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The first demonstrated use of floral oils in nest cell linings and pollen provisions is reported here for the bee Macropis nuda (Melittidae). The floral oil chemistry is closely analogous to the cell-lining lipids secreted from the Dufour's glands of many other bee genera. Details of oil and pollen collection and transfer behaviors at Lysimachia ciliata are compared with those of other bee taxa. The simultaneous pollen and oil collection behaviors are reminiscent of Melitta "buzz pollination" (sensu Buchmann, 1978). Aspects of the mating biology, including hind leg posturing to advertise mating nonreceptivity, are also discussed.

This study describes the biomorphology of plants living under variable watering conditions. Its outcome expands the concept of a modular organization as a constructive and representative approach to comparative-morphological analysis and unraveling the ways of biomorph evolution. The structural organization of biomorphs growing in sites composed of gradients of humidification stability (from floodplain meadows to coasts, water cuts, and beaches) is examined on a base of systemic and complementary approaches. Model plant species—Solanum ulcamara, Thalictrum simplex, Lysimachia vulgaris, Lycopus europaeus, Stellaria palustris Persicaria amphibia, and Erysimum cheiranthoides—are studied. It is determined that acceleration in the vegetative and generative spheres entails the appearance of monocarps in the hygrophilic evolutional line. It is shown that the ontogenesis of individuals of seed and vegetative origin is reduced to a single fruiting, and the specificity of the shoot-formation model is preserved in plants of all the considered biotopes. Such a specific sign is identified as the internode elongation in the shoots located in the substrate, in the supersubstrate parts under flooding, in grass rags, or in dense grass under low light. Another sign is a sympodial growth by formation of the replacement shoots. On the model species, it is determined that plant adaptability is supported by the changes in individual structural elements of the monocarpic shoots; the structural and functional zonation of the monocarpic shoots determines the autonomization of the individual’s parts. Our results confirm the idea that the monocarpic shoot and the system formed on its basis belong to the category of axes of an herbaceous plant as part of an architectural unit (in terms of D. Barthelemy and Y. Caraglio). Our data make it possible to conclude that reservoir settlement with flowering plants is possible for long-shoot long-rhizome grasses and subshrub vines. Two evolutional directions are possible: (1) the emergence of monocarpic annuals and (2) the emergence of short-lived and annual plants of vegetative origin associated with the formation of acentric and clearly polycentric stolon-forming and root-shoot biomorphs.

Several noteworthy species of the genera Neoramularia and Ramularia (Mycosphaerellaceae) were recorded in August 2018 in the territory of Prypyat’-Stokhid National Nature Park (Volyn Region, Liubeshiv District, Ukraine). Neoramularia bidentis, a species so far only known from South Korea and Poland, was collected on withering leaves of Bidens frondosa (a new host species). Ramularia crepidis on Crepis tectorum was recorded only for the second time in Ukraine since the 1950th and R. gnaphalii was found on a new host plant, Laphangium luteoalbum. The latter species was so far known from Ukraine only on Omalotheca sylvatica (Gnaphalium sylvaticum) and Gnaphalium uliginosum from Kyiv Region collected about 45 years ago. The plant pathogenic fungus R. lysimachiae on leaves of Lysimachia vulgaris was found to be abundant in Volyn Region. All species are described, illustrated with original scanning electron microscope micrographs, supplemented with host range, distribution data and comments.

The circumscription study of Primulaceae is still uncertain and remains controversial. Stamens and pollen grains morphological characters of five species and one variety representing five genera viz.,Anagallis, Lysimachia, Coris, Primula and Samolus of Primulaceae in Egypt have been studied using LM and SEM. The specific target of the present study is to evaluate the taxonomic value of the macro and micromorphological characters of stamens and pollen grains in order to distinguish between the studied species. The obtained results showed remarkable variations in anther shape, anther dehiscence, filament attachment and presence of trichomes on the anther filament. Pollen grains are radially symmetrical, isopolar, spheroidal-subprolate to prolate, with amb angulaperturate or fossaperturate and tricolpate or tricolporate. Tectum is microreticulate, reticulate with perforated lumine and clavate exine ornamentation. Out of the studied taxa Coris monspeliensis is distinguished by the presence of prominent margo, reticulate exine ornamentation, minute luminal perforations decreasing towards the colpi, orbicular anther shape, latrorse dehiscence of anthers with short longitudinal slit and presence of glandular diseriate trichomes at the base of the filaments. Clavate exine ornamentation as well as lanceolate anther shape, extrorse dehiscence and short filament can distinguished Samolus valerandi from the remaining studied taxa. An artificial key for the studied species was constructed based on stamens and pollen morphological criteria is provided.

Radices fibrosae, e rhizomate emittentes. Caulis e basi erecta arcuatus, debilis usque 76 cm longus, ad basin ramosus, quadrangulus, pilis articulatis pallidis patentibus c. 2-3 mm longis densius obsitus; internodia 6-9 cm longa. Folia omnia opposita, ovata, 4-6-5 x 2-5-4-2 cm, breviter acuminata, basi subrotundata, chartacea, supra intense viridia, subtus pallidiora, utrinque densius strigillosa, nervis lateralibus 5-6 paribus, ut costa supra leviter immersis subtus prominentibus; petioli 1-1-5 cm longi, aeque ac caulis dense articulato-strigillosi. Flores axillares, solitarii; pedicellis 2 cm longis, indumento caulis. Calycis fere ad basin fissi lobi ovatosubulati circa 2 mm longi, dorso tantum pilosi, marginibus glabri. Corolla glabra, flava, late aperta, c. 15 mm diametro, tubo c. 2-5 mm longo, lobis oblongis 8-9-5 x 4-4-5 mm apice rotundatis. Filamenta basi ad 0-5 mm corollae adnata, partibus liberis usque 0-75 mm longis; antherae obtuse conicae, c. 2 mm longae et basi cordata 1 mm lata, rimis lateralibus apice ampliatis dehiscentes. Ovarium globosum, glabrum. Stylus 5 mm longus, inclusus. Capsula ignota.

Data from chromosome numbers and from morphological variation in wild plants and artificial hybrids further support the hypothesis thatLysimachia Xproducta is of hybrid origin and the taxonomic judgment that it is best treated at the status of interspecific hybrid rather than as a species of hybrid origin. Additional distribution data are presented.

Information obtained from cytological investigations, analyses of local population samples and herbarium specimens, transplant studies, and hybridization experiments is presented and used to establish a classification ofLysimachia sectionSeleucia. Chromosome numbers, including first counts for six of the seven species in the section, are reported. The number 2n = 34 exists in all seven species. The basic chromosome number for the section isx = 17. Aneuploids are present inLysimachia ciliata (2n = 34, 92, 96, 100, 108, 112). Some plants ofL. tonsa are 2n= 34, others are hexaploid 2n = 102. Fertile hybrids have been obtained from crosses between all diploids and from crosses among aneuploids and between hexaploids. On the basis of this study, seven species are recognized in sectionSeleucia, i.e.,L. ciliata, L. graminea, L. hybrida, L. lanceolata, L. quadriflora, L. radicans, andL. tonsa. Keys, descriptions, synonymies, and distribution maps are provided. Seasonal isolation is documented betweenL. quadriflora andL. graminea. The seven species in sectionSeleucia are closely related and species integrity is apparently maintained through seasonal and ecological isolating mechanisms.

Climate warming is likely to cause differential shifts in the phenology of pollinators and nectar sources. Detection of these shifts requires careful observation of emergence and peak populations of both the animals and plants involved. On salt marshes of Canada's Chaleur Bay, the potential for asynchronous appearance of the adults of the endangered butterfly Coenonympha nipisiquit (Maritime Ringlet) and its primary nectar sources has become a concern. We used citizen scientists and simple equipment to collect field observations of blooming of key nectar sources: Lysimachia maritima (= Glaux maritima) (Sea Milkwort), Limonium carolinianum (Sea Lavender, Carolina Sea Lavender, or American Thrift), and Solidago sempervirens (Seaside Goldenrod). These species have distinctly different flowering architectures that present varied challenges to observations of initiation of blooming and peak blossoming; therefore, our results have value to a diversity of environments. We show how techniques of remote sensing can be applied to analyze photographs collected by citizen scientists, thus providing records of peak blooming and eliminating observer bias. The success of photographic monitoring depends upon floral architecture and simple shading to prevent oversaturation of sunlight.

Medicinal plants are widely used in folk medicine but quite often their composition and biological effects are hardly known. Our study aimed to analyze the composition, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cellular migration effects of Anthyllis vulneraria, Fuchsia magellanica, Fuchsia triphylla and Lysimachia nummularia used in the Romanian ethnomedicine for wounds. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze 50% (v/v) ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the plants&rsquo, leaves. Antimicrobial activities were estimated with a standard microdilution method. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by validated chemical cell-free and biological cell-based assays. Cytotoxic effects were performed on mouse fibroblasts and human keratinocytes with a plate reader-based method assessing intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nucleic acid and protein contents and also by a flow cytometer-based assay detecting apoptotic&ndash, necrotic cell populations. Cell migration to cover cell-free areas was visualized by time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy using standard culture inserts. Fuchsia species showed the strongest cytotoxicity and the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. However, their ethanolic extracts facilitated cell migration, most probably due to their various phenolic acid, flavonoid and anthocyanin derivatives. Our data might serve as a basis for further animal experiments to explore the complex action of Fuchsia species in wound healing assays.

Park in the village Pikovets, Uman District of Cherkasy Region was laid in the 1950-1960's in the centre of the village, namely the village club. First of all, it is necessary to carry out sanitary felling and pruning of trees. We suggest to sow the Moorish lawn and to replace the grass creeper (Elytrigia repens L.) in the place where the grass creep grows (Elytrigia repens L.) completely replace the grass with a lawn. According to the project, the tropical network is expanding. After the reconstruction, the area of the tracks will be 7.4 %. It is proposed to create paths from concrete pavement tile width of 0.75 m and 1.5 m. Some paths serve a transit role, and some connect individual elements of the park. With small architectural forms in the park we establish a garden arbour for relaxation. We also propose to increase the number of benches by adding an arched bench on the circular platform where the flowerbed will be placed. Behind the circular bench, in the northeast part of the park, the creation of a decorative group of shrubs is projected. The plant range for this group includes as follows: Berberis thunbergii DC, Forsythia europaea Deg. et Bald., Pyracantha coccinea (L.) M. Roem, Syringa vulgaris L., Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. For flower beds we use bulbous early flowering species, as well as mostly shade-bearing perennials. The range of plants for flower beds is as follows: hosta plantaginea (Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Asch.), hosta hybrid (H. hybrida var. Altanis), hosta lanceolifolia (H. lancifolia (Thunb.) Engl.), poet's narcissus (Narcissus poeticus L.), portenschlagiana bellflower (Campanula portenschlagiana Schult.), daylily (Hemerocallis L.), hybrid tulip (Tulipa × hybrid), large yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia punctata L.), sativus crocus (Crocus sativus L.), Geranium geranium (Geranium himalayense Klotzsch). We recommend to create a Moorish lawn, which includes red oatmeal (Festuca rubra L.), pasture ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), grassland meadow (Poa pratensis L.), field poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.), big flax (Linum grandiflorum Desf.), medicinal chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), undersized cosmos (Cosmos Cav.), tagetes tenuifolia (Tagetes tenuifolia Сav.).

Context: Radix Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Celastraceae) (LGT) has outstanding curative efficacy; however, side effects include high toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Objective: To investigate detoxification mechanisms of LGT through processing separately with each of these medicinal herbs including Flower Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae) (JYH), Radix Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Ranunculaceae) (BS), Herba Lysimachia christinae Hance (Primulaceae) (JQC), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Fabaceae) (GC) and Seed Phaseolus radiatus L. (Fabaceae) (LD) in S180-bearing mice by involving nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). Materials and methods: LGT raw and processed products were orally administered at 60 mg/kg to KM male mice inoculated with S180 tumour cells for 14 consecutive days, and blood, tumour, liver and kidney were taken to observe the detoxifying effects and biological mechanisms. Results: Herbal-processing technology significantly weakened hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity evoked by LGT with ED50 of the converted triptolide in each processed-herb product for serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine and urea nitrogen of 9.3, 16.6, 2.5 and 4.2 μg/kg, for liver glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 of 114.9, 67.8, 134.1, 7.7, 4171.6 μg/kg, and for kidney 21.9, 20.5, 145.0, 529.7, 19.4 μg/kg, respectively. Moreover, herbal-processing technology promoted the accumulation of Nrf2 into the nucleus, and upregulated mRNA expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1. Additionally, herbal-processing technology enhanced the tumour inhibition rate with ED50 12.2 μg/kg. Discussion and conclusions: Herbal-processing technology improves the safety and effectiveness of LGT in cancer treatment, and future research may be focused on the Nrf2-related molecules.

Nowdays it is established that ischemic brain damage like ischemic stroke is one of the leading cause of death and disability in the population that assumes relevance development of anti-ischemic drugs. The work studied the anti-hypoxic and anti-ischemic effect of 7 plant extracts. Antihypoxic activity was assessed on models of hypobaric, hypercapnic, histotoxic, hematotoxic hypoxia. Anti-ischemic activity of test-extracts was studied on the focal cerebral ischemia model. Administration of Tagetes patula, Gaillardia pulchella, Sorbaria sorbifolia, Grossularia reclinata, Ribes nigrum, Rubus caesius and Lysimachia punctata extracts contributed to the necrosis zone reduction by 56.6% (p

Epeoloides pilosulus (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is an exceptionally rare bee of conservation concern. Epeoloides are cleptoparasites of the oil-collecting bees Macropis (Hymenoptera: Melittidae), which specialize on oil-producing species in the genus Lysimachia (Ericales: Primulaceae). We report on the first records of E. pilosulus in Manitoba in 95-years, and only the fifth through eighth specimens for Canada since 1960. Manitoban records of Macropis are also provided.

This is the thirteenth of a series of miscellaneous contributions, by various authors, where hitherto unpublished data relevant to both the Med-Checklist and the Euro+Med (or Sisyphus) projects are presented. This instalment deals with the families Amaryllidaceae (incl. Alliaceae), Apocynaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Crassulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Gramineae, Hydrocharitaceae, Iridaceae, Labiatae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Orobanchaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae, Pittosporaceae, Primulaceae (incl. Myrsinaceae), Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae and Umbelliferae. It includes new country and area records and taxonomic and distributional considerations for taxa in Allium, Anthemis, Atriplex, Centaurea, Chasmanthe, Chenopodium, Delphinium, Digitaria, Elodea, Erigeron, Eucalyptus, Hypecoum, Leptorhabdos, Luffa, Malvaviscus, Melia, Melica, Momordica, Nerium, Oxalis, Pastinaca, Phelipanche, Physalis, Pittosporum, Salvia, Scorzoneroides, Sedum, Sesleria, Silene, Spartina, Stipa, Tulipa and Ziziphus, new combinations in Cyanus, Lysimachia, Rhaponticoides and Thliphthisa, and the reassessment of a replacement name in Sempervivum.CitationFor the whole article:Raab-Straube E. von & Raus Th. (ed.) 2021: Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 13 [Notulae ad floram euro-mediterraneam pertinentes No. 42]. – Willdenowia 51: 141–168.For a single contribution (example):Kunev G. 2021: Allium melanogyne Greuter. – Pp. 142–143 in: Raab-Straube E. von & Raus Th. (ed.), Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 13 [Notulae ad floram euro-mediterraneam pertinentes No. 42]. – Willdenowia 51: 141–168.Version of record first published online on 30 April 2021 ahead of inclusion in April 2021 issue.

Flower colour constitutes a pivotal evolutionary force in speciation. The MediterraneanLysimachia arvensisandL. monelliare morphologically variable species having both blue or red flowered plants. Previous studies suggested thatL. arvensisplants differing in colour are diverging lineages, but this variation has not been considered in a phylogenetic context. We reconstruct the phylogenetic signal and the ancestral states of flower colour of MediterraneanLysimachiaspecies by using nuclear (ITS) and three plastid markers. Blue and red specimens are nested in two independent clades in the ITS tree, thus supporting thatL. arvensisandL. monelliare polyphyletic, whereas low phylogenetic resolution was found in plastid markers. Blue-floweredL. arvensisis reconstructed sister toL. talaveraein a monophyletic clade sister to the remainingLysimachia. Red-floweredL. arvensisis reconstructed sister to red-floweredL. monelliin a monophyletic clade sister to blue-floweredL. monelliandL. foemina. Our results suggest that colour lineages inL. arvensisandL. monelliconstitute different species, but flower colour did not promote the separation of these lineages. We propose a new name for blue-floweredL. arvensis(L. loeflingii) and a new combination for red-floweredL. monelli(L. collina).

A cytotoxic alkylresorcinol was isolated from Lysimachia japonica THUNB. (Primulaceae) and identified as grevillol (2). It was tested for cytotoxicity against KB, B-16, PC-13, L-5178Y, P-388, and HEp-2 cells in vitro. Synthetic related compounds were also tested for cytotoxicity against the KB cell line, and the structure-activity relationships are discussed.

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of native vascular flora in Italy are presented. It includes new records and confirmations to the Italian administrative regions for taxa in the genera Allium, Arabis, Campanula, Centaurea, Chaerophyllum, Crocus, Dactylis, Dianthus, Festuca, Galanthus, Helianthemum, Lysimachia, Milium, Pteris, and Quercus. Nomenclature and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrections are provided as supplementary material.

A small population of the circumholoarctic species Glaux maritima L. (Primulaceae) was discovered in the Mediterranean part of Croatia, on the bank of the River Zrmanja. This is the first record of G. maritima in SE Europe, and the third record in the Mediterranean, apart from in Spain and the Asian part of Turkey. It was found on the open riverbank within sub-halophytic vegetation, forming a small population of several dozen erect stems, most probably clonally propagated. The site is characterized by a periodic intrusion of seawater. We propose to classify this species as critically endangered (CR) on a national level due to the small population size and the fragile habitat, which requires active protection and conservation.

The biplot is a diagnostic tool used to make a visual appraisal of large data matrices with double entries. It has been most commonly used in crop breeding to evaluate genotype × environmen...

Aim. To investigate the antibacterial properties of the fl owers of melliferous plants on the cultures isolated from honeycombs affected by foulbrood. Methods. Microbiological, cultural-morphological, biochemical, electron- microscopic, statistical. Results. Antibacterial effect on the Melissococcus pluton 8.1 strain was demonstrated by the fl ower extracts of 14 plant species and that on Bacillusaspecies – by the fl ower extracts of 27 plant spe- cies blossoming in the early spring. Conclusions. To study bee colonies affected by foulbrood, it is possible to use the properties of such nectariferous plants as Lamium album, Acer campestre, Prunus tomentosa, Allium cepa, Tagetes patula, Spiraea japonica, Achillea millefolium, Calluna vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Tilia cordata, Centaurea jacea, Lysimachia nummularia. The results of the experiments on the culture of microorganisms, isolated from the honeycombs of the bee colonies affected by foulbrood, demonstrated that these plants could be effective for the prevention and treatment of bacterial bee diseases.

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The problem of the presence of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the environment is closely related to municipal wastewater and in consequence to municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) because wastewater is the main way in which these compounds are transferred to the ecosystem. For this reason, the development of cheap, simple but very effective techniques for the removal of such residues from wastewater is very important. In this study, the analysis of the potential of using three new plants: Cyperus papyrus (Papyrus), Lysimachia nemorum (Yellow pimpernel), and Euonymus europaeus (European spindle) by hydroponic cultivation for the removal of 15 selected pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in an MWWTP is presented. In order to obtain the most reliable data, this study was performed using real WWTP conditions and with the determination of the selected analytes in untreated sewage, treated sewage, and in plant materials. For determining the target compounds in plant materials, an Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE)-Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)-GC-MS(SIM) method was developed and validated. The obtained data proved that the elimination efficiency of the investigated substances from wastewater was in the range of 35.8% for diflunisal to above 99.9% for paracetamol, terbutaline, and flurbiprofen. Lysimachia nemorum was the most effective for the uptake of target compounds among the tested plant species. Thus, the application of constructed wetlands for supporting conventional MWWTPs allowed a significant increase in their removal from the wastewater stream.

A chemical investigation of Lysimachia christinae, a traditional Chinese medicine used as an effective conservative treatment for gall stones, hepatolithiasis, and urinary calculi, resulted in the isolation of two new flavonoids, myricetin 3,3′-di-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1) and quercetin 3,3′-di-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), along with the five known flavonoids quercetin 3-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside], amentoflavone, hyperin, quercetin 3-β-D-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol 3-α-L-rhamnopyranoside. Amentoflavone was reported for the first time from the genus Lysimachia, and quercetin 3-[O-α-L-rhamopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside] was isolated from this plant for the first time. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their chemical reactions and extensive spectroscopic analyses, including UV, mass, and NMR spectra.

State Dendrological Park "Olexandria", as the subject of natural reserve fund of Ukraine, is a structural element and a core territory of Ukraine's ecological network, which preserves the most valuable and typical for the region components of landscape and biological diversity. According to the catalogue of woody and herbaceous plants the total number of species that inhabit the territory of the Dendrological Park "Olexandria" and reflect the richness of its phytobiota has 2021 species. Sozological share of park's phytobiota are rare species that deserve high scientific attention and are officially protected because they are included to the red lists of different levels: international, national and regional, or similar legal documents for a certain category of rarity. Using the method of inventory studies the authors have found that rarity component of flora of the park includes 390 species of vascular plants, representing almost 20 % of all species of dendrological park collection. The regional steppe sozoflora includes 103 species (26 % of all rare species), the rest is 283 species that were introduced in different historical periods since the mid-nineteenth century. One hundred eighty eight (48 %) of them are woody plants, 202 species (52 %) are herbaceous plants that belongs to four divisions (Equisetophyta, Rolypodiophyta, Rynophyta, Magnoliophyta), 6 classes, 67 orders, 87 families and 199 genera. The ratio between the number of species in orders Еquisetophyta: Рolypodiophyta: Рynophуta: Magnoliophyta is 0,8 %: 1,0 %: 21,0 %: 77,2 % respectively. The ratio between Magnoliophyta and Рynophуta is 4:1. Most numerous by the number of families (59) is the class Magnoliopsida. The highest sozological capacity has Pinaceae (55 species), Сupressaceae (21), Rosaceae (29), Ranunculaceae (20), Fabaceae (19). Poaceae (16), Iridaceae (13), Lamiaceae (12), Betulaceae (11), Asteraceae (10), Cyperaceae (10) families. Also, taxonomically diverse families are Primulaceae (8), Caryophyllaceae (8), Fagaceae (7), Alliaceae (7), Corylaceae (5), Caprifoliaceae (5), Salicaceae (5), Amaryllidaceae (5), Brassiсaceae (5), Liliaceae (5). 38 (43.6 %) families of 87 are presented by one spicies. The highest species richness has: Pinus (18 species), Abies (16), Juniperus (12), Picea (12), Betula (10), Larix (7), Crataegus (7), Quercus (7), Allium (7), Carex (7), Iris (7), Stipa (6), Crocus (5) Trifolium (5) genera; 4 spicies has: Lysimachia, Chamaecyparis, Chamaecytisus, Daphnе, Malus, Prunus, Tilia. One spicies has 37 genera.

To date, stress is a common medical and socially significant disease that requires rational pharmacotherapeutic correction. The anti-stress properties of ethnolic and aqueous extracts obtained from leaves of Ribes nigrum L., inflorescences of Gaillardia pulchella Foug., stems of Lysimachia punctata L were studied in this work. Acute stress was modeled by immobilization of rats for 2 hours. The test-extracts were administered per os prophylactically in a dose of 1/20 of LD 50 (2000 mg/kg). The following parameters were evaluated: organs mass coefficient (adrenal glands, thymus, spleen), the number of stomach erosion; the biochemical changes in the blood serum (adrenaline, cortisol, total protein and glucose concentration); the mitochondrial function parameters in brain and myocardium (evaluation of mitochondrial pore transitional permeability opening and mitochondrial membrane potential). 70% ethanol extract from Gaillardia pulchella Foug. inflorescences has the highest anti-stress activity, the course application of which contributed to the normalization of the weight index of organs, a decrease in glucose concentration by 64.5% (p

We present the first larval host records for the sawflies Sterictiphora sericea (Norton) (Argidae) (Rosaceae: Amelanchier Medik.), Ametastegia aperta (Norton) (Tenthredinidae) (Primulaceae: Lysimachia borealis (Raf.) U. Manns & Anderb.), and Macrophya flavolineata (Norton) (Tenthredinidae) (Asteraceae: Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees). New records are presented for six other tenthredinids: Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae) for Caliroa lobata MacGillivray and C. lorata MacGillivray; Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marshall (Salicaceae) for Fenusella populifoliella (Townsend); Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch (Betulaceae) for Nematus corylus Cresson; Quercus ilicifolia Koord. & Valeton ex Seemen for Profenusa lucifex (Ross); and Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson and A. americana (DC.) H. Hara (Ranunculaceae) for Pseudodineura parva (Norton). Larvae are described and illustrated for all of the non-leafmining species. The ichneumonid parasitoids Lathrolestes sp. and Erromenus ungulatus Townes & Townes were reared from C. lobata and P. parva, respectively.

A cellular automata computer model for the interactions between two plant species of different growth forms--the lime hairgrass Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv., a sod cereal, and the moneywort Lysimachia nummularia L., a ground creeping perennial herb--is considered. Computer experiments on the self-maintenance of the populations of each species against the background of a gradual increase in the share of randomly eliminated individuals, coexistence of the populations of two species, and the effect of the phytogenous field have been conducted. As has been shown, all the studied factors determine the number of individuals and self-sustainability of the simulated populations by the degree of their impact. The limits of action have been determined for individual factors; within these limits, the specific features in plant reproduction and dispersal provide sustainable coexistence of the simulated populations. It has been demonstrated that the constructed model allows for studying the long-term developmental dynamics of the plants belonging to the selected growth forms.

The phylogeny of Anagallis was elucidated by analysis of sequences from nuclear ribosomal ITS and two chloroplast regions, ndhF and trnL‐F. The study included 20 species from the genus Anagallis; two species each of the three small genera Asterolinon, Pelletiera, and Trientalis; and 21 Lysimachia species. The result of a combined analysis using all sequences supports an Anagallis clade that also includes Asterolinon and Pelletiera as well as two Lysimachia species, Lysimachia nemorum and Lysimachia serpyllifolia, making Anagallis paraphyletic in its present circumscription. The clade was not found when analyzing separate data sets. The result contradicts earlier studies that indicate a distant relationship between Anagallis s.str. and Anagallis minima (Centunculus) and a close relationship between L. nemorum, Lysimachia nummularia, and Lysimachia punctata. We also found strong support for a large monophyletic group of Lysimachia species, including the monotypic genus Glaux, and for a basal placement of Ly...

Summary1. Flower colour polymorphism is traditionally attributed to pollinator selection although otherfactors, such as indirect selection on correlated traits, can play an important role.2. Lysimachia arvensis is a widespread annual species with two colour morphs differing in anthocy-anin composition. We explored the hypothesis that colour polymorphism is maintained by selectionrelated to environmental heterogeneity. Morph frequencies and environmental traits were recorded in51 populations along a wide geographical range. To explore the existence of morph-by-environmentinteractions, we conducted an experimental study comparing the two morphs under treatments differ-ing in water and light availability.3. A geographical pattern was found with a negative association between blue frequencies and lati-tude. The proportion of the blue morph increased with temperature and sunshine hours, butdecreased with precipitation. Flowering onset and flower size differed between morphs and scarcelyvaried across treatments. In contrast, several fitness components such as germination, seedlingsurvival, seedling mass and flower production showed important morph-by-environment interactions.The blue morph showed higher overall male and female fitness in all the treatment combinationsexcepting in sun-wet conditions where the red morph had higher fitness.4. Synthesis. Our results indicate that the mechanism of selection on flower colour seems to berelated to differences in fitness of both morphs due to abiotic factors. These differences couldexplain the geographical distribution of flower colour morphs and the maintenance of the colourpolymorphism. The marked difference in flowering time between morphs leaves open the potentialfor assortative mating and speciation in Lysimachia arvensis.Key-words: Anagallis, anthocyanins, clinal variation, flower phenology, morph-by-environmentinteraction, pleiotropy, reproductive ecology, selectionIntroduction

In stressful and harsh environments, safe sites for seedling recruitment may be created by nurse plants, which accumulate propagules and subsequently facilitate the establishment of individuals. The main goal of the presented studies focused on observations of seedling recruitment in small and large tussocks of Deschampsia caespitosa derived from patches of unmanaged Molinietum caeruleae meadows situated along the successional gradient and dominated by small meadow species (Patch I), by macroforbs (Patch II), or overgrown by trees and shrubs (Patch III). The studies showed that, irrespective of patch character, Serratula tinctoria, Selinum carvifolia, Lysimachia vulgaris and Filipendula ulmaria are among the best colonizers of Deschampsia caespitosa tussocks. The gradual decrease in number of species and offspring abundance along the successional gradient may be connected with a prolonged period of water stagnation accelerating the development of fungal pathogens, a major cause of mortality for ...

This study was carried out to illuminate the floras of vascular plants of Mt. Eungbongsan in Yeongwol-gun. This study was conducted from April to October, 2011. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 89 families, 288 genera, 405 species, 3 subspecies, 43 varieties, and 7 forms, totally 458 taxa. 16 species were endemic to Korea such as Cirsium setidens, Saussurea macrolepis, Salvia chanroenica, Anemone koraiensis, Clematis brachyura, Clematis trichotoma, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix dependens, Salix koriyanagi, Chrysosplenium flaviflorum, Philadelphus schrenckii, Lysimachia coreana, Lonicera subsessilis, Weigela subsessilis, Paulownia coreana, and Corydalis maculata. Ten taxa were rare plants as designated by Korea Forest Service such as Anemone koraiensis, Eranthis stellata, Aristolochia contorta, Rodgersia podophylla, Lysimachia coreana, Syringa wolfii, Lloydia triflora, Streptopus ovalis, Salvia chanroenica, and Carpinus tshonoskii. Plants specially designated by the Ministry of Environment in phytogeographic categories totaled 87 taxa including 39 taxa of grade I, 14 taxa of grade II, 19 taxa of grade III, 14 taxa of grade IV and 1 taxon grade V. Naturalized plants consisted of 8 families with 28 taxa that made up 6.1% of the total vascular plants in this area. Naturalized plants have not strongly influenced the Mt. Eungbongsan vegetation.

A total of 15 rare plant species, including CR species of Abelia spathulata Siebold & Zucc., Tricularia yakusimensis Masam., Wikstroemia ganpi (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., EN species of Jeffersonia dubia (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook.f., Hololeion maximowiczii Kitam., Deutzia paniculata Nakai, VU species of Drosera rotundifolia L., Pogonia japonica Rchb.f., Euphorbia fauriei H. Lev. & Vaniot, LC species of Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, Lysimachia coreana Nakai, Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, Utricularia racemosa Wall. and DD species of Veronica pusanensis Y. Lee and Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia Fernald, were observed during the study conducted on the distribution of rare plant species in the Ulsan·Busan·Yangsan region. Of the 15 taxa, 3 were trees and 12 were herbs. 6 taxa ( Tricularia yakusimensis Masam., Hololeion maximowiczii Kitam., Drosera rotundifolia L., Pogonia japonica Rchb.f., Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, Utricularia racemosa Wall.) were those found in wetlands, 4 taxa ( Wikstroemia ganpi (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., Jeffersonia dubia (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook.f., Lysimachia coreana Nakai, Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai) on mountain slopes, 3 taxa ( Euphorbia fauriei H. Lev. & Vaniot, Veronica pusanensis Y. Lee, Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia Fernald) in the coastal region, and 2 taxa ( Abelia spathulata Siebold & Zucc., Deutzia paniculata Nakai) in the valley area. In the case of rare plant species found in wetlands, there has been damage caused by coast elevation, forest road construction and farming, and in the case of other rare plant species, there has been damage caused by developments and other detrimental factors. Wikstroemia ganpi (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. and Veronica pusanensis Y. Lee are especially in need of protective measures, since their habitat is decreasing and they are being damaged via picking.

It has been suggested that rbcL and matK are the core barcodes in plants, but they are not powerful enough to distinguish between closely related plant groups. Additional barcodes need to be evaluated to improve the level of discrimination between plant species. Because of their well-studied taxonomy and extreme diversity, we used Chinese Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) species to test the performance of core barcodes (rbcL and matK) and two additional candidate barcodes (trnH-psbA and the nuclear ribosomal ITS); 97 accessions from four subgenus representing 34 putative Lysimachia species were included in this study. And many closely related species pairs in subgen. Lysimachia were covered to detect their discriminatory power. The inefficiency of rbcL and matK alone or combined in closely related plant groups was validated in this study. TrnH-psbA combined with rbcL + matK did not yet perform well in Lysimachia groups. In contrast, ITS, alone or combined with rbcL and/or matK, revealed high resolving ability in Lysimachia. We support ITS as a supplementary barcode on the basis of core barcode rbcL and matK. Besides, this study also illustrates several mistakes or underlying evolutionary events in Lysimachia detected by DNA barcoding.

International audience; Little is known about the bionomics of solitary, ground-nesting bees. We established a population of the oil bee, Macropis fulvipes, in a flight cage and recorded the emergence phenology, sex ratio, nesting behavior, and foraging behavior of individually marked bees. The population was protandrous and the sex ratio was balanced in three of the four observation years. The date of first emergence varied even though the sum of temperatures before emergence was similar across years. Adults of both sexes fed on the pollen of Lysimachia punctata host plants. Females additionally visited flowers to collect oil for the nest-cell lining, as well as oil and pollen for larval provisions. Duration of collecting trips, flower visits, and nest stays were influenced by the reward collected. Bees required 12 collecting trips and 460 visitations to flowers to complete a single cell. Therefore, to sustain a viable population of 50-500 individuals, 20,000-200,000 flowers are required. Our study shows that observations in a closed system can provide new insights into the bionomics of bees.

DNA barcoding is expected to be one of the most promising tools in biological taxonomy. However, there have been no agreements on which core barcode should be used in plants, especially in species-rich genera with wide geographical distributions. To evaluate their discriminatory power in large genera, four of the most widely used DNA barcodes, including three plastid regions (matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA) and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), were tested in seven species-rich genera (Ficus, Pedicularis, Rhodiola, Rhododendron,Viburnum, Dendrobium and Lysimachia) and a moderate size genus, Codonopsis. All of the sequences from the aforementioned seven large genera were downloaded from NCBI. The related barcodes for Codonopsis were newly generated in this study. Genetics distances, DNA barcoding gaps and phylogenetic trees of the four single barcodes and their combinations were calculated and compared in the seven genera. As for single barcode, nrITS has the most variable sites, the clearest intra- and inter-specific divergences and the highest discrimination rates in the seven genera. Among the combinations of barcodes, ITS+matK performed better than all the single barcodes in most cases and even the three- and four-loci combinations in the seven genera. Therefore, we recommend ITS+matK as the core barcodes for large plant genera.

The total number of taxa examined by this study was 489 taxa of 96 families, 395 genus, 394 species, 2 subspecies, 72 mutants, 17 taxa, 1 hybrid and 3 cultivars. Only the Utricularia yakusimensis was an endangered species as designated by the Ministry of Environment in the study area, and 5 species, including the Acorus calamus, Iris ensata var. spontanea, Drosera rotundifolia, Ultricularia racemosa and Lysimachia coreana were found as endangered species as designated by the Korea Forest Service. According to the IUCN standards, a single species of Utricularia yakusimensis among CR species, Drosera rotundifolia and the Pogonia minor among VU species and the Lysimachia coreana, Ultricularia racemosa, Acorus calamus and the Iris ensata var. spontanea among LC species were detected. The specialized plants in this study included 25 species in Class-I, 3 in Class-II, 7 in Class-III and 3 in Class-IV at a total of 38 species. In terms of naturalized plants in Muryongsan (mt.), a total of 27 taxa of 11 families and 24 genus were confirmed, and the naturalization rate of the total 489 species was calculated to be 5.5%. The area studied requires a high level of monitoring and restorative methods, since the area experience high level of nondiscriminatory usage by the residents of the Ulsan region, which has led to high degree of damage.

Necromass, i.e., dead plant parts, has a great impact on the spatial patterns of populations and communities. Depending on its thickness and the degree of decomposition, it may constitute a space-blocking physical barrier and impede recruitment of individuals due to, e.g., autotoxication. The aim of the study was to determine the role of the necromass layer in formation of the soil seed bank of variously moist meadow communities and its influence on the efficiency of generative reproduction. The authors paid special attention to the possibility of capture and storage of seeds of species occurring in the vegetation cover by necromass. Additionally, selected features of seeds of species present on the necromass were analyzed in order to identify species that can potentially contribute to formation of the necromass seed bank.The plant cover comprised 52 species in total. Seedlings of 21 taxa appeared on the necromass and their number ranged from 10 to 13, depending on the patch. The density of the seedlings ranged from 339 to 4923 m−2. In all patches, Lythrum salicaria and Lysimachia vulgaris seedlings were most numerous. These two species were characterized by the highest frequency as well. The low values of Jaccard’s index (0.28–0.36) imply a low share of taxa that are common for the necromass and the vegetation cover. This result should be explained by the occurrence of large disproportions in the number of all species identified on the necromass and among the vegetation. The seeds are typically characterized by small sizes and usually have smooth or finely striated and/or ribbed surface texture. The presence of additional structures, e.g., pappus and hairs, in the largest and heaviest seeds (Crepis paludosa, Geum rivale, and Cirsium spp.) may help seeds capture in the necromass.

Two different extraction methods were used to obtain representative extracts from stems and leaves of Lysimachia foenum-graecum, a Chinese plant with a smoky, spicy, green, woody and caramel aroma. An extract was obtained by steam distillation followed by pentane back-extraction. Plants were also extracted with dichloromethane, and the non-volatile compounds were separated from volatiles by high-vacuum distillation (SAFE). Compared to the steam distillate extract, the SAFE-distilled extract was judged to be more similar to the aroma of the starting materials. The aroma-impact compounds of the SAFE extract were then determined using multidimensional GC. From the detection frequencies and the intensities of the peaks, 47 peaks with odour-activity were determined, using an adaptation of the GC–SNIFF method, to have an impact on the overall aroma of the extract. Fifty-four compounds responsible for the peaks presenting odour-activity were identified from mass spectral data, retention indices, olfactory character and co-injection of authentic standards. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An experiment was set up to test whether stoloniferous plants are able to avoid neighbours by means of asymmetric growth in response to low red:far-red (R:FR) ratios in light that is reflected by neighbouring plants. Neighbours were simulated by green mirrors that were placed on the north-side of the plants while spectrally neutral mirrors served as a control. Six stoloniferous species (Trifolium repens L., Hydrocotyle vulgaris L., Lysimachia nummularia L., Glechoma hederacea L., Lysimachia nemorum L. and Lamium galeobdolon L.) were included in the experiment. Measurements were made on branching frequency, timing of branching, stolon growth rate, internode length, growth direction and biomass distribution. Although differences between treatments were found in some of these parameters, they were too small to lead to the avoidance of the simulated neighbours. Only L. galeobdolon produced lower biomass in response to the green-mirror treatment compared to the control one.

Methanol extracts from 27 medicinal plant species were tested at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mL for their in vivo fungicidal activities against six phytopathogenic fungi. Their efficacy varied with plant pathogen, tissue sampled and plant species. Very strong fungicidal activity was produced by extracts of Boswellia carterii, Saussurea lappa, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Piper nigrum, Rheum coreanum, Lysimachia foenum-graecum, Evodia officinalis, Santalum album and Curcuma longa at 2 mg/mL. At 1 mg/mL, S. album, P. nigrum and L. foenum-graecum showed potent fungicidal activity against Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Puccinia recondita and Magnaporthe grisea, respectively. Lysimachia foenum-graecum exhibited strong fungicidal activity against M. grisea at 0.5 mg/mL.

Morphological and molecular data were analyzed using parsimony to trace character evolution within Anagallis s.l., including Anagallis, Asterolinon, Pelletiera, Lysimachia nemorum, and L. serpyllifolia, which are distributed among two sister clades. The first clade, comprising Anagallis arvensis, A. foemina, A monelli, Asterolinon, Pelletiera, Lysimachia nemorum, and L. serpyllifolia is supported by synapomorphies such as an annual, repeatedly branching habit, sessile leaves, flowers in almost all leaf axils, and membraneous slightly dentate calyx margins, of which all but the last are homoplasious within Anagallis s.l. The second clade, comprising Anagallis species only, is supported by a large number of synapomorphies, of which the majority are floral features. Placement of then taxa, for which no DNA was available, is porposed based on morphological characters evaluated in the ligth of the result of the phylogentis analysis of sequenced taxa.

Epeoloidespilosulus, one of the rarest bees in North America, is a cleptoparasite ofMacropisbees which themselves are uncommon oligoleges of oil-producingLysimachiaflowers. Only two specimens of the cleptoparasite have been reported from Canada since the 1960s, both from Nova Scotia.A recently collected specimen ofEpeoloidespilosulusfrom Alberta, Canada confirms this species from that province and greatly increases its known range in western North America. This record and additional specimens from southern Ontario (one collected in 1978) have implications for the conservation status of this COSEWIC assessed species in Canada, which are discussed.

Phylogenetic relationships in Primulaceae were investigated by analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Thirty-four species of Primulaceae, two of Myrsinaceae and four outgroup taxa were analyzed. In accordance to the results of recently published papers on the phylogeny of Primulaceae we found the family to be paraphyletic and resolved the positions of some genera. Our results show (a) the rather basal position of Centunculus within Lysimachieae, the genus thus being rather distantly related to Anagallis, (b) the close relationship between Lysimachia sect. Lerouxia, Anagallis, Asterolinon, and Pelletiera, (c) the well-supported monophyly of a group consisting of the four genera Hottonia, Omphalogramma, Bryocarpum, and Soldanella, and (d) the affinity of Stimpsonia to the Myrsinaceae-Lysimachieae-Ardisiandra clade. The ITS sequence data do not provide sufficient information to resolve basal relationships within the Primulaceae s.l. There is evidence against the monophyly of the large genera Primula, Androsace, and Lysimachia. In contrast to the phylogenetic reconstructions based on plastid gene sequences, Cyclamen does not appear as a member of the Myrsinaceae-Lysimachieae clade, but its position remains unclear.