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espanolSobre el trasfondo dialectico del problema general de la relacion entre la “cuestion nacional” y la “cuestion social” del marxismo, bajo el titulo “Nacionalismo e izquierda espanola” se problematiza tanto la relacion historica y actual entre las izquierdas y los nacionalismos espanoles (el unitario y los disgregadores), como las soluciones que se aportan para resolver un conflicto con posiciones cada vez mas enconadas e irreconciliables desde el reciente proceso separatista llevado a cabo a traves del Parlamento catalan. En su exposicion se tomara como punto de partida el planteamiento y la solucion al problema de una posicion nitidamente republicanista como la que expone Gonzalo Puente Ojea en su articulo titulado “El conflicto vasco”, de 2001, sometido a analisis y critica. EnglishOn the dialectical background of the general problem of the relationship between the “national question” and the “social question” of Marxism, under the title “The debate between nationalism and republicanism in the irreligious thought of Gonzalo Puente Ojea”, the historical and current relationship between the lefts and the Spanish nationalisms (the unitary and the disintegrators) is both problematized, such as the solutions provided to resolve a conflict with increasingly bitter and irreconcilable positions since the recent separatist process carried out through the Catalan Parliament. His presentation will take as its starting point the approach to and solution to the problem of a clearly republican position such as that set out by Gonzalo Puente Ojea in his article entitled “The Basque conflict”, 2001, subject to analysis and criticism.

Las plantaciones de árboles de navidad con la especie Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco ocupan 10% de la superficie total de este tipo de plantaciones en México. El tizón suizo es una enfermedad propia de del género Pseudotsuga, originada por el hongo Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (T. Rohde) Petrak (1938). Los principales síntomas incluyen follaje clorótico y abscisión prematura de acículas infectadas, lo que resulta en copas ralas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre la fertilización química y el estado nutrimental de los árboles con los niveles de severidad e incidencia de la enfermedad. La hipótesis fue que hay una correlación entre el estado nutrimental y la variación del grado de infestación del tizón suizo en P. menziesii. El estudio se estableció en el predio multifuncional “El Manantial” en Aquixtla, Puebla. Los tratamientos fueron fertilización con urea y sulfato de potasio y control fitosanitario químico con propiconazol y prochloraz. El diseño experimental fue bloques al azar generalizado, evaluando dos factores controlados con tres niveles (factorial 32) y como factor de confusión o bloqueo el nivel visual de transparencia de copa asociado al tizón suizo. La incidencia y la severidad se evaluaron. Los resultados del ANDEVA no indicaron diferencias significativas. De las variables nutrimentales las de mayor asociación a la severidad e incidencia fueron el contenido de Ca y Mn, y en menor medida, Cu, Mg y N. Entre los tratamientos se observaron antagonismos y sinergismos con efecto en el estado nutrimental. Los fungicidas influyen en la absorción, transporte y asimilación de los nutrimentos.

The estimation of tree biomass serves as a parameter of forest productivity; in addition, it is a method to estimate carbon fixation and storage. Studies on total biomass that include the belowground component for the Pinus genus are scarce in Mexico due to the difficulty and high costs for its quantification. In this study, allometric models were fitted to estimate the total biomass of Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., from the pine-oak forest of Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca, for which a destructive analysis was made of 25 trees distributed in five diameter classes, classifying the biomass by components (root, stem, branches and foliage). With the component biomass data, different models were fitted by nonlinear regression techniques, using the diameter at breast height (D, cm) and the total height (TH, m) as independent variables. The model with the best fit was an exponential type In this study, it was observed that the studied species stores 22.62% of the biomass in the root, 69.61% in the stem, 5.67% in the branches and 2.11%, in the foliage. The models proposed in this study allow the estimation of total biomass and by structural component independently and additively. Its use is recommended in trees of P. patula, in the range of 5 to 25 cm of diameter at breast height, in forests with similar growing conditions.

Intraoperative factors implicated in postoperative mortality after liver transplantation (LT) are poorly understood. Because LT is a particularly demanding procedure, we hypothesized that intraoperative myocardial injury may be frequent and independently associated with early postoperative outcomes. We aimed to determine the association between intraoperative high-sensitivity troponin (hsTn) elevation during LT and 30-day postoperative mortality. A total of 203 adult patients undergoing LT were prospectively included in the cohort and followed during 1 year. Advanced hemodynamic parameters and serial high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) measurements were assessed at 6 intraoperative time points. The optimal hsTnT cutoff level for intraoperative troponin elevation (ITE) was identified. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to the presence of ITE. Independent impact of ITE on survival was assessed through survival curves and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Intraoperative cardiac function was compared between groups. Troponin levels increased early during surgery in the ITE group. Troponin values at abdominal closure were associated with 30-day mortality (area under the receiver operating caracteristic curve, [AUROC], 0.73; P = 0.005). Patients with ITE showing values of hsTnT ≥61 ng/L at abdominal closure presented higher 30-day mortality (29.6% versus 3.4%; P < 0.001). ITE was independently associated with 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-13.8; P = 0.04) and with worse overall intraoperative cardiac function. The hsTnT upper reference limit showed no discriminant capacity during LT. Intraoperative myocardial injury identified by hsTn elevation is frequently observed during LT, and it is associated with myocardial dysfunction and short-term mortality. Determinations of hsTn may serve as a valuable intraoperative monitoring tool during LT.

The temporal evolution of the physical and biogeochemical properties of the Atlantic Jet (AJ) along the first similar to 75 m of the water column during a 4-day journey was analysed by following the trajectory of a drifter dragged by the jet from the Strait of Gibraltar towards the Alboran Sea. Three stages were differentiated based on the evolution of several variables (e.g., velocity, temperature, nutrients, fluorescence). (i) Within the Strait of Gibraltar, the water column was primarily influenced by the tidal cycle, leading to a nutrient-enrichment of surface waters. However, due to the short residence time, the phytoplankton community that was mainly dominated by diatoms, did not demonstrate significant changes. (H) Once outside the Strait, the drifter trajectory was mainly influenced by the frontal dynamics associated with the AJ. The drifter moved forward along the jet but also laterally across it and was continuously attracted to the mainstream (maximum current speed) or detached to its southern edge (minimum current speed). Due to the associated upwelling processes induced by the intensification of the current along the mainstream, the water column was characterized by colder, nutrient-richer water and lower fluorescence values. Conversely, along the southern edge of the jet, the water column was characterized by higher temperature, low nutrient concentration, and higher fluorescence. Along the first stations of this stage, diatom total abundance and biovolume continuously increased, reaching values similar to 12-times higher than the initial concentrations. (Hi) In the last stage, the water parcel was still influenced by the frontal dynamics but with less intensity. Additionally, the colder and denser water of the AJ and the associated phytoplankton community subducted progressively as it moved into the region surrounded by warmer waters. Concomitantly, fluorescence and diatoms total abundance and biovolume decreased and were influenced by the decline of nutrient availability and the increase of mesozooplankton. Our results reveal the coupled processes induced by the entrance of the AJ in the Alboran Sea and highlight the strong control of the physical environment over the ecological processes in this region., The authors gratefully acknowledge the officers, crew and technical staff of the R.V. Sarmiento de Gamboa for their altruistic help during the cruise, all the scientific team that participated in the MEGAN campaign collecting the different datasets, Manuel Arjonilla for nutrient sample measurements, and Reyes Garcia for her collaboration in the treatment of plankton samples. They also thank the Copernicus Marine Environmental Monitoring Service for providing access to satellite data. Neural network analyses were performed in the facilities of the Area de Sistemas de Informacion de la Universidad de Cadiz (https://supercomputacion.uca.es).Finally, the authors acknowledge Sara Soria Piriz (@nautillustrations) for the drawing of the conceptual diagram in Fig. 10. Comments provided by two anonymous reviewers substantially improved subsequent versions of the manuscript. The Spanish National Research Plan through project CTM2013-49048 has supported this work. Iria Sala and Marina Bolado-Penagos were supported by a grant of the FPI fellowship program, Spain. To accomplish this work, Iria Sala carried out a short-term stay with the research group Dinamica del Ecosistema Planctonico at the Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia de Gijon, under the supervision of Dr Angel Lopez-Urrutia, supported by a grant of the FPI fellowship program.

El monitoreo del estado nutrimental de la planta forestal en vivero es crucial para asegurar su calidad y aumentar la probabilidad de sobrevivencia después del trasplante. Actualmente no existen estándares nutrimentales para verificar el estado nutrimental de la producción de Pinus patula en el vivero. El objetivo del presente estudio fue generar curvas de abastecimiento nutrimental y un conjunto de concentraciones críticas foliares para plántula de esta especie. Utilizando la técnica hidropónica de subirrigación se estableció un experimento para proporcionar cinco concentraciones crecientes de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, para cultivar planta de P. patula. La fórmula de Hewitt y Smith se utilizó como solución base para implementar las concentraciones de los mencionados nutrimentos en la solución nutritiva. Se adoptó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con cinco tratamientos por cada nutrimento estudiado. Cada tratamiento se replicó cuatro veces y la unidad experimental fue un grupo de ocho plantas. Los resultados indicaron que las variables morfológicas evaluadas se comportaron de acuerdo con un modelo sigmoidal, cuando las plantas recibieron concentraciones crecientes de un nutrimento individual. Con base en los modelos del crecimiento de las plántulas se establecieron las concentraciones de cada nutrimento en la solución nutritiva, que generan los crecimientos máximos en las distintas características morfológicas de las plantas. Se obtuvieron además las concentraciones críticas foliares de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio, hierro, cobre, zinc, manganeso y boro, para plántula de esta especie, cuyos valores fueron: 2.273% para N y 2762, 4889, 3287, 981, 86, 4.14, 13.7, 437 y 62 mg kg-1 para P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn y B, respectivamente. El manejo nutrimental en vivero influye en la morfología de la planta, por lo que un conocimiento detallado de los efectos de cada nutrimento en sus tejidos, ayuda a producir planta prediseñada morfológicamente.

[Background] We have focused on the alteration of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in celiac disease and discussed the roles of the PD1 pathway in regulating the immune response. We explored the idea that the altered mRNA splicing process in key regulatory proteins could represent a novel source to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets in celiac disease., [Methods] We characterized the PD1 mRNA variants’ profile in CD patients and in response to gluten peptides’ incubation after in vitro experiments. Total RNA from whole blood was isolated, and the coding region of the human PD-1 mRNA was amplified by cDNA PCR., [Results] PCR amplification of the human PD-1 coding sequence revealed an association between the over-expression of the sPD-1 protein and the PD-1Δex3 transcript in celiac disease. Thus, we have found three novel alternative spliced isoforms, two of which result in a truncated protein and the other isoform with a loss of 14 aa of exon 2 and complete exon 3 (Δ3) which could encode a new soluble form of PD1 (sPD-1)., [Conclusions] Our study provides evidence that dietary gluten can modulate processes required for cell homeostasis through the splicing of pre-mRNAs encoding key regulatory proteins, which represents an adaptive mechanism in response to different nutritional conditions., This work was supported by Universidad de Jaén (through the program “Plan de Apoyo a la Investigación 2019–2020, Acción 1”).

En la biznaga ‘barril azul’ (Ferocactus glaucescens (DC.) Britton y Rose) se evaluaron 12 tratamientos considerando concentraciones nutritivas (100, 200, 400 y 800 mg L-1) de fertilizantes solubles en interacción con tres niveles de nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K) (100-50-50, 100-50-100 y 50-50-100), éstos fueron comparados con la solución nutritiva de Steiner al 25% y 50% y dos testigos comerciales (triple 17 y triple 20). Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de la planta, diámetro de tallo, peso fresco y seco del tallo y raíz, y concentración de N, P y K. Se realizó un ANOVA y una prueba de medias de Tukey (p≤ 0.05) que indican que la solución nutritiva Steiner al 50% y la solución elaborada con 800 mg L-1 con el balance de 100-50-100 de NPK generaron a los 153 DDT plantas con mayor biomasa y tamaño comercial con altura y diámetro de tallo superior a 6 cm refiriendo que en etapas tempranas la relación N:K influyen en este proceso.

Antecedentes: Los problemas para propagar C. pentadactylon por semilla se deben a su poca disponibilidad, bajo porcentaje de germinación, plagas y periodo juvenil mayor a 25 años.Hipótesis: Existe variación morfofisiológica de la semilla entre árboles y los tratamientos pregerminativos incrementan el porcentaje y la velocidad de germinación en semillas con seis meses de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente . Especie en estudio: Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreat.Sitio de estudio y fechas: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Estado de México, Méx. Junio, 2016.Métodos: Se determinó el contenido de humedad, la viabilidad y el efecto de tratamientos pregerminativos en el porcentaje y velocidad de germinación de las semillas . Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar. Los bloques al azar con los tratamientos: 1 (escarificación mecánica + estratificación en frío a 5 °C durante 5 días), 2 (escarificación mecánica + imbibición durante 12 h), 3 (escarificación mecánica + corte en la base de la semilla) y 4 (testigo). Los tratamientos se aleatorizaron dentro de cada bloque.Resultados: El contenido de humedad fue menor a 10 % y la viabilidad de 100 %. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la germinación entre tratamientos. La prueba de Tukey (? = 0.05) mostró diferencias entre los tratamientos pregerminativos 1, 2 y 3 con respecto al T4. La velocidad de germinación registró el mayor valor en el tratamiento 3.Conclusiones: Con los tratamientos 1, 2 o 3 se obtuvo más de 77 % germinación. El tratamiento 3 mostró mayor velocidad de germinación, lo que resulta importante en la producción de plántulas.

Interactions between autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria are fundamental for marine biogeochemical cycling. How global warming will affect the dynamics of these essential microbial players is not fully understood. The aims of this study were to identify the major groups of heterotrophic bacteria present in a Synechococcus culture originally isolated from the Red Sea and assess their joint responses to experimental warming within the metabolic ecology framework. A co-culture of Synechococcus sp. RS9907 and their associated heterotrophic bacteria, after determining their taxonomic affiliation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, was acclimated and maintained in the lab at different temperatures (24–34°C). The abundance and cellular properties of Synechococcus and the three dominant heterotrophic bacterial groups (pertaining to the genera Paracoccus, Marinobacter, and Muricauda) were monitored by flow cytometry. The activation energy of Synechococcus, which grew at 0.94–1.38 d–1, was very similar (0.34 ± 0.02 eV) to the value hypothesized by the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) for autotrophs (0.32 eV), while the values of the three heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 0.16 to 1.15 eV and were negatively correlated with their corresponding specific growth rates (2.38–24.4 d–1). The corresponding carrying capacities did not always follow the inverse relationship with temperature predicted by MTE, nor did we observe a consistent response of bacterial cell size and temperature. Our results show that the responses to future ocean warming of autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria in microbial consortia might not be well described by theoretical universal rules.

Background: Signs of senescence and the late stages of differentiation associated with the more severe forms of Chagas disease have been described in the Trypanosoma cruzi antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell population. However, the mechanisms involved in these functions are not fully known. To date, little is known about the possible impact of benznidazole treatment on the T. cruzi-specific functional response of CD4+ T cells. Methodology/principal findings: The functional capacity of CD4+ T cells was analyzed by cytometric assays in chronic Chagas disease patients, with indeterminate form (IND) and cardiac alterations (CCC) (25 and 15, respectively) before and after benznidazole treatment. An increase in the multifunctional capacity (expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, perforin and/or granzyme B) of the antigen-specific CD4+ T cells was observed in indeterminate versus cardiac patients, which was associated with the reduced coexpression of inhibitory receptors (2B4, CD160, CTLA-4, PD-1 and/or TIM-3). The functional profile of these cells shows statistically significant differences between IND and CCC (p, The authors have received funding from the following sources: MCL, grant SAF2016-81003-R from the Programa Estatal I+D+i (Agencia Estatal de Investigación-MINECO) and grant RD16/(0027/0005 from the Network of Tropical Diseases Research RICET (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)) and FEDER; MCT, grant SAF2016-80998-R from the Programa Estatal I+D+i (Agencia Estatal de Investigación - MINECO); MS, grant RD16/0027/0016 from the Network of Tropical Diseases Research RICET (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) and FEDER. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Las prácticas culturales de vivero tienen como objetivo mejorar la calidad de las plantas e incrementar la supervivencia de las reforestaciones; sin embargo, para cada especie debe examinarse el efecto de las diversas prácticas para definir su factibilidad de implementación. Este estudio analiza el efecto de la poda aérea en la calidad morfológica de plantas de Caesalpinea coriaria para determinar su potencial como práctica cultural. En condiciones de invernadero, se evaluaron tres niveles de poda: 0 %, 25 % y 50 %. El efecto de las podas se examinó en plantas de seis meses por medio de atributos e índices morfológicos de calidad, tales como: altura de la parte aérea, diámetro del tallo, peso seco aéreo, de raíz y total, relación entre peso seco aéreo y raíz, Índice de Esbeltez e Índice de Calidad de Dickson. No hubo un efecto significativo de la poda, excepto en la altura y en el Índice de Esbeltez (p

La fertilización en vivero es una práctica cultural con potencial para mejorar la calidad de planta, pero es necesario definir niveles de fertilización adecuados para cada especie. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de niveles de fertilización en la calidad de planta de Pithecellobium dulce, durante la etapa de vivero. Los niveles aplicados fueron nueve; consistieron en regímenes en los que se combinó un fertilizante de liberación controlada (FLC) 18-6-12, en tres dosis (4 g L-1, 6 g L-1 y 8 g L-1 de sustrato) con un fertilizante hidrosoluble (FHS) 20-20-20, en concentraciones de nitrógeno de 0 mg L-1, 75 mg L-1 y 150 mg L-1. El efecto de los regímenes de fertilización se determinó analizando índices morfológicos de calidad, tasas de asimilación neta (TAN) y estado nutrimental N-P-K en plantas de cuatro meses de edad. Una prueba de calidad fue diseñada para someter a las plantas a estrés en una condición de escasa fertilidad y pérdida de biomasa aérea, para evaluar capacidad de rebrote y crecimiento. Hubo diferencias estadísticas por efecto de los regímenes de fertilización. En general, la combinación de 8 g de FLC con 150 mg de nitrógeno por litro del FHS propició un incremento en la calidad morfológica y en la TAN de las plantas, aunque nutrimentalmente las respuestas principales fueron de suficiencia y dilución. En la prueba de calidad, las plantas tuvieron limitaciones para favorecer su rebrote o crecimiento según la cantidad de reservas nutrimentales. La fertilización con FLC y FHS tiene potencial para incrementar la calidad de planta de P. dulce en vivero.

The severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been related to uncontrolled inflammatory innate responses and impaired adaptive immune responses mostly due to exhausted T lymphocytes and lymphopenia. In this work we have characterized the nature of the lymphopenia and demonstrate a set of factors that hinder the effective control of virus infection and the activation and arming of effector cytotoxic T CD8 cells and showing signatures defining a high-risk population. We performed immune profiling of the T helper (Th) CD4+ and T CD8+ cell compartments in peripheral blood of 144 COVID-19 patients using multiparametric flow cytometry analysis. On the one hand, there was a consistent lymphopenia with an overrepresentation of non-functional T cells, with an increased percentage of naive Th cells (CD45RA+, CXCR3-, CCR4-, CCR6-, CCR10-) and persistently low frequency of markers associated with Th1, Th17, and Th1/Th17 memory-effector T cells compared to healthy donors. On the other hand, the most profound alteration affected the Th1 subset, which may explain the poor T cells responses and the persistent blood virus load. Finally, the decrease in Th1 cells may also explain the low frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that express the HLA-DR and CD38 activation markers observed in numerous patients who showed minimal or no lymphocyte activation response. We also identified the percentage of HLA-DR+CD4+ T cells, PD-1+CD+4/CD8+ T cells in blood, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as useful factors for predicting critical illness and fatal outcome in patients with confirmed COVID-19.

The digestive system presents daily rhythms at both physiological and histological levels. Although cell morphology rhythms in mammals have been reported, they have scarcely been investigated in fish. The aim of the present research was to investigate the existence of daily rhythms in the morphology of cells in the liver and intestine of a teleost fish, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and how feeding time influences them. Regarding liver, we also focused on differences between the two metabolic zones: perivenous and periportal. For this purpose, fish were divided into two groups: fish fed once a day in the mid-light phase (ML) or the mid-dark phase (MD). After 1 month under each feeding regime, liver and intestine samples were collected every 4 h during a 24-h cycle, and different parameters were studied by light microscopy and image analysis. Daily rhythms occurred in most of the parameters evaluated in the liver. The effect of feeding time depended on the metabolic zone: the rhythms in the periportal zone were synchronized mainly by the light/dark cycle regardless of feeding time, whereas in the perivenous zone, rhythms were influenced more by feeding time. In the intestine, a daily rhythm in villi height was found with acrophases coinciding with feeding time in each group. These findings show for the first time the existence of cellular morphological rhythms in fish liver and intestine, and highlight the interactions between light and feeding cycles in the different metabolic zones of the liver.

La importancia de registrar la distribución de especies y su reproducción amplía el conocimiento de cómo ocurre la dinámica poblacional y el éxito de colonización. Presentamos el primer registro de la anidación del “Avefría-Tero” (Vanellus chilensis) en El Salvador y una recopilación de nuevos sitios de ocurrencia de la especie realizados a la fecha. Desde su primer registro en el país, en 2012, la especie evidentemente ha sido cada vez más frecuente en los humedales. El incremento en el avistamiento de esta especie en El Salvador expande el conocimiento sobre la distribución, establecimiento y tamaño de la población de esta especie en Centroamérica.

Chitin is an excellent material for the synthesis of nanoparticles because it is an elicitor and can form nanostructured materials. The application of chitin nanoparticles (CNPs) in plants can activate early defense responses associated with chitin. In this study, CNPs were synthesized by water in oil (W/O) emulsion using an aqueous chitin solution. The CNPs were characterized and used to evaluate the activation of genes related to early responses to chitin and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on seedlings of Nicotiana benthamiana. The CNPs had an average size of 280 nm in diameter, a polydispersity of 0.299, a surface charge of 26.9 mV, and their chemical composition was corroborated by the disappearance of microaggregated CNPs treated with chitinases observed under a microscope. Seedlings treated with CNPs for one hour revealed increments in the expression of genes STZ, ATL2, and MAPK3, in contrast when they were treated with chitin oligomers, and no changes in gene CERK1 was detected in both conditions. Finally, the synthesis of ROS mediated by CNPs was detected in seedlings, which was higher than those generated by the treatment of chitin oligomers. These results demonstrated the capability to generate CNPs by emulsion, which are capable of triggering responses related to early defense in N. benthamiana more efficiently than chitin oligomers.

This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds Derived from Marine Microalgae 2.0., Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are bioactive molecules suggested as chemical defenses and infochemicals. In marine coastal habitats, diatoms reach high PUA production levels during bloom episodes. Two fractions of PUA can usually be analyzed: pPUA obtained via artificial breakage of collected phytoplankton cells and dissolved PUA already released to the environment (dPUA). In nature, resource supply arises as a main environmental controlling factor of PUA production. In this work, we monitored the vertical distribution and daily variation of pPUA associated with large-size phytoplankton and dPUA, at three sites located in the Alborán Sea from mesotrophic to oligotrophic waters. The results corroborate the presence of large-size PUA producers in oligotrophic and mesotrophic waters with a significant (58%–85%) diatom biomass. In addition to diatoms, significant correlations between pPUA production and dinoflagellate and silicoflagellate abundance were observed. 2E,4E/Z-Heptadienal was the most abundant aldehyde at the three sites with higher values (17.1 fg·cell−1) at the most oligotrophic site. 2E,4E/Z-Decadienal was the least abundant aldehyde, decreasing toward the oligotrophic site. For the first time, we describe the daily fluctuation of pPUA attributable to cellular physiological state and not exclusively to taxonomical composition. Our results demonstrate the persistence of threshold levels of dPUA deep in the water column, as well as the different chromatographic profiles of dPUA compared with pPUA. We propose different isomerization processes that alter the chemical structure of the released PUAs with unknown effects on their stability, biological function, and potential bioactivity., This work was supported by the projects MEGAN (CTM2013-49048-C2-1-R) and FICOEXPLORA (RTI2018-101272-B-I00) funded by the Spanish National Research Plan. I.S. and M.B.-P. are supported by a grant of the FPI fellowship program.

El diagnóstico nutrimental ayuda a mejorar la eficiencia del uso de fertilizantes en plantaciones forestales y a incrementar tanto las utilidades económicas, como los beneficios ecológicos. Dos métodos comúnmente usados, para tal efecto, son las concentraciones críticas y el Sistema Integrado de Diagnóstico y Recomendación (DRIS); sin embargo, no existen estudios que aporten los valores críticos o normas DRIS para Cedrela odorata (cedro rojo), especie importante en las regiones tropicales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar un conjunto de concentraciones críticas y uno de normas DRIS para C. odorata en su etapa de medio turno. El estudio se realizó con 74 árboles localizados a lo largo del área de distribución natural del taxon en México, a los cuales se les determinó el incremento diamétrico y la concentración nutrimental entre julio de 2017 y enero de 2018. Se derivó un conjunto de concentraciones críticas y uno de normas DRIS. Una segunda fase fue la verificación de las concentraciones críticas y normas DRIS generadas, mediante un experimento en una plantación de cedro rojo de medio turno. El ensayo fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3 × 4, en el que los factores correspondieron a la aplicación de P y K, respectivamente. Se presenta un conjunto de concentraciones críticas y uno de normas DRIS para árboles de C. odorata de medio turno. El proceso de verificación indica que ambos conjuntos de valores de referencia predicen correctamente el estado nutrimental de los árboles de medio turno del cedro rojo.

Gestational diabetes (GD) has been linked with an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders and behavioral abnormalities in the offspring. Oxidative stress is strongly associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive disruption. In the offspring brains in a GD experimental rat model, increased oxidative stress in the prenatal and postnatal stages was reported. However, long-term alterations to offspring behavior and oxidative stress, caused by changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of GD on young and adult male and female rat offspring in metabolic parameters, cognitive behavior, and oxidative stress. GD was induced using streptozotocin in dams. Next, the offspring were evaluated at two and six months of age. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using the elevated plus maze and open field maze, spatial learning and short-term memory were evaluated using the Morris water maze and radial maze, respectively. We determined oxidative stress biomarkers (reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and glutathione status) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the brain of offspring. We observed that male GD offspring showed a reduced level of anxiety at both ages as they spent less time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze at adult age ((P = 0.019, d = 1.083 ( size effect)) and spent more time in the open area of an open field (P = 0.0412, d = 0.743) when young and adult age (P = 0.018, d = 0.65). Adult female GD offspring showed a reduced level of anxiety (P = 0.036, d = 0.966), and young female GD offspring showed a deficiency in spatial learning (P = 0.0291 vs. control, d = 3.207). Adult male GD offspring showed a deficiency in short-term memory (P = 0.017, d = 1.795). We found an increase in ROS and lipid peroxidation, a disruption in the glutathione status, and decreased activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (P &lt, 0.05 vs. control, d &gt, 1.0), in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male and female GD offspring. GD altered metabolism, male offspring of both ages and adult females showed a high level of triglycerides and a lower level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P &lt, 1.0). Young and adult female offspring displayed higher insulin levels (P &lt, 0.05, d &gt, 1.0). These results suggest that gestational diabetes modifies oxidative stress and cognitive behavior in an age- and sex-dependent manner.

Los árboles capturan y almacenan grandes cantidades de carbono en su biomasa e impactan positivamente en la mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Hasta esta fecha, no existen ecuaciones alométricas que estimen la biomasa de árboles del estado de Guerrero, México. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo generar ecuaciones para estimar la biomasa aérea de árboles de Pinus oocarpa Schiede y Quercus resinosa Liebmann. Se realizó un muestreo destructivo de 33 árboles para la primera especie y 19 para la segunda, distribuidos en el bosque templado de la microcuenca del río Hueyapa, Guerrero, México. La biomasa de los componentes del árbol se estimó con base en el peso seco de 6 a 14 muestras por componente arbóreo, según el tamaño del árbol. Se ajustaron modelos potenciales en su forma lineal y con transformación Box-Cox. El modelo que mejor estimó la biomasa aérea en P. oocarpa fue el potencial y para Q. resinosa fue el que se obtuvo con la transformación Box-Cox, usando logaritmo del diámetro normal ( ) y la variable combinada transformada como variable independiente. Las ecuaciones alométricas generadas rellenan el vacío existente para la estimación de la biomasa aérea de estas especies forestales en el estado de Guerrero.

The temperature-size Rule (TSR) states that there is a negative relationship between ambient temperature and body size. This rule has been independently evaluated for different phases of the life cycle in multicellular eukaryotes, but mostly for the average population in unicellular organisms. We acclimated two model marine cyanobacterial strains (Prochlorococcus marinus MIT9301 and Synechococcus sp. RS9907) to a gradient of temperatures and measured the changes in population age-structure and cell size along their division cycle. Both strains displayed temperature-dependent diel changes in cell size, and as a result, the relationship between temperature and average cell size varied along the day. We computed the mean cell size of new-born cells in order to test the prediction of the TSR on a single-growth stage. Our work reconciles previous inconsistent results when testing the TSR on unicellular organisms, and shows that when a single-growth stage is considered the predicted negative response to temperature is revealed. The temperature-size Rule (TSR) states that there is a negative relationship between ambient temperature and body size. This rule has been independently evaluated for different phases of the life cycle in multicellular eukaryotes, but mostly for the average population in unicellular organisms. We acclimated two model marine cyanobacterial strains (Prochlorococcus marinus MIT9301 and Synechococcus sp. RS9907) to a gradient of temperatures and measured the changes in population age-structure and cell size along their division cycle. Both strains displayed temperature-dependent diel changes in cell size, and as a result, the relationship between temperature and average cell size varied along the day. We computed the mean cell size of new-born cells in order to test the prediction of the TSR on a single-growth stage. Our work reconciles previous inconsistent results when testing the TSR on unicellular organisms, and shows that when a single-growth stage is considered the predicted negative response to temperature is revealed.

Wheat gluten proteins are responsible for the bread-making properties of the dough but also for triggering important gastrointestinal disorders. Celiac disease (CD) affects approximately 1% of the population in Western countries. The only treatment available is the strict avoidance of gluten in the diet. Interference RNA (RNAi) is an excellent approach for the down-regulation of genes coding for immunogenic proteins related to celiac disease, providing an alternative for the development of cereals suitable for CD patients. In the present work, we report a comparative study of the stimulatory capacity of seven low-gluten RNAi lines differing in grain gluten and non-gluten protein composition, relevant for CD and other gluten pathologies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 35 patients with active CD were included in this study to assess the stimulatory response induced by protein extracts from the RNAi lines. Analysis of the proliferative response and interferon-gamma (INF-&gamma, ) release of PBMCs demonstrated impaired stimulation in response to all RNAi lines. The lower response was provided by lines with a very low content of &alpha, and &gamma, gliadins, and low or almost devoid of DQ2.5 and p31&ndash, 43 &alpha, gliadin epitopes. The non-gluten protein seems not to play a key role in PBMC stimulation.

Ateles geoffroyi es uno de los más grandes monos del Neotropico y su distribución va desde México al norte de Colombia. El mono araña (Ateles geoffroyi) en la laguna Olomega, Departmento de San Miguel (Este de El Salvador) fue reportado por última vez en 1944, hace más de 70 años. Se presenta información sobre el redescubrimiento de esta especie en el área donde se creía localmente extinto. También se considera que hay una necesidad urgente de estudiar, monitorear y proteger esta población para contribuir a la conservación de esta especie altamente en peligro en El Salvador.

Gliricidia sepium has the ability to recruit and release nutrients, increasing primary productivity of forest sites. There are no reports documenting intercroping of G. sepium and Cedrela odorata and few studies examining nutrient supply as strategies to decrease incidence of Hypsipyla grandella in C. odorata plantations. In this study, intercroping of G. sepium and C. odorata and fertilization with N and P was tested in order to examine the effects of such factors on growth, nutrient status, and incidence of H. grandella on C. odorata trees. Twelve treatments fourfold replicated and derived from a 3 × 2 × 2 set of factors were randomly established within the experimental site. During 12 months, growth and pest-incidence variables were measured quarterly and monthly, respectively. K and Mg were the most deficient nutrients in the experimental site. Interplanting three G. sepium trees per plot increased K and Mg availability, thus improving C. odorata nutrient status and minimizing incidence of the pest during the first year. N supply did not improve C. odorata growth nor did it affect the incidence of H. grandella. P promoted tree height.

In this work, a bi-enzymatic biosensor allowed the total content of D-amino acids (DAAs) determination in highly relevant matrices involving bacteria. The strategy is based on the unique coimmobili ...

We simulated in the laboratory the possible effects on fatty acids and immune status of wild fish arriving for the first time in the vicinity of a sea-cage fish farm, shifting their natural diet to commercial feed consumption, rich in fatty acids of vegetable origin. The flesh fatty acid profile of golden mullet specimens was altered after 2weeks of commercial feed consumption, showing an increase in fatty acids of vegetable origin. The serum peroxidase and bactericidal activities, and head-kidney leucocyte phagocytic capacity, increased after eight weeks of the new diet, while the respiratory burst activity decreased. The extent of these changes cannot be considered large enough to regard them as compromising the health status of fish. More research is needed in order to elucidate whether the rapid assimilation of the dietary fatty acids could harm the immune status of fish when feeding for longer periods than two months.

La acumulación y distribución de biomasa hacia los componentes estructurales de los árboles es determinante en bosques manejados, tanto en términos de productividad maderable como en la reactivación de diversos procesos ecosistémicos. En el presente estudio se analizó el patrón de acumulación de biomasa aérea total (BAT) y su asignación hacia fuste, ramas, corteza y follaje en una cronosecuencia de un bosque de Pinus patula bajo aprovechamiento forestal en Zacualtipán, Hidalgo. Mediante el uso de ecuaciones alométricas se estimó la BAT y por componente estructural de los árboles en rodales con diferentes años después de la cosecha, en diferentes años de remedición (años 2005, 2008 y 2012). Se encontró que la BAT aumentó con el tiempo después de la cosecha, con diferencias estadísticas significativas (p < 0.0001) entre los rodales. El rodal de 30 años después de la cosecha presentó una biomasa aérea total (BAT) de 178.1 Mg ha-1, la cual resultó solo 20% menor a la observada en el rodal sin cosecha (AN), lo que indica que un bosque bajo aprovechamiento podría alcanzar niveles de biomasa aérea similares a la del AN, en un menor tiempo. La asignación de biomasa aérea (BA) presentó el siguiente orden: fuste> ramas> corteza> follaje. Esta asignación de BA fue favorecida hacia fuste como un producto maderable comercial, objetivo principal de estos bosques bajo producción. El patrón de asignación de BA entre los componentes estructurales de los árboles puede ser incorporado como base para el diseño de prácticas silvicuturales en los programas de manejo forestal y contribuir en la evaluación de la sustentabilidad de los bosques. Además, puede clarificar el papel de los bosques regenerados después de los aprovechamientos en la fijación y almacenamiento de bióxido de carbono atmosférico.

Bacteria frequently cooperate by sharing secreted metabolites such as enzymes and siderophores. The expression of different ‘public good’ traits can be interdependent, and studies on laboratory systems have shown that such trait linkage affects eco-evolutionary dynamics within bacterial communities. Here, we examine whether linkage among social traits occurs in natural Pseudomonas communities by examining investment levels and correlations between five public goods: biosurfactants, biofilm components, proteases, pyoverdines, and toxic compounds. Our phenotypic assays involving 315 isolates from soil and freshwater communities revealed that their social trait expression profiles varied dramatically, and that correlations between traits were frequent, exclusively positive, and sometimes habitat-specific. Our results indicate that Pseudomonas communities are dominated by isolates lying on a continuum between a ‘social’ type producing multiple public goods, and an ‘asocial’ type showing low investment into social traits. This segregation into different social types could reflect local adaptation to different microhabitats, or emerge from competition between different (social) strategies. Moreover, our results show that isolates with specialized trait repertoires are rarer than isolates with unspecialized, homogenous repertoires, suggesting that the scope for competitive interactions is greater than the scope for the mutual exchange of different public goods between isolates. Overall, our work indicates that complex interdependencies among social traits influence the evolution of microbial lifestyles in nature.

La productividad de los sistemas forestales en el trópico mexicano ha tenido serias restricciones por la carencia de prácticas silvícolas que promuevan su competitividad. Cedrela odorata L. (cedro rojo) es una especie económicamente importante en el trópico mexicano y se conoce poco acerca de sus rendimientos y de cómo mejorar su productividad. El modelo 3-PG (Principios fisiológicos de predicción del crecimiento) permite predecir el crecimiento de un rodal, incluso en áreas donde no ha crecido la especie, estimando la productividad del sitio. En el presente trabajo se estimó, mediante el modelo 3-PG, el crecimiento de C. odorata y el efecto que tiene la nutrición sobre la especie a partir de variables fisiológicas de esta y de especies similares. La biomasa de follaje y el diámetro promedio a la altura del pecho fueron mayores en la condición con fertilización. En el año cinco se registró el mayor volumen en la condición con fertilización (FR = 0.6): 66.9 m3 ha-1; en ese mismo año, el incremento en volumen sin fertilización (FR = 0.3) fue 51.9 m3 ha-1. Además, el volumen del rodal, la biomasa de tronco y la altura también incrementaron con la edad del rodal en el tratamiento con fertilización. El modelo 3-PG se aplica por vez primera en esta especie y en México, por lo que se requiere continuar con estudios ecofisiológicos de la especie y aspectos de nutrición, para lograr una mejor predicción del crecimiento y, de ese modo, que este modelo sea una herramienta útil en la toma de decisiones de manejo forestal.

Here, we assessed whether 41 SNPs within steroid hormone genes associated with erosive disease. The most relevant finding was the rheumatoid factor (RF)-specific effect of the CYP1B1, CYP2C9, ESR2, FcγR3A, and SHBG SNPs to modulate the risk of bone erosions (P = 0.004, 0.0007, 0.0002, 0.013 and 0.015) that was confirmed through meta-analysis of our data with those from the DREAM registry (P = 0.000081, 0.0022, 0.00074, 0.0067 and 0.0087, respectively). Mechanistically, we also found a gender-specific correlation of the CYP2C9rs1799853T/T genotype with serum vitamin D3 levels (P = 0.00085) and a modest effect on IL1β levels after stimulation of PBMCs or blood with LPS and PHA (P = 0.0057 and P = 0.0058). An overall haplotype analysis also showed an association of 3 ESR1 haplotypes with a reduced risk of erosive arthritis (P = 0.009, P = 0.002, and P = 0.002). Furthermore, we observed that the ESR2, ESR1 and FcγR3A SNPs influenced the immune response after stimulation of PBMCs or macrophages with LPS or Pam3Cys (P = 0.002, 0.0008, 0.0011 and 1.97•10−7). Finally, we found that a model built with steroid hormone-related SNPs significantly improved the prediction of erosive disease in seropositive patients (PRF+ = 2.46•10−8) whereas no prediction was detected in seronegative patients (PRF− = 0.36). Although the predictive ability of the model was substantially lower in the replication population (PRF+ = 0.014), we could confirm that CYP1B1 and CYP2C9 SNPs help to predict erosive disease in seropositive patients. These results are the first to suggest a RF-specific association of steroid hormone-related polymorphisms with erosive disease.

This paper presents and assesses a case study regarding to Boccia, which in present has been constituted in a Paralympic sport that integrates athletes with different degrees of disability and that has aroused a remarkable interest during the last decade. However, according to the topic review from a biomechanical perspective, it has been detected that information about the movements of assistants or coaches is scarce, which is identified as an important information gap, specifically for the BC3 category of said sport. This is why the goal is to develop a biomechanical analysis of the movements of a Boccia coach/assistant during the ramp configuration tasks. The development of the present study consists of four periods: characterization of the coach, positioning of markers under a protocol of upper limbs, 3D motion capture and biomechanical analysis. The results suggest that due to the nature of the movements developed by the coach, he is at high risk of worsening different injuries already existing in his body, and the ergonomic difficulties of the equipment used for the practice of this sport also plays a role in these issues.

One of the current greatest challenges of Chagas disease is the establishment of biomarkers to assess the efficacy of drugs in a short period of time. In this context, the reactivity of sera from 66 adults with chronic indeterminate Chagas disease (IND) for a set of four Trypanosoma cruzi antigens (KMP11, PFR2, HSP70, and 3973(d)) was analyzed before and after benznidazole treatment. The results showed that the reactivity against these antigens decreased at 9, 24, and 48 months after treatment. Moreover, the 42.4% and 68.75% of IND patients met the established standard criteria of therapeutic efficacy (STEC at 24 and 48 months posttreatment, respectively. Meeting the STEC implied that there was a continuous decrease in the reactivity of the patient sera against the four antigens after treatment and that there was a substantial decrease in the reactivity for at least two of the antigens. This important decrease in reactivity may be associated with a drastic reduction in the parasite load, but it is not necessarily associated with a parasitological cure. After treatment, a positive PCR result was only obtained in patients who did not meet the STEC. The percentage of granzyme B+ /perforin(+) CD8(+) T cells was significantly higher in patients who met the STEC than in those who did not meet the STEC (35.2% versus 2.2%; P < 0.05). Furthermore, the patients who met the STEC exhibited an increased quality of the multifunctional response of the antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells compared with that in the patients who did not meet the STEC., This work was financially supported by grants SAF2016-81003-R, SAF2016-80998-R, and RTC-2014-2130 from the Programa Estatal I + D + i (MINECO); the Network of Tropical Diseases Research RICET (RD16/0027/0005 and RD16/0027/0016); and FEDER. This publication is part of the PhD thesis of the student Elena Perez-Anton at the University of Granada in the Biomedicine Program.

Early diagnosis of sepsis, combining blood cultures and inflammation biomarkers, continues to be a challenge, especially in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants because of limited availability of blood samples. Traditional diagnostic procedures are cumbersome, not fast enough, and require relatively large volumes of sample. Empiric use of antibiotics, before diagnostic confirmation, is required to decrease mortality, leading to potential antibiotic resistance and side effects in VLBW infants. To solve such a serious problem, a dual magnetoimmunosensor is proposed for simultaneous assessment of two of the most important sepsis biomarkers: procalcitonin (PCT for early phase) and C-reactive protein (CRP for late phase). This "sample-to-result" approach exhibited excellent sensitivity, selectivity, precision, and stability using low sample volumes (

To investigate the proportion of asymptomatic infection among blood donors in a region endemic for Leishmania; and to ascertain epidemiological and genetic factors associated with this condition. We studied 1260 blood donors in the Province of Granada in the Southern Spain. After obtaining informed consent in each participant, a poll about habits, housing and contact with animals were carried out. Blood samples were obtained for determining antileishmanial antibodies and a PCR assay. HLA typing was performed in a randomly sample among the donors with positive serology. We have found that L. infantum antibodies were present in 7.9% of blood donors and DNA in blood was detected in 2.5% of donors. There was no concordance between both determinations, except in one patient. Taking into consideration both techniques, 129 participants were considered to have asymptomatic Leishmania infection. No participant in this study developed clinical leishmaniasis during a follow-up period of 2 years. HLA were typed in 51 donors. Asymptomatic Leishmania infection might be associated with certain HLA antigens. A multivariate analysis was done with the variables obtained through the participants’ interview. The contact with livestock (goats, pigs, and sheep), but not dogs, either at home or in the environment, was significantly and independently associated with asymptomatic leishmania infection. Asymptomatic leishmanial infection among blood donors is frequent in the Granada Province, south of Spain. The presence of livestock in this region is related to this infection, perhaps influencing vector density of this disease. Some HLA genes might be associated with asymptomatic leishmanial state.

The high global demand of wheat and its subsequent consumption arise from the physicochemical properties of bread dough and its contribution to the protein intake in the human diet. Gluten is the main structural complex of wheat proteins and subjects affected by celiac disease (CD) cannot tolerate gluten protein. Within gluten proteins, &alpha, gliadins constitute the most immunogenic fraction since they contain the main T-cell stimulating epitopes (DQ2.5-glia-&alpha, 1, DQ2.5-glia-&alpha, 2, and DQ2.5-glia-&alpha, 3). In this work, the celiac immunotoxic potential of &alpha, gliadins was studied within Triticeae: diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid species. The abundance and immunostimulatory capacity of CD canonical epitopes and variants (with one or two mismatches) in all &alpha, gliadin sequences were determined. The results showed that the canonical epitopes DQ2.5-glia-&alpha, 1 and DQ2.5-glia-&alpha, 3 were more frequent than DQ2.5-glia-&alpha, 2. A higher abundance of canonical DQ2.5-glia-&alpha, 1 epitope was found to be associated with genomes of the BBAADD, AA, and DD types, however, the abundance of DQ2.5-glia-&alpha, 3 epitope variants was very high in BBAADD and BBAA wheat despite their low abundance in the canonical epitope. The most abundant substitution was that of proline to serine, which was disposed mainly on the three canonical DQ2.5 domains on position 8. Interestingly, our results demonstrated that the natural introduction of Q to H at any position eliminates the toxicity of the three T-cell epitopes in the &alpha, gliadins. The results provided a rational approach for the introduction of natural amino acid substitutions to eliminate the toxicity of three T-cell epitopes, while maintaining the technological properties of commercial wheats.

Gestational diabetes (GD) has a negative impact on neurodevelopment, resulting in cognitive and neurological deficiencies. Oxidative stress (OS) has been reported in the brain of the first-generation offspring of GD rats. OS has been strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we determined the effect of GD on the cognitive behavior, oxidative stress and metabolism of second-generation offspring. GD was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) in pregnant rats to obtain first-generation offspring (F1), next female F1 rats were mated with control males to obtain second-generation offspring (F2). Two and six-month-old F2 males and females were employed. Anxious-type behavior, spatial learning and spatial working memory were evaluated. In cerebral cortex and hippocampus, the oxidative stress and serum biochemical parameters were measured. Male F2 GD offspring presented the highest level of anxiety-type behavior, whilst females had the lowest level of anxiety-type behavior at juvenile age. In short-term memory, adult females presented deficiencies. The offspring F2 GD females presented modifications in oxidative stress biomarkers in the cerebral cortex as lipid-peroxidation, oxidized glutathione and catalase activity. We also observed metabolic disturbances, particularly in the lipid and insulin levels of male and female F2 GD offspring. Our results suggest a transgenerational effect of GD on metabolism, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial working memory.

In recent decades, the automatic study and analysis of plankton communities using imaging techniques has advanced significantly. The effectiveness of these automated systems appears to have improved, reaching acceptable levels of accuracy. However, plankton ecologists often find that classification systems do not work as well as expected when applied to new samples. This paper proposes a methodology to assess the efficacy of learned models which takes into account the fact that the data distribution (the plankton composition of the sample) can vary between the model building phase and the production phase. As opposed to most validation methods that consider the individual organism as the unit of validation, our approach uses a validation‐by‐sample, which is more appropriate when the objective is to estimate the abundance of different morphological groups. We argue that, in these cases, the base unit to correctly estimate the error is the sample, not the individual. Thus, model assessment processes require groups of samples with sufficient variability in order to provide precise error estimates.

Con la finalidad de conocer los requerimientos de fertilización en vivero, se generaron normas DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendations Integrated System) para Nitrógeno (N), Fósforo (P) y Potasio (K) en plántulas de Abies religiosa (H.B.K.) Schl. et Cham. en invernadero. Utilizando un diseño experimental factorial con arreglo completamente al azar se fertilizó con tres niveles de cada nutrimento. Los resultados indican que el DRIS predice acertadamente las necesidades de fertilización. Es probable que el uso de normas más precisas ayude a obtener mayores incrementos de altura en el vivero.

A millimeter-sized tubular motor for mobile biosensing of H2O2 in environmental and relevant clinical samples is reported. The concept relies on the self-propelled motion by the Marangoni effect, where the asymmetric release of SDS surfactant induces fluid convection and rapid dispersion of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme into the sample solution. This efficient movement together with the continuous release of fresh enzyme leads to greatly accelerated enzymatic reaction processes without the need of external stirring or chemical and physical attachment of the enzyme as in common classical biosensing approaches. In this strategy, the use of a single millimeter-sized tubular motor during 120 s allows the reliable and accurate quantification of hydrogen peroxide in a set of different matrices such as tap and mineral waters, urine, plasma, and tumor cell cultures treated with antineoplasic Cisplatin without any previous sample preparation. Furthermore, detection can be performed electrochemically, optically, and via visual detection, which makes this approach a clear candidate as a point-of-care analytical tool.

The southern end of Genoveses Bay (Cala de Genoveses) in Almeria (SE Spain) hosts one of the most spectacular examples in Europe of combined (from base to the top), ignimbrite, surge, and pumice-ash fall deposits, forming a world-class outcrop of pyroclastic rocks. At a regional scale, the volcanism that led to the formation of these rocks has to be understood in terms of the late Alpine tectonic evolution of the western Mediterranean.

An array-based electrochemical magneto-immunosensor (a-EMI) constituted by eight screen-printed carbon electrodes is proposed for the determination of C-reactive protein (CRP). Remarkably, the analytical usefulness of the approach was demonstrated not only by analyzing whole blood samples, but plasma ones from newborns with suspicion of sepsis, which sample volume is hardly available. The a-EIM enabled the accurate determination of CRP in these unique samples (Er These results non-only highly met the clinical needs for sepsis newborns diagnosis, but they opened new perspectives in low volumes-based diagnostics.

Pinus patula Schiede ex Schldl. et Cham. es una especie endémica de México utilizada en plantaciones forestales comerciales en Sudamérica y Sudáfrica. La propagación masiva de materiales mejorados de esta especie, a través de estacas enraizadas, permite aumentar su productividad y homogeneizar sus productos. Se compararon cinco sustratos a base de aserrín fresco y corteza de pino en diferentes proporciones (1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3 y 9:1 v:v) para evaluar el enraizamiento de estacas de esta especie forestal. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones; la unidad experimental estuvo conformada por 25 estacas. Se analizaron las principales características físicas y químicas de los sustratos tales como porosidad total, porosidad de aireación, retención de humedad, densidad aparente, pH, conductividad eléctrica y capacidad de intercambio catiónico al inicio y al final del experimento. Las variables evaluadas fueron la supervivencia, enraizamiento, presencia de callo, número y longitud de raíces primarias y presencia de raíces secundarias a las 20 semanas de establecido el experimento. El sustrato con la mayor proporción de aserrín (9:1) presentó el porcentaje de enraizamiento de las estacas más elevado (77 %), en comparación con el testigo (1:9), donde se obtuvo 42 %. Se observó alta correlación (0.97, 0.97, 0.90) del enraizado con el porcentaje de aserrín, densidad aparente y pH, respectivamente. La mezcla de aserrín y corteza de pino (9:1) presentó características físicas y químicas apropiadas para la formulación de sustratos útiles para propagar P. patula mediante el enraizado de estacas.

Wild fish belonging to four species belonging to different trophic groups were captured at three distances from fish farm facilities: long distance (>5 Km), medium distance (1.5 Km) and close to sea-cages. Flesh, brain, liver and gonads were sampled for fatty acid analysis. Fish aggregated near sea-cages showed accumulation of fatty acids of vegetable origin in the studied tissues, due to surplus feed consumption or via predation of fish that consumed the feed. Gonads accumulated vegetable fatty acids in different manner in the different species, and the species least and most influenced by fish-feeds were selected for gonad histological examination. Results showed an acceleration of the final stages of the oocyte development in fish aggregated near fish farms compared to fish captured at long distance. Differences in oocyte development were more acute in the species which incorporated higher quantities of vegetable fatty acids. This work was funded by the project FATFISH (ref: CTM 2009-14362-C02-02) and FPI predoctoral grant (ref: BES-2010-033391) from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Government of Spain).

Actualmente se conoce poco sobre las diferentes opciones que involucran el uso de fertilizantes hidrosolubles y de liberación controlada, así como las dosis de aplicación en la producción de Prosopis laevigata en vivero. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la eficiencia de los fertilizantes hidrosolubles Triple 16 (T16), Triple 19 (T19) y Poly-feed® (Pf), en dosis de 100 mg L-1, combinados con 3 y 6 g L-1 de fertilizante de liberación controlada (Multicote® = M) en sustrato, así como los costos implicados en su aplicación. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: 1 (0 g M + agua), 2 (3 g M + agua), 3 (3 g M + T19), 4 (3 g M + Pf), 5 (3 g M + T16), 6 (6 g M + agua), 7 (6 g M + T19), 8 (6 g M + Pf) y 9 (6 g M + T16) dispuestos en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables de interés fueron la altura, el diámetro, la biomasa seca total y el índice de robustez. Los fertilizantes hidrosolubles, de liberación controlada y la combinación de ambos tuvieron un efecto significativo en las variables evaluadas (p < 0.001). Se obtuvieron alturas de 27.49 a 30.37 cm y los diámetros más destacados variaron de 3.37 a 3.59 mm. El índice de robustez en los tratamientos 1, 2, 5, 6 y 8 fueron menores a 8. Se concluye que la mayoría de las variables respondieron mejor al tratamiento 7, pero fue más costoso que el 5, que produjo resultados similares.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition triggered by the ingestion of gluten, the protein fraction of wheat, barley and rye. It is not simply an intestinal disease; it is multifactorial caused by many different genetic factors acting together with non-genetic causes. Similar to other autoimmune diseases, celiac disease is a polygenic disorder for which the major histocompatibility complex locus is the most important genetic factor, and is the result of an immune response to self-antigens leading to tissue destruction and the autoantibodies production. Celiac disease exemplifies how an illness can have autoimmune-like features having to be driven by exogenous antigen and how can be reasonably considered as a model of organ-specific autoimmunity.