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Diagnosis of socio-environmental effects due to noise in cocoa processing of the CAORO corporation at Río Negro site Autores: Yuri Patricio Espinoza Aguilar yespinoza@utmachala.edu.ec Alex Dumany Luna Florin adluna@utmachala.edu.ec Maria Belén Buele Calderón mbbuele_est@utmachala.edu.ec Filiación: Universidad Técnica de Machala Km.5 1/2 Via Machala Pasaje 2983362 - 2983365 - 2983363 - 2983364 utmachala@utmachala.edu.ec Resumen En el sector Río Negro perteneciente a la parroquia La Victoria del cantón Santa Rosa, la corporación CAORO (Corporación Agroexportadora El Oro) ha venido desarrollando la actividad de la compra de cacao donde se realiza la fermentación y secado del mismo para la comercialización a nivel nacional y posterior exportación, esta actividad presenta impactos sociales y ambientales los cuales se darán a conocer en la presente investigación. Entre los impactos sociales se encontró que los trabajadores están expuestos por un periodo de tiempo extenso al ruido con decibeles que superan los límites permisibles establecidos en el Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria Medio Ambiental, lo que a futuro le puede causar un riesgo a la salud como nerviosismo y sordera. En los impactos ambientales se observó que el ruido afecta a las aves terrestres como Furnarius cinnamomeus, Dives warszewiczi, Ara chloroptera, Eastern bluebird, Columba livia, Turdus merula, del sector causando que se perturben en la búsqueda de alimentos por estar siempre alerta a los depredadores, también algunas aves modificaban su comportamiento natural al trinar en este entorno ruidoso. Las vibraciones generadas por la maquinaria utilizada tienen efectos adversos en la salud del trabajador que habita en la corporación, causando espondilitis, calcificación de discos e incluso menor habilidad manual. En la fauna las vibraciones causan daños mecánicos al aparato digestivo y sistemas respiratorios, además desorientación puesto que cada animal tiene una vibración específica de energía que los ayuda a comunicarse entre sí.

Present study was performed to identify the species of ascarids from macaw parrot, Ara chloroptera, in China. Total 6 ascarids (3 males and 3 females) were collected in the feces of 3 macaws at Guangzhou Zoo in Guangdong Province, China. Their morphological characteristics with dimensions were observed under a light microscope, and their genetic characters were analyzed with the partial 18S rDNA, ITS rDNA and nad4 gene sequences, respectively. Results showed that all worms have no interlabia but male worms have two alate spicules, well-developed precloacal sucker and a tail with ventrolateral caudal alae and 11 pairs of papillae. The partial 18S rDNA, ITS rDNA and nad4 sequences were 831bp, 1015bp and 394bp in length, respectively. They showed the highest similarity of 99.8% (18S rDNA) with Ascaridia nymphii, 93.8% identities (ITS rDNA) with A. columbae and 98.5% to 99.5% identities (nad4) with Ascaridia sp. from infected parrot. All Ascaridia nematodes from the macaws were clustered into one clade and formed monophyletic group of Ascaridia with A. columbae and A. galli in two phylogenetic trees. It is observed that the combining morphological and sequencing data from three loci, the present Ascaridia species was identified as Ascaridia nymphii, which is the first record of A. nymphii from macaw parrot in China.

Aves polyomavirus 1 (APyV) is the causative agent of acute disease in birds and causes high mortality rates in nestlings. Infections have been reported worldwide in a significant number of caged bird species, such as parrots, caiques, budgerigars, lovebirds, and macaws. However, the number of complete viral sequences available in public databases is scarce, especially those with associated clinical histories. In this study, the clinical, pathological, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of 2 APyV strains detected in Portugal are described. In the autumn of 2015, a 2-month-old female green-winged macaw ( Ara chloroptera ) from a small breeder died with signs of dehydration, weight loss, and depression, raising the suspicion of polyomavirus infection. Histopathological analysis revealed lesions compatible with APyV infection, and the presence of polyomavirus in several organs was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. From the cohabitants tested ( n = 14), 1 eclectus parrot ( Eclectus roratus ), which was more than 1-year-old, was also APyV DNA-positive. The full genomic sequences of the 2 strains were obtained and found identical, suggesting a single introduction in the premises and the occurrence of subsequent infections by the same virus. When compared with sequences of other APyVs available in public databases, high nucleotide similarity percentages were obtained, confirming the close genetic relationship among polyomaviruses worldwide. Interestingly, strain APV7, detected in a white-bellied parrot in 2008 in Japan, was the closest strain to those isolated in this report. Attempts to isolate the virus in eggs and cell lines failed. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by the Bayesian method to determine the phylogenetic classification of the macaw and parrot strains. Both clustered into group V, together with other strains from different bird species with no host or spatial-temporal relationships being observed.

A comparative approach is required to investi- gate the evolutionary origins of cognitive abilities. In this paper, we compare the performance of four parrot spe- cies, spectacled parrotlets (Forpus conspicillatus), rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus), green-winged macaws (Ara chloroptera) and sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita triton) in standardized string-pulling and string-choice paradigms. We varied the spatial relationship between the strings, the presence of a reward and the physical contact between the string and the reward to test different cognitive skills requiring means-end comprehension. The species tested showed a high individual and inter-specific variation in their ability to solve the tasks. Spectacled par- rotlets performed best among the four species and solved the most complex choice tasks, namely crossed-string task and broken-string task, spontaneously. In contrast, macaws and cockatoos failed to identify the correct string in these two tasks. The rainbow lorikeets were outperformed by the par- rotlets, but outperformed in turn the macaws and the cock- atoos. The findings can be best explained by the variation in social complexity among species, rather than in their ecology.

A 32-year-old green-winged macaw (Ara chloroptera) was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on progressive lymphocytosis and the presence of a monomorphic population of well-differentiated lymphocytes in the bone marrow of a clinically normal bird. Chemotherapy was initiated because of rapidly increasing peripheral lymphocyte counts. In addition to oral prednisone (1 mg/kg once daily), oral chlorambucil (1 mg/kg twice weekly) was initiated but was discontinued after 6 weeks because of thrombocytopenia. The leukocyte count was stabilized for 29 weeks with the concurrent use of oral cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg 4 d/wk) and daily prednisone, and the bird exhibited a good quality of life. The bird died shortly after the chemotherapy was inadvertently discontinued. The neoplastic cells from this macaw stained positive for CD-3 antibody and negative for Bla.36, suggesting the leukemia was of T-cell origin. This is the first report of long-term treatment of a macaw with cyclophosphamide and documents thrombocytopenia in a macaw secondary to chlorambucil treatment.

Proventricular dilatation disease is a viral disease seen as a segmental neuropathy in parrots. It has always been believed to be a disease exotic to Australia, with the only reported case being a legally imported Green Wing Macaw (Ara chloroptera) in 1993. This paper reports a cluster of cases seen in south-east Queensland in 2005 to 2006. Clinical signs, autopsy findings and histopathological findings are described. No pattern or common source for these cases could be identified. The implications for Australian aviculture and avifauna are discussed.

The present study was conducted on the sternum of an eight year old, male Green-winged Macaw. The sternum was quadrilateral with dorsal concave and ventral convex surfaces and four borders. The dorsal surface presented numerous pneumatic foramina. The ventral surface furnished a large, boat shaped keel. The anterior extremity showed two facets for coracoid. The anterior and posterior borders were convex. The lateral border on either side presented six costal facets. Two distinct oval foramina were seen near the posterior border. Craniolateral processes were short and stump-like. Caudolateral processes fused with the median trabecula on either side. The rostrum was distinct. The morphological features of the sternum of Green-winged Macaw conformed to that of flying group of birds. It was almost similar to that of goose in its anterior half and to that of pigeon in its posterior half.

The selection of molecular markers for population studies is an important tool for biodiversity conservation. The family Psittacidae contains many endangered and vulnerable species and we tested three kinds of molecular markers for their potential use in population studies of five psitacid species: 43 hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), 42 blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara ararauna), 23 red-and-green macaws (Ara chloroptera), 19 red-spectacled amazons (Amazona pretrei); and 18 red-tailed amazons (Amazona brasiliensis). We tested 21 clones from a genomic library of golden conure (Guarouba guarouba) minisatellites and 12 pairs of microsatellite primers developed for the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) and A. hyacinthinus. We also tested seven tetranucleotide repeat primers for their ability to amplify regions between microsatellite loci (inter simple sequence repeats, ISSRs). We were able to select seven markers that were variable in different degrees for three species (A. hyacinthinus, A. chloroptera and A. ararauna). The mini and microsatellites produced more polymorphic patterns than the ISSRs. The genetic variability of the species studied seems to be correlated with their endangered status.

Chromosomes obtained from feather tissues of 14 species of Brazilian Psittacidae were analyzed by Giemsa conventional staining and the karyotypes of Ara chloroptera, Propyrrhura maracana and Nandayus nenday are presented for the first time. The remaining species showed no chromosome differences when compared with previous literature data. Two basic karyotype patterns were observed. A karyotype pattern is mostly characterized by biarmed macrochromosomes, while in the other one most macrochromosomes are telocentrics.

A manutencao de aves em cativeiro reune condicoes que favorecem a disseminacao de doencas infecciosas, sendo a Salmonella uma dessas doencas infecciosas que acomete os psitacideos. Portanto o objetivo do presente estudo foi isolar e identificar Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes mantidos em criatorios comerciais e conservacionistas da Regiao Metropolitana de Fortaleza. Para o estudo, foram coletados swabs cloacais de 182 psitacideos clinicamente sadios. Os resultados mostraram que tres psitacideos avaliados (1,65%) foram positivos: Amazona aestiva (Salmonella Lexington), Ara chloroptera (Salmonella Saintpaul) e Melopsittacus undulatus (Salmonella Newport). De acordo com a literatura cientifica, nao ha registro desses sorotipos em psitacideos. Esta pesquisa evidenciou uma baixa prevalencia de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes mantidos em criatorios comerciais e conservacionistas da Regiao Metropolitana de Fortaleza.

Documentation of the psittacine paranasal sinuses has been limited. To provide more published detail, spiral computed tomography (CT) was used to scan the cephalic and cervical region from cadavers of 10 psittacine birds (Ara ararauna, Ara chloroptera, Ara macao, and Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). Skeletal studies, histologic examinations, and evaluation of deep-frozen sections and anatomic preparations confirmed the results of the CT scans. New morphologic details of the paranasal sinus and some compartments were discovered. The paranasal sinuses of these macaws consist of two unpaired rostral compartments, followed caudally by eight paired compartments. Histologic examinations revealed that the walls of the paranasal sinuses consist of flat or cubic monolayer epithelium with underlying connective tissue. The described method of CT examination of these macaws, especially the positioning, scan orientation and parameters, and documentation of the normal paranasal sinus, provides a basis for future clinical use of CT.

Summary Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded during isoflurane anaesthesia from 52 macaws of four species of the genera Anodorhynchus and Ara in order to establish electrocardiographic reference values. The birds examined were clinically healthy macaws of the following species: hyacinth macaw (HM; Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, n = 14); green-winged macaw (GWM; Ara chloroptera, n = 11); blue-throated macaw (BTM; Ara glaucogularis, n = 15); and red-fronted macaw (RFM; Ara rubrogenys, n = 12). All ECGs were recorded using a paper speed of 50 mm/s and a calibration of 10 mm = 1 mV. Significant differences were determined between species for the heart rate, duration and amplitude of the P wave, amplitude of the T wave, and amplitude of the QRS complex, specially comparing the RFM to the other macaw species. No significant differences were found between two species of similar body weight: the HM and the GWM.

Parakeets and parrots can be infected by several parasitic species that may be either primary or opportunistic pathogens and may be responsible for mild or severe clinical forms of disease (Greiner and Ritchie 1994, Doneley 2009). Some psittacine parasitic species are host specific, while others can infect a wide range of animals—including humans (Tsai and others 1992, Fayer 2010). The main aim of this study was the evaluation of the prevalence of ectoparasites and endoparasites in captive psittacine birds living in Italy. In the period 2004–2007, 573 randomly selected captive psittacine birds of 47 different species living in Italy were examined. In this prospective survey all animals, including 450 farmed and 123 pet psittacines, were screened for endoparasites, while 196 farmed and 25 pet birds were examined also for ectoparasites. For endoparasites, fresh individual faecal samples were analysed by flotation test, a commercial immunoassay (RIDAQUICK Cryptosporidium / Giardia Combi cassettes, R-Biopharm, Italy) and by Giemsa and modified Ziehl Neelsen stained faecal smears. In addition, a deceased Platycercus elegans and a deceased Ara chloroptera were necropsied and examined for gross lesions and parasites. Isolated nematodes were identified at the species level (Levine 1968, Kajerova and others 2004a, b). Species of collected ectoparasites were also identified (Krantz 1978, Atyeo and Gaud 1987, Mironov and Galloway 2002, Schmaschke and others 2002, Sychra and others 2007, Di Palma and others …

Feeding data collected concurrently on bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas) and red and green macaws (Ara chloroptera) on a large island in Guri, Venezuela provides preliminary evidence that these two seed predators have similar diets. Individuals of both species were equally capable of opening very hard, protected fruits. Of the seven fruit species used by macaws during the study period, four species were also ingested by sakis at the same stage of ripeness, two species were ingested at different stages of ripeness (macaws earlier than sakis), and one species was never observed to have been eaten by sakis. The second finding, that macaws ingest young seeds of the Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae families and the bearded sakis ingest only the ripe mesocarp of these species suggests that the most distinguishable difference in their diets might be a tolerance of toxins by the macaws that act as feeding deterrents for the monkeys. Although we did not document the location of local clay licks in eastern Venezuela, the use of clay licks by macaws in Peru (Munn, 1992) suggests that this activity (that is not practiced by the sakis) may be helpful in detoxifying or ameliorating the effects of ingesting chemically protected fruit.

This research aimed to establish reference values for hemogram and clinical biochemistry, aiming at to evaluating the liver function of healthy macaws ( Ara sp .), with the influence of species on the blood constituents, in order to contribute to the health monitoring of this species kept in ecological farms in the state of Bahia (Brazil). We used forty-five blood samples from three distinct species: green-winged macaw ( Ara chloroptera ), blue-and-yellow macaw ( Ara ararauna ) and scarlet macaws ( Ara macao ). A total of 3.5 mL of blood was collected from the ulnar vein of each bird: 1.5 mL was placed in tubes containing EDTA, to carry out the hemogram, and 2.0 mL of blood without anticoagulant was used to obtain serum, for the biochemical analysis. The averages obtained for the blood of the genus Ara were PCV: 2.74 ± 0.48 x10 6 /?L; VG: 36.8 ± 5.56%; Hb: 15.4 ± 2.42 g/dL; thrombocytes:9,580 ± 2,850 x10 3 /?L; leukocyte count: 5,340 ± 3,580/?L; lymphocytes: 1,408.8 ± 1,020.7/?L; heterophils: 3,252.0 ± 2,026.3/?L; monocytes: 169.1 ± 227.5/?L; basophils: 34.2 ± 72.3/?L; eosinophils: 186.9 ± 183.9/?L. The results of the serum biochemical parameters were activity of the enzymes AST 67.6 ± 12.8 IU/L; CK 77.9 ± 44.6 IU/L; LDH 240.1 ± 85.6 IU/L; cholesterol 160.3 ± 34.8 mg/dL; triglycerides 111.8 ± 58.6 mg/dL; glucose 228.5 ± 38.1 mg/dL and total proteins: 3.37 ± 0.8 g/dL. Significant differences (p

This report describes a case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a green-winged macaw (Ara chloroptera), confirmed by microbiologic and pathologic diagnostics, and notes a possible human–avian transmission. Clinical signs included cutaneous swellings, profound leukocytosis, and signs of osteomyelitis in the long bones. Proliferation consisted of several nodules with small greenish-caseous foci in cross-section and revealed a severe granulomatous inflammation with intralesional acid-fast rods. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from subcutaneous nodules and biochemically confirmed. The disease in avian species is of zoonotic importance.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from the eyelid, skin, tongue, and lungs of a green-winged macaw ( Ara chloroptera ). Two persons living in the same household were culture positive for pulmonary tuberculosis 3 to 4 years before tuberculosis was diagnosed in the bird. Although humans have not been shown to acquire tuberculosis from birds, an infected bird may be a sentinel for human infection.

Estudaram-se de agosto de 1977 a junho de 1979 16 espécies de Psitacídeos na região do Núcleo Pioneiro Humboldt (10019' S, 590 12' W), alto rio Aripuanã, MT, Brasil. Verificou-se que diferentes tamanhos de corpo e peso dão acesso a espectros alimentares diferentes. Com respeito ao peso, as 16 espécies podem ser divididas em quatro grupos:55 até 110g: Tuit huetii, Pyrrhura picta, Brotogeris chrysopterus, Pyrrhura rhodogaster, Aratinga weddellii.140 até 300g: Aratinga leucophthalmus, Pionopsitta barrabandi, Pionus menstruus, Deroptyus accipitrinus.360 até 600g: Ara severa, Ara manilata, Amazona ochrocephala, Amazona farinosa.950 até 1350g: Ara ararauna, Ara macao, Ara chloroptera.As estratégias alimentares variam dentro de cada grupo de peso: Ara manilata é especialista puro, Tuit huetti, Brotogeris chrysopterus, Pionopsitta barrabandi, Ara severa e Ara ararauna são especialistas parciais. Os especialistas parciais têm bicos relativamente compridos e estreitos. Com respeito às proporções do bico, Brotogerischrysopterus é mais especializado do que Tuit huetii no mesmo grupo de peso.As espécies muito próximas morfologicamente, como Ara chloroptera e Ara macao ou Pyrruhura rhodogaster e Pyrrhura picta, podem ser reconhecidas principalmente pelo modo com que exploram o habitat. Ara chloroptera se encontra nas estratos superiores da floresta, junto às copas de árvores muito altas, com maior freqüência do que Ara macao. Pyrrhura rhodogaster visita mais freqüentemente matas densas e vegetação secundária do que Pyrrhura picta. Diferenças sazonais de abundância e épocas diferentes de reprodução separam as duas espécies de Amazona. Amazona ochrocephala é mais comum e inclusive cria os seus filhotes na época seca, enquanto que Amazona farinosa reproduz e se torna mais comum na época chuvosa. From August 1977 to July 1979 16 species of parrots were studied at the Nucleo Pioneiro Humboldt (100 19' S, 59012' W), on the upper Aripuanã river, in state of the Mato Grosso, Brazil. Special attention was directed to mechanisms of resource-patitioning between species.It was evident that different size and weight give access to different food-items. Referring to weight, the 16 species can be divided into four groups:Feeding strategies are different within groups: Ara manilata is a pure specialist; Tuit huetii, Brotogeris chrysopterus, pionopsitta barrabandi, Ara severa and Ara ararauna are partial specialists and have relatively long and marrow beaks. With regard to beak proportion, Brotogeris chrysopterus is more specialized than Tuit huetii en the same group of weight.Species of very similar morphology, such as Ara chloroptera and Ara macao or Pyrrhura rhodogaster and Pyrrhura picta differ in the way they way they use their habitat. Ana chloroptera is observed in the upper layers of forest, near the highest tree tops, more often than Ara macao, Pyrrhura rhodogaster visits dense forest and growth more frequently than Pyrrhura picta. Seasonal differences in abundance and different breeding seasons separate the two Amazona species. Amazona ochrocephala is more common and rears its youngs in the dry season, whereas Amazona farinosa is reproducing and getting commoner in the rainy season.If differences of one single niche-dimension do not clearly separate the species, a separation will be possible by using a combination of various dimensions.Plants which produce a great amount of food in a short period of time show a special phenomenon: in such food-plants intra- and interspecific aggression between parrots is suppressed, and it even is possible to observe intra- and interspecific attraction. In this way big groups composed of individuals of various species profit from the rich food supply which otherwise would be wasted to a grest extent. Paticularly P. menstruus and both species of Pyrrhura are "specialized" for such food-plants.

SynopsisThe colour-pattern of hybrids between Ara chloroptera male and Ara ararauna female (Aves, Psittaci) combines parental features with a character which is found in some more “primitive” species of the genus but does not occur in the two parent species. The anatomical significance of this “ancestral” pattern mark is discussed.

1. 1. Blood from different avian species displays the presence of either two major hemoglobin components, type 1 and type 2, or a unique one similar to type 2. 2. 2. Some aspects of oxygen equilibrium are reported for both types of hemoglobin obtained from several species, namely oxygen affinity in the absence or presence of inositolhexaphosphate, the Bohr effect and the heme-heme interaction. 3. 3. The analogies and differences illustrated at the level of the physicochemical parameters are also observed at the level of the physiological properties.

Descriptions and keys are given for the known species. The 11 new species and their type-hosts are: hyacinthini from Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, rubrogenysi from Ara rubrogenys, mitratae from Aratinga mitrata, farinosae from Amazona farinosa, chloropterae from Ara chloroptera, carrikeri from Ara militaris, brotogerisi from Brotogeris jugularis, pyrrhurae from Pyrrhura picta, molinae from Pyrrhura molinae, patagoni from Cyanoliseus patagonus, and aratingae from Aratinga aurea. There are 2 new synonymies: P. genitalis Carriker ( = Psittacobrosus nobilis Carriker) and P. forpi Carriker ( = Colpocephalum burhinoides Carriker).