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Air temperature is effective meteorological parameter in overall leaf phenology of deciduous temperate forests. Not only the air temperature but also the soil temperature influences seasonal leaf development of deciduous trees. In order to determine the extent of air and soil temperature impact on the Carpinus betulus leaves, we analyzed two significant parameters; leaf area (LA) and leaf area index (LAI) as an indicator of leaf development. We monitored LA expansion through leaf harvesting with about weekly intervals from early April to late May, and LAI through hemispherical photographing from mid-March and mid-June. After the budburst and leaf unfolding between late March and early April, mean LAI and LA consecutively exhibited increasing patterns until their maximums (2.70 and 28.60 cm 2 ) in late May and early May, respectively. Both the LA and LAI trends were in accordance particularly with the soil temperatures of all layers. Namely, the coefficients ( r ) were at least 0.88 indicating high significance ( P P r = 0.76, 0.82 and 0.88 for maximum, mean and minimum air temperatures, respectively. However, the correlations between LA and air temperatures were insignificant. Unlike the current year, there were significant correlations of the LA with both the preceding year's mean air temperature ( P = 0.05) and sunlight duration ( P = 0.02). Consequently, the results revealed the importance of relatively less referred parameter; soil temperature, primarily for the urban forest trees which are susceptible to anthropogenic climate warming.

Day length-related alterations of several metabolic factors (glucose, leptin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]), cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma], and lymphocyte subpopulations [CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, natural killer (NK) cells) were evaluated in Arabian and Thoroughbred horses. Plasma glucose, leptin, IGF-1, insulin, and cytokines levels were measured on the longest day of the breeding season and on the shortest day of the nonbreeding season. Determination of lymphocyte subpopulations was performed by flow cytometry. Glucose and IL-2 levels, CD4:CD8 ratio, and NK cells showed variations that depended on the day length. Mean concentrations of plasma leptin were higher in Arabian horses than in Thoroughbred horses, whereas mean concentrations of IGF-1 and IL-2 were lower in Arabian horses. Day length-by-breed-by-gender interaction was found for insulin, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 levels. An interaction was also found between day length and gender for the expressions of CD2, CD3, CD8, and CD19. Correlations were detected between expression of CD8(+) cells and levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma and between percentages of NK cells and levels of IGF-1, insulin, and glucose. Results suggested that day length and, therefore, season are important determinants or factors in modulating the immune system and could affect lymphocyte subpopulations depending on the sex of the horse. Additionally, it seems that a complex relationship in horses, as in humans and mice, exists between the immune and metabolic system, which changes according to day length, breed, and gender. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Paenibacillus xylanexedens’in tek başına veya inulin veya laktuloz ile birlikte kullanılmasının erkek broylerlerin büyüme performansı ve bağırsak histomorfolojisi üzerine olan etkisi incelendi. Toplamda 168 adet günlük erkek civciv dört deneme grubuna ayrıldı: C, bazal rasyon (kontrol); P, 1×109 cfu/kg-yem P. xylanexedens; IN, 1×109 cfu/kg-yem P. xylanexedens ve %1 inulin; LAC, 1×109 cfu/kg-yem P. xylanexedens ve %0.5 laktuloz. P. xylanexedens ve sinbiyotik ilavesinin 1-21. günlerde broyler canlı ağırlık artışını (P, The effects of Paenibacillus xylanexedens, alone or in combination with inulin and lactulose were evaluated on growth performance and intestinal histomorphology of male broilers. A total of 168 one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups as follows: C, basal diet (control; without supplementation); P, 1×109 cfu/kg-feed P. xylanexedens; IN, 1×109 cfu/kg-feed P. xylanexedens and 1% inulin; LAC, 1×109 cfu/kg-feed P. xylanexedens and 0.5% lactulose. Addition of P. xylanexedens and synbiotics significantly increased broiler body weight gain (P

Summary: The objective of this study was to characterize seasonal variations in serum concentrations of melatonin, testosterone, and progesterone in Arabian horses under natural photoperiodic conditions. Peripheral blood samples were collected during breeding and non-breeding seasons from mares and stallions. Serum concentrations of melatonin, testosterone, and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum concentrations of melatonin were greater in the non-breeding season (42.41±1.59 and 37.68±1.55 pg/ml) when compared to breeding season (23.52±1.24 and 17.22±2.10 pg/ml) in both mares and stallions, respectively. Melatonin concentrations were low but not different between the luteal and follicular phases during breeding season in cyclic mares. Mares had greater concentrations of melatonin than stallions in both breeding and non-breeding season. Mean concentrations of testosterone were greater during breeding season (6.58±0.50 ng/ml) than non-breeding season (3.64±0.48 ng/ml) in stallions. There was a negative correlation (r=-0.658, p

This study investigated the effects of dietary lactulose supplementation on broiler growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microflora, and cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. A total of 245 one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 5 different treatments, with 7 replicates including 7 birds each. The birds received the same basal diet based on corn--soybean meal, and lactulose was included in the diet at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8% at the expense of corn and/or soybean meal. The body weight gain (linear, P=0.027) and feed conversion (linear, P=0.003) from 0 to 21 d showed significant improvement as dietary lactulose was increased from 0.2 to 0.8%. However, dietary lactulose did not affect broiler performance at the end of the experiment (42 d). Furthermore, intestinal measurements and the goblet cell count of broilers fed a lactulose-containing diet differed from those of birds fed a diet that did not contain lactulose. In addition, a significant quadratic response in the Lactobacillus count (P≤0.001) was observed at 42 d on increasing the level of lactulose. The cecal coliform bacterial population was not affected by the dietary treatments. Supplementation with lactulose significantly increased the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA measured on d 7 and d 42. In conclusion, inclusion of lactulose in the diet can enhance broiler performance and intestinal morphology by selectively stimulating intestinal microflora and increasing cecal SCFA concentrations.

The phospholipids and fatty acid composition of sperm are altered under the influence of serum lipids on impaired seminal parameters in infertile men. We studied the correlation of the serum lipid profile and sex hormone results of a group of infertile men with sperm characteristics of 18 infertile men. Semen samples were collected and analyzed. Serum fasted and post-meal glucose levels, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglyceride, FSH, LH, and testosterone measurements were performed. The increased serum VLDL, total triglyceride, and testosterone values were significantly correlated with decreased sperm motility. Serum FSH values were also inversely correlated with normal sperm morphology. The increased VLDL impaired seminal parameters; additionally, increased triglycerides may have deleterious effects on spermatogenesis. Deterioration is related with increased serum VLDL and triglyceride levels.

WOS: 000261230700005 In the north of Turkey, pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the most important crops. Forty-four analysed Populations of pinto bean were collected from Samsun province in northern Turkey. The variability of the 44 self-pollinated populations of pinto bean was evaluated on morphological, reproductive, and agronomical traits during 2003-2004. Individual data for 24 traits (14 quantitative and 10 qualitative) related to earliness and yield, and plant, pod, and seed structure were analysed using Principal Component (PC) analysis which revealed differences among the populations. The PC analysis showed that the first four PC axes explained 83.3% of the total multivariate variation. Characters with high coefficients in the first PC (earliness and yield traits), and the second PC (pod length, pod width, and pod form) were considered the most important since these axes explain nearly half of the total variation. Data were subjected to cluster analysis and several groups Were identified with most of the Populations. Clustered into six groups, a dendrogram was prepared to evaluate morphological differences among Populations. It revealed high variation. The results provide information on the diversity and breeding values of Turkish pinto bean germplasm. Ondokuz Mayis University Research FoundationOndokuz Mayis University [Z-405] We thank Ondokuz Mayis University Research Foundation (Z-405) for financial support.

WOS: 000231641800009, PubMed: 16156131, This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of using L-carnitine and humate alone or in combination in quail diets on laying performance, egg traits and blood parameters. A total of 280 Japanese quails aged 10 weeks, divided into one control group and three treatment groups, were used. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 100 mg L-carnitine/kg, 1.5 g humate (Farmagulator (R) Dry Plus)/kg and 100 mg L-camitine + 1.5 g humate/kg, respectively. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks. The addition of L-camitine and sodium humate alone or in combination did not significantly affect body weight, feed consumption, egg production, feed conversion ratio, mortality, egg-shell thickness, egg yolk index and the percentages of egg-shell, albumen and yolk. Egg weight increased (P < 0.001) with L-camitine supplementation. The values of egg albumen height (P < 0.05), egg albumen index (P < 0.01) and egg Haugh unit (P < 0.05) were increased with humate supplementation. Egg cholesterol content and blood serum parameters were not affected by the supplementation of L-camitine with or without humate. The results in this study demonstrated that L-carnitine supplementation increased egg weight while humate addition increased egg albumen index and egg Haugh unit of laying quails. However, the combined administration of L-camitine and humate did not have any significant effects on the parameters measured.

Bu araştırma broylerlerde altlık materyaline katılan enzim içerikli KOPROS ile içmesu/arına ilave edilen pridok.sin ve inositol içerikli 20J'nin büyüme performansı üzerine olan etkisiniaraştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Ayrıca altlığın bakteri ve mantar sayısı yönünden mikrobiyolojikll1Uayenesiyapılmıştlr.Araştırmada 160 adet günlük Ross PM.! broyler eiveiv kullanılmıştır. Her biri 40 adetcivcivden oluşan I kontrol, 3 deneme olmak üzere toplam 4 grup halinde düzenlenmiştir. Araştırma 6hafta sürmüştür.Araştırma sonunda canlı ağırlık bakımından istatistiki açıdan önemli fark bulunmamıştır. Altıhaftalık araştırma süresince kontrol,I, 2 ve 3. gruplarda canlı ağırlıklar sırasıyla 2201.66,2182.23,2127.17 ve 2210.00 g olarak saptanmıştır. Araştırma süresince hir kg canlı ağırlık artışı için tüketilenyem miktarları sırasıyla 1.74, 1.74, 1.76 ve 1.71 kg olarak bulunmuştur.Altlığın hakteri ve mantar sayısı yönünden yapılan mikrobiyolojik muayenesinde mantarsayısı hakımmdan fark hulunamazken, hakteri sayılarında kısmi hir azalma olmuştur

Bu araştırma. hroiler rasyonlanna % 5. 10 ve 15 düzeylerindekatılan .fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) ve hurçağın (Vicia ervilia L.) canlı ağırlık artışı,yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma, kan serumunda total lipid. total protein,total kolesterol, SCOT ve SCPT üzerine olan etkilerini ve tanen miktarlannlhelirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.Araştırmada toplam 140 adet günlük Jl.,v-Line etlik civciv kullanılmıştır.Her hiri 20 civcivden oluşan 1 kontrol, 6 deneme olmak üzere toplam 7 gruphalinde düzenlenen araştırma 6 hafta sürdürülmüştür.Araştırma sonunda gruplar arasında canlı ağırlık hakımındanistatistiki açıdan önemli derecede farklılık hulunmuştur (p

Bu araştırma % 5- iO düzeyinde fiğ içeren rasyonların )'ıımurtatavuklarında )'em tüketimi, yemden )'ararlanma, )'ıımurta verimi, .J'umurta kalitesi ve kan serum kalsiyum ve inorganik fosfor dÜZej'leri üzerine olan etkileriniincelemek amacryla .J'apıldı.Araştırmada toplam i50 adet 47 haftalık Hisex yumurta tipi, kahı'erengimelez taliuk kull'1nıldı. Araştırma her biri 50 adet taliuktan meydana gelen ikontrol, 2 deneme olmak üzere toplam 3 grup halinde )'ürütüldü. Araştırma 4 aysürdürüldü.Fiğin rasyond,z % iO düzeyinde bulunması yumurta taliuklarında yemtüketimi lie yumurta lierimini azaltmtl.Sına rağmen )'eın tüketimindeki azalmadaha fazıa olduğundan Ji.~in )'Cmden yararlanma derecesi üzerine olumlu etki)'aptığı görülmektedir. Yumurta özgül ağırlığımn % iO fiğ içeren grupta,yumurta sarı indeksinin ise % 5fiğ içeren grupta diğer gruplara nazaran dahafazla oldu,ğu ı!,ö'zlendi. Yumurta kalitesi ile ilgili dıiIer jjzellikler lie kan serumkalsi.J'um iJe inorganik fosfor düzeyleri bakımından gruplar arasında farklılıklar görülmedi. Ayrıca ras)'onlara katılan fiğin ."umurta taliuklarının sağlığıüzerine zararlı bir etkisi olmadı,ğı sapt:ındı