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The filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne facultative parasite that causes economically important losses in a wide variety of crops. F. oxysporum exhibits filamentous growth on agar media and undergoes asexual development producing three kinds of spores: microconidia, macroconidia, and chlamydospores. Ellipsoidal microconidia and falcate macroconidia are formed from phialides by basipetal division; globose chlamydospores with thick walls are formed acrogenously from hyphae or by the modification of hyphal cells. Here we describe rensa, a conidiation mutant of F. oxysporum, obtained by restrictionenzyme-mediated integration mutagenesis. Molecular analysis of rensa identified the affected gene, REN1, which encodes a protein with similarity to MedA of Aspergillus nidulans and Acr1 of Magnaporthe grisea. MedA and Acr1 are presumed transcription regulators involved in conidiogenesis in these fungi. The rensa mutant and REN1-targeted strains lack normal conidiophores and phialides and form rod-shaped, conidium-like cells directly from hyphae by acropetal division. These mutants, however, exhibit normal vegetative growth and chlamydospore formation. Nuclear localization of Ren1 was verified using strains expressing the Ren1-green fluorescent protein fusions. These data strongly suggest that REN1 encodes a transcription regulator required for the correct differentiation of conidiogenesis cells for development of microconidia and macroconidia in F. oxysporum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With all the materials and material modifications brought to the market today researcher believe that screening tests are inevitable in a biological test programme. Millipore filters are placed on the bottom of tissue culture dishes and a cell monolayer is established on the filter discs. After incubation the test specimens are removed and the filter with the adhering cells gently loosened from the agar layer. The cells, still attached to the Millipore filter are then incubated for cytochemical demonstration of succinate dehydrogenase activity in order to assess possible cell damage.

Development of Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in coffee trees. The citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) feeds mainly on flowers and fruits of coffee plants from blooming until harvest. Little is known about its development in coffee although its occurrence is already known for several years. This work aims to study the nymph development of this mealybug in coffee plants. Eggs were isolated from a stock culture kept in laboratory and placed inside Petri dishes containing leaf sections in agar. The tested cultivars were Acaia Cerrado, Mundo Novo, Catuai Vermelho (Coffea arabica) and Apoatã (C. canephora). Insects were kept in a climatized chamber at 25°C, 70 ± 10% humidity and 12-hour photophase. The longest development period in females was obtained in cultivar Catuai Vermelho. No differences in mortality were found among cultivars. Mealybugs developed in all cultivars and the results did not show clear differences in susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]