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Kumanoa baiyunensis K.-P.Fang, F.-R.Nan & S.-L.Xie sp. nov. (Figs. 3A–L) Description:—Plants monoecious, moderately mucilaginous, dark green, small, only 0.5–1 cm high. Thallus branching irregular, frequent in the upper part of the thallus. Whorls well developed, confluent, barrel-shaped, 350–450 µm wide. Internodes 150–350 µm; axis colorless, axial cells 20–50 µm in diameter; cortical filaments profuse, cylindrical, 5–10 um in diameter, 20 µm or more long. Primary fascicles straight, dichotomously branched, 2-3 times branched, composed of 5–7 cells, ellipsoidal, 5–8 µm in diameter, 20–40 µm long. Secondary fascicles, abundant, covering the entire internode, unbranched or dichotomously branched, shorter or as long as the primary fascicles, composed of 3–7 cells. Spermatangia spherical, sparse, single-grown, terminal on primary fascicles, 7–9 µm in diameter. Carpogonial branches helically twisted, arising from the pericentral cells; involucral filaments short, dense, composed of 1–3 cells; carpogonia with club-shaped trichogynes, distinctly stalked, 30–50 µm long, 6–10 µm in diameter. Carposporophytes sessile, one per whorl, lower or as high as whorl radius, dense and spherical, 150–250 µm in diameter. Carposporangia obovoid or elliptical, 7–10 µm in diameter, 15–20 µm long, terminal on gonimoblast filaments. Diagnosis: ―The new species differs from other Kumanoa species in the following combination of characters: small plant size with abundant branching in upper part of thallus; carposporophytes spherical and one per whorl; club-shaped trichogynes with distinct stalk; spermatangia sparse and single-grown, terminal on primary fascicles. Diagnostic DNA sequence: rbc L, COI-5P and LSU (accession number: MW798266 for rbc L, MW798267 for COI-5P and MW794124 for UPA). Type locality: China, Guangdong, Baiyun Mountain (24° 15′ 5″ N, 113° 18′ 2″ E). On the wall of a stony pool formed by groundwater from dry mountain stream of the Baiyun Mountain. Holotype designated here: Liquid immersion specimens (SXU-GD20001) and herbarium voucher (Holotype SXU-GD20002, Isotype SXU-GD20003) were deposited in Herbarium of Shanxi University (SXU), Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China. November 2020 by Kun-peng Fang. Etymology: The species epithet refers to the type locality (Baiyun mountain, China)., Published as part of Fang, Kun-Peng, Nan, Fang-Ru, Feng, Jia, Lv, Jun-Ping, Liu, Qi, Liu, Xu-Dong & Xie, Shu-Lian, 2021, A New Species of Kumanoa (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) from Baiyun Mountain, Guangdong, China, pp. 89-98 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5572016

Kumanoa baiyunensis K.-P.Fang, F.-R.Nan & S.-L.Xie sp. nov. (Figs. 3A–L) Description:—Plants monoecious, moderately mucilaginous, dark green, small, only 0.5–1 cm high. Thallus branching irregular, frequent in the upper part of the thallus. Whorls well developed, confluent, barrel-shaped, 350–450 µm wide. Internodes 150–350 µm; axis colorless, axial cells 20–50 µm in diameter; cortical filaments profuse, cylindrical, 5–10 um in diameter, 20 µm or more long. Primary fascicles straight, dichotomously branched, 2-3 times branched, composed of 5–7 cells, ellipsoidal, 5–8 µm in diameter, 20–40 µm long. Secondary fascicles, abundant, covering the entire internode, unbranched or dichotomously branched, shorter or as long as the primary fascicles, composed of 3–7 cells. Spermatangia spherical, sparse, single-grown, terminal on primary fascicles, 7–9 µm in diameter. Carpogonial branches helically twisted, arising from the pericentral cells; involucral filaments short, dense, composed of 1–3 cells; carpogonia with club-shaped trichogynes, distinctly stalked, 30–50 µm long, 6–10 µm in diameter. Carposporophytes sessile, one per whorl, lower or as high as whorl radius, dense and spherical, 150–250 µm in diameter. Carposporangia obovoid or elliptical, 7–10 µm in diameter, 15–20 µm long, terminal on gonimoblast filaments. Diagnosis: ―The new species differs from other Kumanoa species in the following combination of characters: small plant size with abundant branching in upper part of thallus; carposporophytes spherical and one per whorl; club-shaped trichogynes with distinct stalk; spermatangia sparse and single-grown, terminal on primary fascicles. Diagnostic DNA sequence: rbc L, COI-5P and LSU (accession number: MW798266 for rbc L, MW798267 for COI-5P and MW794124 for UPA). Type locality: China, Guangdong, Baiyun Mountain (24° 15′ 5″ N, 113° 18′ 2″ E). On the wall of a stony pool formed by groundwater from dry mountain stream of the Baiyun Mountain. Holotype designated here: Liquid immersion specimens (SXU-GD20001) and herbarium voucher (Holotype SXU-GD20002, Isotype SXU-GD20003) were deposited in Herbarium of Shanxi University (SXU), Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China. November 2020 by Kun-peng Fang. Etymology: The species epithet refers to the type locality (Baiyun mountain, China).

Fang, Kun-Peng, Nan, Fang-Ru, Feng, Jia, Lv, Jun-Ping, Liu, Qi, Liu, Xu-Dong, Xie, Shu-Lian (2021): A New Species of Kumanoa (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) from Baiyun Mountain, Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 523 (1): 89-98, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.5

Caloglossa fonticola K.-P. Fang, F.-R. Nan & S.-L. Xie sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Description —Thalli linear, dichotomously branched, pink to pale brown, attached to the rocks in a freshwater spring by clusters of rhizoids, about 1–2 cm high, consisting of a midrib region with monostromatic wings on either side (Figs. 2 A-B). Midrib region composed of two transverse and two lateral periaxial cells, and one axial cell series, the length of axial cells in the mature thallus is 80–280 µm (Figs. 2E–G). Internodal regions or “blades” linear, rarely or slightly constricted at nodes, 1.5–5.0 mm long and 0.2–0.7 mm wide (Figs. 2 A-B). At the node (Figs. 2 C-D, 3), on the adjacent side to the lateral axis, all second- and third-order cell rows of the main axis reach the blade margin, the first axial cell produces 1–2 cell rows, 5–9 cells long. On the adaxial side, the first axial cell of the lateral axis produces only a second-order cell row usually only 2–4 cells long and not extending to the margin, the second and third axial cell produces one cell row, sometimes not extending to the margin. On the opposite to the lateral branch, the number of cell rows derived from nodal axial cell and the first axial cell of main axis are both two, which is the same as or one fewer than that in the internode region. On the abaxial side, the nodal axial cell produces only one row, 5–7 cells long usually not extending to the margin, the first four axial cells of the lateral branch produce two rows each, extending to the margin, by the sixth axial cell above the node the regular internodal condition is attained. At the internode (Figs. 2E–G), the inner 1–3 second-order cells produce third-order rows, thus on one side of the blade from any one axial cell the apical cells of 2–4 rows form the blade margin, with 5–10 cells per row to the margin. Rhizoids forming from groups of second and third-order cells which arise from the first three axial cells of the main axis and lateral axis, unicellular, 0.15–0.85 mm long, 20–30 µm in diameter, basal rhizoidal cells not tightly adherent to form a stipe-like cortical pad, each wing cell produces a single rhizoidal filament (Figs. 2H–I, 3). Adventitious branches and endogenous branches both absent. Reproductive structures not found. Diagnosis: ―Morphological characters as for Caloglossa bengalensis described in King & Puttock (1994) but differing in blade shape, degree of constriction at the thallus nodes, secondary branching pattern, the number of cells composing second-order cell rows at the internode, and the number of cells composing a single rhizoidal filament. Caloglossa fonticola is distinguished from other Caloglossa species by the following unique combination of character states: thallus internodal blades linear, hardly or slightly constricted at nodes, adventitious branches and endogenous branches both absent, and unicellular rhizoids forming from clusters of wing cells arising from the first three axial cells of the main axis and lateral axis. Diagnostic DNA sequence: rbc L and LSU accession numbers MW725289 and MW722975, respectively. Type locality: CHINA ― Guangxi, Bama County (24° 18′ 2″ N, 107° 5′ 58″ E, ASL: 260.5 m). The spring water comes from Baimo Cave and is also the source of the Panyang River (WT = 21 ° C, pH = 7.79, DO = 6.66 mg / L, EC = 310 µS/cm, TDS = 218.4 mg / L). Holotype: Formalin-preserved specimen (SXU-GX19006) and herbarium voucher (holotype SXU-GX19010, isotype SXU-GX19011). December 2019, collected by Kun-Peng Fang. Iconotype: Fig. 2 Etymology: fonticola from the Latin “of the spring,” named for the freshwater system the species inhabits., Published as part of Fang, Kun-Peng, Nan, Fang-Ru, Feng, Jia, Liu, Qi, Liu, Xu-Dong & Xie, Shu-Lian, 2021, Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China, pp. 15-26 in Phytotaxa 522 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5548969, {"references":["King, R. & Puttock, C. (1994) Morphology and taxonomy of Caloglossa (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta). Australian Systematic Botany 7: 89 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / sb 9940089"]}

Caloglossa fonticola K.-P. Fang, F.-R. Nan & S.-L. Xie sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Description —Thalli linear, dichotomously branched, pink to pale brown, attached to the rocks in a freshwater spring by clusters of rhizoids, about 1–2 cm high, consisting of a midrib region with monostromatic wings on either side (Figs. 2 A-B). Midrib region composed of two transverse and two lateral periaxial cells, and one axial cell series, the length of axial cells in the mature thallus is 80–280 µm (Figs. 2E–G). Internodal regions or “blades” linear, rarely or slightly constricted at nodes, 1.5–5.0 mm long and 0.2–0.7 mm wide (Figs. 2 A-B). At the node (Figs. 2 C-D, 3), on the adjacent side to the lateral axis, all second- and third-order cell rows of the main axis reach the blade margin, the first axial cell produces 1–2 cell rows, 5–9 cells long. On the adaxial side, the first axial cell of the lateral axis produces only a second-order cell row usually only 2–4 cells long and not extending to the margin, the second and third axial cell produces one cell row, sometimes not extending to the margin. On the opposite to the lateral branch, the number of cell rows derived from nodal axial cell and the first axial cell of main axis are both two, which is the same as or one fewer than that in the internode region. On the abaxial side, the nodal axial cell produces only one row, 5–7 cells long usually not extending to the margin, the first four axial cells of the lateral branch produce two rows each, extending to the margin, by the sixth axial cell above the node the regular internodal condition is attained. At the internode (Figs. 2E–G), the inner 1–3 second-order cells produce third-order rows, thus on one side of the blade from any one axial cell the apical cells of 2–4 rows form the blade margin, with 5–10 cells per row to the margin. Rhizoids forming from groups of second and third-order cells which arise from the first three axial cells of the main axis and lateral axis, unicellular, 0.15–0.85 mm long, 20–30 µm in diameter, basal rhizoidal cells not tightly adherent to form a stipe-like cortical pad, each wing cell produces a single rhizoidal filament (Figs. 2H–I, 3). Adventitious branches and endogenous branches both absent. Reproductive structures not found. Diagnosis: ―Morphological characters as for Caloglossa bengalensis described in King & Puttock (1994) but differing in blade shape, degree of constriction at the thallus nodes, secondary branching pattern, the number of cells composing second-order cell rows at the internode, and the number of cells composing a single rhizoidal filament. Caloglossa fonticola is distinguished from other Caloglossa species by the following unique combination of character states: thallus internodal blades linear, hardly or slightly constricted at nodes, adventitious branches and endogenous branches both absent, and unicellular rhizoids forming from clusters of wing cells arising from the first three axial cells of the main axis and lateral axis. Diagnostic DNA sequence: rbc L and LSU accession numbers MW725289 and MW722975, respectively. Type locality: CHINA ― Guangxi, Bama County (24° 18′ 2″ N, 107° 5′ 58″ E, ASL: 260.5 m). The spring water comes from Baimo Cave and is also the source of the Panyang River (WT = 21 ° C, pH = 7.79, DO = 6.66 mg / L, EC = 310 µS/cm, TDS = 218.4 mg / L). Holotype: Formalin-preserved specimen (SXU-GX19006) and herbarium voucher (holotype SXU-GX19010, isotype SXU-GX19011). December 2019, collected by Kun-Peng Fang. Iconotype: Fig. 2 Etymology: fonticola from the Latin “of the spring,” named for the freshwater system the species inhabits.

Fang, Kun-Peng, Nan, Fang-Ru, Feng, Jia, Liu, Qi, Liu, Xu-Dong, Xie, Shu-Lian (2021): Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China. Phytotaxa 522 (1): 15-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.522.1.2