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In this present study, microwave pre-treatment has been used for sustainable biofuel production from three different biowastes through catalytic aided co-pyrolysis techniques. The experimental investigations have been carried out to develop biofuel at temperature (350-550℃), heating rate (15-50℃/min) and particle size (0.12-0.38 mm). The resultant biofuels were characterized using TGA, DTA, FE-SEM, FTIR spectroscopy and NMR spectrum. The pyrolysis process of biomasses without and with catalyst resulted in the yield rate of 29-37% and 39-51% respectively. Moreover, the CaO catalytic co-pyrolysis process of pomegranate peel, groundnut shell and palmcone wastes with a ratio of 50:50 at 0.25 mm particle size has resulted in the highest yield rate of 51.6%. The NMR result of bio-oil samples produced hydroxyl group and aliphatics which clearly state the suitability of bio-oils for automotive application. The bio-oil had promising fuel characteristics consisting more energy density (29.1 MJ/kg), less oxygen content and free of nitrogen., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Alcohols could be the biggest factor for the improvement of world biofuel economy in the present century due to their excellent properties compared to petroleum products. The primary concerns of sustainable alcohol production for meeting the growing energy demand owing to the selection of viable feedstock and this might enhance the opportunities for developing numerous advanced techniques. In this review, the valorization of alcohol production from several production routes has been exposed by covering the traditional routes to the present state of the art technologies. Even though the fossil fuel conversion could be dominant method for methanol production, many recent innovations like photo electrochemical synthesis and electrolysis methods might play vital role in production of renewable methanol in future. There have been several production routes for production of ethanol and among which the fermentation of lignocellulose biomass would be the ultimate choice for large scale shoot up. The greenhouse gas recovery in the form of alcohols through electrochemistry technique and hydrogenation method are the important methods for commercialization of alcohols in future. It is also observed that algae based renewable bio-alcohols is highly influenced by carbohydrate content and sustainable approaches in algae conversion to bio-alcohols would bring greater demand in future market. There is a lack of innovation in higher alcohols production in single process and this could be bounded by combining dehydrogenation and decarboxylation techniques. Finally, this review enlists the opportunities and challenges of existing alcohols production and recommended the possible routes for making significant enhancement in production., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Alcohol could be the biggest factor in the improvement of the world biofuel economy in the present century due to its excellent properties on par with petroleum products. The biggest concern in the commercialization of alcohols is their material compatibility issues with various metals due to acidic form, moisture absorption and oxygenated nature. This review has been made to summarize the operational difficulties of alcohol for automotive applications. In the first phase of the review, the chemical kinetics of alcohols on corrosive formations has been outlined. In the second phase of the review, the effect of low carbon alcohols on various metals that were used in automotive engines and the compatibility issues were discussed in detail. Further, the study has been outlined microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) of metals. Several limitations of alcohol usage with automotive engine components are highlighted and possible remedies are also recommended for corrosion reduction. In the end, special attention has been on various corrosive inhibitors for alcohol applications with a variety of materials. The properties like diffusion, acidity, conductivity and electro-potential are more dominant factors in corrosive formation. The comprehensive review shows that the oxygenated form and moisture absorption ability are the pivotal factors in the material compatibility of alcohols. The studies are also recommended that butanol has better anticorrosive qualities among all alcohols due to its less affection for water. Further, it is also identified that polymer-based materials and high-density polyethylene are the most appropriate materials for alcohol-based fuel supply systems and proper concentration of corrosion inhibitors with alcohols is of high importance for long-term application also. Several possibilities for the improvement of materials compatibility of all alcohols are also suggested. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]