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Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang, Austermann, Gregor (2022): Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada. Geodiversitas 44 (33): 1051-1087, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33

Genus Bailiella Matthew, 1885 Bailiella Matthew, 1885: 124. — Type species: Conocephalites baileyi Hartt in Dawson, 1868, designated by Miller (1889). Tangshiella Hupé, 1953: 194. — Type species: Bailiella ulrichi Resser & Endo, 1937, by original designation (Hupé 1953). DIAGNOSIS. — Cephalon semicircular; fixed cheeks continuous in front of glabella; border furrow extends around cranidium; surface ornamented (based on Resser 1936; Lake 1940, with modifications). REMARKS Hupé (1953) introduced the genus Tangshiella without providing a description or discussion. The type species is Bailiella ulrichi Resser & Endo, 1937. The diagnosis of B. ulrichi matches that of the genus Bailiella; therefore, the genus Tangshiella is here considered to be a synonym of Bailiella. The genus is closely related to Conocoryphe Hawle & Corda, 1847, but differs in having a longer preglabellar area and the absence of furrows (Resser 1936). The taxonomic distinction from Bailiaspis Resser, 1936, is less distinct and presently unsolved (Resser 1936; Álvaro & Vizcaïno 2018). Kim et al. (2002) regarded the genus Bailiella as paraphyletic and did not provide a diagnosis. Clearly, the genus requires revision. Bailiella is here treated as genus separated from related genera., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1063, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["MATTHEW G. F. 1885. - Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group continued: on the Conocoryphea with futher remarks on Paradoxides. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada for the Year 1884 2: 99 - 124. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 10764255","DAWSON J. W. 1868. - Acadian Heology. The Geological Structure, Organic remains, and Mineral resources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Second Edition. MacMillan and Company, London, 694 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 18064","MILLER S. A. 1889. - North American Geology and Paleontology for the Use of Amateurs, Students, and Scientists. Western Methodist book concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 793 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28778","HUPE P. 1953. - Classe des Trilobites, in PIVETEAU J. (ed.), Traite de paleontologie. Tome III. Les forms ultimes d'Invertebres: morphologie et evolution. Onychophores, Arthropodes, Echniodermes, Stomocordes. Mason et Cie, Paris: 44 - 246.","RESSER C. E. & ENDO R. 1937. - Description of the fossils, Part 2, in ENDO R. & RESSER C. E. (eds), The Sinian and Cambrian Formations and Fossils of Southern Manchoukuo. Educational Institute South Manchuria Ry. Co., Mukden: 103 - 301.","RESSER C. E. 1936. - Second contribution to nomenclature of Cambrian trilobites. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 95 (4): 1 - 29. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 24739325","LAKE P. 1940. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part Xii. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 94: 273 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1940.12035665","HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","ALVARO J. J. & VIZCAINO D. 2018. - The Furongian break-up (rift / drift) unconformity in the central Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Journal of Iberian Geology 44: 567 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 41513 - 018 - 0066 - 2","KIM D. H., WESTROP S. R. & LANDING E. 2002. - Middle Cambrian (Acadian series) conocoryphid and paradoxidid trilobites from the upper Chamberlain's Brook Formation, Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Journal of Paleontology 76 (5): 822 - 842. https: // doi. org / cgxnvt"]}

Genus Sao Barrande, 1846 Sao Barrande, 1846: 13. — Type species: Sao hirsuta Barrande, 1846, by original designation. Monadina – Barrande 1846: 19. Monadella – Barrande 1847: 391. Crithias – Hawle & Corda 1847: 17. Tetracnemis – Hawle & Corda 1847: 17. Goniacanthus – Hawle & Corda 1847: 18. Enneacnemis – Hawle & Corda, 1847: 19. Acanthocnemis – Hawle & Corda 1847: 20. Acanthogramma – Hawle & Corda 1847: 20. Endogramma – Hawle & Corda 1847: 21. Micropyge – Hawle & Corda 1847: 21. Selenosema – Hawle & Corda 1847: 23. Staurogmus – Hawle & Corda 1847: 28. DIAGNOSIS. —Wide cephalic border, strongly convex; glabella with three deep glabellar furrows and one longitudinal furrow; preglabellar field concave without ornamentation; cephalon with densely packed tubercles and small spines; thorax of 17 segments; pygidium short with one segment and one terminal piece (based on Harrington et al. 1959; Laibl et al. 2014, with modifications). REMARKS Barrande (1852b) was the first to describe the different growth stages of Sao. He revised different genera previously introduced by Barrande (1846) and Hawle & Corda (1847). Šnajdr (1958) further described the wide morphological range of ontogenetic stages, which is followed here. For further details see Šnajdr (1958). Richter (1941) made a formal request to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in favour of Sao Barrande, 1846. He argued that the genus Sao Billberg, 1820, was preoccupied by a Stomatopoda, but that the name was not used subsequently. While Monadina Barrande, 1846 was available, Sao was already a well-established name for the trilobite. Richter’s (1941) request was accepted and Sao Barrande, 1846 was given priority.

Meneviella venulosa (Hicks, 1872) (Fig. 10) Erinnys venulosa Hicks, 1872: 177, pl. 6, figs 1-6. — Salter 1873: 5. — Illing 1915: 426. Erinnys (Harpides) venulosa – Salter 1866a: 285 (?), nomen nudum. Salteria venulosa – Walcott 1884: 31, 32. Erinnys breviceps – Matthew 1899: 91-95, pl. 4, fig. 9. Conocoryphe (Erinnys) venulosa – Grönwall 1902: 94-96, pl. 1, fig. 23. Bailiella venulosa – Howell 1925: 30, 31 (?). Menevia venulosa – Lake 1938: 272, pl. 39, figs 4-9; 1940: 273, 274. — Harrington et al. 1959: O244, fig. 181.10. Menevia cf. venulosa; Kindle & Whittington 1959: fig. 3i (?). Meneviella venulosa – Hutchinson 1962: 108, pl. 16, figs 2-7 (?). — Shaw 1966: 855, pl. 99, fig. 17. — Korobov 1973: 124- 126, pl. 12, fig. 1. — Egorova et al. 1982: 110, pl. 3, fig. 10; pl. 9, fig. 10 (?). — Kindle 1982: pl. 1.2, fig. 7. — Morris & Fortey 1985: pl. 1, fig. 10. — Buchholz 1991: 222, pl. 2, fig. 2; 1997: 251, pl. 20, figs 7, 8. — Rudolph 1994: 197, 198, pl. 22, fig. 8 (?). — Cotton 2001: text.fig. 1A, pl. 3, figs 1-4. — Young et al. 2002:, pl. 4, fig. xiii (?). — Fletcher 2006: pl. 34, fig. 37. — Weidner & Nielsen 2014: 75, 76, figs 44A-E. — Bushuev & Makarova 2016: 15, 16, pl. 1, fig. 4. Meneviella viatrix Shergold, 1973: 21-25, pl. 10, fig. 1; pl. 11, figs 1-4; pl. 12, figs 1-8. Dasometopus groenlandicus – Babcock 1994: 87, 88, fig. 7.3. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen no. SM A1033, Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom, originally figured in Hicks (1872) and designated as lectotype by Stubblefield (1951), from the Menevian of Port-y-rhaw, St. David’s, Wales. DIAGNOSIS. — Cranidium with wide border; glabella two thirds of cranidial length with three pairs of furrows, S1 curves back to occipital furrow axially, S2 and S3 short; occipital furrow arching forward axially; occipital ring with node; fixigena divided by ridges that run out from eye ridges, tapering backwards and spread out to anterior part by splitting into venulose markings, posterior part granulated. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 16 cranidia of Meneviella venulosa (for NFM numbers seeAppendix 1). All specimens range between 10.00 and 16.55 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Meneviella venulosa has a wide middle Cambrian distribution and has been documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the upper Paradoxides hicksi to Paradoxides davidis zones (Hutchinson, 1962). It has also been reported from western Newfoundland (Tomagnostus fissus and Ptychagnostus atavus bearing Zone 3; Kindle 1982), United States of America in Vermont (Paradoxides davidis Zone; Shaw 1966), Greenland (Ptychagnostus atavus Zone; Babcock 1994), United Kingdom in Wales (Hypagnostus parvifrons to Ptychagnostus punctuosus zones; Thomas et al. 1984; Young et al. 2002) and England (Paradoxides davidis Zone; Illing 1915), Denmark in Bornholm (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone; Buchholz 1991; Grönwall 1902; Rudolph 1994), Russia in Siberia (Tomagnostus fissus to Paradoxides hicksi zones and Anapolenus henrici Zone; e.g., Egorova et al. 1982) and Australia in Queensland (Ptychagnostus punctuosus and Goniagnostus nathorsti zones; Shergold 1973). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 11.0 mm to 17.0 mm width and from 4.5 mm to 8.0 mm length. They are well-preserved as internal casts and moulds. Some are broken along the dorsal furrow on one side of the glabella. In smaller specimens the venulose markings are less prominent and granulation covers the whole cranidium. Cranidia from stratigraphically lower beds (three cranidia from 10.00 m) have a more prominent granulation than those from stratigraphically higher beds (12 cranidia above 15.73 m). One internal cast has a white surface (NFM F-3655). REMARKS Salter (1866a) first reported Erinnys (Harpides) venulosa as a nomen nudum. He doubted that it could be distinguished from Harpides Beyrich, 1846, but without supporting this view by additional information, e.g. descriptions or figures. Thus, the assignment is questionable and Hicks (1872) is the author who first described the species. Matthew (1899) distinguished Erinnys breviceps from Erinnys venulosa based on the marginal furrow and border of the former, which, according to him, does not border the entire cranidium of E. breviceps. Matthew’s plate 4, fig. 9 (Matthew 1899) illustrates a cranidium attached to the anterior portion of the thorax with a marginal furrow and border surrounding the whole cranidium. Therefore, the illustrated specimen is here assigned to M. venulosa. Howell (1925) repported specimens of Salter’s Erinnys venulosa and named them Bailiella venulosa without providing a description or illustrations. The assignment of his unfigured specimens is questionable. Kindle & Whittington (1959) illustrated one cranidium of Menevia venulosa which does not show the characteristic vein-like markings of the cephalon. Hence, the assignment is questionable. Note that Kindle & Whittington (1959) used Menevia in the figure description and Meneviella in the written text. Hutchinson (1962) described and illustrated different growth stages of M. venulosa, reporting that meraspid specimens (described as younger specimens by Hutchinson (1962)) show a more prominent granulation and less venulose markings than meraspid to holaspid specimens. The assumption that the specimen figured on Hutchinson’s plate 16, figure 2 (Hutchinson 1962), is a young specimen of M. venulosa cannot be assigned with certainty due to the low resolution of the image. Shergold (1973) described the new species Meneviella viatrix. According to the author, it differs from M. venulosa by a smaller size, fewer axial rings, more pygidial segments, and weaker geniculation in the posterior cranidial margin. The body size is a questionable taxonomic characteristic (Müller 1994). In combination with the fewer axial rings, Shergold’s (1973) almost completely articulated specimens may represent a late meraspis stage. Cephala figured by Shergold (1973) are indistinguishable from M. venulosa, especially as no weaker geniculation (diagnostic character introduced by Shergold [1973]) is seen in the posterior cranidial margin. The different number of axial rings may represent a different ontogenetic stage or represent a possible variation within M. venulosa. Shergold (1973) only figured one disarticulated and two slightly deformed pygidia, all three attached to the thorax. The material is preserved and illustrated insufficiently to determine the number of pygidial axial rings. Therefore, M. viatrix is here interpreted to be a synonym of M. venulosa. One cranidium of M. venulosa figured by Egorova et al. (1982: pl. 3, fig. 10) is illustrated insufficiently. Therefore, the assignment is here considered questionable. Babcock (1994) defined the new species Dasometopus groenlandicus. The illustrated fragment in his figure 7.3 shows the vein-like markings of the cephalon characteristic for M. venulosa and was attributed to this species by Weidner & Nielsen (2014). Their suggestion is followed here. A small cranidium with a disarticulated glabella was illustrated as M. venulosa by Rudolph (1994: pl. 22, fig. 8), whose material includes several juvenile cranidida. The illustrated specimen does not show the characteristic vein-like markings of the cephalon. The case is similar to the incomplete cranidium illustrated by Young et al. (2002: pl. 4, fig. xiii). The illustrated specimen does not show the characteristic venulose markings, possibly due to the resolution of the illustration. In both cases, the assignment to M. venulosa is therefore questionable., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1065-1066, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HICKS H. 1872. - On some undescribed fossils from the Menevian Group. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 28 (1): 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1872.028.01 - 02.17","SALTER J. W. 1873. - A Catalogue of the Collection of Cambrian and Silurian Fossils Contained in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 204 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511710827","ILLING V. C. 1915. - The Paradoxidian fauna of a part of the Stockingford Shale. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 71 (1 - 4): 386 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1915.071.01 - 04.17","SALTER J. W. 1866 a. - Notes on the sections and fossils. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: 284 - 286. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29381766","WALCOTT C. D. 1884. - On the Cambrian faunas of North America: preliminary studies. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 10: 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38396","MATTHEW G. F. 1899. - Studies on Cambrian Faunas, No. 4 - Fragments of the Cambrian Faunas of Newfoundland. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 5: 67 - 95. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 10793335","GRONWALL K. A. 1902. - Bornholms Paradoxideslag og deres fauna. Danmarks geologiske Undersogelse, II Raekke 13 (1): 1 - 230.","HOWELL B. F. 1925. - The faunas of the Cambrian Paradoxides Beds at Manuels, Newfoundland. Bulletins of American Paleontology 11 (43): 1 - 140. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30406756","LAKE P. 1938. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 11. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 91: 249 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1938.12035656","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","KINDLE C. H. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Some stratigraphic problems of the Cow Head area in western Newfoundland. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II 22: 7 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 2164 - 0947.1959. tb 01722. x","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","SHAW A. B. 1966. - Paleontology of Northwestern Vermont, Part 11, Fossils from the Middle Cambrian St. Albans Shale. Journal of Paleontology 40 (4): 843 - 858.","KOROBOV M. N. 1973. - Trilobites of the Conocoryphidae family and their importance for the stratigraphy of Cambrian deposits. Transactions of the Academy of Science of the USSR 211: 1 - 176.","EGOROVA L. I., SHABANOV Y. Y., PEGEL T. V., SAVITSKY V. E., SUCHOV S. S. & TCHERNYSHEVA N. E. 1982. - The stratotype area of the Maya Stage (middle Cambrian of the south-eastern Siberian Platform). Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee of the USSR, Transactions 8: 1 - 145.","KINDLE C. H. 1982. - The C. H. Kindle Collection: Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician trilobites from the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Current research Part C 82 (1 C): 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 124681","MORRIS S. F. & FORTEY R. A. 1985. - Catalogue of the Type and Figured Specimens of Trilobita in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), Great Britain, London, 183 p.","BUCHHOLZ A. 1991. - Mittelkambrische Geschiebe vom Bornholm- Typ (Hyolithenkalk) mit Opsidiscus rugiensis n. sp. und einer reichen Begleitfauna. Archiv fur Geschiebekunde 1 (3 / 4): 217 - 224.","RUDOLPH F. 1994. - Die Trilobiten der mittelkambrischen Geschiebe: Systematik, Morphologie und Okologie. Verlag Frank Rudolph, Wankendorf, 309 p.","COTTON T. J. 2001. - The phylogeny and systematics of blind Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobites. Palaeontology 44 (1): 167 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00176","YOUNG T. P., GIBBONS W. & MCCARROLL D. 2002. - Geology of the country around Pwllheli. The Stationery Office, London, 151 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","BUSHUEV E. B. & MAKAROVA A. L. 2016. - Middle Cambrian polymerid trilobites of the Chaya Formation from Ust-Mayakaya 366 well (Southeastern Siberian platform). Geology and Mineral Resources of Siberia 3 (27): 11 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.20403 / 2078 - 0575 - 2016 - 3 - 11 - 23","SHERGOLD J. H. 1973. - A new conocoryphid trilobite from the Middle Cambrian of western Queensland. Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 126: 19 - 26.","BABCOCK L. E. 1994. - Systematics and phylogenetics of polymeroid trilobites from the Henson Gletscher and Kap Stanton formations (middle Cambrian), North Greenland. Gronlands Geologiske Undersogelse, Bulletin 169: 79 - 127.","STUBBLEFIELD C. J. 1951. - New names for the trilobite genera Menevia Lake and Psilocephalus Salter. Geological Magazine 88 (3): 213 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800069272","THOMAS A. T., OWENS R. M. & RUSHTON A. W. A. 1984. - Trilobites in British stratigraphy. Geological Society of London Special Report 16: 1 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / gj. 3350200210","BEYRICH E. 1846. - Untersuchungen uber Trilobiten: zweites Stuck als Fortsetzung zu der Abhandlung \" Ueber einige bohmische Trilobiten \". G. Reimer, Berlin, 37 p.","MULLER A. H. 1994. - Band II: Invertebraten, Teil 2: Mollusca 2 - Arthropoda 1, 4., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 618 p."]}

Paradoxides davidis Salter, 1863 (Figs 11; 12) Paradoxides davidis Salter, 1863: 276, unnamed text fig. p. 275;1864a: 234, 235, pl. 12, figs 1-3; 1864b: 1-4, pl. 10, figs 1-8. — Linnarsson 1882: 11-14, pl. 1, figs 14, 15; pl. 2, figs 1-9. — Grönwall 1902: 106-112, pl. 2, figs 3-7. — Cobbold 1911: 287, pl. 24, figs 17a, b, 18. — Illing 1915: 428, pl. 35, figs 9-11 (?). — Lake 1935: 203- 208, pl. 27, figs 1, 2; pl. 28, figs 1-3; pl. 29, figs 1-3. — Hutchinson 1952: 76, 77, pl. 2, figs 6-8; 1962: 115, pl. 19, fig. 10; pls. 20, 21; pl. 22, figs 1-5. — Hupé 1955: fig. 77.1. — Fletcher 1972b: 92, pl. 49, fig. 11; pl. 50, figs 1-6; pl. 51, figs 1, 2. — Bergström & Levi-Setti 1978: 6, 7. Paradoxides davidis brevispinus Bergström & Levi-Setti, 1978: 11, fig. 7c; pl. 9, fig. 5; pl. 10, figs 1-7, n. syn. Paradoxides davidis davidis Bergström & Levi-Setti, 1978: 7, 8, fig. 7a; pl. 2, figs 1-3; pl. 3, figs 1-5; pl. 4, figs 1-11; pl. 5, figs 1-11 (?). — Levi-Setti 2014: pls 150-154, n. syn. Paradoxides davidis intermedius Bergström & Levi-Setti, 1978: 9, 11, pl. 6, figs 1-7. — Levi-Setti 2014: pl. 159, n. syn. Paradoxides davidis trapezopyge Bergström & Levi-Setti, 1978: 8, 9, fig. 7b; pl. 6, fig. 8; pl. 7, figs 1-5; pl. 8, figs 1, 3, 4, 7, 8; pl. 9, figs 1-3. — Whittington 1992: 121, pl. 46. — Levi-Setti 2014: pls 155-158, n. syn. Paradoxides (Paradoxides) davidis davidis – Morris & Fortey 1985: pl. 7, fig. 3, pl. 8, fig. 4 (?). — Martin & Dean 1988: 18, pl. 4, figs 11-17(partim). — Fletcher 2007: 47, figs 8G-I. — Fletcher & Greene 2013: 514, pl. 3, figs 7, 9-11, 14, 15. Plutonides hicksi – Vaněk et al. 1999: 36, pl. 1, figs 1, 2, 5, 6. Paradoxides (P.) davidis – Fletcher 2006: 34, figs 9, 10. — Rees et al. 2014: figs 1.10, 1.11b. HOLOTYPE. — Specimens no. BM 45083 and BM 45084, British Museum, London, United Kingdom by original designation, from the Menevian Group of Port-y-rhaw, St. David’s, Wales, United Kingdom. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella with S1 curved backwards, S2 curved forward abaxially and backward axially, S3 and S4 absent; frontal lobe more than half of total glabellar length; occipital furrow curves slightly forward axially; librigenal spines and doublure lineated bifurcating and anastomosing, creating a narrow mashed net; thorax with 19 segments; posterior pleural spines extend far beyond pygidium; pygidium with concave posterior margin and axis with one ring (based on Lake 1935; Fletcher 1972b, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 124 cephala, mostly cranidia, some doublures, and seven pygidia of Paradoxides davidis (for NFM numbers see Appendix 1). All specimens range between 9.56 and 17.89 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Paradoxides davidis is an important regional biostratigraphical marker of the middle Cambrian (Howell 1925; Lake 1935; Hutchinson 1962), which has been documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides davidis and Ptychagnostus punctuosus zones (Hutchinson 1962; Fletcher 1972b; Martin & Dean 1988; Whittington 1992; Fletcher 2006, 2007; Fletcher & Greene 2013). It has also been reported from southeastern Canada in Nova Scotia (Hutchinson 1952), United Kingdom in Wales (Paradoxides davidis Zone; Salter 1863, 1864a; Lake 1935; Rees et al. 2014) and England (Cobbold 1911; Illing 1915), Denmark (Grönwall 1902), Sweden (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone; Linnarsson 1882; Westergård 1953) and the Czech Republic (Eccaparadoxides pusillus Zone; Vaněk et al. 1999). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 38.0 mm to 62.0 mm width and 31.0 mm to 55.0 mm length, while the pygidia range from 7.0 to 9.0 mm width and 10.0 mm to 12.0 mm length. The preservation of the cranidia is very good and the preservation of the pygidia is good, both preserved as internal casts and moulds. Some cranidial internal casts have a groove lining from the frontal margin across the glabella towards the middle to outer margin of the occipital ring. Some cranidia bear a small, macroscopically slightly visible node on the occipital ring. Several specimens are pyritized. The glabella is always the most well-preserved part of the cranidium. The pleural spines are usually broken. When preserved, the posterior pleural spines reach at least twice the pygidial length. Pygidia are shaped trapezoidally. REMARKS According toLake (1935) Paradoxides davidis is closely related to Paradoxides tessini Brongniart, 1822. Pa. tessini has a longer palpebral lobe, a blunter front margin of the glabella, a less backward-curved S1 furrow, 21 thoracic segments and a rounded posterior margin of the pygidium (Lake 1935). Illing (1915) described and figured one doublure and two thoracic fragments of Pa. davidis. The fragment illustrated on pl. 35, fig. 10, only consists of four to possibly five outer pleurae without the axis, whereas the specimen on pl. 35, fig. 11, is overexposed. An assignment of the two specimens to any species is therefore questionable. Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978) divided Pa. davidis into four subspecies: Paradoxides davidis davidis, Paradoxides davidis trapezopyge, Paradoxides davidis intermedius and Paradoxides davidis brevispinus. They distinguish them (Pa. davidis davidis, Pa. davidis trapezopyge and Pa. davidis intermedius) by their mean pygidial width ratio, while the fourth, Paradoxides davidis brevispinus, is distinguished by the mean pygidial width ratio, a coarse ornamentation and notably short pleural spines. We here propose, that the identification of this latter subspecies is thus only applicable when the pygidium is attached to the thorax and cephalon. The articulated specimens of Pa. davidis davidis figured by Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978: pl. 3, figs 1, 2) have poorly preserved cephala and pygidia; their assignment to any species is here suggested questionable. Pygidial variations identified in Pa. davidis, as described by Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978), are herein interpreted as an intraspecific variation. The coarse ornamentation described byBergström & Levi-Setti (1978) is not identified in all specimens assigned to Pa. davidis brevispinus (e.g., Bergström & Levi-Setti 1978: pl. 10, fig. 6), while it is visible on the thorax on their pl. 8, fig. 8, assigned to Pa. davidis trapezopyge. The presence, or absence of ornamentation is therefore here interpreted as either an intraspecific variation or a matter of preservation. The short pleural spines are not as notable as mentioned by Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978) and are consequently not considered to be a reliable diagnostic characteristic. Based on the here described 123 cranidia and only seven pygidia, none of them attached to the cephalon, we suggest that a division of Pa. davidis into subspecies is not applicable. Pa. davidis davidis figured by Morris & Fortey (1985: pl. 7, fig. 3) is a poorly preserved mould of a cephalon attached to the anterior portion of the thorax, crossed by several cracks. The S2 furrow apparently is aligned parallel to the S1 furrow, which does not match the diagnosis of Pa. davidis. Based on the preservation and the shape of S2 the assignment to this species is questionable. Martin & Dean (1988) assigned their specimens to the subspecies Pa. davidis davidis but included all subspecies introduced by Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978) in their list of synonyms. The juvenile cranidium illustrated by Martin & Dean (1988) on plate 4, figure 4, has four glabellar furrows and eye lobes reaching from S4 to L1. These characteristics do not agree with the diagnosis of Pa. davidis which is characterised by two characteristic glabellar furrows. The specimen is here excluded from the genus. The nearly articulated specimens documented byWhittington (1992) as Pa. davidis trapezopyge match the characteristics of Pa. davidis and are here assigned to the species. Vaněk et al. (1999) discussed and figured specimens assigned to Plutonides hicksi (Salter, 1866b). The illustrated cranidia on plate 1, figures 1, 2 and 6, only have S1 and S2 furrows with the typical shape of those of Pa. davidis; they are here assigned to Pa. davidis. Specimens illustrated by Fletcher (2007) and Fletcher & Greene (2013) assigned to Paradoxides (Paradoxides) davidis davidis show the characteristics of Pa. davidis and are hence assigned to this species., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1067-1070, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["SALTER J. W. 1863. - On the discovery of Paradoxides in Britain. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 19 (1): 274 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1863.019.01 - 02.28","LINNARSSON G. 1882. - De undre Paradoxideslagren vid Andrarum. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 54: 1 - 48.","GRONWALL K. A. 1902. - Bornholms Paradoxideslag og deres fauna. Danmarks geologiske Undersogelse, II Raekke 13 (1): 1 - 230.","COBBOLD E. S. 1911. - Trilobites from the Paradoxides beds of Comley (Shropshire). The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 67 (3): 282 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1911.067.01 - 04.12","ILLING V. C. 1915. - The Paradoxidian fauna of a part of the Stockingford Shale. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 71 (1 - 4): 386 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1915.071.01 - 04.17","LAKE P. 1935. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 9. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 88: 197 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1935.12035634","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1952. - The stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of the Cambrian sedimentary rocks of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 263: 1 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 101599","HUPE P. 1955. - Classification des trilobites. Annales de Paleontologie 41: 91 - 345.","FLETCHER T. P. 1972 b. - Geology and Lower to Middle Cambrian Trilobite Faunas of the Southwest Avalon, Newfoundland, Part Two, Palaeontology & Bibliography. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 294 p.","WHITTINGTON H. B. 1992. - Trilobites. Boydell Press, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 145 p.","MORRIS S. F. & FORTEY R. A. 1985. - Catalogue of the Type and Figured Specimens of Trilobita in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), Great Britain, London, 183 p.","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855","FLETCHER T. P. & GREENE B. A. 2013. - An unusual mid-Cambrian faunule from St. John's Island, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50 (5): 503 - 518. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2012 - 0119","VANEK J., VALICEK J. & VOKAC V. 1999. - Plutonides hicksi (Salter) from the Middle Cambrian of Skryje-Tyrovice are (Czech Republic). Palaeontologia Bohemiae 5 (6): 36 - 38.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","REES A., THOMAS A., LEWIS M., HUGHES H. & TURNER P. 2014. - Cambrian of Sw Wales: towards a united Avalonian Stratigraphy. Memoirs of the Geological Society London 42: 1 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / m 42.0","HOWELL B. F. 1925. - The faunas of the Cambrian Paradoxides Beds at Manuels, Newfoundland. Bulletins of American Paleontology 11 (43): 1 - 140. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30406756","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","SALTER J. W. 1864 a. - On some new fossils from the Lingula-flags of Wales. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 20: 233 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1864.020.01 - 02.33","WESTERGARD A. H. 1953. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 3. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 526 (2): 1 - 59.","BRONGNIART A. 1822. - Les Trilobites, in BRONGNIART A. & DESMAREST A. - G. (eds), Histoire naturelle des crustaces fossiles, sous les rapports zoologiques et geologiques. F. - G. Levrault, Paris and Strasbourg: 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66799","SALTER J. W. 1866 b. - On the fossils of North Wales, in RAMSAY A. C. & SALTER J. W. (eds), The Geology of North Wales. Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London: 239 - 381."]}

Clarella venusta (Billings, 1872) (Fig. 16) Anapolenus venustus Billings, 1872: 474-476, fig.11;1874: 73, 74, fig.42. Clarella venusta – Hutchinson 1962: 111, 112, pl. 17, figs 7-10. — Martin & Dean 1988: 19, pl. 1, fig. 13. — Whittington et al. 1997: figs 308.1a, b. — Fletcher 2006: pl. 34, fig. 11 (partim). LECTOTYPE. — Specimen GSC No. 284a, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, designated as lectotype by Whittington et al. (1997). From Chapel Arm, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, Canada. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella not reaching anterior margin; L4 short; eye lobes from L1 to S4; pygidium with two pairs of short marginal spines. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Three cranidia of Clarella venusta (NFM F-3069; NFM F-3548; NFM F-3657). All specimens range between 16.25 and 16.27 m (Fig. 2) within the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Clarella venusta is rare in the middle Cambrian and only reported from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides hicksi and Paradoxides davidis zones (Hutchinson 1962; Martin & Dean 1988; Fletcher 2006). DESCRIPTION The cranidium (NFM F-3096) is 22.2 mm in width and 15.8 mm in length. The width of the glabella is 10.3 mm and the length is 10.8 mm. Due to the preservation of NFM F-3548; NFM F-3657 a solid measurment was not possible. The three cranidia are preserved as one disarticulated internal cast and two moulds. REMARKS The cranidium of Clarella venusta is similar to Clarella impar (Hicks, 1872). The palpebral lobes of C. venusta are narrower and curved more sigmoidally than those of C. impar (Cook, 1997). The librigena illustrated by Fletcher (2006: pl. 34, fig. 12) is disarticulated and its suture of the librigena does not match that of C. venusta. It is here excluded from the species., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1075, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["BILLINGS E. 1872. - On some fossils from the primordial rocks of Newfoundland. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science 6: 465 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38279","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","WHITTINGTON H. B., CHATTERTON B. D. E., SPEYER S. E., FORTEY R. A., OWENS R. M., CHANG W. T., DEAN W. T., JELL P. A., LAURIE J. R., PALMER A. R., REPINA L. N., RUSHTON A. W. A., SHERGOLD J. H., CLARKSON E. N. K., WILMONT N. V. & KELLY S. R. A., 1997. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 530 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","HICKS H. 1872. - On some undescribed fossils from the Menevian Group. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 28 (1): 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1872.028.01 - 02.17","COOK A. F. 1997. - Temporary exposure of the Middle Cambrian, Warwickshire, England. Geological Magazine 114 (1): 33 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800043405"]}

Bailiella aequalis (Linnarsson, 1882) (Fig. 8) Conocoryphe aequalis Linnarsson, 1882: 25, 26, pl. 4, figs 12-15. — Grönwall 1902: 92, pl. 1, fig. 22. Conocoryphe (C.) aequalis – Cobbold 1913: 32, pl. 3, figs 18a-c (?). Bailiella aequalis – Westergård 1950: 28, 29, pl. 5, fig. 13; pl. 6, figs 1-3. — Rudolph 1994: 191, pl. 23, figs 6, 7 (?). — Sdzuy 2000: 308, pl. 3, figs 11-15; pl. 7, figs 4-6 (?). Bailiella aff. aequalis – Šnajdr 1958: 166, pl. 35, figs 1-5. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen originally figured by Linnarsson (1882: pl. 14, fig. 12) and designated as lectotype by Westergård (1950). From the Ptychagnostus puntuosus Zone, lower portion, Andrarum, Scania, Sweden. DIAGNOSIS. — Cranidium width/length ratio of c. 2/1; anterior margin narrow; occipital ring without node; packed coarse granulose ornamentation, grains with flattened to impressed top (based on Linnarsson 1882, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One cranidium of Bailiella aequalis (NFM F-3811). Collected at 5.90 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Bailiella aequalis is a rare middle Cambrian species (Westergård 1950), which is here documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides hicksi Zone (Fig. 2). It is also reported from United Kingdom, England (Cobbold 1913), Sweden (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone; Westergård 1950), Denmark in Bornholm (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone; Rudolph 1994) and Germany (Sdzuy 2000). DESCRIPTION The cranidium is 40.0 mm wide and 21.0 mm long. The glabella is 11.0 mm wide and 12.0 mm long. It is very wellpreserved as an internal cast, with an anterior margin that appears to be folded backwards. REMARKS Bailiella aequalis is closely related to Bailiella tenuicincta (Linnarsson, 1879), but differs by a shorter preglabellar area and packed granulose ornamentation. The ornamentation of B.tenuicincta is fine granulose with scattered grains (Linnarsson 1882). According to Linnarsson (1882) B. aequalis lacks a node on the occipital ring, differing from B. tenuicincta in which this node is present (Linnarsson 1879). Cobbold (1913) described B. aequalis based on six cranidia of which one was illustrated. He mentioned that these specimens were collected from a coarse sediment and that fine structures might therefore not be preserved.However,the shape of outline as well as the width/length ratio (c. 1.5/1) of the illustrated incomplete cranidium on his plate 3, figure 18a, does not match B. aequalis. We therefore regard the assignment as questionable. A pygidium illustrated by Rudolph (1994: pl. 23, fig. 7) as B. aequalis is doubtful as no diagnosis is known to us for the pygidium of this species. Sdzuy (2000) described and figured several cranidia of B. aequalis. As he also mentioned the fragment of a fixed cheek on plate 3, figure15, cannot definitely be assigned to the species and hence the assignment is here considered questionable., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1063-1064, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["LINNARSSON G. 1882. - De undre Paradoxideslagren vid Andrarum. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 54: 1 - 48.","GRONWALL K. A. 1902. - Bornholms Paradoxideslag og deres fauna. Danmarks geologiske Undersogelse, II Raekke 13 (1): 1 - 230.","COBBOLD E. S. 1913. - Two Species of Paradoxides from Neve's Castle (Shropshire). The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 69: 45 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1913.069.01 - 04.05","WESTERGARD A. H. 1950. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 2. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 511 (9): 1 - 32.","RUDOLPH F. 1994. - Die Trilobiten der mittelkambrischen Geschiebe: Systematik, Morphologie und Okologie. Verlag Frank Rudolph, Wankendorf, 309 p.","SDZUY K. 2000. - Das Kambrium des Frankenwaldes, 3. Lippertsgruner Schichten und ihre Fauna. Senckenbergiana lethaea 79 (2): 301 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03043644","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","LINNARSSON G. 1879. - Om faunan i kalken med Conocoryphe exsulans (\" Coronatuskalken \"). Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 35: 1 - 31."]}

Jincella ? applanata (Hicks in Salter & Hicks, 1869) (Fig. 6) Conocoryphe applanata Hicks in Salter & Hicks, 1869: 53, 54, pl. 2, figs 1, 2, 4, 5. Solenopleura applanata – Reed 1900: 252, 257. — Illing 1915: 432, pl. 37, figs 8, 9. — Nicholas 1915: 463, 464, pl. 39, figs 8, 9 (?). — Lake 1931: 137-139, pl. 17, figs 2-12. — Cobbold & Pocock 1934: 365, pl. 43, fig. 1 (?). Solenopleura cf. applanata – Illing 1915: 433, pl. 37, fig. 10 (?). Parasolenopleura ? applanata – Martin & Dean 1988: 20, 21, pl. 1, fig. 14; pl. 3, figs 3, 6, 8, 14, 15. Bailiaspis venusta – Cotton 2001: pl. 4, fig. 7. Parasolenopleura applanata – Young et al. 2002: pl. 4, fig. x. Parasolenopleura cf. applanata – Young et al. 2002: pl. 4, fig. iv. Solenopleura cf. applanata –Rushton & Berg-Madsen 2002: 341, figs5d-f. Jincella applanata – Fletcher 2006: pl. 34, fig. 36. Brunswicki (Jincella) applanata – Fletcher 2007: 50, 51, figs 7C- G, K-M, T. Solenopleura ? applanata – Weidner & Nielsen 2014: 82, 83, figs 50 A-I. SYNTYPES. — Specimen BGS 7004 (British Geological Survey, Keyworth, United Kingdom) originally figured by Salter & Hicks (1869), counterpart BGS 7005 figured by Lake (1931) and SM A 271, A 3238 and A 3248 (Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom). All syntypes were identified by Weidner & Nielsen (2014). From the Menevian of Port-y-rhaw, St. David’s, Wales. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella parabolic, with three pairs of furrows; preglabellar field less wide than the associated anterior border; surface finely granulated with scattered granules (based on Salter & Hicks 1869; Fletcher 2007, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 355 cranidia of Jincella ? applanata (for NFM numbers see Appendix 1). Three are attached to the thorax and one has one librigena attached (NFM F-3595). The specimens are well to very well-preserved as internal casts and moulds. Some are pyritized. All specimens range between 4.44 and 16.67 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURENCE. — Jincella ? applanata is documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Tomagnostus fissus, Ptychagnostus atavus, Paradoxides hicksi and Paradoxides davidis zones (Martin & Dean 1988; Fletcher 2006, 2007). It has also been reported from the United Kingdom in Wales (Salter & Hicks 1869; Nicholas 1915; Young et al. 2002) and England (Tomagnostus fissus to Solenopleura brachymetop zones and Ptychagnostus atavus Zone; Illing 1915; Rushton & Berg-Madsen 2002), and from Denmark (Acidusus atavus Zone; Weidner & Nielsen 2014). DESCRIPTION The size of the cranidium ranges from 3.5 mm to 16.0 mm width and from 2.1 mm to 12.0 mm length, while the cranidial shape varies from rounded to trapezoidal. In some rounded shaped cranidia the fixigena in front of the glabella are separated by a shallow depression from each other. Eye ridges are faint and frequently even absent in specimens with preserved ornamentation. Some moulds and occasional internal casts show vein-like markings in front of the eye ridges. One specimen (NFM F-3595) is preserved with an attached librigena, also showing vein-like markings on the cranidium and the librigena. The glabella is always more domed than the cheeks. The posterior pair of glabellar furrows bend down slightly towards the occipital ring. The second pair of furrows only reaches half the length of the posterior ones and parallels these. The anterior pair is shortest and crosses the glabella more horizontally. Some specimens show a small node on the occipital ring. Where preserved, ornamentation consists of more or less densely packed scattered granules on the cephalon, and scattered granules on the thorax. REMARKS Jincella ? applanata was first assigned to the genus Conocoryphe Hawle & Corda, 1847, by Salter & Hicks (1869). Reed (1900) discussed Conocoryphe and concluded that J.? applanata was better assigned to Solenopleura Angelin, 1854. Subsequent authors assigned the species to Parasolenopleura Westergård, 1953 (Martin & Dean 1988; Young et al. 2002), Jincella Šnajdr, 1957 (Álvaro et al. 2004; Fletcher 2006), or Brunswickia (Jincella) Šnajdr, 1957 (Fletcher 2007). Martin & Dean (1988) and Weidner & Nielsen (2014) marked the genus with a question mark, which reflects the uncertainty regarding the generic ranking. As pointed out by Rushton & Berg-Madsen (2002), Fletcher (2007) and Weidner & Nielsen (2014), among other authors, note that the family is in need for a revision. Therefore, the present material is here provisionally assigned to the genus Jincella. Regarding the authorship of the species, it is remarkable that several authors (e.g., Illing 1915; Lake 1931; Fletcher 2007) attribute it to Salter. In Salter & Hicks (1869), a H.H. abbreviation following the description of J.? applanata clarifies that Henry Hicks has written this part. Consequently, the correct authorship must be J.? applanata (Hicks in Salter & Hicks, 1869) as done by Weidner & Nielsen (2014). Illing (1915) figured one juvenile cranidium assigned to J.? applanata. The image on pl. 37, fig. 10, is overexposed and the assignment therefore questionable. Nicholas (1915) presented drawings of two cranidia, both attached to the thorax. In his plate 39, figures 8, 9, the preglabellar area is relatively wide. This is unlike the diagnosis of J.? applanata, therefore the assignment is considered as questionable. Lake (1931) presented drawings of specimens previously figured by Salter & Hicks (1869), Nicholas (1915) and Illing (1915). These drawings show a preglabellar area wider than in the original figures. As Lakes’ (1931) description matches J.? applanata, the wider preglabellar area is here considered to be a matter of uncertainty in the author’s drawings. Cobbold & Pocock (1934) listed measurements of one illustrated specimen. The drawing of the cranidium has a wide preglabellar area and the eyes are situated close to the glabella. This does not match the characteristic short preglabellar area and the range of cranidial outlines known from J.? applanata. Therefore, the specieslevel assignment is questionable. Cotton (2001) figured one cranidium assigned to Bailiaspis venusta Resser, 1937, without presenting a description. However, the figured specimen has eyes and can therefore not be assigned to Bailiaspis, nor to its family Conocoryphidae Angelin, 1854. Instead, it matches J.? applanata and is here assigned to this species., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1060-1062, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["SALTER J. W. & HICKS H. 1869. - On some fossils from the \" Menevian Group \". The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 25 (1): 51 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1868.024.01 - 02.61","REED F. R. C. 1900. - On the British species of the genus Conocoryphe, Woodwardian Museum Notes, 4. Geological Magazine 7 (6): 250 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800176885","ILLING V. C. 1915. - The Paradoxidian fauna of a part of the Stockingford Shale. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 71 (1 - 4): 386 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1915.071.01 - 04.17","NICHOLAS T. C. 1915. - Notes on the trilobite fauna of the Middle Cambrian of the St. Tudwal's Peninsula (Carnarvonshire). The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 71 (3): 451 - 472. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1915.071.01 - 04.18","LAKE P. 1931. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 6. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 83: 121 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1931.12035616","COBBOLD E. S. & POCOCK R. W. 1934. - The Cambrian area of Rushton (Shropshire). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 223: 305 - 409. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1934.0008","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","COTTON T. J. 2001. - The phylogeny and systematics of blind Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobites. Palaeontology 44 (1): 167 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00176","YOUNG T. P., GIBBONS W. & MCCARROLL D. 2002. - Geology of the country around Pwllheli. The Stationery Office, London, 151 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","ANGELIN N. P. 1854. - Palaeontologia Scandinavica, Pars II: Crustacea Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 92 p.","WESTERGARD A. H. 1953. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 3. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 526 (2): 1 - 59.","SNAJDR M. 1957. - O novych trilobitech z ceskeho kambria. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 32: 235 - 244.","ALVARO J. J., VIZCAINO D., KORDULE V., FATKA O. & PILLOLA G. L. 2004. - Some solenopleurine trilobites from the Languedocian (Late Mid Cambrian) of Western Europe. Geobios 37: 135 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2003.03.009","RESSER C. E. 1937. - New species of Cambrian trilobites of the family Conocoryphidae. Journal of Paleontology 11 (1): 39 - 42."]}

Genus Meneviella Stubblefield, 1951 Meneviella Stubblefield, 1951: 213. — Type species: Erinnys venulosa Hicks, 1872, by monotypy. Erinnys Hicks, 1872: 177. — Type species: Erinnys venulosa Hicks, 1872, by monotypy (Hicks 1872). Salteria – Walcott 1884: 31. Menevia – Lake 1938: 270-272. DIAGNOSIS. — Body elongate; micropygous; cephalon semicircular, wide and convex; fixigena meet in front of glabella; eye ridges at anterior third of glabella, tapering away; pair of librigenal spines; thorax of 25 segments or more with narrowing axis; pygidium small, axis tapering (based on Harrington et al. 1959, with modifications). REMARKS Hicks (1872) first described Erinnys venulosa. The name Erinnys was occupied by Schrank & Schrank (1801) who named a genus of butterflies Erynnis. Walcott (1884) recognized the circumstances and renamed the genus Salteria in honour of Salter. However, Salteria was already in use for another trilobite described by Thomson (1864), which was mentioned by Lake (1938). Lake (1938) gave the name Menevia to the genus, but this name was preoccupied by Schaus (1928). Stubblefield (1951) introduced Meneviella as a new generic name, which is still recognized today., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1065, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["STUBBLEFIELD C. J. 1951. - New names for the trilobite genera Menevia Lake and Psilocephalus Salter. Geological Magazine 88 (3): 213 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800069272","HICKS H. 1872. - On some undescribed fossils from the Menevian Group. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 28 (1): 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1872.028.01 - 02.17","WALCOTT C. D. 1884. - On the Cambrian faunas of North America: preliminary studies. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 10: 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38396","LAKE P. 1938. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 11. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 91: 249 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1938.12035656","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","SCHRANK F. & SCHRANK P. 1801. - Vorlaufige Abhandlung. Betrachtungen uber die Verwandlungen der Insekten, die Lehre der Einschachtelung, und die Erzeugung organischer Korper. Fauna Boica - Durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baiern einheimischen und zahmen Thiere 2: 274 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35751042","THOMSON P. W. 1864. - British fossils. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom 11: 1 - 5. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45185852","SCHAUS W. 1928. - 10. Familie Mimallonidae, in SEITZ A. (ed.), Die Grossschmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes, 6. Band, Die Amerikanischen Spinner und Schwarmer. Alfred Kern Verlag, Stuttgart: 635 - 673. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 56064676"]}

Acontheus inarmatus Hutchinson, 1962 (Fig. 17) Acontheus inarmatus Hutchinson, 1962: 109, pl. 16, figs 8a, b, 9. Acontheus inarmatus minutus Sdzuy, 2000: 307, pl. 3, figs 1-5 (partim). — Geyer 2010: unnamed plate p. 84, fig. 7. — Heuse et al. 2010: fig. 4.16. HOLOTYPE. — Specimen no. GSC No. 12053, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, by original designation, from the Manuels River Formation on the north shore of Highland Cove, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, Canada. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella expands anteriorly up to three times wider than posterior part; faint glabellar furrows; rounded, inflated fixigenae; rounded genal angle; punctuate exoskeleton. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 14 cranidia of Acontheus inarmatus (for NFM numbers seeAppendix 1). All specimens range between 15.63 and 16.67 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Acontheus inarmatus is a rare middle Cambrian taxon, reported from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides davidis Zone (Hutchinson 1962). It has further been documented from Germany (Sdzuy 2000). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 1.4 mm to 4.1 mm in width and from 1.3 mm to 3.9 mm in length. The cranidia are well-preserved as internal casts and moulds. The glabella is more domed than the cheeks and glabellar furrows are faintly preserved in two specimens (NFM F-3143 and NFM F-3659). The specimens have a smooth to slightly punctuate surface and none has the exoskeleton preserved.Two specimens bear an occipital node (NFM F-3211 and NFM F-3701) and three are pyritized. REMARKS Sdzuy (2000) introduced Acontheus inarmatus minutus based on a smoother exoskeleton than in Hutchinson’s (1962) specimens and a slightly differing occipital ring. Sdzuy (2000) acknowledged that these differences in eight cranidia and one pygidium, may have resulted from poor preservation of his specimens. We also refer to these differences as preservational and the result of intraspecific variation and assign Ac. inarmatus minutus as a synonym. The pygidium figured by Sdzuy (2000: pl. 3, fig. 6) does not match the characteristics of Acontheus and is here excluded from the genus. Geyer (2010) and Heuse et al. (2010) followed Sdzuy (2000) in applying the subspecies and illustrated both one of Sdzuy’s (2000) cranidia. The cranidia show the characteristics of Ac. inarmatus, so the specimens are here assigned to the species., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1076, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","SDZUY K. 2000. - Das Kambrium des Frankenwaldes, 3. Lippertsgruner Schichten und ihre Fauna. Senckenbergiana lethaea 79 (2): 301 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03043644","GEYER G. 2010. - Cambrian and lowermost Ordovician of the Franconian Forest, in FATKA O. & BUDIL P. (eds), The 15 th Field Conference of the Cambrian Stage Subdivision Working Group, Abstracts and Excursion Guide. Czech Geological Suvey, Prague: 78 - 92.","HEUSE T., BLUMENSTENGEL H., ELICKI O., GEYER G., HANSCH W., MALETZ J., SARMIENTO G. N. & WEYER D. 2010. - Biostratigraphy - The faunal province of the southern margin of the Rheic Ocean, in LINNEMANN U. & ROMER R. L. (eds), Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia - From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart: 99 - 170."]}

Genus Jincella Šnajdr, 1957 Jincella Šnajdr, 1957: 241. TYPE SPECIES. — Solenopleura prantli Růžička, 1946, by original designation. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella bluntly conical, not reaching frontal border; three pairs of shallow glabellar furrows; arched preglabellar area; arched cephalic border, widest in front of cranidium; ornamentation covering cranidium except for furrows and palpebral lobes; occipital ring with small node; thorax of 14 segments; pygidium small, with four to five rings on axis (based on Šnajdr 1957, 1958; Álvaro et al. 2004, with modifications). REMARKS The genus Jincella is closely related to the genus Solenopleura Angelin, 1854. Jincella has variously been treated as a junior synonym of Solenopleura (e.g., Rushton & Berg-Madsen 2002), while other authors (e.g., Geyer 1998; Álvaro et al. 2004) separated the two based on the relative convexity of the glabella, fixigenae, anterior border and eye lobes. Ornamentation is another reliable diagnostic characteristic in Jincella, even though this has been questioned by Fletcher (2007), who ranked Jincella as a subgenus to Brunswickia Howell, 1937. Based on the original description of Howell (1937) and images of the specimens assigned to the genus Brunswickia, the shape of the cranidium in Brunswickia is narrower than that of Jincella. We here follow Álvaro et al. (2004) and interpret the presence of ornamentation of Jincella as a diagnostic characteristic. We therefore maintain the separation of Jincella from Brunswickia and Solenopleura and treat the genus as a member of Solenopleuridae, thus following e.g., Harrington et al. (1959), Courtessole (1973), Geyer (1998) and Álvaro et al. (2004)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1060, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["SNAJDR M. 1957. - O novych trilobitech z ceskeho kambria. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 32: 235 - 244.","RUZICKA R. 1946. - O nekterych vyznacnych trilobitech skryjskeho kambria. Vestnik Kralovske ceske spolecnosti nauk, Trida Mathematicko- Prirodovedecka: 1 - 26.","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","ALVARO J. J., VIZCAINO D., KORDULE V., FATKA O. & PILLOLA G. L. 2004. - Some solenopleurine trilobites from the Languedocian (Late Mid Cambrian) of Western Europe. Geobios 37: 135 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2003.03.009","ANGELIN N. P. 1854. - Palaeontologia Scandinavica, Pars II: Crustacea Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 92 p.","GEYER G. 1998. - Intercontinental, trilobite-based correlation of the Moroccan early Middle Cambrian. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35 (4): 374 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 97 - 127","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855","HOWELL B. F. 1937. - Cambrian Centropleura vermontensis fauna of northwestern Vermont. Geological Society of America Bulletin 48 (8): 1147 - 1210. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / Gsab- 48 - 1147","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","COURTESSOLE R. 1973. - Le Cambrien moyen de la Montagne Noire: Biostratigraphie. Laboratoire de Geologie CEARN de la Faculte des Sciences de Toulouse, Toulouse, 248 p."]}

Genus Plutonides Hicks, 1895 Plutonides Hicks, 1895: 230, 231. — Type species: Plutonia sedgwickii Hicks, 1871, designated by Whittington et al. (1997). Plutonia Hicks, 1869: 69. — Type species: Plutonia sedgwickii Hicks, 1871, by monotypy. Paradoxides (Mawddachites) Fletcher, 2007: 47. — Type species: Paradoxides hicksii Salter, 1866b, by original designation (Fletcher 2007). DIAGNOSIS. — Surface ornamented; glabella widest at S4 furrow, frontal margin bluntly pointed; S2 to S4 present; palpebral lobes oblique, extending from S1 to S4; posterior section of facial suture sigmoidal; thorax with 19 segments; pygidium with one axial ring (based on Hicks 1869; Whittington et al. 1997, with modifications). REMARKS Plutonia was first described by Hicks (1869) but the name Plutonia was used by Stabile (1864) for a genus of Mollusca. Therefore, Hicks (1895) renamed the genus Plutonides which is still recognized today. Fletcher (2007) introduced the subgenus Paradoxides (Mawddachites) based on ‘ Paradoxides hicksii ’ as type species. His diagnosis only includes Pl. hicksii. Diagnostic characteristics presented by the author included a glabella widest at S4, deep S1 to S4 furrows, palpebral lobes extending from the base of L5 to S1, a pygidium almost circular in outline and an exoskeleton ornamented with fine anastomosing venation or granulation. These characteristics match those given byWhittington et al. (1997) for Plutonides, e.g. the characteristic glabella widening to L4, well defined S2 to S4 furrows, palpebral lobes from L1 or S1 to S4, pygidium subhexagonal and a coarsely granulose surface with meshlike pattern of fine, anastomosing ridges. We therefore interpret Paradoxides (Mawddachites) as a synonym of Plutonides. The distinctly narrow occipital ring and the relatively narrow librigena extending backward into a long curving spine, as mentioned by Fletcher (2007) for Pa. (Mawddachites), are here considered not to be diagnostic. Hicks (1869) already mentioned a close relationship between Plutonides and Paradoxides, but the author still referred to Plutonides as differing by its ornamentation of tubercles, unusual position of the eye suture and straight thoracic pleurae. Fletcher et al. (2005) ranked Plutonides as subgenus of Paradoxides, but this view is not followed here. Plutonides does not have a transglabellar S2 furrow, which is characteristic for Paradoxides. Other diagnostic differences in Plutonides are a shorter palpebral lobe and a bluntly pointed frontal margin compared to a rounded in Paradoxides. They clearly mark the separation of the genus Plutonides from Paradoxides., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1070, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HICKS H. 1895. - On the genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian rocks of St. David's. Geological Magazine 2 (5): 230 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800121193","HICKS H. 1871. - Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Longmynd rocks of St. David's. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 27 (1): 399 - 404. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35591090","WHITTINGTON H. B., CHATTERTON B. D. E., SPEYER S. E., FORTEY R. A., OWENS R. M., CHANG W. T., DEAN W. T., JELL P. A., LAURIE J. R., PALMER A. R., REPINA L. N., RUSHTON A. W. A., SHERGOLD J. H., CLARKSON E. N. K., WILMONT N. V. & KELLY S. R. A., 1997. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 530 p.","HICKS H. 1869. - On some recent discoveries of fossils in the Cambrian rocks. Conference Proceedings of the Report of the Thirtyeighth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Norwich 38: 68 - 69. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29388265","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855","SALTER J. W. 1866 b. - On the fossils of North Wales, in RAMSAY A. C. & SALTER J. W. (eds), The Geology of North Wales. Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London: 239 - 381.","STABILE J. 1864. - Mollusques terrestres vivants du Piemont. Atti della Societa Italiana si Scienze Naturali 7: 1 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12997","FLETCHER T. P., THEOKRITOFF G., LORD G. S. & ZEOLI G. 2005. - The early paradoxidid harlani trilobite fauna of Massachusetts and its correlatives in Newfoundland, Morocco, and Spain. Journal of Paleontology 79 (2): 312 - 336. https: // doi. org / bdcjsg"]}

Genus Agraulos Hawle & Corda, 1847 Agraulos Hawle & Corda, 1847: 26, 27. — Type species: Arion ceticephalus Barrande, 1846, designated by Miller (1889). Arion Barrande, 1846: 12, 13. — Type species: Arion ceticephalus Barrande, 1846, by monotypy (Barrande 1846). Arionides – Barrande 1847: 391. Herse Hawle & Corda, 1847: 19. — Type species: Herse neubergii Hawle & Corda, 1847, by monotypy (Hawle & Corda 1847). Arionellus – Barrande 1852b: 404. DIAGNOSIS. — Cranidium parabolic and domed; exoskeleton thick; glabella domed, equal-sided to trapezoidal; preglabellar field long; thorax of 16 segments (based onLake 1932; Harrington et al. 1959; Fletcher 2017, with modifications). REMARKS The genus was first described by Barrande (1846) as Arion. As the name Arion was occupied by a genus of gastropods, Hawle & Corda (1847) renamed the trilobite Arion to Agraulos. Barrande (1847) corrected his mistake and renamed the genus to Arionides. Barrande (1852b) re-renamed the genus to Arionellus, as in his opinion Arionides might still be challenged by other authors. He rejected Agraulos Hawle & Corda (1847) as he found the name too similar to Agraulis, a genus of butterflies. Nevertheless, Pompeckj (1896) and Lake (1932) stated that a similarity of names, i.e. Agraulos and Agraulis, was not an adequate reason to reject the name given by Hawle & Corda (1947). Therefore, Agraulos is now the name established for this genus. Lake (1932) mentioned that Hawle & Corda (1847) described juvenile forms of Agraulos as the new genus Herse. The genus Agraulos is closely related to Skreiaspis Růžička, 1946, but differs by a longer preglabellar field (Harrington et al. 1959). Agraulos is here included in the family Agraulidae Howell, 1937, following e.g., Harrington et al. (1959), Martin & Dean (1988), Jell & Adrain (2002), Bentley & Jago (2004) and Weidner & Nielsen (2014). The limiting of Agraulidae to a subfamily of the family Solenopleuridae Angelin, 1854, as proposed by Fletcher (2017), is not followed herein. This latter author suggested that the same characters that support Agraulidae, as defined by Bentley & Jago (2004), are also seen in Parasolenopleura aculeata (Angelin, 1851), the reference species of the Solenopleuridae.However, the Solenopleuridae has a deep occipital furrow and a narrow border (Harrington et al. 1959), which differ from a weakly to effaced occipital furrow and presence of a preglabellar field, as characteristically seen in the Agraulidae (Harrington et al. 1959; Bentley & Jago 2004)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1055-1056, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","BARRANDE J. 1846. - Notice preliminaire sur le systeme silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 96 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9142","MILLER S. A. 1889. - North American Geology and Paleontology for the Use of Amateurs, Students, and Scientists. Western Methodist book concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 793 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28778","BARRANDE J. 1847. - Uber das Hypostoma und Epistoma, zwei analoge, aber verschiedene Organe der Trilobiten. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde 1847: 385 - 399. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36376006","BARRANDE J. 1852 b. - Systeme silurien du Centre de la Boheme. 1 ere Partie: Texte. Crustaces: Trilobites. Recherches paleontologiques 1: 1 - 935. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 57395510","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2017. - Agraulos ceticephalus and other Cambrian Trilobites in the subfamily Agraulinae from Bohemia, Newfoundland and Wales. Papers in Palaeontology 3 (2): 175 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1071","POMPECKJ J. F. 1896. - Das Kambrium von Tejrovic und Skrej in Bohmen. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 94: 498 - 614. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35578547","LAKE P. 1932. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 7. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 84: 149 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1932.12035620","RUZICKA R. 1946. - O nekterych vyznacnych trilobitech skryjskeho kambria. Vestnik Kralovske ceske spolecnosti nauk, Trida Mathematicko- Prirodovedecka: 1 - 26.","HOWELL B. F. 1937. - Cambrian Centropleura vermontensis fauna of northwestern Vermont. Geological Society of America Bulletin 48 (8): 1147 - 1210. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / Gsab- 48 - 1147","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","JELL P. A. & ADRAIN J. M. 2002. - Available generic names for trilobites. Memoirs-Queensland Museum 48 (2): 331 - 552. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 52968716","BENTLEY C. J. & JAGO J. B. 2004. - Wuaniid trilobites of Australia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 30: 179 - 191.","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","ANGELIN N. P. 1854. - Palaeontologia Scandinavica, Pars II: Crustacea Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 92 p.","ANGELIN N. P. 1851. - Palaeontologia Svecica, Pars I: Iconographia Crustaceorum Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 24 p."]}

Bailiella tenuicincta (Linnarsson, 1879) (Fig. 9) Conocoryphe tenuicincta Linnarsson, 1879: 18, 19, pl. 2, figs 23-25. Bailiella tenuicincta – Westergård 1950: 26, 27, pl. 5, figs 6a-d, 7a, b, 8a, b, 9 (?). — Hutchinson 1962: 105, 106, pl. 15, figs. 3, 4a- d. — Rudolph 1990: 19, text-fig. 4; 1994: 192, 193, pl. 23, fig. 3 (?). — Weidner & Nielsen 2014: 74, fig. 43B. Bailiella aff. B. tenuicincta – Martin & Dean 1988: 19, pl. 2, figs 7, 12. Bailiella cf. tenuicincta – Chirivella Martorell et al. 2015: 177, figs 4A-I; p. 179, figs 5A, B. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen no. SGU 4524, Swedish Geological Survey (Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning), Uppsala, Sweden, originally figured in Linnarsson (1879) and designated as lectotype by Westergård (1950). From the Exsulans Limestone Bed, Tomagnostus gibbus Zone, Gislöv, on the shore 1 km south of Brantevik, Scania, Sweden. DIAGNOSIS. — Anterior margin narrow; glabella with three pairs of shallow to faint furrows; occipital ring with node; dense fine granulose ornamentation with scattered small granules (based on Linnarsson 1879, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Four cranidia of Bailiella tenuicincta (NFM F-2972; NFM F-3168; NFM F-3169; NFM F-3200). All specimens range between 8.52 and 16.67 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Bailiella tenuicincta is a rare middle Cambrian taxon, documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides hicksi and Paradoxides davidis Zones (Hutchinson 1962; Martin & Dean 1988). The taxon also occurs in Sweden (Ptychagnostus (Triplagn.) gibbus Zone; Westergård 1950, 1953), Bornholm in Denmark, (Ptychagnostus (Triplagn.) gibbus Zone; Westergård 1950; Agnostus atavus Zone; Weidner & Nielsen, 2014) and Spain (upper Badulesia tenera to lower Badulesia granieri zones; Chirivella Martorell et al. 2015). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 7.0 mm to 34.0 mm in width and 4.4 mm to 18.0 mm in length, while the glabella varies from 2.5 to 10.0 mm in width and 2.8 to 10.5 mm in length. All specimens are well to very well-preserved internal casts. One specimen (NFM F-2972) has two to three pairs of faint glabellar furrows. Posterior pair is aligned towards the occipital ring. REMARKS The species is closely related to B. aequalis as discussed above. According to Weidner & Nielsen (2014) the stratigraphic range of B. tenuicincta is similar to that of Bailiella impressa (Linnarsson, 1879), from which it differs in having an evenly convex cranidium and shallow axial and border furrows. Westergård (1950) figured three cranidia and one pygidium. Granulation of the pygidium (Westergård 1950: pl. 5, fig. 9) corresponds to that of the cranidia and is therefore assigned to the species, but this assignment is here considered questionable. A cranidium illustrated by Rudolph (1990: 19, text-fig. 4) may correspond to B. tenuicincta, but the resolution of the image is too low to evaluate the assignment and is therefore questionable., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1064-1065, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["LINNARSSON G. 1879. - Om faunan i kalken med Conocoryphe exsulans (\" Coronatuskalken \"). Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 35: 1 - 31.","WESTERGARD A. H. 1950. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 2. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 511 (9): 1 - 32.","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","RUDOLPH F. 1990. - Bestimmungshilfen fur Geschiebesammler, 8. Trilobiten der Familie Conocoryphidae aus dem Exulans-Kalk. Geschiebekunde Aktuell 6 (1): 17 - 19.","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","CHIRIVELLA MARTORELL J. B., LINAN E., AHLBERG P. & GOZALO R. 2015. - A blind trilobite with Baltic affinities from Cambrian Series 3 of the Iberian Chains, Spain, and its stratigraphical and paleobiogeographical significance. GFF 137 (3): 175 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11035897.2015.1061593","WESTERGARD A. H. 1953. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 3. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 526 (2): 1 - 59."]}

Sao hirsuta Barrande, 1846 (Fig. 7) Sao hirsuta Barrande, 1846: 13. — Roemer 1876: pl. 1, figs 8a- e. — Woodward 1905: fig. 1. — Wurm 1928: 38, pl. 5, figs 11a, b; 1928: 38, figs 12a, b. — Whittington 1957: 937-940, pl. 115, figs 21, 22; pl. 116, figs 14-21; 1988: 591, 592, figs 13A-D; pl. 53, figs 5-7; 1992: pl. 35, figs A-I; pl. 36, figs A-D; pl. 37. — Šnajdr 1958: 205-214, figs 44.1-27, 45; pl. 42, figs 1-35; pl. 44, figs 1-25; pl. 45, figs 1-24 (see this work for further synonyms prior to 1958); 1990: 102, unnamed fig. p. 37; unnamed fig. upper right corner p. 45; unnamed fig. p. 103. — Harrington et al. 1959: figs 88A- I, 204.13a, b. — Horný & Bastl 1970: pl. 4, fig. 4. — Gil Cid 1982: 23, 24, figs 2a-e; pl. 1, figs 3-5. — Fatka 1990: unnamed fig. p. 16, unnamed fig. p. 17; 2011: figs 17.1-5, 7. — König 1992: pl. 1, fig. 3. — Gozalo et al. 1994: 48. — Sdzuy 2000: 310, pl. 5, figs 7-12. — Geyer 2010: 84, figs 12, 13. — Laibl 2012: 19-22, figs 6, 7; pl. 1, figs A-L; pl. 2, figs A-L; pl. 3, figs A-L; pl. 4, figs A-H; pl. 5, figs A-J; pl. 6, figs A-H; 2017: figs 4E-G. — Laibl et al. 2014: 297-302, figs 4A-L, 5A-L, 6A-F, 8A-F. — Fatka et al. 2015: fig. 4E. Sao aff. hirsuta – Gozalo et al. 1994: 48-50, pl. 1, figs 2-6; pl. 2, figs 1-5. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen NM L 12525 (former Br-184 from the SBNM collection Barrande), National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, originally figured by Barrande (1852a) and designated as the lectotype by Šnajdr (1958). From the Buchava Formation, Skreyje Member, Eccaparadoxides pusillus Zone from Skryje- Týřovice Basin, Bohemia, Czech Republic DIAGNOSIS. — As for the genus (Šnajdr 1958; Laibl et al. 2014). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One cranidium of Sao hirsuta (NFM F-3420).Collected at 15.68 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — This is the first report of Sao hirsuta from eastern Newfoundland, Canada, where it is documented from the Paradoxides davidis Zone (Fig. 2). Elsewhere, the species is known from Europe where it was documented from the Czech Republic (Eccaparadoxides pusillus Zone; e.g., Šnajdr 1958), Spain (Gil Cid 1982; Gozalo et al. 1994), and Germany (Wurm 1928; Sdzuy 2000). DESCRIPTION The cranidium is 7.9 mm wide and 5.4 mm long. The glabella is 3.0 mm wide and 3.3 mm long. It is well-preserved as an internal cast and partly covered with sediment. The longitudinal glabellar furrow is not straight axially but slightly tending to the left posterior end of the glabella. REMARKS The ontogenetic development of the genus Sao and its species Sao hirsuta is well known (Warburg 1925). According to Šnajdr (1990), S. hirsuta has 22 synonyms which is one of the largest number of synonyms. For detailed list of synonyms, discussion and description of the species see Šnajdr (1958). This work follows his conclusions except for the works mentioned and added above. Sao hirsuta is common in the Czech Republic (e.g., Šnajdr 1958)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1062-1063, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["BARRANDE J. 1846. - Notice preliminaire sur le systeme silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 96 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9142","ROEMER F. 1876. - Lethaea palaeozoica. Atlas. E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 62 p.","WOODWARD H. 1905. - Further Note on Cyclus Johnsoni, from the Coal-Measures near Dudley, Part 3. Geological Magazine 2 (11): 490 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 001675680012847 x","WURM A. 1928. - Ueber eine neue mittelcambrische Fauna aus dem bayrischen Frankenwald und ihre Bedeutung fur die Stratigraphie des alteren Palaozoikums. (Conocoryphe-Schichten von Lippertsgrun). Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie Geologie und Palaontologie 59: 31 - 47.","WHITTINGTON H. B. 1957. - Ontogeny of Elliptocephala, Paradoxides, Sao, Blainia and Triarthrus (Trilobita). Journal of Paleontology 31 (5): 934 - 946.","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","HORNY R. & BASTL F. 1970. - Type Specimens of Fossils in the National Museum Prague, Volume 1, Trilobita. Museum of National History, Prague, 354 p.","GIL CID M. D. 1982. - Los Solenopleuropsidae del Cambrico Medio de Zafra (Badajoz). Boletin Geologico y Minero 93 (1): 19 - 25.","FATKA O. 1990. - Das Kambrium von Skryje und Tyrovice, in WIEDER W. K. (ed). Klassissche Fundtsellen der Palaontologie. Band 2: 23. Fundgebiete und Aufschlusse in Danemark, Deutschland, England, Frankreich, Osterreich, Schweiz und Tschechoslowakei. Goldschenk-Verlag Korb, Germany: 12 - 17.","KONIG W. 1992. - Trilobiten aus Bohmen. Arbeitskreis Palaontologie, Hannover 20 (4): 77 - 83.","GOZALO R., LINAN E. & ALVARO J. J. 1994. - Trilobites de la Subfamilia Solenopleurapsinae Thoral, 1947 del Cambrico Medio de la Unidad de Alconera (Zona de Ossa-Morena, So de Espana). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Seccion Geologica 89: 43 - 54.","SDZUY K. 2000. - Das Kambrium des Frankenwaldes, 3. Lippertsgruner Schichten und ihre Fauna. Senckenbergiana lethaea 79 (2): 301 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03043644","GEYER G. 2010. - Cambrian and lowermost Ordovician of the Franconian Forest, in FATKA O. & BUDIL P. (eds), The 15 th Field Conference of the Cambrian Stage Subdivision Working Group, Abstracts and Excursion Guide. Czech Geological Suvey, Prague: 78 - 92.","LAIBL L. 2012. - Revize ontogeneze trilobita Sao hirsuta Barrande, 1846 z kambria Cr. Unpublished thesis, Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Prague, 61 p.","LAIBL L., FATKA O., CRONIER C. & BUDIL P. 2014. - Early ontogeny of the Cambrian trilobite Sao hirsuta from the Skryje-Tyrovice Basin, Barrandian area, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences 89 (2): 293 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 1438","FATKA O., BUDIL P., CRONIER C., CUVELIER J., LAIBL L., OUDOIRE T., POLECHOVA M. & FATKOVA L. 2015. - Cambrian fossils from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic) housed in the Musee d'Histoire naturelle de Lille. Carnets de geologie 15 (9): 89 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.4267 / 2042 / 56878","LINNARSSON G. 1882. - De undre Paradoxideslagren vid Andrarum. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 54: 1 - 48.","BARRANDE J. 1852 a. - Systeme silurien du Centre de la Boheme. 1 ere Partie: Planches. Crustaces: Trilobites. Recherches paleontologiques 1: 49 pls. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 47135930","WARBURG E. 1925. - The trilobites of the Leptaena Limestones in Dalarne. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala 17: 1 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800105886","SNAJDR M. 1990. - Bohemian Trilobites. Geological Survey, Prague, 265 p."]}

Genus Acontheus Angelin, 1851 Acontheus Angelin, 1851: 5. — Type species: Acontheus acutangulus Angelin, 1851, by original designation. Aneucanthus – Angelin 1851: X. Aneuacanthus – Barrande 1857: 17. DIAGNOSIS. — Cranidium with narrow margin; glabella expands anteriorly, extends to anterior margin; pygidium subelliptical; pygidial axis of three or four axial rings, not reaching pygidial margin; wide pleural furrows extend to border with marked posterior deflection (based on Angelin 1851; Jago et al. 2012, with modifications). REMARKS Angelin (1851) first described the genus Acontheus and renamed it in the same publication. He introduced the name Aneucanthus for the genus, but as this was preoccupied by the name of a snake, he renamed the trilobite Aconthias. Barrande (1857) used Aneuacanthus for the genus, which was also used by Lindström in the second edition of Angelin’s (1851) work that was revised and published asAngelin (1878). We suggest that Aneuacanthus was incorrectly spelled as Barrande (1857) used the name without any further discussion or explanation. According to Westergård (1950: 8) Acontheus can be distinguished from Aconthias and therefore the original name Acontheus is used herein., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1075-1076, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["ANGELIN N. P. 1851. - Palaeontologia Svecica, Pars I: Iconographia Crustaceorum Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 24 p.","BARRANDE J. 1857. - Parallele entre les depots siluriens de Boheme et de Scandinavie. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaft 5 (9): 1 - 67.","JAGO J. B., BENTLEY C. J. & COOPER R. A. 2012. - A Cambrian Series 3 (Guzhangian) fauna with Centropleura from Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 42: 15 - 35.","WESTERGARD A. H. 1950. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 2. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 511 (9): 1 - 32."]}

Agraulos ceticephalus (Barrande, 1846) (Figs 4; 5) Arion ceticephalus Barrande, 1846: 12, 13; 1852b: 405-412. Agraulos ceticephalus – Hawle & Corda 1847: 27; 1848: 143. — Miller 1889: 527. — Pompeckj 1896: 548, pl. 17, figs 12, 13. — Grönwall 1902: 158, 159, pl. 4, fig. 25. — Lorenz 1906: unnamed text fig. p. 67 upper right corner. — Walcott 1913: pl. 15, figs 1, 1a, b. — Wurm 1925: 87, 88, pl. 3, figs 16, 17. — Roch 1930: 132 (?). — Thoral 1935: 50, 51, pl. 3, fig. 12. — Prantl 1952: 262, 263, unnamed fig. p. 264. — Hupé 1953: fig. 120.1; 1955: fig. 96.2. — Šnajdr 1958: 174-177, fig. 37; pl. 36, figs 1-13; 1990: 106, unnamed fig. p. 107. — Horný & Bastl 1970: pl. 4, fig. 9. — Fletcher 1972b: pl. 69, figs 3, 4, 5a-c, 6, pl. 70, figs 1a, b, 2; 2006: pl. 34, fig. 35.; 2017: 11-19, figs 5G-I, 6A-P, 7A-S, 8A-E, H-L, 16B, J, L (partim). — Whittington 1988: 594, text-fig. 14, pl. 55, figs 2, 4, 5, 8, 9; 1992: pls 7, 51. — Fatka 1990: unnamed fig. p. 13 upper right corner; 2011: fig. 17.6. — Müller 1994: 529, fig. 619. — Rudolph 1994: 217, pl. 24, fig. 5. — Cotton 2001: pl. 2, figs 4, 5. — Fletcher et al. 2005: 330, 331, figs 11.1-7. — Fatka et al. 2015: figs 4C, G. Arionellus ceticephalus – Barrande 1852a: pl. 10, figs 6, 8-21; pl. 11, fig. 7 (partim). — de Verneuil & Barrande 1860: 526, 527, pl. 6, figs 13-17. — Gürich 1908: 19, pl. 5, fig. 2. Arionellus longicephalus Hicks, 1872: 176, pl. 5, figs 20-26. Agraulos longicephalus – Lake 1932: 157-159, pl. 20, figs 2, 7, 10. — Sdzuy 1961: 620-622, figs 32, 33. — Fletcher 1972b: pl. 68, figs 5a-d, 7-11; pl. 69, figs 1, 2; 2006: pl. 34, fig. 34; 2017: figs 22A, B. — Courtessole 1973: 138-140, pl. 10, figs 5, 6, 8-10; pl. 16, figs 12, 13. — Martin & Dean 1988: 21, 22, pl. 3, figs 10, 12, 13 (partim). — Rees et al. 2014: figs 1.8g, h. — Weidner & Nielsen 2014: 47, 48, figs 41A-F; 2015: 5-7, figs 3, 4A-L. Agraulos longicephalus longicephalus – Liñan & Gozalo 1986: 78, pl. 35, figs 11-14; pl. 36, figs 4, 5 (partim). Agraulos longicephalus brevilimbarus – Liñan & Gozalo 1986: 78, 79, pl. 35, figs 6-12; pl. 37, figs 1-8. Agraulos (A.) ceticephalus – Schoenemann & Clarkson 2011: figs 5H, I. Agraulos affinis – Fletcher 2017: fig. 11F. Agraulos lewisi Fletcher, 2017: 19-21, figs 3A-C, 8F, G (partim), n. syn. Agraulos socialis – Fletcher 2017: 23-27, figs 5J-L, 12A, K-Q, 13I- K, M, N, 14D, G, H, J, 16A, C. Agraulos 1 – Fletcher 2017: figs 13D, E, 14A, 16F. Agraulos 2 – Fletcher 2017: figs 14I, 15A-C, 16E (partim). Skreiaspis punctatissimus – Fletcher 2017: figs 18S, U, W. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen NM L 12581 (former ČC 345, No. 85 from SBNM collection Barrande), National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, originally figured by Barrande (1852a) and designated as the lectotype by Šnajdr (1958). From the Buchava Formation, Skreyje Member, Eccaparadoxides pusillus Zone from Skryje-Týřovice Basin, Bohemia, Czech Republic. DIAGNOSIS. — Portion in front of cranidium domed; front of glabella rounded to truncate; eyes distant at anterior half of glabella; pair of eye ridges expands from front of glabella towards eye lobes (based on Miller 1889; Fletcher 2017, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 537 cranidia of Agraulos ceticephalus (for NFM numbers see Appendix 1). 24 specimens are attached to the thorax and seven have at least one librigena attached. The specimens are well to very well-preserved as internal casts and moulds. Some are pyritized and in a few the exoskeleton is preserved. All specimens range between 1.94 and 9.11 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Agraulos ceticephalus is a common middle Cambrian trilobite and has been documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Tomagnostus fissus to Ptychagnostus atavus zones (Fletcher et al. 2005), Ptychagnostus atavus to Hypagnostus parvifrons zones (Fletcher 2017), and Paradoxides hicksi Zone (Fig. 2). It has also been reported from the United Kingdom in Wales (Hypagnostus parvifrons zone; Rees et al. 2014), Denmark (Acidusus atavus zone; Weidner & Nielsen 2014, 2015), in Bornholm (Ptychagnostus punctuosus zone; Rudolph 1994), France (Thoral 1935), Germany (Wurm 1925), the Czech Republic (Eccaparadoxides pusillus zone; e.g., Šnajdr 1990; Fletcher et al. 2005), and Spain (Pardailhania and Solenopleuropsis zones; Liñan & Gozalo 1986). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 3.0 mm to 16.0 mm in width and from 2.0 mm to 11.0 mm in length. The shape of the glabella varies from slightly trapezoidal to more equal-sided, with a rounded to truncate front. Three to four pairs of glabellar furrows are preserved mainly in larger-sized specimens.In small-sized specimens, the glabella is steeply domed, while it is flatter in largesized specimens.Nevertheless, the glabella is always more domed than the cheeks.Eye ridges, if preserved, initiate near the front of the glabella and connect with the eye lobes in a horizontal line, some line in a backwards angle towards the sides. The occipital ring points backwards roughly triangularly and the length of the spine varies with size. Some moulds of cephala connected to the thorax spare spines to nodes on up to five axial segments. These and an ornamentation are usually preserved on moulds. Several cephala show up to three variably pronounced grooves. One of these reaches from the front of the glabella to the anterior margin.The other two are developed towards the sides, varying in position. The front of the cranidium is highly domed but a lateral view and microscope measurements indicate that this is an optical illusion and it is still rather flattened domed. REMARKS Agraulos ceticephalus and Agraulos longicephalus are closely related species (e.g., Hicks 1872; Lake 1932; Sdzuy 1961; Weidner & Nielsen 2015) and both show a wide range of intraspecific variations, e.g. regarding the front of glabella or size and projection of the occipital spine (Barrande 1852b; Lake 1932; Sdzuy 1961). Barrande (1852b) documented ontogenetic changes in Ag. ceticephalus. He emphasized an increase in depth of the occipital furrow and dorsal furrows, less domed genal regions, and an increase in the thickness of exoskeletons in adult forms. The latter was also identified in Ag. longicephalus by Lake (1932). Accordingly, the development of glabellar, axial and other furrows as well as the occipital ring are not considered to be reliable diagnostic characteristics. Also, specimens with a preserved exoskeleton may show morphological details not identified in internal casts (Lake 1932; Sdzuy 1961). Despite the numerous descriptions and discussions about differences between Ag. ceticephalus and Ag. longicephalus, differentiation is hence questionable and this work agrees with Weidner & Nielsen (2014) that the genus Agraulos requires revision. Barrande (1852a) illustrated several specimens of Ag. ceticephalus. The articulated specimens figured by the author on pl. 10, figs 1-5, and the cranidium on pl. 10, fig. 7, do not show the characteristic long preglabellar area of the genus Agraulos and are here excluded from Ag. ceticephalus, and even the genus. An enrolled specimen illustrated in lateral view of Barrande (1852a: pl. 10, fig. 21) shows no diagnostic characteristics and assignment to Agraulos is questionable. Hicks (1872) first described Ag. longicephalus based on a longer form and a more domed genal region than seen in Ag. ceticephalus. However, all cranidia figured by Hicks (1872), some attached to the thorax, are deformed, some elongated, and others compressed in length, as already mentioned by Fletcher (2017). The longer form of the cephalon is here interpreted as a result of tectonic deformation and the more domed genal region may also represent a preservational artefact. All seven type specimens illustrated byHicks (1872) are here assigned to Ag. ceticephalus. Roch (1930) also referred to the similarity of Ag. ceticephalus and Ag.longicephalus. He compared specimens from Morocco and Algeria to Ag. ceticephalus from the type locality in Central Europe. Nevertheless, the assignment of the material to Ag. ceticephalus is questionable as no illustrations were presented byRoch (1930) and no information given regarding the number of studied specimens. Lake (1932) also discussed the morphological differentiation of Ag. longicephalus and Ag. ceticephalus. According toLake (1932) Ag. longicephalus has an occipital ring ending in a triangular point and a more truncate glabella.However, Sdzuy (1961) suggested that the form of the occipital spine, or occipital node, is a variable characteristic and unsuited to define Agraulos. We here follow this latter view and interpret the more truncate glabella to fall within the intraspecific variation of Ag. ceticephalus. The presented specimens are here assigned to this latter species. Sdzuy (1961) described a variable shape of the occipital ring of Ag.longicephalus, stating the shape as non-diagnostic. He followed Lake (1932) in that Ag.longicephalus is closely allied to Ag. ceticephalus but that the glabella of Ag. longicephalus is slightly more narrowed towards the front,and mentioned a more domed genal region. We rather suggest that the domed genal region of Ag. longicephalus results from preservational bias and that the narrowed front of the glabella ranges within the intraspecific variation of Ag. ceticephalus. Hence, all cranidia illustrated by Sdzuy (1961) are here assigned to Ag. ceticephalus. Cranidia assigned to Ag.longicephalus byFletcher (1972b) andCourtessole (1973) also show the characteristics of Ag. ceticephalus and are here assigned to this species. Liñan & Gozalo (1986) described two subspecies of Ag. longicephalus based on a more extended, respectively narrower preglabellar area compared to the border. These variations are also interpreted here as an intraspecific variation of Ag. ceticephalus and both subspecies are considered to be synonyms of the latter species. This interpretation includes cranidia, some attached to the thorax, illustrated by Liñan & Gozalo (1986: pl. 35, figs 11-14, pl. 36, fig. 4, pl. 36, fig. 5), whereas cranidia illustrated by the authors in plate 36, figs 1-3, do not show the long preglabellar field typical for Agraulos and are here excluded from the species and even the genus.Specimens documented by Martin & Dean (1988) as Ag. longicephalus are here assigned to Ag. ceticephalus, except for pl. 3, figs 9 and 11. These images display the same cranidium devoid of a wide preglabellar field and are therefore atypical for Agraulos. Fletcher (2006) displayed Ag.ceticephalus and Ag.longicephalus. The two cranidia figured by the author have distant eyes and a rounded to truncate glabella; the cranidium illustrated on pl. 34, fig. 34, is here assigned to Ag. ceticephalus. Specimens presented by Rees et al. (2014) and Weidner & Nielsen (2014, 2015) as Ag. longicephalus show the characteristics of Ag. ceticephalus and are hence assigned to this species. Fletcher (2017) described and illustrated several species of Agraulos. The cranidium illustrated in fig. 11F was assigned to Agraulos affinis Billings, 1872, by Fletcher (2017), but the specimen has eyes distant to the glabella. This character disagrees with the diagnosis of Ag. affinis, in which eyes are located close to the glabella. Instead, the position of the eyes matches that seen in Ag. ceticephalus and the specimen is here assigned to this species. Specimens illustrated in fig. 9A-C as Ag. ceticephalus, on the other hand, display cranidia too deformed to determine the species. Specimens figured by Fletcher (2017: figs 9D-I) as Agraulos lewisi Fletcher, 2017 are also too poorly preserved to be assigned specifically. Figures 3A and 8F of Fletcher (2017) reillustrated the same articulate and distorted specimen figured previously by Lake (1932: pl. 20, fig. 3). Fletcher (2017) edited the images using Photoshop (Fletcher 2017: figs 3B, C, 8G). The figures 3C and 8G show the same image. The single specimen illustrated in figs 3A-C and 8F, G as Ag. lewisi clearly shows the characteristics of Ag. ceticephalus. The diagnosis of Ag. lewisi presented by Fletcher (2017) is not unique to the species, and characteristics as a “librigenal spine extending back to the posterior end of the third thoracic pleura” and “prominent stout median spines on the succeeding five rings” (Fletcher 2017) cannot be applied to the illustrations. Another characteristic, i.e. the “sharply pointed occipital spine”, is undiagnostic as discussed above. Consequently, Ag. lewisi is here interpreted to be a synonym of Ag. ceticephalus. Cranidia attributed byFletcher (2017) to Ag.longicephalus and illustrated in figs 22A, B show eye ridges characteristic of Ag. ceticephalus and are here assigned to this species. Fletcher’s (2007: figs 5J-L, 12A, K-Q, 13I-K, M, N, 14D, G, H, J, 16A, C) display cranidia, or cranidia attached to the thorax, and were attributed by the author to Agraulos socialis Billings, 1872. Nevertheless, these illustrated specimens morphologically agree with Ag. ceticephalus and are here assigned to this species.A new species, Agraulos 1 Fletcher, 2017, was introduced without a formal diagnosis or description. Fletcher (2017) only states that the “new species status is marked by the less trapezoidal aspect of the cranium with a longish occipital spine significantly different from associated similar-sized ceticephalus cranidia”. These differences are here interpreted as intraspecific variations of Ag. ceticephalus. Therefore, the cranidia illustrated by Fletcher (2017: figs 13D, E, 14A, 16F) match the characteristics of Ag. ceticephalus and Agraulos 1 is here interpreted as synonym of Ag. ceticephalus. Fletcher (2017) also described the new species Agraulos 2 (Fletcher 2017: figs 14I, 15A-C, 16E) which is here also interpreted as an intraspecific variation of Ag. ceticephalus, while cranidia illustrated in figures 15D, E are too poorly preserved to be assigned to any species. Fletcher (2017) described Skreiaspis punctatissimus as a new species and illustrated several specimens.Cranidia illustrated in figures 18S, U and W do not show the short preglabellar field characteristic for Skreiaspis, but rather match Ag. ceticephalus., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1056-1058, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["BARRANDE J. 1846. - Notice preliminaire sur le systeme silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 96 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9142","BARRANDE J. 1852 b. - Systeme silurien du Centre de la Boheme. 1 ere Partie: Texte. Crustaces: Trilobites. Recherches paleontologiques 1: 1 - 935. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 57395510","HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","MILLER S. A. 1889. - North American Geology and Paleontology for the Use of Amateurs, Students, and Scientists. Western Methodist book concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 793 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28778","POMPECKJ J. F. 1896. - Das Kambrium von Tejrovic und Skrej in Bohmen. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 94: 498 - 614. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35578547","GRONWALL K. A. 1902. - Bornholms Paradoxideslag og deres fauna. Danmarks geologiske Undersogelse, II Raekke 13 (1): 1 - 230.","LORENZ T. 1906. - Beitrage zur Geologie und Palaeontologie von Ostasien unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Provinz Schantung in China: II. Palaeontologischer - Teil. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft 58 (1): 53 - 108. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 43913940","WALCOTT C. D. 1913. - The Cambrian faunas of China, in Walcott C. D. (ed.), Research in China vol. 3. Carnegie Institution Publication 54 (3): 3 - 277.","WURM A. 1925. - Ueber ein Vorkommen von Mittelcambrium (Paradoxidesschichten) im bayrischen Frankenwald bei Wildenstein sudlich Presseck. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie Geologie und Palaontologie 52 (1): 71 - 93.","ROCH E. 1930. - Etudes geologiques dans la region Meridionale du Maroc occidental. Protat Freres imprimeurs, Macon, 542 p.","THORAL M. 1935. - Contribution a l'etude paleontologique de l'Ordovicien inferieur de la Montagne Noire et revision sommaire de la faune cambrienne de la Montagne Noire. Unpublished PhD thesis, Universite de Paris, Montpellier, 362 p.","PRANTL F. 1952. - Zivot ceskych pramori. Prirodovedecke Vydavatelstvi, Praze, 390 p.","HUPE P. 1953. - Classe des Trilobites, in PIVETEAU J. (ed.), Traite de paleontologie. Tome III. Les forms ultimes d'Invertebres: morphologie et evolution. Onychophores, Arthropodes, Echniodermes, Stomocordes. Mason et Cie, Paris: 44 - 246.","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","HORNY R. & BASTL F. 1970. - Type Specimens of Fossils in the National Museum Prague, Volume 1, Trilobita. Museum of National History, Prague, 354 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 1972 b. - Geology and Lower to Middle Cambrian Trilobite Faunas of the Southwest Avalon, Newfoundland, Part Two, Palaeontology & Bibliography. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 294 p.","WHITTINGTON H. B. 1988. - Hypostomes and ventral cephalic sutures in Cambrian trilobites. Palaeontology 31 (3): 577 - 609. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 49775869","FATKA O. 1990. - Das Kambrium von Skryje und Tyrovice, in WIEDER W. K. (ed). Klassissche Fundtsellen der Palaontologie. Band 2: 23. Fundgebiete und Aufschlusse in Danemark, Deutschland, England, Frankreich, Osterreich, Schweiz und Tschechoslowakei. Goldschenk-Verlag Korb, Germany: 12 - 17.","MULLER A. H. 1994. - Band II: Invertebraten, Teil 2: Mollusca 2 - Arthropoda 1, 4., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 618 p.","RUDOLPH F. 1994. - Die Trilobiten der mittelkambrischen Geschiebe: Systematik, Morphologie und Okologie. Verlag Frank Rudolph, Wankendorf, 309 p.","COTTON T. J. 2001. - The phylogeny and systematics of blind Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobites. Palaeontology 44 (1): 167 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00176","FLETCHER T. P., THEOKRITOFF G., LORD G. S. & ZEOLI G. 2005. - The early paradoxidid harlani trilobite fauna of Massachusetts and its correlatives in Newfoundland, Morocco, and Spain. Journal of Paleontology 79 (2): 312 - 336. https: // doi. org / bdcjsg","FATKA O., BUDIL P., CRONIER C., CUVELIER J., LAIBL L., OUDOIRE T., POLECHOVA M. & FATKOVA L. 2015. - Cambrian fossils from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic) housed in the Musee d'Histoire naturelle de Lille. Carnets de geologie 15 (9): 89 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.4267 / 2042 / 56878","BARRANDE J. 1852 a. - Systeme silurien du Centre de la Boheme. 1 ere Partie: Planches. Crustaces: Trilobites. Recherches paleontologiques 1: 49 pls. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 47135930","DE VERNEUIL M. M. & BARRANDE J. 1860. - Description des fossiles. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 17 (2): 526 - 554. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 54397903","GURICH G. 1908. - Leitfossilien, ein Hilfsbuch zum Bestimmen von Versteinerungen bei geologischen Arbeiten in der Sammlung und im Felde; erste Lieferung: Kambrium und Silur. Berlin, 95 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 084200 a 0","HICKS H. 1872. - On some undescribed fossils from the Menevian Group. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 28 (1): 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1872.028.01 - 02.17","LAKE P. 1932. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 7. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 84: 149 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1932.12035620","SDZUY K. 1961. - Das Kambrium Spaniens, Teil II: Trilobiten. 1 Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, Abhandlungen der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 7: 503 - 594.","COURTESSOLE R. 1973. - Le Cambrien moyen de la Montagne Noire: Biostratigraphie. Laboratoire de Geologie CEARN de la Faculte des Sciences de Toulouse, Toulouse, 248 p.","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","REES A., THOMAS A., LEWIS M., HUGHES H. & TURNER P. 2014. - Cambrian of Sw Wales: towards a united Avalonian Stratigraphy. Memoirs of the Geological Society London 42: 1 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / m 42.0","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","LINAN E. & GOZALO R. 1986. - Trilobites del Cambrico inferior y medo de murero (Cordillera Iberica). Memorias del Museo Paleontologico de la Universidad de Zaragoza 2: 1 - 104.","SCHOENEMANN B. & CLARKSON E. N. K. 2011. - The eyes of Bohemian Trilobites. Geologicke vyzkumy na Morave a ve Slezsku 18 (1): 45 - 50.","FLETCHER T. P. 2017. - Agraulos ceticephalus and other Cambrian Trilobites in the subfamily Agraulinae from Bohemia, Newfoundland and Wales. Papers in Palaeontology 3 (2): 175 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1071","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2015. - Agraulos longicephalus and Proampyx? depressus (Trilobita) from the Middle Cambrian of Bornholm, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 63: 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.37570 / bgsd- 2015 - 63 - 01","SNAJDR M. 1990. - Bohemian Trilobites. Geological Survey, Prague, 265 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","BILLINGS E. 1872. - On some fossils from the primordial rocks of Newfoundland. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science 6: 465 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38279","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855"]}

Genus Clarella Howell, 1933 Clarella Howell, 1933: 219. — Type species: Anapolenus venustus Billings, 1872, designated as lectotype by Howell (1933). DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella with great forward expansion anterior of S1; palpebral lobes slightly sigmoidal, reaching almost genal angle; thorax with 15 segments; pygidium without border, up to four pairs of marginal spines; short axis with one to two axial rings (based on Howell 1933; Whittington et al. 1997, with modifications). REMARKS Clarella is distinguished from Anapolenus Salter, 1864a by sigmoidally shaped palpebral lobes that almost reach the genal angle. The palpebral lobes of Anapolenus curve in a uniform arc, reaching the genal angle. The pygidium of Clarella lacks a border, while that of Anapolenus is bordered (Howell 1933; Whittington et al. 1997)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1075, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HOWELL B. F. 1933. - The classification of the trilobite Subfamily, Centropleurinae. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening 8 (3): 215 - 219.","BILLINGS E. 1872. - On some fossils from the primordial rocks of Newfoundland. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science 6: 465 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38279","WHITTINGTON H. B., CHATTERTON B. D. E., SPEYER S. E., FORTEY R. A., OWENS R. M., CHANG W. T., DEAN W. T., JELL P. A., LAURIE J. R., PALMER A. R., REPINA L. N., RUSHTON A. W. A., SHERGOLD J. H., CLARKSON E. N. K., WILMONT N. V. & KELLY S. R. A., 1997. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 530 p.","SALTER J. W. 1864 a. - On some new fossils from the Lingula-flags of Wales. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 20: 233 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1864.020.01 - 02.33"]}

Genus Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822 Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822: 8. — Type species: Entomostracites paradoxissimus Wahlenberg, 1821, by subsequent designation by Poulsen (1956). DIAGNOSIS. — Rounded anterior margin, S2 transglabellar, S3 and S4 short; palpebral lobe short, from S1 to S3; anterior and posterior section of facial suture moderately to strongly divergent; thorax with 19-21 segments; pleural spines progressively directed more strongly backwards, hindmost pairs of pleural spines increase in length, ending behind pygidial margin; pygidium small, subcircular to quadrat (based on Whittington et al. 1997; Fletcher et al. 2005, with modifications). REMARKS The genus Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822, and the family Paradoxididae Hawle & Corda, 1847, need comprehensive revision, as pointed out by e.g., Sdzuy (1967), Geyer (1998), Geyer & Landing (2001), Kim et al. (2002) and Żylińska & Masiak (2007). According to Żylińska & Masiak (2007), the main problem within Paradoxides are different characters for subdividing the species, such as subdivisions based on holaspid forms, in contrast to ontogenetic differences in protaspid and holaspid forms. Šnajdr (1958) mentioned a wide range in opinions (e.g., Pompeckj 1896; Raymond 1914) regarding the ontogenetic development of Czech Paradoxides. As discussed by Whittington et al. (1997), many specimens assigned to Paradoxides are too poorly preserved to be determined confidently, leading to several species being based on poorly preserved material (Šnajdr 1958; Geyer 1998). According to Geyer & Landing (2001) there are more than 100 species and subspecies of Paradoxides sensu lato. Šnajdr (1958) classified Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822; Hydrocephalus Barrande, 1846; Eccaparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957; and Acadoparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957, as genera of the Paradoxididae. Several authors followed this subdivision and included other genera as, for example, Plutonides Hicks, 1895 (e.g., Martinsson 1974; Whittington et al. 1997; Kim et al. 2002; Dean 2005; Rushton & Weidner 2007; Rushton et al. 2016). Others ranked clades as Hydrocephalus, Eccaparadoxides, Acadoparadoxides, and Plutonides as subgenera of Paradoxides (e.g., Solov’ev 1981; Martin & Dean 1988; Geyer 1998; Geyer & Landing 2001; Fletcher et al. 2005; Żylińska & Masiak 2007) and introduced new clades such as Paradoxides (Mawddachites) Fletcher, 2007 (Fletcher 2007). Kim et al. (2002) mentioned that diagnostic characteristics of (sub)genera differ substantially among authors. Here we apply the subdivision established by Whittington et al. (1997) following Šnajdr (1958)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1067, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["BRONGNIART A. 1822. - Les Trilobites, in BRONGNIART A. & DESMAREST A. - G. (eds), Histoire naturelle des crustaces fossiles, sous les rapports zoologiques et geologiques. F. - G. Levrault, Paris and Strasbourg: 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66799","WAHLENBERG G. 1821. - Petrificata Telluris Svecanae Examinata. Nova Acta Regiae Soceitatis Scientarium Upsaliensis 8: 1 - 116. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2560273","POULSEN C. 1956. - Proposed use of the plenary powers to secure the availability of the generic names \" Olenus \" Dalman, [1827], and \" Paradoxides \" Brongniard, 1822 (Class Trilobita) for use in the sense which these names are customarily employed. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 12 (1): 3 - 13. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12157848","WHITTINGTON H. B., CHATTERTON B. D. E., SPEYER S. E., FORTEY R. A., OWENS R. M., CHANG W. T., DEAN W. T., JELL P. A., LAURIE J. R., PALMER A. R., REPINA L. N., RUSHTON A. W. A., SHERGOLD J. H., CLARKSON E. N. K., WILMONT N. V. & KELLY S. R. A., 1997. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 530 p.","FLETCHER T. P., THEOKRITOFF G., LORD G. S. & ZEOLI G. 2005. - The early paradoxidid harlani trilobite fauna of Massachusetts and its correlatives in Newfoundland, Morocco, and Spain. Journal of Paleontology 79 (2): 312 - 336. https: // doi. org / bdcjsg","HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","SDZUY K. 1967. - Trilobites del Cambrico medio de Asturias. Trabajos de geologia 1: 77 - 134.","GEYER G. 1998. - Intercontinental, trilobite-based correlation of the Moroccan early Middle Cambrian. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35 (4): 374 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 97 - 127","GEYER G. & LANDING E. 2001. - Middle Cambrian of Avalonian Massachusetts: stratigraphy and correlation of the Braintree trilobites. Journal of Paleontology 75 (1): 116 - 135. https: // doi. org / b 93 qww","KIM D. H., WESTROP S. R. & LANDING E. 2002. - Middle Cambrian (Acadian series) conocoryphid and paradoxidid trilobites from the upper Chamberlain's Brook Formation, Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Journal of Paleontology 76 (5): 822 - 842. https: // doi. org / cgxnvt","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","POMPECKJ J. F. 1896. - Das Kambrium von Tejrovic und Skrej in Bohmen. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 94: 498 - 614. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35578547","RAYMOND P. E. 1914. - Notes on the ontogeny of Paradoxides, with the description of a new species from Braintree. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 58 (4): 225 - 244. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5473357","BARRANDE J. 1846. - Notice preliminaire sur le systeme silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 96 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9142","SNAJDR M. 1957. - O novych trilobitech z ceskeho kambria. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 32: 235 - 244.","HICKS H. 1895. - On the genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian rocks of St. David's. Geological Magazine 2 (5): 230 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800121193","MARTINSSON A. 1974. - The Cambrian of Norden, in HOL- LAND C. H. (ed.), Cambrian of the British Isles, Norden, and Spitzbergen. John Wiley & Sons, London, New York, Sydney, Toronto: 185 - 283.","DEAN W. T. 2005. - Trilobites from the Cal Tepe Formation (Cambrian), Near Seydisehir, Central Taurides, southwestern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 14 (1): 1 - 71.","RUSHTON A. W. A. & WEIDNER T. 2007. - The Middle Cambrian paradoxidid trilobite Hydrocephalus from Jamtland, central Sweden. Acta Geologica Polonica 57 (4): 391 - 401.","RUSHTON A. W. A., WEIDNER T. & EBBESTAD J. O. R. 2016. - Paradoxidid trilobites from a mid-Cambrian (Series 3, stage 5) limestone concretion from Jamtland, central Sweden. Bulletin of Geosciences 91 (3): 515 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 1606","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855"]}

A diverse mid-Darriwilian trilobite fauna from the Table Cove Formation, western Newfoundland, has long been known on the basis of calcareous specimens from the west coast of the Great Northern Peninsula. Discovery of silicified faunas in localities on the east coast provides additional morphological information for previously known species, and also reveals the presence of multiple new genera and species. Many of these species are important, as they represent some of the earliest Laurentian members of the diversifying Whiterock Fauna, and seem phylogenetically near to the base of their respective clades. The concept of Sphaerexochinae is restricted to the genus Sphaerexochus itself, with the possible inclusion of Newfoundlandops n. gen. (type species N. karimae n. sp.), which shares with Sphaerexochus potential synapomorphies including the structure of the hypostome and the presence of fine granular sculpture on the librigenal border and field. Most of the Early and Middle Ordovician taxa with three pygidial segments previously classified as Sphaerexochinae by many authors are reassigned to Acanthoparyphinae on the basis of multiple putative synapomorphies. Other new cheirurid genera from the Table Cove Formation are the pilekiine Harebayaspis n. gen. (type species H. plurima n. sp.), and the deiphonine Mainbrookia n. gen. (type species M. becki n. sp.). Other species revised or described include the cheirurine Laneites polydorus (Billings, 1865), and the acanthoparyphines Cydonocephalus tiffanyae n. sp., Kawina stougei n. sp., and Kawina? sp.

Placoparina ? dravidicus (Reed, 1915) Fig. 13.2 1915 Cheirurus dravidicus; Reed, p. 48, pl. 8, fig. 12. Material. Holotype: pygidium from Lower Naungkangyi Beds (probable Darriwilian) at Man-shio, Fig. 13.2 (Reed, 1915, pl. 8, fig. 12), GSI 11559. Discussion. The species was described by Reed (1915) on the basis of one pygidium; a cast from the counterpart of the type specimen is illustrated here. Reed’s illustrations show the tips of the three pairs of pygidial spines. The anterior pair is not noticeably more strongly developed than the other two pairs, as it is in cheirurines, and the posterior pair is also prominent in P.? dravidicus. Lane (1971) showed that pygidia were the most informative sclerite in cheirurids, and it seems improbable that P. ? dravidicus is a cheirurine given its pygidial structure. Eccoptochile has a pygidium with three pairs of obtuse spines (type material of the type species in Horný & Bastl, 1970, pl. 14, fig. 1). The pygidium of Placoparina Whittard, 1940, is generally similar. However, the relatively obtuse lobes, and their marked fulcrum are more like those on Placoparina (Whittard, 1958) than Eccoptochile, and dravidicus is tentatively assigned herein to Placoparina. The identity of Reed’s species cannot confidently be resolved without further collections., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Lane, P. D. (1971) British Cheiruridae (Trilobita). Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 530, 1 - 95.","Horny, R. & Bastl, F. (1970) Type specimen of fossils in the National Museum, Prague. Trilobita. National Museum, Prague, Prague, 354 pp.","Whittard, W. F. (1940) The Ordovician trilobite faunas of the Shelve-Corndon District, West Shropshire, Part 1. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 5, 153 - 172.","Whittard, W. F. (1958) The Ordovician trilobites of the Shelve inlier, west Shropshire. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 1958, 71 - 116."]}

Parillaenus Jaanusson, 1954 Type species. Illaenus fallax Holm, 1882, Kullsberg Limestone, Upper Ordovician of Norway by original designation., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 343, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Jaanusson, V. (1954) Zur Morphologie und Taxonomie der Illaeniden. Arkiv for Mineralogioch Geologi, 1, 545 - 583.","Holm, G. (1882) De Svenska artena af Trilobitslagtet Illaenus (Dalman). Bihang till Kongliske Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademie Handlingar, 7, 1 - 148."]}

Yanhaoia wynnei (Reed, 1915) Figs 13.4-9 1915 Phacops (Pterygometopus) dagon; Reed, p. 53–54, pl. 9, fig. 3. 1915 Phacops (Pterygometopus) dagon var. wynnei; Reed, p. 54–55, pl. 9, figs 7–15. Material. Lectotype (selected herein): partial exoskeleton from Hwe Mawng, Fig. 13.8 (Reed, 1915, pl. 9, fig. 10), GSI 11576. Other material: incomplete cephalic shield from Hwe Mawng, Fig. 13.5 (Reed, 1915, pl. 9, fig. 7), GSI 11573; 2 incomplete cephalic shields from Mong Ha, Fig. 13.6 and unfigured (Reed, 1915, pl. 9, fig 11,8 respectively), GSI 11577, 11574 respectively; librigenae from Mong Ha, Nawng Yun, and Hwe Mawng (Reed, 1915, pl. 9, figs 9,13,14 respectively), GSI 11575, 11579, 11580 respectively;_pygidia from Hpawkyi and Nawng Yun, Fig. 13.7, 9 (Reed, 1915, pl. 9, figs 12,15) GSI 11578, 11581. All specimens from Hwe Mawng Beds (Katian) at Hpakhi, Hwe Mawng, Mong Ha, or Nawng Yun. Occurrence. Hwe Mawng Beds, type locality. Description. Reed’s (1915) general description can be supplemented by comments on particular features. The lectotype is distorted, but the cast shows the best surface detail. Other cephalic shields are internal moulds for the most part and as a result both the axial and glabellar furrows are deep and wide compared with their expression on the dorsal surface. The cephalic shield was originally somewhat less than twice as wide as long or narrower (Fig. 13.4). Three of the specimens displaying the glabella (Figs 13.4,6,8) show that the short S1 basal glabellar furrow is forked close to its base, and that the posterior fork outlines a basal lateral glabellar lobe –this is clearly seen on the lectotype and in Figs 13.4, 6 (right). S2 is gently forwardly–directed, and the sigmoid form of gently backwardly-directed S3 is best shown in Fig. 13.6. Certain species of Calyptaulax show a similar structure. The anterior cranidial border is shown on the lectotype and on the cranidium Fig. 13.4, where it is narrow and rim-like, especially medially, and defined by a shallow furrow. Eyes are very large, half (exsag.) cranidial length (sag.), the deeply-defined palpebral rims flipped upwards from the level of the intraocular cheeks. The number of dorso-ventral lens files is not precisely determinable but certainly exceeds twenty, on high standing eyes. The free cheek illustrated by Reed (1915, pl. 9, fig. 9) suggests about 15 lenses per dorso-ventral file. The lectotype clearly shows deeply and coarsely pitted sculpture on the intraocular cheeks. The same sculpture extends on to the lateral parts of the fixed cheeks, but more feebly. There is no evidence of a genal spine. The incomplete six thoracic segments on the lectotype show the same kind of sculpture anterior to the deep and narrow epifacetal pleural furrows. Well-preserved subtrapezoidal pygidium is best shown by cast from external mould (Fig. 13.9, right), 75% as long as wide. Eight (?faint ninth) axial rings, but internal mould (Fig. 13.7) would have displayed at least ten. Interpleural furrows much weaker than pleural furrows, defining six or seven ribs fading out on border, but again internal mould certainly shows more ribs extending to the posterior axial rings. Border is gently concave, most noticeably laterally. Posterior termination of pygidium behind axis shows a tendency to come to a median point. Discussion. Reed (1915) distinguished wynnei as a subspecies of his taxon Phacops (Pterygometopus) dagon from the Upper Naungkangyi Beds. Quite apart from their stratigraphical separation, the cranidium of dagon differs from that of wynnei in having a distinct and wider cephalic border (sag.), relatively wider basal part of the glabella, and the first glabellar furrow S1 has less distinct distal bifurcation. It is regarded as belonging to a different genus. Hence Pterygometopus dagon wynnei is here elevated to species rank, and not regarded as closely related to P. dagon dagon. On the other hand, wynnei is also different from chasmopine pterygometopids with typically inflated and enlarged lateral glabellar lobes. It more closely resembles genera such as Achatella, which, according to Swisher et al. (2016), is a Baltic/Laurentian clade, and one with smaller eyes and generally distinct tuberculate sculpture, unlike wynnei. The presence of three pairs of well-developed lateral glabellar furrows is a plesiomorphic character. Small lateral basal glabellar lobes which become eliminated in more advanced species is pterygometopid, and exceptionally large eyes are typical of several taxa. Although the type species of Yanhaoia is not completely known and is older, Y. wynnei does share with it a narrow glabella posteriorly, and particularly large eyes, and, given the other similarities between Burmese and SW Chinese taxa, is assigned provisionally to this genus pending a revision of the whole group., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on pages 341-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Swisher, R. E., Westrop, S. R. & Amati, L. (2016) Systematics and biogeographical significance of the Upper Ordovician pterygometopine trilobite Achatella Delo, 1935. Journal of Paleontology, 90, 59 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / jpa. 2015.71"]}

Dalmanitina ? dagon (Reed, 1915) Figs 13.10, 11 1915 Phacops (Pterygometopus) dagon; Reed, pl. 9, figs 1–6, non fig. 3. Material. Lectotype (selected herein): cephalic shield, original of Reed (1915) pl. 9, fig 1, GSI 11568. Pygidium, original of Reed (1915) pl. 9, fig. 5, GSI 11571. Upper Naungkangi Beds, Mangai. All specimens from Upper Naungkangyi Beds (Katian) at Man Ngai, northern Shan State. Discussion. As considered above, Reed (1915) described a variety of what he termed Phacops (Pterygometopus) dagon as var. wynnei, which is regarded herein as a different taxon. The material of the nominate species is limited, and we have not been able to cast some of the original specimens, as they are fragile. The robust largest cranidium is selected as lectotype. A smaller cephalon illustrated by Reed (1915, pl. 9 fig. 2; Fig. 13.10) shows a well-defined anterior border, which was likely also present on the lectotype, though obviously broken medially in that specimen. Such a border is atypical of Dalmanitina, and may possibly suggest such genera as Mucronaspis, but without knowledge of the rest of the exoskeleton we prefer a provisional allocation to the older established genus. This border is extremely narrow on wynnei. The glabella of dagon is comparatively transverse anteriorly, and the bifurcation of the S1 is not so marked. Another small? cephalon illustrated by Reed (1915, pl. 9, fig. 3) is more like wynnei and is excluded from dagon here. The generic assignment of D. ? dagon is equivocal, and the eyes are longer (exag.) than is typical for the dalmanitines according to Holloway (1981), a subfamily hard to delimit (Hammann & Leone, 2007). The species is placed provisionally in Dalmanitina pending a more comprehensive revision of Late Ordovician species., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on pages 342-343, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Hammann, W. & Leone, F (2007) Trilobites from the post-Sardic (Upper Ordovician) sequence of southern Sardinia. Part 2. Beringeria, 38, 1 - 138."]}

“ Calymene” oldhami Reed, 1915 Figs 10.11, 12 1915 Calymene oldhami sp. nov. Reed; p. 47–48, pl. 8, figs 10,11. Material. Holotype: cranidium with partial thorax and hypostome in part and counterpart from Lower Naungkangyi Beds (probable Darriwilian) at Man-shio, Figs 10.11, 12 (Reed, 1915, pl. 8 figs 11,10), GSI 11557, 11558. Discussion. A single small cranidium was the basis for this species. Reed (1915) illustrated both part and counterpart of this specimen, and this is followed herein. However, the specimens have deteriorated since their original description. For example, the hypostome is quite clearly shown on Brock’s illustration (Reed, 1915, pl. 8, fig. 11) and displays the median fork consistent with calymenid affinities; this is no longer clearly shown. They are included here for completeness. It is not possible to give a more precise generic assignment to this species, which is best regarded as a nomen dubium., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98."]}

Neseuretinus birmanicus (Reed, 1906) Figs 12.9,11–15 Synonymy. See Turvey, 2005, p. 560; also Ghobadi Pour & Popov 2009 Material. Lectotype (selected Turvey, 2002, p. 560): cranidium from probable Lower Naungkangyi Beds (probable Darriwilian) at Kunkaw, Fig. 12.9 (Reed, 1906, pl. 5, fig. 27), GSI 8341. Additional material: pygidium from Lower Naungkangyi Beds (probable Darriwilian) at Loikok, Figs 12.14, 15 (Reed, 1915, pl. 8, fig. 5), GSI 11553; 2 cranidia from Upper Naungkangyi Beds (Katian) at Lilu (Reed, pl. 8, figs 1,4), GSI 11549, 11552 respectively; cranidium from Hwe Mawng Beds at Pa-hki (Reed,1915, pl. 8, figs 2), GSI 11550; pygidia from the Lower and Upper Naungkangyi Beds (Katian) at Lilu and Loi Kok (Reed, pl. 8, figs 3,5), GSI 11551, 11553 respectively. Material from new collections: crandidium, pygidium with partial thoracic segment, and pygidium from Pupiao Formation (Katian) at Pupiao, Figs 12.11–13, CMC 91532 –91534 respectively. Discussion. Turvey (2005) gave a full description of this species, and it is not necessary to reillustrate all Reed’s material in this work. The lectotype is refigured here for the record. Well-preserved articulated specimens from Iran attributed to N. birmanicus have been described by Ghobadi Pour & Popov (2009), who included several other species in their synonymy. As presently conceived, N. birmanicus has a long stratigraphic range. The type material is likely to come from the Lower Naungkangyi Beds and is probably Darriwilian in age, as is material from Loikok. This is the same age as the good specimens from Iran figured by Ghobadi Pour and Popov (2009). However, the other specimens in Reed (1915) refigured by Turvey (2005) are from the Upper Naungkangyi Beds and Katian in age. It does seem unlikely that a single species would have such an extensive stratigraphical range. Ghobadi Pour (written communication 2021) has pointed out that the Katian pygidia have eight pleural ribs, whereas Darriwilian examples from Iran and Myanmar have six ribs. If this is consistent, it does suggest that there are two taxa involved under the name birmanicus. Neseuretinus specimens from Uzbekistan figured by Kolobova (in Sokolov & Yolkin, 1978, pl. 27, figs. 1-5) under the name Calymenesun tingi were reassigned to Neseuretinus turcicus by Hammann & Leone (1997) and have six pygidial pleural ribs. There is also another poorly nown species from Afghanistan described by Wolfart (1970) (Neseuretinus malestanus) that may be an available name for the Katian species, with relevant Reed specimens illustrated by Turvey (2005). For present purposes we separate the Katian species from the Darriwilian type material as Neseuretinus aff. birmanicus pending a comparative treatment of all these taxa. Also figured are some additional specimens of Neseuretinus aff. brimanicus collected from the Pupiao Formation at the Pupiao section in Baoshan Prefecture, W. Yunnan by NCH in 1999. These specimens provide a connection between Katian strata in northern Shan State and western Yunnan. However, a cranidium from the Shihtien Formation attributed to N. birmanicus in Zhang et al. (2014, fig. 5.41E) differs from the type of N. birmanicus in having a more rectangular glabella and more anteriorly positioned palpebral lobes. The palaeogeographical distribution of Neseuretinus was also discussed by Turvey (2002) who noted its wide distribution across Ordovician Gondwana and inferred its probable phylogeny. GSI 11550 figured by Turvey (2005, pl. 2, fig. 9) is reported as being from the Hwe Mawng Beds, and appears identical to specimens from the Upper Naungkangyi Beds., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 338, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1906) The Lower Paleozoic fossils of the Northern Shan States, Upper Burma. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 2, 1 - 154.","Turvey, S. T. (2005) Reedocalymenine trilobites from the Ordovician of central and eastern Asia, and a review of species assigned to Neseuretus. Palaeontology, 48, 549 - 575. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2005.00469. x","Ghobadi Pour, M. & Popov, L. E. (2009) First report on the occurrence of Neseuretinus and Ovalocephalus in the Middle Ordovician of Iran. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 54, 125 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2009.0113","Turvey, S. T. (2002) Phylogeny of the Reedocalymeninae (Trilobita): implications for Early Ordovician biogeography of Gondwana. In: Crame, A. J. & Owen, A. W. (Eds.), Palaeobiogeography and biodiversity change: the Ordovician and Mesozoic - Cenozoic radiations. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 194, 53 - 68.","Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Sokolov, B. S. & Yolkin, E. A. (Eds.) (1978) Trilobita. In: Upper Ordovician and Silurian of the Sayan Altai region of Tien Shan. Trudy Instituta Geologii I Geofiziki, 387, pp. 126 - 141. [in Russian]","Hammann, W. & Leone, F. (1997) Trilobites from the post-Sardic (Upper Ordovician) sequence of southern Sardinia. Part 1. Beringeria, 20, 1 - 217.","Wolfart, R. (1970) Fauna, Stratigraphie und Palaogeographie des Ordoviciums in Afghanistan. Geologische Jahrbuch, 89, 1 - 169.","Zhang, Y. - D., Wang, Y., Zhan, R. - B., Fan, J. - X., Zhou, Z. - Q & Fang, X. (2014) Ordovician and Silurian Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Yunnan, Southwest China. A guide to the field excursion across the South China, Indochina and Sibumasu. IGCP Project 591. Science Press, Beijing, 138 pp."]}

Illaenus sp. 3 Fig. 14.12 1917 Illaenus cf. esmarki Schloetheim; Reed pl. 7, fig. 14; pl. 8, figs 1,2. Material. Cranidium, Fig. 14.12 (Reed, 1917, pl. 8, figs 1,2), GSI 11905; cranidium (Reed, 1917, pl. 7, fig. 14), GSI 11903. Both specimens from Shihtien Formation (Darriwilian) at Pupiao, western Yunnan. Remarks. We refigure one of the two cranidia figured by Reed (1917). He figured a detail of an external mould showing strong terrace ridges on the front of the cephalic shield, and this feature is suggested also on the internal surface. There are few other features, and a critical determination is impossible without further material., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1917) Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Yun-nan. Palaeontologia Indica, 6 (3), 1 - 69."]}

Pliomerina Chugaeva, 1956 Type species. Pliomera martellii, Reed, 1917, original designation. Discussion. The type species of Pliomerina is part of Reed’s collection, but this is known only from the cranidium, redescribed here. Silicified and complete material from Australia described by Webby (1971, p. 614) is doubtless congeneric with the Myanmar type species, and provides a fuller diagnosis than is possible from the type material alone. Webby (1971) pointed out that Pliomerina is widely distributed across Australasia and adjacent territories, extending from Kazakhstan in the north to New South Wales, Australia, in the south, with additional occurrences on the South China plate, Sibumasu and Korea, i.e. palaeotropical Gondwana on current palaeocontinental reconstructions. Webby preferred the term “ Pliomerina fauna” to cover this Ordovician biogeographic region to “ Encrinurella fauna” coined by Whittington & Hughes (1972), though they embrace a similar geographic compass. Zhou & Zhen (2008) record the genus through much of the post-Tremadocian Ordovician of China, including northeastern Chinese and Tibetan occurrences., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Chugaeva, M. N. (1956) New trilobite genera from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of southern Kazakhstan. Doklady Akademia Nauk SSSR, 111 (6), 1336 - 1339. [in Russian]","Reed, F. R. C. (1917) Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Yun-nan. Palaeontologia Indica, 6 (3), 1 - 69.","Webby, B. D. E. (1971) The Ordovician trilobite Pliomerina Chugaeva from the Ordovician of New South Wales. Palaeontology, 14, 612 - 622.","Whittington, H. B. & Hughes, C. P. (1972) Ordovician geography and faunal provinces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 263, 236 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1972.0001","Zhou, Z. - Y. & Zhen, Y. - Y. (Eds.) (2008) Trilobite Record of China. Science Press, Beijing, 20 pp."]}

Ovalocephalus sp. Figs 10.10, 13 pars 1915 Calymene (Pharostoma) liluensis Reed; Reed, pl. 8, fig. 9. ? 1915 Pliomera (Encrinurella) insangensis Reed; Reed, p. 8, fig. 21. Material. Pygidium from the Li-Lu Formation (Upper Naungkangyi Beds; Katian) at Nam Tu above Lilu, northern Shan State, Myanmar, Fig. 10.10 (Reed, 1915, pl. 8, fig. 9), GSI 11556; Cranidium from unknown northern Shan State horizon and locality, Fig. 10.13, unregistered and not previously figured by Reed. Description. A single example of a pygidium is twice as wide as long, and with low transverse convexity.Anterior transverse width of the axis is approximately equal (tr.) to the anterior part of the pleural lobe. Axis tapers, but is effaced posteriorly, and rings low and band-like, three clearly defined by gently forwardly arched ring furrows that continue on to pleural fields. Fourth ring furrow faint, and narrow; no defined terminal piece. Pleural ribs: two welldefined gently downsloping to margin, the first probably slightly exceeding it, with deep pleural furrows between; third rib incompletely defined by shallow furrow that does not extend to margin. Narrow and convex articulating ridge visible on left hand side. The external mould of a small cranidium was also discovered and cast while investigating the Reed collections, but we can find no indication that Reed examined it. The preservation is similar to that of other specimens from the “Upper Naungkangyi Beds” from northern Shan State and it is figured herein for the record Fig. 10.13). Discussion. This pygidium described above is typical of those belonging to the genus Ovalocephalus Koroleva, and Reed (1915) was mistaken in associating it with the calymenoid cranidium on his pl. 8, figs 6,7. Zhou et al. (2010) reviewed the synonymy, taxonomy and included species of Ovalocephalus Koroleva. The single pygidium figured here is important as the first record from the Reed collections of a genus that is widely recorded in the Ordovician of eastern Asia and certain Kazakh terranes, and can be regarded as an indicator of subtropical Gondwana and peri-Gondwanan terranes until the late Katian, when it migrated to western Gondwana in response to what has been claimed as a short-lived episode of global warming (Fortey & Cocks, 2005). The pygidium is not determinable to species, but is unlike the stratigraphically earlier species reviewed in Zhou et al. (2010), which have noticeably posteriorly-turned pleural ribs. As an internal mould, the pleural furrows appear wider than in many species figured from better material. O. kanlingensis Zhang, 1981 (Darriwilian-Sandbian, material figured in Zhou et al., 2010) has similarly arranged pleural ribs, although the Reed material is inadequate for confident determination. As noted above, two specimens attributed to Encrinurella insangensis by Reed (1915) are excluded from that species. The cranidium (Fig. 10.5) shows inflated posterolateral glabellar lobes, which appear to be part of the occipital ring. They resemble the circular basal glabellar lobes of Ovalocephalus, but these are pre-occipital (Zhou et al., 2010). It is conceivable that the lobes on the Burmese specimen have migrated backwards to a (pseudo) occipital position. There are indications on the internal mould of the glabella of large tubercles, which were presumably expressed on the dorsal surface. A partial thorax (Reed, 1915, pl. 8 fig. 21; Fig. 10.8) displays lateral inflated areas on the axial rings, which suggests it could belong with the cranidium. While excluded from Encrinurella, these specimens are possibly closer to Ovalocephalus, although if coarse tubercles are present it is unlike other species of that genus. The unlocalised cranidium (Fig. 10.13) is more consistent with similarly preserved specimens of Ovalocephalus, including the type species O. tetrasulcatus Kielan, 1960. However, Zhou et al. (2010) illustrated a number of other late Ordovician Ovalocephalus species with elongate (sag.) glabellas with short glabellar furrows and our internal mould here is inadequate for precise identification. It is conceivable that it is the cranidium appropriate to Reed Ovalocephalus sp. pygidium but we cannot prove this without further collections., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on pages 335-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Zhou, Z. - Y., Yuan, W. - W. & Zhou, Z. - Q. (2010) Evolutional trends and palaeobiogeography of the Ordovician trilobite Ovalocephalus Koroleva. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 277, 259 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2009.0133","Fortey, R. A. & Cocks, L. R. M. (2005) Late Ordovician global warming - the Boda event. Geology, 33 (5), 405 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / G 21180.1","Zhang, T. - R. (1981) Trilobita. In: Geological Surveying Team of Xinjiang Bureau of Geology (Ed.), Palaeontological Atlas of Northwestern China, Xinjiang volume (Late Proterozoic - Early Palaeozoic). Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 134 - 213. [in Chinese]","Kielan, Z. (1960) Upper Ordovician trilobites from Poland and some related forms from Bohemia and Scandinavia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 11, 1 - 191."]}

Yanhaoia Zhou, Yuan & Zhou, 1998 Type species. Pterygometopus huayinshanensis Lu, 1975, Middle Ordovician, Neichiashan Series, Sichuan, original designation. Remarks. The generic classification of pterygometopids is not yet in a stable state. The species described below is placed in Yanhaoia because of its unusually large eyes combined with a relatively narrow axis., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 341, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Zhou, Z. - Y., Zhou, T. - R. & Yuan, W. - W. (1998) Ordovician trilobites from the upper Qiulitag Group, western Tarim, Xinjiang, northwest China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 37 (3), 269 - 282.","Lu, Y. - H. (1975) Ordovician trilobite faunas of central and southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, 11, 1 - 453."]}

Nileus sp. Fig. 8.9 1917 Nileus armadillo Dalman; Reed, p. 49–50, pl. 8, fig. 5. Material. Hypostome from Shihtien Formation (Darriwilian) at Pupiao, Fig. 8.9 (Reed, 1917, pl. 8, fig. 5), GSI 11904. Discussion. Reed (1917) correctly associated this hypostome with Nileidae, but his identification with Nileus armadillo on the basis of this sclerite alone was hardly justifiable in view of the difference in age. His identification of a second Nileus species (Reed 1917, pl. 8, fig. 6) on the basis of a free cheek cannot be supported as the eye is too small and the anterior course of the suture wrong for this genus. Several genera of Nileidae have been added since Reed’s time, and their hypostomes are conservative, with broad lateral borders converging in a shallow embayment with a median tooth. The Burmese species has strong, relatively sparse, nearly transverse terrace ridges compared with many species. The closest match we can find is with the hypostome of Nileus symphysuroides Lu, 1957, as illustrated by Zhou et al. (2016, pl. 52, fig. 13) from the Pagoda Limestone (Katian) and widespread in China. Without the rest of the exoskeleton the identification is cautious., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1917) Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Yun-nan. Palaeontologia Indica, 6 (3), 1 - 69.","Lu, Y. - H. (1957) Trilobita. In: Institute of Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (Ed.), Index Fossils of China. Geological Press, Peking, pp. 249 - 294. [in Chinese]","Zhou, Z. - G., Zhou, Z. - Y. & Xiang, L. - W. (2016) Trilobite fauna from the Ordovician Pagoda Limestone Formation of Central and Western Yangtze block, China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 422 pp. [in Chinese]"]}

Sphaerocoryphe sp. Fig. 13.3 1906 Sphaerocoryphe sp. indet. Reed, p. 77, pl. 5, fig. 26. Material. Cranidium from Upper Naungkangyi Beds (Katian) at Insang, northern Shan State, Fig. 13.3 (Reed, 1906, pl. 5, fig. 26), GSI 8340. Discussion. A single and diminutive cranidium from the northern part of the Shan State was fully described by Reed (1906) and is refigured here for reference. The assignment to Sphaerocoryphe is supported, although the material is inadequate for specific comparison. Generally similar internal moulds have been figured from other Upper Ordovician strata (e.g. Dean, 1971)., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 341, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1906) The Lower Paleozoic fossils of the Northern Shan States, Upper Burma. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 2, 1 - 154.","Dean, W. T. (1971) The trilobites of the Chair of Kildare Limestone (upper Ordovician) of eastern Ireland. Part 1. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 531, 1 - 60."]}

Birmanites Sheng, 1934 Type species. Ogygites birmanicus Reed, 1915. ‘ Hwe Mawng Beds’, northern Shan State, Myanmar, original designation. Diagnosis. Lu’s (1975, p. 318–9) diagnosis is still largely appropriate. It should be modified to include the inverted U shape of the wide hypostomal fork, and to emphasise that the pygidial ring furrows are transverse, rather than chevron–shaped. Despite the thin cuticle, the terrace ridges on the pygidial doublure are particularly strong. Only the best-preserved material shows a pointed junction of the facial sutures on the midline. In most flattened material the sutures appear to run nearly marginally over their anterior course. Discussion. Birmanites birmanicus was originally referred by Reed (1915) to the genus Ogygites Tromelin & Lebesconte, 1876 (type species Ogygia desmaresti Brongniart in Brongniart & Desmarest 1822), and we are therefore obliged to discuss both genera here. The type material of the type species of Ogygites is both distorted and incomplete, and a very detailed discussion of it by Rabáno (1989. p. 76–82) concluded with placing Ogygites ‘Incertae subfamiliae” within Asaphidae. She regarded the clarification of the identity of Ogygites as beyond resolution and recommended restricting its usage to the distorted holotype. Rabáno (1989) was unaware of a forthcoming revision of O. desmaresti from the type area of Angers by Pillet (1990), who attributed much additional material to the same species. Although it is distorted, much of it is articulated, and if Pillet is correct in attributing his material to O. desmaresti, as is likely, it is clear that the type species of Ogygites shares its principal features with both Birmanites and Nobiliasaphus. The pygidium is not seen on the type material, but several specimens figured by Pillet (e.g. 1990, pl. 15) prove the presence of numerous backwardly directed chevron-shaped ridges/furrows on the long and narrow pygidial axis that are clearly present also on the type specimens of Nobiliasaphus nobilis (Barrande) and Pamirotechites pamiricus Balashova, but not on Birmanites birmanicus or other oriental species of Birmanites. This is such an unusual character that in our view it is likely a synapomorphy of species sharing it, and constitutes the defining character of Nobiliasaphus / Ogygites. For example, Rabáno (1989) illustrated several species from Spain showing this feature, and Hammann & Leone (1997) illustrated others from Sardinia. One of Rabáno’s species, N. hammanni, has a posterior pygidial spine, which is not considered generically significant. However unsatisfactory its type material, it is likely that Ogygites is the senior name for this clade. If Birmanites is restricted to species with transverse pygidial ring furrows then some species may be better placed in Birmanites rather than Nobiliasaphus; for example, Nobiliasaphus powysi Hughes, 1979, from the Ordovician of the Builth Inlier, Wales. The range of Nobiliasaphus / Ogygites does not extend as far to the east (present geography) over Ordovician Gondwana as does that of Birmanites. Finally, Opsimasaphus Kielan, 1960 (type species O. jaanussoni Kielan, 1960) differs from Birmanites in having a relatively short (sag.) pygidium—the structure of the pygidial axis (with the exception of Chinese O. pseudodawanicus, see Turvey 2007) is similar to that of Birmanites rather than Nobiliasaphus / Ogygites, and the cephalic features seem to us identical to those of Birmanites. Kielan (1960, p. 75-77) gave a detailed account of Opsimasaphus in relation to what would now be called Nobiliasaphus Přibyl and Vaněk, 1965, but did not bring Birmanites into the discussion, possibly because when she was writing this genus was still regarded as a dikelokephalinid. Chugaeva (1958) described Ogygites almatyensis from Kazakhstan, which would be better placed in Birmanites on the criteria given here. It is possible that Opsimasaphus is a subjective junior synonym of Birmanites, as discussed by Zhou & Dean (1986) and Romano & Owen (1993), while Opsimasaphus was retained by Turvey (2007, p. 366)., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 318, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Sheng, X. - F. (1934) Lower Ordovician faunas of Chekiang. Palaeontologica Sinica New Series, 3, 1 - 19.","Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Lu, Y. - H. (1975) Ordovician trilobite faunas of central and southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, 11, 1 - 453.","Tromelin, G. de. & Lebesconte, P. (1876) Presentation de fossiles paleozoiques du department d'Ille-et-Vilaine et note additionnelle sur la faune silurianne du l'Ouest de la France. Comptes Rendus 4 me session Association Francaise Advancement Science, Nantes, 1876, 683 - 687.","Rabano, I. (1989) Trilobites del Ordovicico Medio del sector meridional de la Zona Centroiberica espanola. Part II Agnostina y Asaphida Publicaciones Especiales del Boletin Geologico y Minero, 100, 541 - 609.","Pillet, J. (1990) La faune des Ardoises d'Angers. Memoire de la Societe d'etudes scientifiques de l'Anjou, 7, 1 - 60.","Hammann, W. & Leone, F. (1997) Trilobites from the post-Sardic (Upper Ordovician) sequence of southern Sardinia. Part 1. Beringeria, 20, 1 - 217.","Hughes, C. P. (1979) The Ordovician trilobite faunas of the Builth-Llandrindod Inlier, central Wales. Part 3. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology Series, 32, 109 - 181.","Kielan, Z. (1960) Upper Ordovician trilobites from Poland and some related forms from Bohemia and Scandinavia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 11, 1 - 191.","Turvey, S. T. (2007) Asaphoid trilobites from the Arenig-Llanvirn of the South China Plate. Palaeontology, 50, 347 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006.00641. x","Pribyl, A. & Vanek, J. (1965) Neue Trilobiten des bohmischen Ordoviziums. Vestnik Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 40, 277 - 282.","Chugaeva, M. N. (1958) Trilobites of the Ordovician of the Chu-Ili mountains. Ordovician of Kazakhstan 3. Trudy Geologicheskogo Instituta, 9, 1 - 138, 111 pls. [in Russian]","Zhou, Z. - Y. & Dean, W. T. (1986) Ordovician trilobites from Chedao, Gansu Province, NW China. Palaeontology, 29, 743 - 786.","Romano, M. & Owen, A. W. (1993) Early Caradoc trilobites of eastern Ireland and their palaeogeographical significance. Palaeontology, 36, 681 - 720."]}

Nileus Dalman, 1827 Type species. Asaphus (Nileus) armadillo Dalman, 1827, Lower Ordovician, Sweden., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Dalman, J. W. (1827) Om Palaederna eller de sa kallade Trilobiterna. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akadamiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 1, 113 - 152 + 226 - 294."]}

Illaenus Dalman, 1827 Discussion. Reed (1915, 1917) described a number of Illaenus species from both the northern part of the Shan State and western Yunnan, mostly from fragmentary material. Attempts to make casts from the illustrated specimens were variably successful, but are included here for the sake of completeness. Since the classic works of Jaanusson (1954) and Bruton & Owen (1988) it has been clear that for meaningful systematics of Illaenus species it is necessary to know such features as the dorsal surface sculpture, particularly on the cephalon, details of muscle insertion areas, and such ventral features as the outline and extent of the pygidial doublure. Reed’s specimens do not show most of these important features, and are not determinable in a modern way. Only one species, Illaenus caecoides, from Shihtien, Yunnan, was formally named. One cranidial fragment from Yunnan illustrated by Reed (1917, pl. 8, fig. 3) as Illaenus cf. tauricornis is not only incomplete, but also an internal mould, and very distorted. It is not worth re-illustrating. Two other fragmentary illaenids from Yunnan described by Reed (1917) as Illaenu s cf. oblongatus and I. aff punctulosus, were not successfully cast, and are not discussed in this paper. There is no reason to reproduce Reed’s original remarks for the illaenids and only brief comments will be given here. All except I. caecoides were recorded by Reed under open nomenclature., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Dalman, J. W. (1827) Om Palaederna eller de sa kallade Trilobiterna. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akadamiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 1, 113 - 152 + 226 - 294.","Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Reed, F. R. C. (1917) Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Yun-nan. Palaeontologia Indica, 6 (3), 1 - 69.","Jaanusson, V. (1954) Zur Morphologie und Taxonomie der Illaeniden. Arkiv for Mineralogioch Geologi, 1, 545 - 583.","Bruton, D. L. & Owen, A. W. (1988) The Norwegian Upper Ordovician illaenid trilobites. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 68, 241 - 258."]}

Subfamily Birmanitinae Kobayashi, 1960 Discussion. Birmanites Sheng, 1934, with type species Ogygites birmanicus Reed, 1915, was originally described as an asaphid, but was placed in a separate family Birmanitidae by Kobayashi (1960, p. 254) and in Dikelokephalinidae in the 1959 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Harrington et al. in Moore, 1959). Lu (1975, p. 319) regarded Birmanites as no more than an unusually flat asaphid, with a relatively small glabella, an opinion with which we concur; the taxon Birmanitidae has disappeared from the literature. It is, however, still available as a subfamily name within Asaphidae. Division of Asaphidae into subfamilies is itself contentious; a relatively conservative approach was used by Jaanusson (in Moore, 1959), who employed seven subfamilies. The opposite approach was that of Balashova (1976) who elevated Asaphidae to subordinal level and divided the group into numerous families and subfamilies. Balashova nominated subfamilies centred on well-known Baltic endemic genera such as Megistaspis Jaanuson, 1956, Pseudoasaphus Schmidt, 1901 and Ptychopyge Angelin, 1854, to each of which she consigned a number of her own, finely divided genera. This is not an appropriate place to review this work of prolific taxonomic ‘splitting’, although the majority of Balashova’s taxa are confined to the Ordovician Baltic Shield, and her scheme has not been widely adopted. However, Balashova’s (1976) Subfamily Nobiliasaphinae (placed in Family Pseudoasaphidae Balashova, 1969, by Balashova [1976]) includes the genera Opsimasaphus Kielan, 1960, and Nobiliasaphus Přibyl & Vaněk, 1965, both of which are closely similar to Birmanites, and must surely be included within the same subfamily, whatever taxonomy is eventually adopted. The name Birmanitinae Kobayashi, 1960 is the older name for this group even though it was not recognised by Balashova (1976). An objective appraisal of asaphid trilobites is overdue. An unpublished PhD thesis by Mark Bell (2009) under the supervision of RAF attempted a cladistic analysis of Asaphidae. One group that comprised a clade with moderate support included Birmanites, and the name Birmanitinae is appropriate for it. The most important characters uniting the group are displayed by the hypostome, which has a characteristic rounded to oval middle body with prominent maculae at the rear, and a broad, U-shaped fork, and hypostome widest at, or in front of the maculae. The characteristic hypostome is illustrated by a specimen from the type series of Birmanites birmanicus figured herein (Fig. 6.1) and an illustrative reconstruction (Fig. 7.b), and by the Barrandian lectotype (selected Kielan, 1960, p. 76) of Nobiliasaphus nobilis (see Horný & Bastl, 1970, pl. 6 fig. 1; Rabáno, 1989, pl. 3, fig. 6; also, Hughes, 1979, fig. 11 for a similar hypostome, and Hammann & Leone 1997, pl. 6, fig. 3 and Turvey, 2007 for further examples). Dorsal characters in the group are variable with regard to width of pleural areas, preglabellar field, dorsal effacement and the like, but a glabella with an inflated, often pyriform frontal lobe and with a pair of posteriorly inwardly sloping, and often deepened axial/glabellar furrows which constrict a narrow median glabellar lobe in front of the occipital ring, is also typical. Where known, the medial tubercle is immediately pre-occipital (Birmanites —see Lu, 1975, pl. 8, fig. 8), and the dorsal facial sutures run at, or at least very close to the anterior margin before they meet medially. A distinctive genus from central Australia, Norasaphus Fortey & Shergold, 1984, which includes the only tuberculate asaphids, also belongs within the same group, showing similar hypostome construction and glabella furrows, even though it is much more convex and less flattened peripherally than Birmanites. Turvey (2007) added further Chinese taxa to this group. Nobiliasaphus is distinguished from Birmanites in having a curious structure of the pygidial axis, with chevron-like medial backward deflections of the ring furrows, the ring itself bisected transversely by fainter extra furrows and ridges of similar form. This asaphid group is peri-Gondwanan, with scattered occurrences from France, Iberian Peninsula and Wales eastwards to southwest China. The genus Pamirotetchites Balashova, 1966, from the Pamirs in central Asia is a junior synonym of Nobiliasaphus as Balashova (1976, p. 59) realised, and displays the same distinctive pygidial structure as N. nobilis (Barrande) (see also Opsimasaphus pseudodawanicus Lu, 1975, in Turvey, 2007). Norasaphus is so far confined to Australia, while Nobiliasaphus does not extend east of the Pamirs. Birmanites is more widespread. Whether this group should be included within a more inclusive clade based on Pseudoasaphus (as claimed by Balashova, 1976) is uncertain. Many genera of Asaphidae are known to be endemic to Baltica, such as those placed in Megistaspidinae by Balashova (1976), and Pseudoasaphus may be no exception. Pseudoasaphus spp. have anterior branches of the facial sutures which cross the fontal area well away from the anterior cephalic margin before meeting in an acute point (e.g. Jaanusson, 1953, pl. 4, fig. 3), and hypostomes attributed to related genera are relatively long and narrow, with more extended ‘forks’ subtending an almost v-shaped outline (Balashova, 1976, pl. 3)., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on pages 317-318, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Kobayashi, T. (1960) The Cambro-Ordovician formations and faunas of South Korea, part 6, Paleontology V. Journal of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Tokyo, Section 2, 12 (2), 217 - 275.","Sheng, X. - F. (1934) Lower Ordovician faunas of Chekiang. Palaeontologica Sinica New Series, 3, 1 - 19.","Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Moore, R. C. (Ed.) (1959) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology - Arthropoda 1. University of Kansas Press and the Geological Society of America, Lawrence, Kansas, 560 pp.","Lu, Y. - H. (1975) Ordovician trilobite faunas of central and southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, 11, 1 - 453.","Balashova, E. A. (1976) Systematics of asaphine trilobites and their representatives in the USSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 215 pp. [in Russian]","Schmidt, F. (1901) Revision der Ostbaltischen Silurischen Trilobiten. Abtheilung V: Asaphiden. Lieferung 2. Die Gattungen Asaphus sens. str., Onchometopus, Isotelus und Niobe enthaltend. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, Series 8, 12 (8), 1 - 113.","Angelin, N. P. (1854) s. n. In: Palaeontologia Scandinavica I. Crustacea Formationis Transitionis Fasc. 2. Academiae Regiae Scientarum Suecanae, Holmiae, pp. 21 - 92.","Balashova, E. A. (1969) Phylogeny of trilobites in the Subfamily Pseudoasaphinae. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Series Geology, Geography, 1969 (4), 31 - 41. [in Russian]","Kielan, Z. (1960) Upper Ordovician trilobites from Poland and some related forms from Bohemia and Scandinavia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 11, 1 - 191.","Pribyl, A. & Vanek, J. (1965) Neue Trilobiten des bohmischen Ordoviziums. Vestnik Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 40, 277 - 282.","Bell, M. A. (2009) Macroevolutionary patterns of body-size evolution within the Class Trilobita (Arthropoda). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol. [unknown pagination]","Horny, R. & Bastl, F. (1970) Type specimen of fossils in the National Museum, Prague. Trilobita. National Museum, Prague, Prague, 354 pp.","Rabano, I. (1989) Trilobites del Ordovicico Medio del sector meridional de la Zona Centroiberica espanola. Part II Agnostina y Asaphida Publicaciones Especiales del Boletin Geologico y Minero, 100, 541 - 609.","Hughes, C. P. (1979) The Ordovician trilobite faunas of the Builth-Llandrindod Inlier, central Wales. Part 3. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology Series, 32, 109 - 181.","Hammann, W. & Leone, F. (1997) Trilobites from the post-Sardic (Upper Ordovician) sequence of southern Sardinia. Part 1. Beringeria, 20, 1 - 217.","Turvey, S. T. (2007) Asaphoid trilobites from the Arenig-Llanvirn of the South China Plate. Palaeontology, 50, 347 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006.00641. x","Fortey, R. A. & Shergold, J. H. (1984) Early Ordovician trilobites, Nora Formation, central Australia. Palaeontology, 27, 315 - 366.","Balashova, E. A. (1966) Trilobites from the Ordovician and Silurian beds of Pamir. Trudy Upravlenya Geologii Soveta Ministrov Tadzhikskoi SSR. Paleontologiya I Stratigrafiya, 2, 191 - 263. [in Russian]"]}

Phorocephala Lu, 1965 Type species. Phorocephala typa Lu, 1965, Siliangssu Formation, Liangshan, Shaanxi Province, China, by original designation.

Lonchodomas Angelin, 1854 Type species. Ampyx rostratus Sars, 1835, see Whittington (1959)., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Angelin, N. P. (1854) s. n. In: Palaeontologia Scandinavica I. Crustacea Formationis Transitionis Fasc. 2. Academiae Regiae Scientarum Suecanae, Holmiae, pp. 21 - 92.","Sars, M. (1835) Ueber einige neue oder unvollstanding bekannte Trilobiten. Isis, Jena, 1835, 334 - 343.","Whittington, H. B. (1959) Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites: Remopleurididae, Trinulceidae, Raphiophoridae, Endymionidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 121, 371 - 496."]}

Dionide hybrida Reed, 1915 Fig. 10.4 1915 Dionide hybrida sp. nov.; Reed, p. 26–27, pl. 5, fig. 7. 1940 Digrypus hybridus (Reed); Kobayashi, p. 207, text-fig 2. Material. Holotype: Cranidium part and counterpart from Hwe Mawng Beds (Upper Katian) of Hwe-hok, Myanmar, Fig. 10.4, GSI 11509. Description. The species is founded upon a single, reasonably well-preserved cranidium. The illustration herein is of a cast from the counterpart of the holotype figured by Reed (1915, pl. 5, fig. 7), the convex (tr.) cranidium slightly more than twice as wide as long, with the preglabellar field occupying 15% of the cranidial length (sag.). Glabella in front of the occipital ring with almost circular dimensions, but with gently constricted sides, transversely evenly convex. The prominent glabella tubercle is at glabellar mid-length (occipital ring included). The basal lateral glabellar lobes are more or less incorporated into the glabella, but their extent is revealed as slight bulges in the axial furrows, which are not apparent on the original drawing in Reed (1915). The posterior ends approach the lateral edges of the occipital ring. A small part of the otherwise effaced furrows defining their inner edges is deepened into a pair of small subcircular glabellar furrows. The depressed and narrow (sag.) occipital ring about two-thirds glabellar width, defined by an occipital furrow which is shallower and wider medially. Axial furrows narrow, shallowest around posterolateral glabellar lobes. Thin and deep posterior border furrow is probably incomplete as it extends to genal angle in Dionide (this seems to be shown on the right hand side of the 1915 illustration). Posterior border hardly convex, slightly wider (exsag.) than occipital ring. Fixed cheeks convex adjacent to glabella and downsloping to fairly narrow concave border that maintains nearly even width around the anterior perimeter, such that at the midline the preglabellar area is very short (sag.), about one-sixth of length of glabella behind (sag.). Left hand side suggests a prolonged genal extension posteriorly. The dorsal surface of cheeks is pitted, with the larger pits following the inner edge of the anterior border. Reed’s (1915) illustration emphasises this feature, but it is not so clearly marked on the cast, where more noticeable pits are concentrated in front of the glabella. Backwardly directed principal genal vein is not well developed, but a narrow ridge can be seen on the left-hand side of the cranidium Fig 10.4, which follows a course similar to that of other species of Dionide. Discussion. Among numerous Dionide species only a few have a preglabellar area well short of half the length of the glabella (sag.). One of them is the type species, D. formosa (Barrande, 1846) the lectotype of which is illustrated in Horný & Bastl (1970, pl. 13, fig. 3, see also Šnajdr, 1990, p. 193). The main differences between the cranidium of D. hybrida and that of D. formosa are the wider fixed cheeks of the former and its more rectangular glabella, as well as more prominent surface sculpture of the latter. Dionide miaopoensis Lu, 1975) (also Peng et al., 1991) from the Upper Ordovician Maiopo Formation of Hubei Province also has a narrow preglabellar area but appears to resemble D. formosa rather than D. hybrida in the same differential features. A much older species with A cranidium like that of D. hybrida is D. levigena Fortey & Owens, 1987, from the “late Arenig-early Llanvirn” (Dapingian to early Darriwilian) of South Wales (also Kennedy & Stammers, 2018, fig. 235) which has an almost circular glabella, and at least one example with cheeks as narrow (tr.). A clear difference is the separate convexity of the cheek lobe on D. levigena, which merges gently with the border in D. hybrida. A Chinese species of similar age to D. hybrida, D. regalis Lu & Zhou, 1981 (see Tripp et al., 1989, fig. 12) has a cranidium of which can hardly be distinguished from that of the Myanmar species; possibly, the gena is more convex and distinctly caecate. Kobayashi (1940) made Dionide hybrida the type species of a new genus, Digrypus, but we consider that there are not sufficient distinctions from Dionide formosa and other Dionide species to justify this taxon., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Barrande, J. (1846) Nouveaux trilobites. Notice preliminaire sur le systeme Silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme, Praha, 40 pp.","Horny, R. & Bastl, F. (1970) Type specimen of fossils in the National Museum, Prague. Trilobita. National Museum, Prague, Prague, 354 pp.","Snajdr, M. (1990) Bohemian trilobites. Geological Survey, Prague. 265 pp.","Lu, Y. - H. (1975) Ordovician trilobite faunas of central and southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, 11, 1 - 453.","Peng, S. - C., Lin, T. - R. & Li, Y. (1991) Restudy of the trilobites (agnostoids and other polymerids) from the Miaopo Formation in Eastern Yangtze Gorges and western Hubei. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 30, 1 - 19.","Fortey, R. A. & Owens, R. M. (1987) The Arenig series in South Wales. Bulletin of British Museum of Natural History, Geology, 41, 69 - 307.","Kennedy, R. & Stammers, S. (2018) Trilobites of the British Isles. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, 383 pp.","Lu, Y. - H. & Zhou, Z. - Y. (1981) Early Upper Ordovician trilobites from the Nanjing Hills. Bulletin of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 3, 1 - 27. [in Chinese, English summary]","Tripp, R. P., Zhou, Z. - Y. & Pan, Z. - Q. (1989) Trilobites from the Upper Ordovician Tangtou Formation, Jiangsu Province, China. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 80, 25 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0263593300012256","Kobayashi, T. (1940). Note on the Dionideidae. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, 17, 203 - 208."]}

Pliomerina martellii (Reed, 1917) Fig. 10.7 1917 Pliomera martellii; Reed, 1917, p. 55 –56, pl. 8, figs 15,16. Material. Holotype: cranidium from Shihtien Formation (Darriwilian) of Pupiao, Fig. 10.7 (Reed, 1917, pl. 8, figs 15,16) GSI 11915, Pupiao, western Yunnan, southwestern China. Description. Cranidium twice as wide as long. Glabella with low transverse convexity, maximum inflation across frontal lobe, greatest width at L3 is 1.3 times that across occipital ring, and slightly less than sagittal length. Anterior outline of glabella at cranidial margin is gently and evenly arcuate about the mid-line. Deep glabellar furrows extend less than one-third across glabella: S1 slightly curving backwards, S2 hardly so, and S3 distinctly inward-backwardly directed making an angle of about 30 degrees to the transverse line. Since this specimen is not a true dorsal surface the furrows may well have been longer and narrower on the exterior surface. The latter is undoubtedly also true of the deep and wide axial furrows that expand in width towards the anterolateral glabellar corners. Of glabellar lobes L3 is most inflated and widens abaxially; its greatest width (exsag.) is twice that of narrow L1 and 1.5 that of L2. Occipital furrow curves forwards in a broad arc medially, such that the occipital ring is widest in its central two-thirds. The anterior cranidial border is developed as a narrow ridge anterolaterally, but narrows and merges with the frontal lobe of the glabella adaxially. Silicified material figured by Webby (1971) shows that it remains just distinct from the glabella on the exterior surface but this is not expressed on the internal mould. Fixed cheeks three-quarters as wide (tr.) as maximum width of glabella, narrow (exsag.) posterior limb bisected by deep, wide border furrow (as preserved). Medium sized palpebral lobe extends back as far as L2, the area inside it narrow (tr.) and inflated. There is some evidence of a reticulum in this area. Discussion. Reed (1917, p. 56) referred to the type species being “represented by only two head-shields showing the cast and impression” and Webby (1971, p. 614) in turn referred to “two incomplete cranidia”. The type material consists of a single individual cranidium in part and counterpart, as Reed probably implied. Although it is preserved in full relief most of its features suggest that we are seeing the internal surface of this cranidium, and this should be taken into account in comparing with other species assigned to Pliomerina. Nonetheless, despite the lack of the associated pygidium from the type locality, with its characteristic well-defined elongate terminal piece, the species assigned to Pliomerina by Chugaeva (1958), Webby (1971) and listed in Zhou & Zhen (2008) form a tight group. A squat glabella with some lateral inflation of L3 is typical. However, P. tashanensis Lee, 2013, from Jiangxe Province, China, has an elongate glabella with somewhat effaced furrows, no lateral prominence of L3, and the pygidial terminal piece is not inflated; it is not typical of the genus. Cranidia of P. australis, Webby (from Australia) of similar size to the holotype of P. martellii (e.g. Webby, 1971, pl. 115, fig. 1) have a more deeply arcuate or parabolic outline of the frontal glabellar lobe, although smaller individuals like the holotype (Webby, 1971, pl. 114, figs 2-7) are more similar to P. martellii in this regard. However, the fixed cheeks are narrower (tr.) and the inflation of L3 more marked. Of three Katian species from Kazakhstan described by Chugaeva (1958) P. dulanensis is probably most similar to P. martellii, although its glabellar furrows are longer and more curved forwards. Possibly the most similar species to P. martellii is P. serrata described by Zhou & Zhou (2006) from Katian strata in Inner Mongolia; it may have longer glabellar furrows. An ‘outlier’ of the genus in Argentina (Edgecombe et al., 1999) provides good evidence that a segment of the Precordillera was part of Gondwana by the later Ordovician. It should be noted that Reed (1917) reported this species from several localities, but this is not reflected in the collections., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1917) Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Yun-nan. Palaeontologia Indica, 6 (3), 1 - 69.","Webby, B. D. E. (1971) The Ordovician trilobite Pliomerina Chugaeva from the Ordovician of New South Wales. Palaeontology, 14, 612 - 622.","Chugaeva, M. N. (1958) Trilobites of the Ordovician of the Chu-Ili mountains. Ordovician of Kazakhstan 3. Trudy Geologicheskogo Instituta, 9, 1 - 138, 111 pls. [in Russian]","Zhou, Z. - Y. & Zhen, Y. - Y. (Eds.) (2008) Trilobite Record of China. Science Press, Beijing, 20 pp.","Lee, D. C. (2013) Late Ordovician trilobites from the Xiazhen Formation in Zhuzhai, Jiangxi Province, China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 58 (4), 855 - 882. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2010.0036","Zhou, Z. - Q. & Zhou, Z. - Y. (2006) Late Ordovician trilobites from the Zhusilenghaierhan area, Ejin Banner, western Inner Mongolia, China. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 32, 383 - 411.","Edgecombe, G. D., Chatterton, B. D. E., Vacarri, N. E. & Waisfeld, B. G. (1999) Ordovician pliomerid and prosopiscid trilobites from Argentina. Journal of Paleontology, 73, 1144 - 1154. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000031036"]}

Family Asaphidae Salter, 1864 Discussion. Three of Reed’s asaphid species redescribed below are of systematic importance, and worth assessing in detail. A few of Reed’s asaphid pygidial fragments were not cast., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Salter, J. W. (1864) A monograph of British trilobites. Part 1. Palaeontographical Society, London, Monograph, Volume for 1862, 1 - 80."]}

Illaenus caecoides Reed, 1917 Fig. 15.5 1917 Illaenus caecoides sp. nov.; Reed, p. 45–6, pl. 7, figs 9–10. Material. Lectotype (selected herein): dorsal exoskeleton, Fig. 15.5 (Reed, 1917, pl. 7, fig. 9), GSI 11898. Additional type material: pygidium (Reed, 1917, pl. 7, fig. 10), GSI 11899. Both specimens from the Shihtien Formation (Darriwilian) at Banpo Village in Shidian County, western Yunnan. Remarks. We were unable to make a satisfactory cast of the lectotype, and Reed’s original illustration is reproduced here. Although the dorsal exoskeleton is complete it is much abraded. Reed (1917, p. 46) inferred that this was a blind species of “ Illaenus ” but we regard it as more probable that the abrasion of the dorsal surface has removed evidence of the facial sutures and the visual surfaces from a more typical illaenid. If this is so there are very few possible specific characters, and the species will not be recognisable until more collections are made from the type locality., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1917) Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Yun-nan. Palaeontologia Indica, 6 (3), 1 - 69."]}

Metopolichas Gürich, 1901 Type species. Metopias Hubneri Eichwald 1842, Tallinna Limestone, Estonia. See Thomas & Holloway 1988, p. 214., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Gurich, G. (1901) Ueber eine neue Lichas - Art aus dem Devon von Neu-Sud-Wales un uber die Gattung Lichas uberhaupt. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie, Beil-agebande, 14, 519 - 539.","Eichwald, C. E. V. (1842) Die Urwelt Russlands durch Abbildungen erlautert. Part 2. Druckerei des Journal de Saint-Petersbourg, St Petersburg, 184 pp.","Thomas, A. T. & Holloway, D. J. (1988) Classification and phylogeny of the trilobite order Lichida. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences, 321, 179 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1988.009"]}

Prionocheilus liluensis (Reed, 1915) Fig. 10.9 1915 Calymene (Pharostoma) liluensis; Reed, p. 4647, pl. 8, figs 6, 7, non pl. 8, fig. 9. Material. Holotype. Cranidium GSI 11554. Reed (1915, p. 47) did not associate the pygidium he figured with confidence, and it is therefore not to be regarded as one of the type series. Since this pygidium is that of an Ovalocephalus sp. (above) the cranidium is the only type specimen available for holotype. Reed illustrated part and counterpart of this specimen. Upper Naugkangyi Beds (Katian). Lilu right bank of Nam Tu, path to Manping. northern Shan State. Description. The external mould of the holotype is illustrated herein, and is reasonably well-preserved, although the tip of the fixed cheek is not present. Glabella occupies three-quarters of cranidial length (excluding occipital ring), and is as wide as long; occipital ring 25% total glabellar length. Glabella best preserved on right side showing convex flanks narrowing forwards to broadly arcuate front. Deep S1 with outer end at three-eighths cranidial length, curving inwards but fading well before occipital furrow, distally not quite becoming exsag. S2 follows in line with inner part of S1, and shallower, its anterior termination just behind a prominent anterior pit at the end of the axial furrow. L1 is twice as wide and twice as long as L2, and both somewhat inflated. Occipital ring well defined, narrows laterally, and carries a prominent circular median tubercle. Preglabellar field as wide (sag.) as border in front near midline, and widens towards corner of glabella. Palpebral lobe situated about 40% of the distance across the adjacent glabella, and of similar length (exsag.) to preglabellar field (sag.). Eye ridges strong and convex, directed back at about 60 degrees to sag. line.Anterior border furrow of even, moderate depth along its length. Border hardly convex and gently bowed forwards. Posterior border furrow as deep as axial furrows, and posterior section of fixed cheek presumably broadly triangular. Facial sutures diverge at a low angle in a convex curve in front of the palpebral lobes and at a high angle behind. Much of the dorsal surface is covered by fine tubercles, which appear coarser and sparser immediately in front of the preglabellar furrow and on the postocular fixed cheeks. A cranidium described by Kolobova (in Sokolov & Yolkin,1978, pl. 27, fig. 7) under the name Pharostoma inermis from the Upper Ordovician of Tien Shan is very like that of Prionocheilus liluensis, although it apparently has coarser tubercles on the dorsal surface., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Sokolov, B. S. & Yolkin, E. A. (Eds.) (1978) Trilobita. In: Upper Ordovician and Silurian of the Sayan Altai region of Tien Shan. Trudy Instituta Geologii I Geofiziki, 387, pp. 126 - 141. [in Russian]"]}

Reedocalymene Kobayashi, 1951 Type species. Calymene unicornis Reed, 1917, Pupaio Formation, Yunnan, original designation. Discussion. Reed’s (1917) species is the nominated type species of Reedocalymene, although Lu (1975) described much better preserved material of the same genus. In a cladistic analysis of the Subfamily Reedocalymeninae Turvey (2002) showed that Reedocalymene and Calymenesun Kobayashi, 1951 are closely related. Lu (1975, p. 448) had noted this previously, and provided some distinguishing characters, supplemented further by Peng et al. (2000). However, some of these are contradictory. Lu (1975, p. 447) stated of Calymenesun that “the pygidium is quite different from all others of the Calymenids [sic] in having a very narrow border.” On p. 448 he states (of similarity between the two genera) that they share “a broad border on the pygidium”. He stated also that an important feature is the shape of the glabella which is claimed as “semioval” in Reedocalymene, as it is on R. expansa Yi (see Lu, 1975, pl. 46, fig. 4). However, the lectotype of R. unicornis shows a wider part of the glabella at the level of the basal lobes, which is actually more like that of the type species of Calymenesun, C. tingi Sun (Lu, 1975, pl. 46, figs 9,12). As discussed by Peng et al. (2000) the distinction between the two genera, both erected by Kobayashi (1951), is not clearcut, and they may eventually be synonymized. We follow these authors in recognizing the two genera pro tem., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Kobayashi, T. (1951) On the Ordovician trilobites in central China. Journal of the Faculty of Science Imperial University of Tokyo, Section II, Geology, 8, 1 - 87.","Reed, F. R. C. (1917) Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Yun-nan. Palaeontologia Indica, 6 (3), 1 - 69.","Lu, Y. - H. (1975) Ordovician trilobite faunas of central and southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, 11, 1 - 453.","Turvey, S. T. (2002) Phylogeny of the Reedocalymeninae (Trilobita): implications for Early Ordovician biogeography of Gondwana. In: Crame, A. J. & Owen, A. W. (Eds.), Palaeobiogeography and biodiversity change: the Ordovician and Mesozoic - Cenozoic radiations. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 194, 53 - 68.","Peng, S. - C., Lin, T. - R. & Li, Y. (2000) Notes on the genus Reedocalymene Kobayashi, 1951 (Trilobita, Ordovician). Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 39, 63 - 75."]}

Lonchodomas shanensis (Reed, 1915) Fig. 10.3, 6 1915 Ampyx rostratus var. shanensis; Reed 1915, p. 24 –25, pl. 5, figs 2,3. Material. Lectotype (selected herein): disarticulated, incomplete dorsal exoskeleton from Mong Ha, Fig. 10.6 (Reed, 1915, pl. 5, fig. 2), GSI 11504. Other material: cranidium from Hwe-hok, Fig. 10.3 (Reed, 1915, pl. 5, fig. 2), GSI 11505. Both specimens from the Hwe Mawng Beds (uppermost Katian). Description. The disassociated exoskeleton indicates that the sag. length of the cephalon (to the base of the anterior spine) is similar in length to the rest of the thorax + pygidium. Glabella with the shape of a narrow and elongate rhomb. There is no indication of lateral glabellar muscle impressions, nor of the lateral lobes developed by some species attributed to Lonchodomas. The maximum glabellar width is probably slightly less than half its length. The transverse convexity of the glabella is very low posteriorly, hardly elevated above the cheeks, and the occipital ring is hardly defined. An indistinct median crest runs along the anterior half of the glabella and is extended into a stout frontal spine of unknown length, which from its base probably had a prismatic cross section. Posterior border furrow shallows towards glabella; so far as it can be observed posterior border arches slightly forwards. Free cheeks not observed. Four thoracic segments clearly shown, and traces of the fifth, posterior segment to the left of the pygidium; thorax is probably subparallel sided, or with a gentle posterior taper. Transverse width of pleurae similar to that of axis, which is weakly convex; long (sag.) articulating half rings present. Pleural tips truncate; weak pleural furrows just posterior to median line and gently concave. Pygidium distinctive, just over twice as wide as long, with a moderately well-defined axis initially just over one-third anterior pygidial width, and this similar to its length, making a neat isosceles triangle as it tapers to border, axial furrows enclosing an angle of 50 degrees. Apart from half-ring, ring furrows not expressed. Distinct anterior pleural furrow elegantly concave laterally, and behind it one shallow but straight pleural furrow making a near right angle to the axial furrow and extending to border. Border itself is steeply downturned and of similar height along its length. Discussion. The most distinctive specific characters of this raphiophorid are on the pygidium, with its axis making an almost equilateral triangle, and only two well marked pleural furrows, the second quite different from the first. It differs from L. rostratus (Sars, 1835) (e.g. Whittington, 1959) in these characters, and in having a narrower and less carinate glabella. Hence Reed’s “var.” is employed as a specific name. Although it cannot be proved that there was no sixth thoracic segment, the evidence we have supports the presence of five segments, typical of Lonchodomas. Reed (1915, p. 25) noted only four segments, presumably not recognising the fragmentary fifth segment on the left-hand side. A number of Lonchodomas species have been described from China, but none has the peculiar pygidial structure of L. shanensis. Curiously, a similar pygidium is present on Maiopopsis whittardi (Yi, 1957) (e.g. Lu, 1975, pl. 42, fig. 4), but Maiopopsis has a completely different cephalic structure to that of Lonchodomas, and the pygidial similarities are surely a matter of convergence. Cephalic features of Lonchodomas remain relatively conservative from early in the history of the genus (Nielsen, 1995). Ampyx aff. macullumi from the Upper Naungkangyi Beds figured by Reed (1915, pl. 5, figs 4-6) and refigured here (Figs 10.1,2) shows a carinate glabella and apparently prismatic frontal spine, and may be referable to Lonchodomas. However, the pygidum referred by Reed to this species is unlike that of L. shanenis and probably does not belong with the cranidium. It is here retained under open nomenclature as Lonchodomas ? sp., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Sars, M. (1835) Ueber einige neue oder unvollstanding bekannte Trilobiten. Isis, Jena, 1835, 334 - 343.","Whittington, H. B. (1959) Silicified Middle Ordovician trilobites: Remopleurididae, Trinulceidae, Raphiophoridae, Endymionidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 121, 371 - 496.","Yi, Y. - G. (1957) The Caradocian fauna from Yangtse-Gorges. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 5, 527 - 560.","Lu, Y. - H. (1975) Ordovician trilobite faunas of central and southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, 11, 1 - 453.","Nielsen, A. T. (1995) Trilobite systematics, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Lower Ordovician Komstad Limestone and Huk Formations, southern Scandinavia. Fossils and Strata, 38, 1 - 374."]}

Family Remopleurididae Hawle & Corda, 1847 Remopleuridid gen. et sp. indet. Figs 8.7, 10 1917 Remopleurides aff. latus Olin; Reed, p. 41, pl. 6, figs 9,10. Material. Cranidium, Fig. 8.7 (Reed, 1917, pl. 6, fig. 9), GSI 11884; free cheek, Fig. 8.10 (Reed, pl. 6, fig. 10), GSI 11885; both specimens from the Shihtien Formation (Darriwilian) at Pupiao, western Yunnan. Discussion. Reed (1917, p. 41) compared this species with one from the Chasmops limestone of Norway. Reed’s illustration of the cranidium shows the usual thin, arched glabellar furrows of remopleuridids; the cast figured here taken from the mould does not show such furrows, which are therefore probably visible only on the internal mould. We assume following Reed that the free cheek belongs with the cranidium, although the eye seems to be deeper than usual, and its inner profile does not closely match that of the palpebral lobes on the cranidium. However, the latter could be transversely extended through modest distortion. The number of remopleuridid genera in China has been increased as the former Remopleurides sensu lato has been subdivided. Zhou et al. (2016) recognised Hexacopyge and Disloboaspis alongside Remopleurides itself, in the Pagoda Formation, for example. Details of the hypostome are crucial to discriminate these clades, and since that feature is lacking in Reed’s collection it must remain in open nomenclature.

Illaenus sp. 1. Figs 14.9, 10 1915 Illaenus aff. portlocki Reed, pl. 7, figs 8,9. Material. Pygidium from Hwe Maung Beds (uppermost Katian) at Hwe Maung, Fig. 14.9 (Reed, 1915, pl. 7, fig. 8), GSI 11539; cranidium from Upper Naungkangyi Beds at Man Ngai, Fig. 14.10 (Reed, 1915, pl. 7, fig. 9), GSI 11540. Remarks. These two sclerites may not belong to the same species. The internal mould of the cranidium shows evidence of carrying raised transverse ridges anteriorly which may have been strong on the dorsal surface. The same feature is seen on Illaenus sp. 3 from Yunnan, but not enough is known of either species to prove they are the same species., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98."]}

Dalmanitina Reed, 1905 Type species. Phacops socialis Barrande, 1846, Letná Formation (Berounian) Czech Republic, Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on page 342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Barrande, J. (1846) Nouveaux trilobites. Notice preliminaire sur le systeme Silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme, Praha, 40 pp."]}

Birmanites yunnanensis (Reed, 1917) Figs 8.1–6 1917 Ogygites yunnanensis Reed, p. 42-45, pl. 6, figs 12–14; pl. 7, figs 1–8. 1951 Basiliella yunnanensis (Reed); Kobayashi, p. 33, pl. 4, figs 7,8. 1965 Basilicus (Basiliella) yunnanensis (Reed); Lu et al. p. 481–2, pl. 94, fig. 17, non figs 15,16. 2008 Birmanites yunnanensis (Reed); Zhou & Zhen, p. 236. 2014 Birmanites yunnanensis (Reed); Zhang et al., figs 5.41F,G. Material. Lectotype (selected here): articulated thorax, pygidium and incomplete cephalon, Fig. 8.5 (Reed, 1917, pl. 6, fig. 12 and pl. 7, fig. 4; refigured Lu et al. 1965, pl. 94, fig. 17), GSI 11887 and 11893. Assigned specimens: free cheeks, Figs 8.4, 8.6 (Reed, 1917, pl. 7, fig. 5; pl. 6, figs 13/14; pl. 7, fig. 3, respectively), GSI 11894, 11889, 11892, respectively; pygidia, Figs 8.2, 8.3 (Reed, 1917, pl. 7, figs 8, 6 respectively) GSI 11897, 11895, respectively. Reed (1917) also figured fragmentary thoracic segments and other pieces of cephalic exoskeleton that were not cast: thoracic segments pl. 7, figs 1, 2, GSI 11890, 11891, respectively; pygidium pl. 7, fig. 7, GSI 11896. All specimens from the Shihtien Formation (Darriwilian) at Pupiao, Baoshan Prefecture, western Yunnan. Description. The original material of Reed (1917) is only slightly distorted and presumably also flattened to some degree. The most complete articulated specimen is not preserved at the front, but the exoskeleton must have been about 1.6-1.7 times longer than wide, and the sag. length of the thorax is close to that of the pygidium. Since there is no associated cranidium its shape has to be inferred from the outline of the facial sutures, which are strongly divergent in front of the eyes. We can estimate that the sag. length of the cranidium in front of the eyes was greater than its length behind them, but less so than on B. birmanicus, such that the anterior part of the cranidium was presumably wide and flattened. A well preserved cranidium from the Shihtien Formation figured by Zhang et al. (2014, fig. 5.41F) confirms these estimations and shows a prominent posteromedian glabellar tubercle. Smaller free cheeks show a lateral border and it was likely that these extended on to the cranidium at small size (e.g. Fig. 8.4) but probably effaced on larger individuals (e.g. Fig 8.1). Since the thoracic axis is well-defined it is probable that this continued into the axial furrows also defining the glabella. The strongly curved eyes are elevated on eye socles, length (exsag.) about 30% that of cranidium to judge from the unseparated free cheeks on Fig. 8.6. Genal lateral border well-developed, particularly on smaller free cheeks, which are extended into stout genal spines, but a certain amount of crushing may have exaggerated the concavity of the border, which is hardly developed on the specimen in Fig. 8.4. This specimen also shows the typically wide genal doublure of Birmanites, with sparse terrace ridges. Paradoublural line on the right-hand side of the specimen in Fig. 8.6 suggests that the doublure was less extensive at smaller size. The thorax shows somewhat zetoidal axial furrows and axial rings of uniform transverse width. Thoracic pleurae widen backwards. Left-hand side of thorax Fig. 8.5 has flaked off to show the dorsal surface of reflexed doublure which extends under distal parts of pleural furrows; distal tips of pleurae apparently blunt, or at most shortly spinose. Pygidium in range 1.3 to 1.6 times wider than long, with very weak, slightly flatter border most noticeable behind axis; the latter extending to 70-75% pygidial length. Narrow axis, axial furrows enclosing an angle of about 20 degrees, and three times or more as long as wide, with maximum width immediately behind thorax, tapering uniformly posteriorly. 5 or 6 clearly-defined axial rings slightly decreasing in width (sag.) posteriorly, and clear ring furrows a little wider and more diffuse medially. Articulating facet extends halfway or more across pleural field. Six pairs gently curved pleural furrows progressively more posteriorly directed and then shorter, the gently convex ribs between them also narrowing (exsag.). Ribs fade at the border. Doublure clearly seen on composite Fig. 8.2, very broad, curving back almost to axis, and with series of widely spaced terrace ridges typical for genus. The lectotype shows evidence of fine raised lines running subparallel to the pygidial margin, but otherwise there is no evidence of sculpture. Discussion. The individual selected here as the lectotype has a part and counterpart with two different GSI designations (11887 and 11893, respectively). GSI 11887 is a more complete specimen containing almost all of the thorax and all of the pygidium. GSI 11893 is only a small portion of thorax and the free cheek. Identical deformation signatures leave little doubt that these are the same individual though Reed (1917) did not recognize them as such. Although quite well preserved, the type material does not include a cranidium. However, Zhang et al. (2014, fig. 5.41F) illustrated a cranidium from western Yunnan associated with a pygidium (fig. 7.41G) identical to those of B. yunnanensis from the type collection that confirms an assignment to Birmanites. Kobayashi (1951) had assigned B. yunnanensis to Basiliella, a genus clarified by Zhou & Fortey (1986) and not close to Birmanites, and more typical of lower palaeolatitude limestone facies of North China. The smaller free cheeks of B. yunnanensis have lateral borders which are better defined than on most illustrated species of Birmanites, but this is likely to be an earlier ontogenetic feature, since small birmantines can have well-defined genal borders (e.g. Birmanites hupeiensis Zhou, Yin & Tripp, 1984, fig. 3e; Opsimasaphus jaanussoni Kielan, 1960, pl. 7, fig. 2). Reed (1917, pl. 7, fig. 3) illustrated a larger free cheek with the doublure extending to the eye lobe and carrying widely spaced terrace ridges, typically birmanitine. The cast from this specimen (Fig. 8.4) has a feeble lateral border and shows much of the course and extent of the facial suture, which is compatible with the cranidium figured by Zhang et al. (2014). Similarly, wide doublure with terrace ridges is seen on the pygidium illustrated in Reed (1917, pl. 7, fig. 6) but the impression of the ridges is less clear on the cast from the counterpart of that specimen used here (Fig. 8.2). Birmanites yunnanensis differs from the type species and many others in having relatively straight (not distally backwardly curved) pygidial pleural furrows, while the axis is about 70% total pygidial length. Generally similar pygidia are displayed by the Sandbian-Katian B. qilangensis Zhang, 1981, from Xinjiang (Tarim) (see Zhou et al., 2014, fig. 29 A-C) and by B. hupeiensis Yi 1957, from the Darriwilian Shihtzupu Formation of Guizhou Province. The latter had been erroneously identified with B. yunnanensis by Sun (1931) and Kobayashi (1951) and placed in the genus Basiliella by the latter (see Zhou et al., 1984, p. 17). The free cheeks illustrated by Zhou et al. (1984, fig. 3e) are very similar to Reed’s illustrated here in Fig. 8.6, with regard to development of the border. However, if the cranidium assigned to B. yunnanensis in Zhang et al. (2014) is correct, then the preglabellar area of B. hupeiensis is relatively much longer (sag.)., Published as part of Fortey, Richard A., Wernette, Shelly J. & Hughes, Nigel C., 2022, Revision of F. R. C. Reed's Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China, pp. 301-356 in Zootaxa 5162 (4) on pages 322-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6810290, {"references":["Reed, F. R. C. (1917) Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Yun-nan. Palaeontologia Indica, 6 (3), 1 - 69.","Lu, Y. - H., Chang, W. - T., Chu, C. - L., Chien, Y. - Y. & Hsiang, L. - W. (1965) Chinese fossils of all groups, Trilobita, 2 volumes. Science Press, Beijing, 766 pp. [in Chinese].","Zhang, Y. - D., Wang, Y., Zhan, R. - B., Fan, J. - X., Zhou, Z. - Q & Fang, X. (2014) Ordovician and Silurian Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Yunnan, Southwest China. A guide to the field excursion across the South China, Indochina and Sibumasu. IGCP Project 591. Science Press, Beijing, 138 pp.","Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98.","Kobayashi, T. (1951) On the Ordovician trilobites in central China. Journal of the Faculty of Science Imperial University of Tokyo, Section II, Geology, 8, 1 - 87.","Zhou, Z. - Y. & Fortey, R. A. (1986) Ordovician trilobites from North and North-east China. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 192, 157 - 210.","Zhou, Z. - Y., Yin, G. - Z. & Tripp, R. P. (1984) Trilobites from the Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China. Transactions of the Royal Society Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 75, 13 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0263593300009755.","Kielan, Z. (1960) Upper Ordovician trilobites from Poland and some related forms from Bohemia and Scandinavia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 11, 1 - 191.","Zhang, T. - R. (1981) Trilobita. In: Geological Surveying Team of Xinjiang Bureau of Geology (Ed.), Palaeontological Atlas of Northwestern China, Xinjiang volume (Late Proterozoic - Early Palaeozoic). Geological Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 134 - 213. [in Chinese]","Zhou, Z. - Y., Yin, G. - Z. & Zhou, Z. - Q. (2014) Ordovician Darriwilian - early Katian trilobite faunas of northwestern Tarim, Xinjiang, China. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 46, 1 - 142.","Yi, Y. - G. (1957) The Caradocian fauna from Yangtse-Gorges. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 5, 527 - 560.","Sun, Y. - C. (1931) Ordovician trilobites of central and southern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, Series B, 7, 1 - 47."]}