or Xyleborus xylographus. The former is rare, and the latter probably does not occur in Turkey. To avoid future misidentifications, a dichotomous identification key is provided for bark and ambrosia beetles of hazelnut orchards in Turkey. TUBITAK projectTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TOVAG-111O788]; Turkish MEVLANA program; Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Agriculture, Czech Republic [RO0116, 10462/2016-MZE-17011]; USDA Forest Service, USDA Farm Bill Section 10007, the National Science Foundation We thank to Turkish MEVLANA program and TUBITAK project (TOVAG-111O788) that financially supported the travels for studies in this paper. This research was also partly supported by the project of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic - Resolution RO0116 (reference number 10462/2016-MZE-17011), by the USDA Forest Service, USDA Farm Bill Section 10007, the National Science Foundation. The Florida State Collection of Arthropods kindly loaned several specimens. The authors wish to thank Mr. Zachary Nolen (M.Sc.) from University of Florida (USA), who assisted in improving the language of the manuscript, and Drs. Bjarte H. Jordal and Michail Yu. Mandelshtam for their helpful reviews.

The attractiveness of ultra high release ethanol lures to ambrosia beetles in Slovakian oak forests was tested from 2010 to 2012. A total of 24,705 specimens were captured during this three year period with Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg, 1837) representing 49.28% (12,174 specimens) of the total. Other dominant species captured in the traps were Anisandrus dispar (F., 1792) (27.84%), Xyleborus monographus (F., 1792) (9.72%) and Trypodendron signatum (F., 1792) (6.04%). During this experiment, Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) was detected for the first time in Slovakia with an increase in capture each year (19, 40 and 77 specimens, respectively). Flight period for ambrosia beetles in Slovakia occurs from the beginning of April through the end of September. This is the first time that ethanol baited traps were deployed in Slovakian oak forests and the lures were an effective tool for monitoring native and non-native ambrosia beetles.

Anisandrus maiche Stark, an ambrosia beetle native to Asia, is reported for the first time in North America based on specimens from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. This is the twentieth species of exotic Xyleborina documented in North America. This species, along with three others occurring in North America, were formerly placed in Xyleborus Eichhoff, but currently are assigned to Anisandrus Ferrari. Descriptions of generic characters used to separate Anisandrus from Xyleborus, a re-description of the female A. maiche, and an illustrated key to the four North American species of Anisandrus are presented.

The shot hole borer, Anisandrus pyri (Peck), which has been referred to as the American representative of the European species A. dispar (Fab.) and from which according to Swame (1918) it is doubtfully distinct, has long been known in the eastern parts of Canada and the United States. This species has also been present for a number of years in the West where its distribution is apparently confined to the coast districts. As it has become particularly troublesome during recent years in British Columbia, and as published accounts of its occurrence in this province are very meagre, the following notes may be considered timely.