Search

In this research, water quality index and multivariate statistical techniques were carried out on 14 water quality parameters collected quarterly (four times/year) from nine water sources in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, for one year (May 2019–April 2020). The water quality parameters included are the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), Electrical Conductivity, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Calcium, Sulphate, Chloride, Magnesium, Iron, COD, DO, and BOD. The water samples collected show that the mean values of physicochemical parameters are in the range set by WHO and BIS except for hardness in summer (1,680 mg/L), monsoon (832.22 mg/L), winter (1,876.66 mg/L), spring (1,535.55 mg/L); TDS in summer (1,000.33 mg/L), monsoon (683.44 mg/L), winter (1,087.66 mg/L), spring (776.66 mg/L); and sulphate in summer (927.22 mg/L), monsoon (446.77 mg/L), winter (925.77 mg/L), spring (944.88 mg/L), which indicate bad quality of water. The WQI values were calculated for three locations in different weather conditions. WQI values in summer, winter and spring are 630.90, 279.61, 279.91, showing that the river water is not suitable for drinking purposes whereas the WQI value in monsoon is 75.89, showing that water is fit for drinking purposes due to the dilution of the river water. A moderate positive correlation was observed for turbidity with total hardness, iron, total alkalinity, and sulphate. Negative correlation was observed with pH. Moderate correlation was seen with TDS–EC (0.608), TDS–Alkalinity (0.7794), EC–Ca (0.723), and strong correlation was observed for BOD–DO (0.941) and Ca–Mg (0.999). Principal component analysis revealed that five factors were significant (eigenvalue > 0.5) with total variance of 39.43%–85.19% respectively. The ICP-MS study of water samples from point sources indicate the presence of Ni2+, Cr6+, Co2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ ions at higher concentrations.

Agra was the capital of the Mughal Empire at its zenith, and the splendour of the city during this period can only be imagined. There is an abundance of royal buildings which are protected by the Government of India. There were other significant buildings too, housing the high nobility, away from both the royal quarters as well as the ordinary peoples’ houses. These have largely vanished, being large enough to attract builders as well as developers. The article describes and establishes the significance of one such rare traditional townhouse or mansion called ‘haveli’ located on the river Yamuna, Agra, in relation to a larger historical and cultural landscape. It also discusses the possibilities of conservation and management for protecting and enhancing the significance of the premises and planning for its sustainable development in future. The current edifice appears to be a coalescence of British and Mughal architecture with some local features. The building stands where similar-sized havelis stood during the Mughal period, housing high nobility. The architects of these buildings efficiently used the features of the river. With most such havelis having disappeared from the riverfront, this large residence-like edifice provides an interesting glimpse of the lost heritage. Fragments of information obtained from old maps and paintings, site surveys and some few research works have been joined together to reconstruct the origin and transformation vis-a-vis the present condition.

Introduction: Researches had shown that Men who have sex with men (MSM) have higher chances of having psychiatric disorder as compared to heterosexual men. Ongoing homophobia, stigma and discrimination have negative effects on mental health of MSM. Many MSM do not seek care from mental health provider because of fear of discrimination Objectives: This study was carried out to assess psychiatric health problem among MSM and also assess their health seeking behavior. Method: The Snowball sampling technique was used. First participants were recruited through a non-profit peer group. Further participants were subsequently referred by participants from their peer circles. Data obtained from total 52 MSM using pretested questionnaire and General health questionnaire (GHQ-28) was analyzed using MS Excel. Results: Two-fifth (40.38%) of MSM had self-reported psychiatric health problem. While on GHQ, 57.69% of MSM were found to have psychiatric health problem with GHQ score of ≥24. MSM who were completely homosexual and who were victims/doer of violence with sex partners had significantly higher chances of having psychiatric health problem.57.15% MSM sought treatment for their psychiatric problem from an Allopathic doctor. Rest of them either went for a self treatment (28.57%) or not taken any treatment (14.28%). 75% MSM reportedly sought treatment from private health facility. Better facility, cost effectiveness, someone known recommended were most commonly cited reason for preferring a mental health provider. Conclusion: High prevalence of psychiatric health problems was found among MSM who engage in higher-risk sexual behavior. MSM require access to mental health screening services.

The present study revealed the chromium toxicity and its health measures in L. rohita from the Yamuna river at Mathura- Agra region. Samples were taken in triplicate from both sites i.e. Vrindavan (Bihar ghat) and Agra (Renuka Ghat). The study was carried out on Four different organs (i.e. gills, muscles, liver, and kidney) of the fish sample. The sampling was done from Oct 2018 to January 2020. Chromium concentration in different organs of the fish was analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS). The average Cr concentration in gills was highest (9.64 mg/l) at the Mathura site followed byAgra sites (7.78 mg/l) for the month of April 2019. The concentration of Cr was highest in samples taken in the month of April 2019 and it was lowest in October 2018. The significantly high Cr concentration values were observed in the Mathura region than the Agra region for both seasons. In all samples, Cr concentration was above the standards stated by WHO except in the Kidney. In the present study, the bioaccumulation factor showed the chromium concentration in the tissues followed the order of gill > liver > muscle > kidney. HPI, MQI, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis were also done in which HPI was observed very high and there was a positive correlation between all the samples. Keywords: Chromium, BCF, HPI, MQI, AAS, Fish Organs

Prevalence of fluorosis is a worldwide public health problem especially in many states of India. It is necessary to find out the fluoride endemic areas to adopt remedial measures to the people on the risk of fluorosis. The target goals of this research were to assess (a) the exposure of fluoride concentration; (b) probabilistic risk assessment, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty through intake of groundwater among population of Agra City (infants, children and adults) by Crystal Ball software; and (c) spatial distribution of HQ and fluoride concentration. A total of sixty samples from standing tube wells/hand pumps were gathered from selected and identified fluoride prevalent areas in Agra City. The concentration of fluoride scrutinized was obtained to be ranging from 1.32 to 4.60 mg/L with mean value of 2.36 in Agra City, and more than 91% of samples investigated surpassed the allowable level set for fluoride concentration in potable water 1.5 mg/L, although 9% of the samples were well within the drinking water guidelines (0.5-1.5 mg/L). The hazard quotient (HQ) was obtained to an enormous difference in the exposure dose in infants (1.66-3.91), children (1.87-4.4), and adults (0.92-2.16), correspondingly. The non-carcinogenic HQ values in the group of infants, children, and more than 90% of adults were higher than those of the safety level (i.e., HQ >1). Consequently, the non-carcinogenic risks (HQ level) of fluoride vary from the most to the least: children, infant, and adults, respectively. With 87.41% certainty, the results indicated that the HQ values are between 1 and 3.42. So, infant is the most vulnerable group to fluoride consumption in study area. Uncertainty analysis results indicated that the children group's HQ level was between 1 and 1.90 with 38.48% certainty. To avoid further worsening of the situation as far as health is concerned, remedial actions like alternate sources of water supply and appropriate treatment of water need to be adopted besides required medical attention to affected people.

This paper analyses allegations of aggression and criminality levelled against ambulant tourism entrepreneurs, such as tour guides and photographers, who work around the Taj Mahal in Agra, India, t...

Background: Covid-19 pandemic has created havoc around the world and vaccination is an effective tool against this demon. Study of variations in administration of daily doses of Covid-19 vaccine at vaccination centre can help in better resource management. Material & methods: This record based descriptive study was conducted among beneficiaries of Covid-19 vaccination at S. N. Medical College, Agra. Record of administration of daily doses and vaccine wastage, vaccination of different groups of beneficiaries and occurrence of various national and local events related to vaccination was also analyzed. Result: A total of 33,571 doses of any Covid-19 vaccine (Covaxin/Covishield) were administered during past 88 working days in 20 weeks expanded over 5 months. On an average 165 doses were administered every day by each team and overall vaccine wastage was 0.85%. Maximum average of 199 doses per day by each team was observed on Mondays. There are many peaks and drops in administration of daily doses of Covid-19 vaccine at our center which can be attributed to either some national or local events related to supply of vaccine at our center, addition of a new group of beneficiary, any news or political controversy related to Covid-19 vaccination etc. Conclusion: Understanding of spikes and drops in the curve of daily/weekly administration of Covid-19 vaccine, in view of occurrence of various national and local events related to vaccination, can help in better formulation of strategies specially related to human resource allocation for success of National Covid-19 vaccination program. © 2021, Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine. All rights reserved.

Objective and Methods: HIV specific health related quality of life (HRQOL) instrument based on PedQLTM4.0 generic scale was prepared and named HIV-QOL. It was validated and used to evaluate HRQOL in HIV infected children in an observational,crossectional study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, India. Results:Cronbach’s alpha score > 0.7,supported acceptable internal consistency of the instrument.The correlation coefficient of more than 0.8 indicated that the instrument was valid for application. Study included 40 HIV infected children between age 8 to 18 years.Their mean scores were calculated in all four domains (viz physical, social, emotional and school functioning) and comparison of HRQOL scores was done with respect to various social and demographic parameters. CD4 counts, clinical stage of the disease and living status of the parents and anti retroviral therapy (ART) had significant influence on the HRQOL scores. Conclusion: HIV QOL is a valid instrument to assess the health related quality of life of HIV infected children in India. It can help in assessing their health status, as well as in evaluating the impact of various medical and social programmes aimed at improving their quality of life.

Hindistan’da 1526’da kurulan Babürlü Devleti’nde zaman zaman siyasi, iktisadi ve sosyal nedenlerden dolayı başkent değişikliğine gidilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Agra, Delhi, Fetihpur Sikri ve Lahor şehirleri farklı zamanlarda başkentlik görevini üstlenmişlerdir. Ancak; başkent değişikliği ya da taşınması durumunda, daha önce başkent olan şehrin yıldızı hiçbir zaman sönmemiş, canlılığı devam etmiştir. Çünkü Agra ve Delhi ticari anlamda cazibe merkezleri olmanın yanı sıra kadim tarih üzerine inşa edilmişlerdir. Fetihpur Sikri, dinî ve ruhanî şahsiyetlere ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Lahor ise jeostratejik konumu ile askerî açıdan önem arz etmenin yanı sıra kara ticaretini Hindistan’ın diğer bölgelerine bağlayan önemli bir kavşak olma görevini üstlenmiştir. Babürlü Devleti’nde başkent olan şehirleri konu alan bu çalışmanın zaman sınırlılığını 1526 ila 1707 yılları arasındaki kesit oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada yararlanılan kaynaklar ise Vekayi (Baburname), Ekbername ve Tüzik-i Cihangiri (Cihangirname) gibi Babürlü padişahlarının ya da yakınlarının kaleme aldığı kaynaklar ile Hindistan’a giden Bernier ve Tavernier gibi seyyah ve tüccarların izlenimlerinin yer aldığı hatırat ve raporlardır. Ayrıca Hindistan ve Babürlü şehir tarihi araştırmalarını konu alan güncel literatürden de faydalanılmıştır.

Social networking websites serve the purpose of connecting with each other. But nowadays it serves various other uses such as marketing purpose, shopping platform, review engine and many more. The main aim of the present paper is to explore the factors that affect the customers visit towards the restaurant influenced due to reviews mentioned on the social networking websites. Primary data was collected from 332 respondents belonging to the cities such as Mathura, Agra, Firozabad, and Allahabad. Non disguised questionnaire was used for the data collection purpose. Exploratory factor analysis has been applied on the collected data. The results of the study found five factors such as SNS Engagement, Conformity to trend, Social Prestige, Quality Perception, social influence on SNS which are affecting the customer’s views towards restaurant reviews.

Introduction: Childhood obesity is global nutritional concern. It is precursor of various non- communicable diseases and metabolic disorders in adulthood. Objective: To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school students in urban Agra. Method: This cross-sectional study was done among 200 children studying in grades 1st to 5th in government and private school of Agra. List of all schools in Agra city having 1 to 5 classes was obtained from official website of Agra District Authorities. One government and one private school were selected. 100 students were selected from each selected school. A pre-designed and pre-tested administered questionnaire was used to collect information and anthropometric measurement; height and weight of the student measured to calculate Basal Metabolic Index (BMI). Overweight/obesity was defined using age and sex specific body mass index cut off points. Result: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 16.5% and 7% respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was more in boys as compared to girls. Obesity is seen only in private school students. Conclusion:In the present study, the magnitude of overweight and obesity is high among boys and children studying in private school. Health education should be given in the schools so as to educate children as well as parents regarding risk factors, preventive measures and the consequences of overweight and obesity.

The study was conducted in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 rainy seasons at Nanzolo, Domasi and Mkondezi in three replications using the RCBD following the Mother-Baby Trial Approach. The objective of the study was to evaluate grain yield of twelve high-yielding rice (Oryza sativa) varieties that were selected and shared from elite Doubled Haploid germplasms of a Collaborative Project of KAFACI (RDA) and AGRA at Suwon in Korea and Africa Rice Centre, Senegal. An improved variety called Mtupatupa was used as a common check. Data collection was done on several traits including plant height at maturity, number of effective tillers and DUS as well as VCU. The two lines SR35285-HB3469-6 and Sahel 328 met farmers’ preferences during participatory variety selection because of earliness to maturity, high grain yield, medium to slender grain shape and long to extra-long, moderate aroma and absence of the white belly on the endosperm. The Genotype × Environment interaction summarized by the biplot of the two principal component axes explains 96.56% of the Genetics and Genotype × Environmental (GGE) variation. The hierarchical clustering pattern showed two main clusters in the dendrogram description. Genotypes SR35285-HB3469-6 and Sahel 328 had been therefore released as Wachangu and Makafaci, respectively, for lowland cultivation in Malawi. Key words: Doubled Haploid, principal component analysis, DUS and VCU, GGE biplot, grain quality, grain yield, lowland, PVS.

The present study deals with the assessment of health risks due to fluoride contamination in Bichpuri block of Agra, India. Sampling was carried out from 60 different spatially distributed well locations. Assessment of human health risk was carried out using computations based on chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) in all three categories, i.e., infants, children, and adults. Fluoride ingested by adults, as estimated in terms of CDI was found 1.5 times greater than infants and 1.25 times than children, correspondingly indicating severity of health issue. Moreover, values of HQ were found greater than 1 in the entire target group having infants, children, and adults with the exception only in Bichpuri village of the block. More than 92% of the samples showed risk values exceeding the safe level of 1, indicating vulnerable quality of water due to fluoride. Piper and Schoeller diagram were also plotted to explore presence of other important ions present in the groundwater of studied area.

A survey of Yamuna flood plain was conducted to unravel spider diversity in the Taj Trapezium Zone of Agra. In spite of their vast numbers and the important role in bio-controlling applications in agriculture, the focus on the spider research has been limited. The current ongoing study focuses on the species richness and biodiversity in the vast open areas falling under agro-ecosystem and riparian habitat along the banks of the river Yamuna in Agra. A total of 44 species of Araneae belonging to 29 genera of 11 families including, Salticidae, Oxyopidae, Araneidae, Thomisidae, Tetragnathidae, Hersilidae, Lycosidae, Pholsidae, Gnaphosidae, Sparassidae and Corinnidae were recorded in abundance. The paper also discusses the role of these species in maintenance of the ecology of the Taj Mahal.

The present study deals with the assessment of the fluoride concentration from 60 different spatially distributed well locations and associated health risks to rural residents in the Achhnera block of Agra, Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were applied to quantify uncertainties in risk estimation. Assessment of the human health risk was carried out using computations based on fluoride ingestion (EDIing), dermal absorption of fluoride (EDIder) and hazard quotient (HQ) in all three categorized groups, i.e., infants, children, and adults. Fluoride concentration analyzed was found to be ranging between 0.15 and 2.50 mg/L with an average value of 1.51 mg/L. More than 58% of samples analyzed surpassed the permissible level as per drinking water specifications. From the model obtained for non-carcinogenic risk due to water ingestion, values of IRw range between 55.4% and 62.5% in all the three exposure groups, while that of Cw ranges between 37% and 42.8%. Based on the HQ investigation it was found that infants were at maximum risk followed by children and the least affected were adults. Results showed that based on the sensitivity analysis, a definition of the probability distributions of CW, IRw, EF and SA is presented as the main factor to improve the accuracy of the result.

Background: Healthy and well-functioning teeth in all phases of life is a necessity. Teeth help in proper mastication of food as well as in word pronunciation. It gives fullness to the face, thereby helping in the social appearance of a person. Oral health and systemic health are interconnected. Past studies indicate that oral diseases cause or increase the severity of noncommunicable diseases. The general public is unaware of this connection. Thus, the present research work was planned to assess the oral hygiene practices of students and their awareness for maintenance of oral health. Research Methodology: The present survey was conducted among 510 students (135 boys and 335 girls) in the age group of 17–30 years studying in Dayalbagh Educational Institute. Data were collected through a questionnaire adapted from the standard tool of oral health questionnaire by the WHO. Results and Discussion: The result of the present study showed that 93% of the students were using toothpaste and toothbrush for cleaning teeth, but only 31% and 2% of the students were using other measures such as mouthwash and floss. Data also showed that only 44% of the students brush twice a day and only 27% visit dentist for routine checkup. Conclusion: Majority of the students were aware of the linkage between oral health and systemic health. Thus, it is essential to organize oral health education program at mass level to create awareness in public so that not only their oral health but also their general health can be improved.

For farmers to satisfy the food, nutrition and income demands on groundnut in the South Western Agro-Ecological Zone (SWAEZ), the accessibility, and adaptability of economically viable and high performing varietal and non-varietal technologies must increase to enhance production. Field experiments to evaluate the agronomic performance of advanced lines of improved nine AGRA red, nine Spanish and six Serenut varieties were concurrently carried out on-station at the Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MbaZARDI) in Mbarara District, Uganda. The AGRA red and Spanish groundnut lines showed high levels of rosette mosaic disease (GRD) tolerance in the zone. The short AGRA and Spanish lines were highly resistant to leaf spots, while the tall lines were highly susceptible to leaf spots, and not drought tolerant. The late maturing AGRA lines (SGV 99241 and SGV 99046), yielded better than the early maturing lines (SGV 99065 and SGV 99043). The best performing AGRA lines identified for promotion in the zone were SGV 99241, 99046, 99064, 99048, 99019 and 99032. The most leaf spot-resistant Spanish line was ICGV SM 02501, but lines ICGV SM 01514, ICGV SM 03590, ICGV SM 01515 and ICGV SM 01502 displayed varying levels of resistance during the two seasons of 2015. Spanish lines: ICGV SM 01502, ICGV SM 99568, ICGV SM 01504, ICGV SM 01510, ICGV SM 99555, ICGV SM 01514 and ICGV SM 01515 were suitable for growing in the SWAEZ. Spanish lines that were either highly resistant or resistant to groundnut rosette virus disease (GRD), unfortunately, were either moderately-susceptible or susceptible to the leaf spot diseases. Therefore, the tested Spanish lines were only suitable to environments that are prone to GRD but free of the leaf spot pathogens. AGRA red lines SGV 99241, SGV 99046, SGV 99064, SGV 99048, SGV 99019 and SGV 99032 were the best performing. Of the Serenut varieties evaluated, Serenut 5R was early maturing and rosette mosaic virus tolerant. Apart from Serenut 1; Serenut 2, 3R, 4R, 5R and 6T displayed very high levels of tolerance to rosette mosaic virus disease. The combination of moderate resistance (MR)-resistance (R) and high resistance (HR) in the AGRA red lines and Serenut varieties to leaf spots and rosette mosaic virus, respectively, indicated an effective control measure of the major groundnut disease problems in the zone. The integration of moderate-resistance to high disease resistance, high drought tolerance and high yielding potential in several Serenut, AGRA red and Spanish lines can enhance groundnut production if proper agronomic management practices and timely planting are applied.

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) refer to all males (of any age) who engage in sexual relations with other males. The gross stigmatization and discrimination of homosexuals have affected the life and health of MSM. Aims & objective: To get an insight on circumstances of initiation and continuation of same sex behavior among MSM. Material & Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in MSM population in Agra district in India. Audio recorded in-depth interviews were transcribed into verbatim. Potential themes were extracted as a part of analysis as per relevant experiences of the participants. Data saturation achieved after 13 In-depth interviews. Results: The initiation of same sex behavior among MSM was at a young age and was mostly without their consent. Almost all participants were below the legal age of giving consent for sex and their first homosexual partner was a familiar, elderly in position of authority. They played a passive role in their initial sexual encounter and none of them was able to discuss it freely with their family members or friends. They mostly felt depressed after their first homosexual encounter. They had continued this sexual behavior as they have accepted their attraction towards same sex. Conclusion: There is a need to include concepts of sexuality in education curriculum and sensitize parents also and counseling of those exposed to homosexuality at a tender age is imperative.

Aim. The phenological observations help in identifying how plant species respond to regional climatic changes in particular such as ambient temperature. The study of trends in phenology of Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae) to climate changes in Agra (India) was the aim of the researches. Methods. The data on the average annual temperature in India and Agra were collected for 1965 to 2019 from the Meteorological Department. Commencement of leaf fall, time of new flush of leaves, flowering period (initiation, full bloom, and end) and the rest of phenophases in trees planted at Raja Balwant Singh College (Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India) were recorded from 25 marked trees during 1965–2019. Results. In C. fistula trees leaf fall started in the second and third week of February. Trees became completely leaf-less at the beginning of March. Flowering commenced in the first week of March, and the trees were in full bloom during the second week of March. Flowering continued till the beginning of May, and it was over in the second week of June. Fruiting commenced in December and continued till April. The timing of phenological events was consistent in 1965–2000. However, after 2001, there was a gradual shift recorded, and the shift was evident in 2009–2019. During the period 1965–2008, the average annual temperature ranged between 23.23o–25.13oC there was a liner increase in the temperature. The increase in average yearly temperature became more pronounced in 2009, and this trend is rising in temperature continued till 2019. In Agra in 2009–2019, temperature increase by 0.75–1.0oC had been recorded. The shift of phenoevents in C. fistula is correlated with the rise in annual average temperature. Conclusions. The shift in the timing of various phenoevents is the trees of C. fistula at Agra (India) are influenced by the change in the climate and rise in temperature. It is suggested that a phenological model should be developed to estimate the impact of climate change on fruit trees, horticultural plants and crops development in different regions of India.

Introduction: In our world, many human lives are lost to crime and violence in which asphyxial deaths are one of the major contributors. Materials and Methods: In present study analysis of 391 deaths caused by asphyxia out of 3224 autopsies conducted in mortuary of S. N. Medical College, Agra during period of 1½ years from March 2015 to August 2016 is conducted. Data obtained is reviewed and analyzed according to different types of asphyxial deaths, their age wise distribution, sex wise distribution, manner of death and contributing factors. Results: Proportion of asphyxial deaths was 12.1% (391 cases). Hanging (64.9%) is most commonly encountered followed by drowning (24.8%) and strangulation (4.6%). Most common victims are male with male: female ratio of 1.37: 1. Most cases falls in 21-30 years age group with 27.4% of total. Majority of hanging cases were suicidal while all strangulation cases were homicidal. Majority of drowning cases were accidental. It was elicited from history that personal reasons like failure in examinations, psychiatric problems, long time illness etc. were the most common reasons for suicide by hanging. Conclusion: In present study, suicidal hanging and accidental drowning seems to be major proportions of violent asphyxial deaths. Both these manners of deaths indicate frustration and carelessness on part of population which are preventable and needs to be rectified on urgent basis. Keywords: Asphyxia, Hanging, Strangulation, Drowning.

Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. Being a complex socio-economic process closely connected with scientific technological revolution, urbanization exercises a growing influence on all aspects of society, reflecting the nature of economic and regional development. The numbers of metro cities in India are continuously increasing from 12 in the year 1981 to 23 in 1991, 35 in 2001 and 54 in 2011. This shows that urbanization is increasing but mostly in or nearby metro cities of the country. But the capacity of metro to assimilate increasing urban population is not as good as it should be. The sheer magnitude of the urban population, haphazard and unplanned growth of urban areas, and a desperate lack of infrastructure are the main causes of such a situation. The rapid growth of urban population (decadal growth of total population in India is about 17.7 percentage points during 2001-2011 while urban population growth is about 31.8 percentage points)[1] both natural and through migration though there is decline of rural-urban migration[2], has put heavy pressure on public utilities like housing, sanitation, transport, water, electricity, health, education and so on. So the study of metro cities is needed. This study is about the quality of life in seven metro cities (Kanpur, Lucknow, Ghaziabad, Agra, Meerut, Varanasi and Allahabad) of Uttar Pradesh. For the analysis some index are used in this paper like deprivation index, multi-dimension poverty index and quality of life index. This could give us insight of the sustainability of the metropolitan cities. [1] Census of India, 2011 [2] Amitabh Kundu, ‘Urbanisation and urban governance – search for a prospective beyond neo-liberalism’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 29, July 19, 2003, pp. 3079-3087.

The present study was conducted at a University campus of Agra to determine concentrations of crustal and trace elements in submicron mode (PM1) particles to reveal sources and detrimental effects of PM1-bound metals (Cr, Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Co, Pb, Cu and Ni) in samples collected in the foggy (1 December 2016–17 January 2017) and non-foggy periods (1 April 2016–30 June 2016). Samples were collected twice a week on preweighed quartz fibre filters (QM-A 47 mm) for 24 h using Envirotech APM 577 (flow rate 10 l min−1). Mass concentration of PM1 was 135.0 ± 28.2 and 54.0 ± 18.5 µg/m3 during foggy and non-foggy period, respectively; crustal and trace elements were 13 and 4% during foggy and 11 and 3% in the non-foggy period. Source identification by PCA (principal component analysis) suggested that biomass burning and coal combustion was the prominent sources in foggy period followed by resuspended soil dust, industrial and vehicular emission, whereas in non-foggy period resuspended soil dust was dominant followed by biomass burning and coal combustion, industrial and vehicular emissions. In both episodes, Mn has the highest Hq (hazard quotient) value and Cr has the highest IlcR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) value for both adults and children. In vitro cytotoxicity impact on macrophage (J774) cells was also tested using MTT assay which revealed decreasing cell viability with increasing particle mass.

Due to fast and deadly spread of corona virus (COVID-19), the Government of India implemented lockdown in the entire country from 25 April 2020. So, we studied the differences in the air quality index (AQI) of Delhi (DTU, Okhla and Patparganj), Haryana (Jind, Palwal and Hisar) and Uttar Pradesh (Agra, Kanpur and Greater Noida) from 17 February 2020 to 4 May 2020. The AQI was calculated by combination of individual sub-indices of seven pollutants, namely PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, SO2, CO and O3, collected from the Central Pollution Control Board website. The AQI has improved by up to 30–46.67% after lockdown. The AQI slope values − 1.87, − 1.70 and − 1.35 were reported for Delhi, − 1.11, − 1.31 and − 1.04 were observed for Haryana and − 1.48, − 1.79 and − 1.78 were found for Uttar Pradesh (UP), which may be attributed to limited access of transportation and industrial facilities due to lockdown. The ozone (O3) concentration was high at Delhi because of lesser greenery as compared to UP and Haryana, which provides higher atmospheric temperature favourable for O3 formation. The air mass back trajectory (AMBT) analysis reveals the contribution of air mass from Europe, Africa and Gulf countries as well as local emissions from Indo-Gangetic Plain, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra states of India.

Growth of populations coupled with industrial and economic development has led to conversion of natural environment to urbanized regions of high built-up areas and infrastructure. The natural space is transforming to built-up set up rigorously which is not only intensifying the thermal state but also changing the climate dynamics. This has resulted in an increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST) leading to critical consequences on the climate and human life. In this study, spatiotemporal imageries of Landsat (1992–2019) are analysed for carrying out the analysis of land indices [Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalised Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and Enhanced Built-up Bareness Index (EBBI)], LST and surface urban heat Island (SUHI) formation for Agra City in India using summer season (April–May) data. The main focus of the present work is the study of spatial pattern of LST and land indices (i.e. NDVI, NDBI and EBBI) and their interrelationship dynamics over the city landscape in directional profiling. The results of SUHI reveal that city center has experienced 0.5–3.5 °C of higher LST than urban periphery. The NDVI vs. LST relationship is found negative, whereas both NDBI vs. LST and EBBI vs. LST relationships are found positive in selected four summer time points of 1992, 2000, 2010, and 2019. The NDVI dynamics results indicate that the forest area (viz. 3–4 km and 10–12 km from city center) experienced 3–5 °C lower LST than other parts of the city landscape. The NDBI dynamics results indicate that in built-up area (from city center to 7 km in all eight directions) experienced 2–4 °C higher LST than other parts of the city landscape (except barren soils area). The EBBI dynamics results indicate that barren soils (viz. 8–10 km of North-East direction, 14–15 km of North–West direction and 7–9 km of South–West direction) have experienced 2–5 °C of higher LST than other part of the city landscape. The purpose of is to help in enriching the knowledge base for not only understanding the dynamics of the thermal state but also in knowing the composition of the landscape for enhancing environmental sustainability and carrying capacity for Agra city.

O presente artigo trata do direito ao Benefício de Prestação Continuada a estrangeiros residentes no Brasil e que se adequam aos requisitos de deficiência, idade e não possuem meios de manter o próprio sustento, bem como, o ter mantido por sua família. Para tanto, essa pesquisa se construirá através de conceitos jurídicos e sociais, trazidos por doutrinadores do direito, dentre eles Walber de Moura Agra (2018), Fábio Zambitte Ibrahim (2015) e Alexandre Freitas Câmara (2017), com o intuito de garantir a aplicação de alguns princípios constitucionais tais como a dignidade da pessoa humana e a igualdade. Além disso, será feita uma análise do benefício e seus critérios para concessão, seu amparo legal e jurisprudencial. Como objetivos específicos tem o intuito de descrever acerca da assistência social no Brasil; averiguar a possibilidade de concessão de BPC para estrangeiros residentes no país; e, apresentar alguns casos após o Recurso Extraordinário 587.970 do Supremo Tribunal Federal. A metodologia utilizada foi o método dialético, através da abordagem qualitativa, com caráter bibliográfico-descritivo. Com o deslinde da pesquisa se chega à conclusão quanto a constitucionalidade da concessão de amparo social a estrangeiros que residem no país.

Rates of farmer suicides are skyrocketing among agrarian societies. We analyze the role of Zero-Budget Natural Farming as a form of grassroots intervention in this crisis. Leaders of an Indian agra...

In this study, the statistical method was used to determine the significant difference in various metal's (Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni) concentrations in human fingernails from different sites. The metals concentrations in human fingernails, used as a biomarker, were measured to estimate their exposure. Samples from fingernails were collected from different subjects concerning sex, age, occupationally exposed to heavy metals such as subjects from industrial, roadside, commercial, and residential sites of Agra district. Sample collection and preparations were carried out using standard procedures and were analyzed for Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Ni by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS, PerkinElmer ANALYST 100). One-way ANOVA tests were done to find out the significant difference of mean values of heavy metals among different sites as well as pairwise comparison of dissimilar metals among different sites. The significant difference (p roadside > commercial > residential sites. Further, metal concentrations in human fingernails of workers/residents of the Agra district have also been compared with other worldwide studies. Metallic discharges from various industries in Agra district contribute the largest portion of metals which is hazardous for health as well environment. The presence of these metals in different samples is an indication of the presence of these metals in the environment. Accordingly, there is an instantaneous need for public awareness about the hazards of an occupation.

Despite the progress that has been recorded in area of family planning, an increasing number of women reporting the need for the contraceptives tells the urgency of the situation. Data collected from both developing and developed world put forth a whooping number as 120 million women who have reported that they are willing to delay the pregnancy but are not using any method of contraception. According to world health organization (WHO) Unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of women of reproductive age, either married or in a union, who have an unmet need for family planning. The concept of unmet need has already been defined through many studies, as it is the percentage of the women who wish to delay the childbirth but are not using any form of contraception. Since reporting of the unmet need of family planning depends upon the desire of the women to report such an issue which is still considered a taboo in Indian families. It is for this reason; unmet need is called as an inconsistent and fluid indicator of the reproductive potential of the women. It is postulated that, if the unmet need of the selected population is met through interventions, it could help in reducing the population and also help in bringing down child mortality in addition to maternal mortality and morbidity. This study from the selected location from Agra in Uttar Pradesh has brought in light certain observations among the women who were not using any method of contraception. We have through this study have reported that more than 73 percent of the women wanted to stop childbearing. Women who were using any of the choicest method of contraception, among them 34 percent of the women were reporting desire to become pregnant. 67 percent of the women wanted to delay the pregnancy for one to two years, 48 percent of the women from among the selected population in this category did not want to have any more children. The aim of this study was to establish a co-relation between various factors that exerts their affects on presence of unmet need for family planning and use of family planning methods with a reported decrease in pregnancy among the women who did not want any more children.

[ES] Cañada de Agra es un pueblo ex novo proyectado en 1962 por José Luis Fernández del Amo para el Instituto Nacional de Colonización, INC. Este artículo trata de establecer el contexto cultural de su producción, tras el aislamiento de la España de posguerra, el reto colonizador y el desarrollo del resto de la arquitectura europea. A lo largo del pasado siglo, la disciplina del “ruralismo” se puede rastrear, tanto en España como en Europa, como un tipo de urbanismo especialmente atento al paisaje, natural y productivo. Entre los arquitectos españoles involucrados en esa tarea, Fernández del Amo destaca por su aportación al trazado de pueblos del INC. A través del estudio de su trayectoria y del análisis en profundidad de Cañada de Agra, incluidos esquemas y un reportaje fotográfico, se trata de mostrar la relevancia de este pueblo en el planeamiento rural del siglo XX, en paralelo con otras obras de los protagonistas del movimiento moderno en la posguerra. Es más, dada la vuelta del “ruralismo” al debate contemporáneo, la relectura de este ejemplo sigue siendo útil para la práctica profesional reflexiva., [EN] Cañada de Agra is a new village designed in 1962 by José Luis Fernández del Amo for the Spanish INC (National Institute for Colonization). This paper aims to elucidate the cultural context of this urban project, during the Franco Regime’s post-war period of isolation, the hinterland colonization challenge and the state of architectural development at that time. The discipline of “ruralism” can be traced throughout the 20th Century both for Spain and Europe, as a sort of planning policy primarily concerned with landscape, both natural and agricultural. Among the Spanish designers involved in this policy area, Fernández del Amo stands out for his extensive work in INC new settlements. In this examination of his career and in-depth analysis of Cañada de Agra, including schemes, diagrams and accompanying photo essay, the aim is to show the relevance of this project to the rural planning of the past century, in parallel with the work of other figures of the post-war Modern Movement. Moreover, as “ruralism” is now making a comeback to the contemporary scene, a re-reading of these events may be of value in considering our approach.

The method used in this study is the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. This research was conducted to determine passenger satisfaction, evaluate service levels by referring to service standard indicators from the Directorate General of Land Transportation. The results of the Bus Operational Performance analysis results refer to the Directorate General of Land Transportation standards, the overall results of operational performance have been included in the Good category with a value of 24 points. the results of the questionnaire stated that the service performance was very good (SB) by 16%; Good (B) of 52%; Fairly Good (CB) of 25%; Poor (KB) by 6% and Not Good (TB) by 0%, regarding the 5 Likert scale. From the Cartesian diagram there are several aspects of concern regarding the level of service, quadrant I there are 8 attributes that are considered important by consumers and their service is very satisfying, Quadrant II there are 1 attributes that are considered very important by customers but the service is not satisfactory.

Analysing old maps and correlating patterns with remote sensing (RS) images have been a useful technique for identifying features of cultural heritage. The present work has conducted a geospatial a...

Background: Neonatal health remains a thrust area of public health, and an increased out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) may hamper efforts toward universal health coverage. Public spending on health remains low and insurance schemes few, thereby forcing impoverishment upon individuals already close to poverty line. Objective: To determine catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in neonates admitted to the government neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and factors associated with of out-of-pocket expenditure. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a governmental NICU at Agra from May 2017 to April 2018. A sample of 450 neonatal admissions was studied. Respondents were interviewed for required data. OOPE included costs at NICU, intervening health facilities, and transport as well. SPSS version (23.0 Trial) and Epi Info were used for analysis. Results: Of the 450 neonates analyzed, the median total OOPE was Rs. 3000. CHE was found among 55.8% of cases with 22% spending more than their household monthly income. On binary logistic regression, a higher total OOPE of Rs. 3000 or more was found to be significantly associated with higher odds of residing outside Agra (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.829), delay in first cry (AOR = 1.623), referral points ≥3 (AOR = 3.449), private sector as first referral (AOR = 2.476), and when treatment was accorded during transport (AOR = 1.972). Conclusions: OOPE on neonates amounts to a substantial figure and is more than the country average. This needs to be addressed sufficiently and comprehensively through government schemes, private enterprises, and public–private partnerships.

Background- The paper studies the cooperation between India and China on Higher Education System. Both Countries signed Education Exchange Programme (EEP) in 2006 which is an umbrella agreement for educational cooperation between them. Under this agreement, government scholarships are awarded to 25 students, by both sides, in recognized institutions of higher learning in each other's country. There are 25 scholarships awarded by India and sponsored by Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). During the visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to China, both the countries have signed fresh Education Exchange Programme (EEP) on May 15, 2015. The same provides for enhanced cooperation between institutions in the field of vocational education; collaboration between Institutes of higher learning, etc. 25 Chinese students have been selected to join Hindi language course for the academic year 201718 under EEP scholarship awarded by ICCR. Apart from this, Chinese students are also annually awarded scholarships to study Hindi at the Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, Agra to learn Hindi. There are 5 Chinese students who have been selected to study in Agra under this scheme in 2017–18. Prakash Javadekar, Minister of Human Resource Development, attended BRICS Ministers of Education on 5th July, 2017 at Beijing, China and he told that the creation of institutional mechanism in the form of BRICS Network University and BRICS Think Tank Council. There are 12 universities from each of the 5 countries engage with each other in education research and innovation which is another commendable initiative at BRICS Network

The women and children of a country are its valuable assets. A nation's efforts towards enhancing women and children's health, nutrition and education and also its commitment to resolve problems to implementation of related policies is relevant in measuring its development. In this direction Gov of India launched integrated child development service scheme. An Anganwari centre through AWWs ICDS program provides all services beneficiary group. AWWs thus, play an important role in spreading knowledge to ICDS beneficiary group. The present study is an attempt to assess the effectiveness of program by assessing the difference in the knowledge of ICDS beneficiaries obtaining by AWWs . The study was conducted on one hundred fifty women of Agra District. The sample was selected by multi stage random sampling technique. Low frequency of imparting knowledge regarding reproductive health was seen in rural areas whereas frequency of imparting knowledge regarding reproductive health was significantly higher in slums (χ2=8.373).

In the present study, Optimism have been studied with reference to the gender, school type and teaching experience of upper primary teachers. In this study male &female, government& non-government and teaching experiences of teachers divided into four categories: first category (less than 5 years of teaching experience), second category (5-15 years of teaching experience), third category (16-25 years of teaching experience), fourth category (more than 25 years of teaching experience). The research conducted on total 800 teachers working in Upper primary schools in Mathura and Agra District. Random sampling method was used for data collection. A survey method was used. Self-made questionnaire having 20 questions used for data collection. Overall result of the study found Average in relation to Gender, School Type & Teaching Experience

In the present research study, emotional intelligence has been studied with reference to the gender, school type and teaching experience of primary teachers of Agra and Mathura district. In this study Gender taken as male& female, School Type taken as government & non-government and Teaching experience of teachers divided into four categories: first category (less than 5 years of teaching experience), second category (5-15 years of teaching experience), third category (16-25 years of teaching experience), fourth category (more than 25 years of teaching experience). A total of 800 teachers working in primary schools have been selected for sample through random method. Teachers Emotional Intelligence Inventory standardized tool made by Dr. Subhra Mangal, It consists of 100 items consisting four components each having 25 items. In overall result of the study there is no meaningful difference found in emotional intelligence of primary teachers regarding gender, School types and teaching experiences.

GIS provides an enormous amount of support in overseeing and researching spatial details. GIS has been successfully extended to a wide variety of science and technology fields to sort compile and compare related parameters and achieve appropriate data. One such area is the detection and prevention of disasters. In specific, GIS is more appropriate when used for remote sensing (RS) data and information and has been used around the world to identify hazard zones. Remote sensing, in conjunction with GIS, collecting information, provides real-time modeling of events and prevailing circumstances. The ability to accurately evaluate various danger zones and associated causes distributed through broad territories and locations that are geographically difficult to access can be quickly detected and to take precautions to prevent any catastrophic incident or catastrophe. In the present analysis, the study area includes Madan Pura, some 15 km in North–West of Fatehpur Sikri, Agra in Vindhyan Hills of Late Proterozoic (1400–900 My). The small study area covered in our study lies in between 27°5′30″–27°5′35″ latitudes and 77°36′30″–77°36′40″ longitudes, numerous thematic maps prepared by GIS software using inverse distance weight (IDW) method suggesting that this region is vulnerable to landslide, such thematic maps which be used for preliminary assessment in the demarcation of landslide-affected areas. Local-level mining still goes on using some crude methods which have created steep and loose slopes on hills and have made it vulnerable to rockfall and toppling failures. The thick deposits of Aeolian Sand can be seen on the northwest flanks of the hills, which too are subjected to mining for “sand” and creating deep pits along the hill slope, making the problem worse.

This research study was led with the sole purpose of comparing the academic achievement of girl players and non-player girls Kendriya Vidyalaya school of Agra Region. Prime objective of the study was to compare and asses the girl players and non-player girls Kendriya Vidyalaya schools of Agra Region. To conduct this study in total 10 Kendriya Vidyalaya schools were selected from Agra region. This study was conducted through survey research design. overall, 100 samples were selected as subject through random sampling method out of which 50 were Girl players and 50 were non player Girl’s studying in the different Kendriya Vidyalaya schools of Agra Region. All the students selected for study were ranging from 15 yrs. to 19 yrs. And were studying in class 9th to 12th. the data was collected thorough survey method by using a self-constructed data inventory sheet. For analysing the data, the descriptive statistics i.e., Mean and standard deviation along with independent t-test were employed. The findings of this research study suggest that there is no significant difference in academic achievement the girl players and non-player girls Kendriya Vidyalaya schools of Agra Region (U.P.).

A soft drink is generally treated as very common product aimed at a very casual consumption. Normally, not much of attention is paid to this product, which has almost become ‘commoditized’. But, a deeper and more careful observation would reveal that soft drinks are strong demographic descriptors of their consumers. Key insights into the characteristics and consumption patterns of consumers can be obtained through an incisive study of the soft drinks market. This research paper makes a concerted effort at unearthing the demographic details and consumption contours of the soft drink users in Kanpur, Agra, Varanasi, Allahabad, and Lucknow - the five representative cities of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India. It has been conclusively established through this research that the residents of these five cities - which are demographically similar in nature - exhibit varying consumption patterns when it comes to soft drinks. It was also found that demographic variables like age, gender, educational qualification, income, and marital status do not significantly impact the consumption of soft drinks, whereas employment status is a key influencer of the same.