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Association mapping currently relies on the identification of genetic markers. Several technologies have been adopted for genetic marker analysis, with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) being the most popular where a reasonable quantity of genome sequence data are available. We describe several tools we have developed for the discovery, annotation, and visualization of molecular markers for association mapping. These include autoSNPdb for SNP discovery from assembled sequence data; TAGdb for the identification of gene specific paired read Illumina GAII data; CMap3D for the comparison of mapped genetic and physical markers; and BAC and Gene Annotator for the online annotation of genes and genomic sequences. Key words: SNP discovery, association mapping, comparative genomics, second generation genome sequencing. L'analyse d'association repose presentement sur l'identification de marqueurs genetiques. Plusieurs technologies ont ete employees pour l'analyse de marqueurs genetiques, les polymorphismes mononucleeotidiques (SNP) etant les plus populaires la oil une information genomique suffisante etait disponible. Les auteurs decrivent plusieurs outils qu'ils ont deeveloppees pour l'identification, l'annotation et la visualisation des marqueurs moleeculaires pour des fins d'analyse d'association. Ceux-ci incluent autoSNPdb pour l'identification de SNP au sein de donneees de sequence, TAGdb pour l'identification d'etiquettes specifiques d'un gene au sein de collections d'etiquettes de sequence Illumina GAII, CMap3D pour la comparaison de marqueurs genetiques et physiques, et un annotateur de clones BAC et de genes pour effectuer l'annotation automatiseedegenes et de sequences geenomiques. Mots-cles: identification de SNP, analyse d'association, genomique comparee, sequencjage genomique de seconde geeneration., Introduction Association mapping is being driven by changes in technology that permit the discovery of large numbers of genetic variants and the screening for these genetic variations across large populations. [...]

Results show that Ru(sub)3(C))(sub)12 catalyzes the coupling reaction of aromatic C-H bonds present in phenyloxazolines, carbon monoxide, and olefins. Data indicate that an oxazoline ring is effective in directing carbonylation at a C-H bond in terms of site selectivity, like benzene ring, and reactivity.

Research was conducted to examine a one-step method for the preparation of heterobenzylic sulfonium salts derived from furan, thiophene and pyrrole. The novel sulfonium salts go through palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with different organostannanes, organozinc halides and organobronic acids, in contrast to their corresponding halides. Results indicate that triphenyl phosphite, an effective supporting ligand that is not readily akylated, was uniquely effective as ligand in heterobenzylic cross-couplings.

Electrophiles and olefic stannanes exhibit palladium pairing between them, which reveals ligand influences in the prominent arylstannane group. This allows the pairing of vinyl-aryl and aryl-aryl to occur at room temperature for uninhibited stannanes with huge triflates, subject to the absence of ligands. Triphenylarsine is employed as the optimum ligand with the origin of Pd-(O), Pad2dba3. The alkyl translocation interaction is likely to be an important side reaction, with aryltins containing replaced ortho and stannanes revealing a homocoupling interaction.