Search

Pomatostegus kroyeri Mörch, 1863 (Figures 3A–D, 4A–E, 5C–D, 6D–F, 8B, 9) Pomatostegus krØyeri Mörch, 1863: 399, pl. 11, Fig. 15. Type locality: Puntarenas, Costa Rica (re-identification of Grube’s material, below). Serpula stellata (not Abildgaard, 1789).— Grube 1859: 113–114 (Puntarenas, Costa Rica); Salazar-Vallejo & Londoño-Mesa 2004: 55 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist). Serpula stellatus (not Abildgaard, 1789).— Dean 2004: 165 (referring to Grube 1859, above). Pomatostegus kröyeri.— Dean 2004: 165 (list of polychaetes from Costa Rica). Pomatostegus krØyeri.—ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 78 (worldwide serpulid checklist). Pomatostegus kroyeri.— Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016: 428–429, fig. 12H (Marina San Carlos, Sonora; Margarita Island, Magdalena Bay and Caleritas Beach, Baja California Sur; Caleta de Chón, Guerrero; 6 m; off Centro Mexicano de la Tortuga Aquarium, Mazunte, San Agustinillo, Camarón Beach, Puerto Ángel, San Agustín Beach and Montosa Island, Oaxaca; 2–6 m; on mollusk shell, rocks and coral Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)); Bastida-Zavala & Sánchez-Ovando 2021: 26 (identification key for Tropical American coasts). Pomatostegus stellatus (not Abildgaard, 1789).— Monro 1928: 100 (Taboga Island, Panamá, 7–9 m, sand and stones); Monro 1933: 1081 (Balboa, Taboga and Coiba Islands, Panamá, intertidal to 18 m, on docks, pools at low tide and in sand); Treadwell 1937: 157 (Arena Bank, Gulf of California, 23°29’N, 109°23’30”W; 91 m); Fauvel 1943: 30 (Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur); Laverde-Castillo 1986: 128 (Málaga Bay, Colombian Pacific); Laverde-Castillo 1988: 91 (Curichichi Island, Málaga Bay, on dead coral and rocks); Salcedo-Martínez et al. 1988: 84 (Zihuatanejo, Guerrero); Salazar-Vallejo 1989: 200 (Mexican coasts, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 1995: 25 (Cabo Pulmo Reef, Baja California Sur, on coral; 4–17 m); Gómez et al. 1997: 1071 (Tangolunda and La Entrega beaches, Oaxaca; rocks and coral); López-García et al. 1997: 66 (Coiba Island, Panamá; under rocks); Hernández-Alcántara et al. 2003: 9 (checklist; erroneously cited from Cedros Island, Baja California; misquote of Treadwell’s record of 1937, above); Salazar-Vallejo & Londoño-Mesa 2004: 55 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 34, fig. 7S (Cabo Pulmo Reef and Loreto Marina, Baja California Sur; 0–17 m); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 531 (identification key for Tropical American coasts); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2013: 349 (Oaxaca, checklist). Material examined. 11 specimens. Baja California Sur: (Total: 3 spec.), UMAR-Poly 789, 2 spec., (Margarita Island, Magdalena Bay, February 23, 1989, coll. R. Bastida-Zavala); UMAR-Poly 790, 1 spec., (Caleritas Beach, on coral, March 10, 2006, coll. D. Herrero-Pérezrul et al., fixed and preserved in alcohol 96%). Guerrero: (Total: 1 spec.), UMAR-Poly 791, 1 spec. (Caleta de Chón, 6 m, on coral Pocillopora damicornis, December 2, 2010, coll. S. Guendolain). Oaxaca: (Total: 6 spec.), UMAR-Poly 792, 1 spec. (off Centro Mexicano de la Tortuga Aquarium, Mazunte, 2 m, on rock, June 11, 2013, coll. T. Peregrino & C. Valeriano); UMAR-Poly 793, 1 spec. (San Agustinillo, on mollusk shell, May 11, 2013, coll. A. Gerónimo et al.); UMAR-Poly 794, 1 spec. (Camarón Beach, on coral, April 27, 2013, coll. R. Xavier & V. Alvarado); UMAR-Poly 795, 1 spec. (Puerto Ángel, on rocks, May 3, 2010, coll. H. Sánchez & A. Pineda); UMAR-Poly 796, 1 spec. (San Agustín Beach, 5.8 m, on coral Pocillopora damicornis, February 23, 2010, coll. R. Granja & S. Guendolain); UMAR-Poly 797, 1 spec. (Montosa Island, 6 m, on P. damicornis, February 22, 2010, coll. R. Granja & S. Guendolain). Costa Rica: (Total: 1 spec.), UMAR-Poly 835, 1 spec. (Cabo Blanco, Puntarenas, intertidal zone, between basalts, November 10, 2012, coll. T. F. Villalobos-Guerrero, fixed and preserved in alcohol 96%). Redescription. Tube with five longitudinal ridges, the middle largest, forming an elevated crest, outer tube surface of brown color, inner surface of white color, semi-circular in cross-section (Fig. 8B). Body yellowish, 40 mm long (Fig. 3D). Thorax 5 mm long and 3.1 mm wide, with seven chaetigers. Abdomen with 106 chaetigers. Radioles with 1–3 bands of black-blue iridescent pigment (Fig. 3B). Opercular peduncle maculated with black-blue pigment, 10 mm long including opercular plates and 3 mm wide in the basal plate; with wide wings; inserted into right lobe (Fig. 3B–C). Operculum chitinous, 4 mm long; with three concentric festooned deep dish-shaped plates, successive plates barely separated, connected to a hollow column with a tip with one “free” circlet of spines without accompanying plates; circlets of small spines present at the basis of each plate (immediately below each plate; Fig. 3A–D). Thoracic membrane short, extending to segment 3. Collar chaetae missing at both sides in examined specimen (Costa Rica, UMAR-Poly 835); other specimens with Spirobranchus - type chaetae with a narrow proximal boss. Thoracic chaetigers with two kinds of chaetae, Apomatus - type and limbate (Fig. 4A–B). Abdominal chaetae flat narrow geniculate, with long blade (Fig. 4C). Thoracic uncini of segment 5 saw-shaped, with 10–11 teeth (Fig. 4D). Abdominal uncini similar to thoracic uncini but smaller, with 7–8 teeth (Fig. 4E). Variability. Tubes brown to white, with five longitudinal ridges. Body length variable (n=10, r: 2.1–40, µ=21.3 ±11.8). Thorax with different length (n=9, r: 0.4–5, µ=3.4 ±1.5) and width (n=10, r: 0.2–3.1, µ=1.8 ±0.9). Variable number of abdominal chaetigers (n=6, r: 55–106, µ=69.3 ±19.2). In some specimens, radioles with 1–3 bands of brown iridescent pigment and opercular peduncle without pigmentation. Peduncle, including opercular plates, varying in length (n=10, r: 0.8–10, µ=5.6 ±3), inserted into right (n=6) or left lobe (n=4). Operculum variable in length (n=10, r: 0.2–4, µ=1.9 ±1.1) and number of plates (n=9, r: 3–8, µ=5 ±1). All opercular plates deeply dish-shaped. On the specimen used for this description (UMAR-Poly 835) the opercular plates are more widely separated than in other reviewed specimens (Figs 3A–D, 5C–D). All specimens with seven thoracic chaetigers. Collar with Spirobranchus - type chaetae with a narrow proximal boss (1.3:1 wider than distal blade) with many teeth; denticulate capillaries present as well (Fig. 6D–F). Habitat. Littoral to sublittoral (64 m, Treadwell 1937). Below rocks, on live or dead coral (Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) and P. damicornis), oysters and pier piles (Bastida-Zavala 2008). Occasionally part of fouling fauna (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016). Distribution. Tropical Eastern Pacific, from the Gulf of California to Colombia (Bastida-Zavala 2008). Remarks. Mörch (1863: 399, pl. 11, Fig. 15) described the species from the Pacific of Costa Rica as Pomatostegus krØyeri; however, here the spelling was corrected because the ICZN Art.32.5.2.1 explicitly states that an “o slash” (ø), as in Mörch’s original krØyeri, should be corrected to an “o” without slash. The type specimens are not in the Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, and are presumably lost. The records of Pomatostegus stellatus from the Tropical Eastern Pacific region are questionable, as was mentioned in the previous species. In this work, we demonstrate that P. kroyeri differs from P. stellatus in the shape of the opercular plates and Spirobranchus - type chaetae: Pomatostegus kroyeri has deep dish-shaped opercular plates and the Spirobranchus - type chaetae have a narrow proximal boss, while P. stellatus has shallow dish-shaped plates and a wide proximal boss in the Spirobranchus - type chaetae., Published as part of Sánchez-Ovando, J. Pablo & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2021, Redescription of Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) and P. kroyeri Mörch 1863 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Tropical American coasts, pp. 495-514 in Zootaxa 4970 (3) on pages 504-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4766736, {"references":["Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til roromenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift Henrik KrOyer, KObenhavn, Series 3 (1), 347 - 470.","Abildgaard, P. C. (1789) Beschreibung 1. Einer grossen Seeblase (Holothuria Priapus Linn.) 2. Zween Arten des Steinbohrers (Terebella Linn.) 3. Einer grossen Sandrohre (Sabella Linn.). Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, 9, 133 - 146.","Grube, A. E. (1859) Annulata Orstediana. Enumeratio Annulatorum, quae in itinere per Indiam occidentalem et Americam centralem annis 1845 - 1848 suscepto legit cl. A. S. Orsted, adjectis speciebus nonnullis a cl. H. Kroyero in itinere ad Americam meridionalem collectis. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, (3), 105 - 120. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35800298","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Londono-Mesa, M. H. (2004) Lista de especies y bibliografia de poliquetos (Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 75 (1), 9 - 97. [http: // www. ibiologia. unam. mx / pdf / biblioteca / artzoo / anal 75 _ 1 / anazoo 751 _ 2. pdf]","Dean, H. K. (2004) Marine biodiversity of Costa Rica: Class Polychaeta (Annelida). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 52 (2), 131 - 181. [https: // revistas. ucr. ac. cr / index. php / rbt / article / view / 26585 / 26794]","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036 (1), 1 - 126. [https: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2009 / f / zt 02036 p 126. pdf] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2036.1.1","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Rodriguez-Buelna, A. S., de Leon-Gonzalez, J. A., Camacho-Cruz, K. A. & Carmona, I. (2016) New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpullidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa, 4184 (3), 401 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4184.3.1","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Sanchez-Ovando, J. P. (2021) Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815. In: de Leon-Gonzalez, J. A., Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Carrera-Parra, L. F., Garcia-Garza, M. E., Salazar-Vallejo, S. I., Solis-Weiss, V. & Tovar-Hernandez, M. A. (Eds.), Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Mexico y America Tropical, 2 nd Edition. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico, 1 - 66.","Monro, C. C. A. (1928) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16, 45. On the polychaeta collected by Dr. Th. Mortensen off the coast of Panama. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 85, 75 - 103.","Monro, C. C. A. (1933) The Polychaeta Sedentaria collected by Dr. C. Crossland at Colon, in the Panama region, and the Galapagos Islands during the expedition of the S. Y. ' St. George'. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1933, 1039 - 1092. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1933. tb 01640. x","Treadwell, A. L. (1937) The Templeton Crocker Expedition. VIII. Polychaetous Annelids from the West Coast of Lower California, the Gulf of California and Clarion Island. Zoologica, New York Zoological Society, 22 (9), 139 - 160. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / part / 184684 / summary]","Fauvel, P. (1943) Annelides polychetes de Californie recueillies par L. Diguet. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Nouvelle Serie, 18 (1), 1 - 32.","Laverde-Castillo, J. J. A. (1986) Lista anotada de los poliquetos (Annelida) registrados para el Pacifico colombiano, con notas preliminares sobre su zoogeografia. Actualidades Biologicas, 15 (58), 123 - 130.","Laverde-Castillo, J. J. A. (1988) Notas sobre algunos serpulidos (Annelida, Polychaeta) de Bahia Malaga, Pacifico colombiano. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Betin, 18, 83 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.25268 / bimc. invemar. 1988.18.0.444","Salcedo-Martinez, S., Green, G., Gamboa-Contreras, A. & Gomez, P. (1988) Inventario de microalgas y macroinvertebrados benticos presentes en areas rocosas de la region de Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, 15 (1), 73 - 96.","Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1989) Bibliografia y lista de especies. In: Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Mexico. Libros Universitarios, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, pp. 133 - 211.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (1995) Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) del arrecife coralino de Cabo Pulmo-Los Frailes, B. C. S., Mexico. Revista de Zoologia, ENEPi, UNAM, 6, 9 - 29.","Gomez, P., Mercado, J. A., Mitchell, L. M. & Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (1997) Poliquetos de fondos duros (Polychaeta) de bahias de Huatulco y Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 45 (3), 1067 - 1074. https: // revistas. ucr. ac. cr / index. php / rbt / article / view / 21116 / 21243","Lopez-Garcia, E., San Martin Peral, G., Caldera de Codina, P. & Capa Corrales, M. (1997) La fauna de anelidos poliquetos del Parque Nacional de Coiba (Panama). In: Castroviejo, S. (Ed.), Flora y fauna del Parque Nacional de Coiba (Panama): Inventario preliminar. DECI & Agencia Espanola Cooperacion Internacional, 1997, pp. 57 - 73.","Hernandez-Alcantara, P., Frontana-Uribe, S. C. & Solis-Weiss, V. (2003) Commented checklist of the polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) from areas adjacent to islands of the Mexican Pacific and Gulf of California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 102 (1), 1 - 16.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (2008) Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa, 1722 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1722.1.1","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Garcia-Madrigal, M. S., Rosas-Alquicira, E. F., Lopez-Perez, R. A., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Meraz-Hernando, J. F., Torres-Huerta, A. M., Montoya-Marquez, A. & Barrientos-Lujan, N. A. (2013) Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico. Check List, 9 (2), 329 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.2.329"]}

Genus Pomatostegus Schmarda, 1861 Type-species. Pomatostegus macrosoma Schmarda, 1861, by subsequent designation (Hartman 1959): 587–588, junior synonym of Terebella stellata Abildgaard, 1789. Diagnosis (from ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009). Tube white, opaque, semi-circular to roughly triangular in crosssection, with up to five longitudinal keels; granular overlay absent. Operculum a very flat ampulla covered with chitinous disk bearing a column with several serrated disks alternating with circlets of spines proximally and closely applied to each disk. Peduncle flatly triangular in cross-section with broad latero-distal wings along its entire length; inserted to the left or right at the basis of the radiolar lobe; from the fact that the first and second radiole separated by the base of the peduncle, it is inferred that it is derived from the second normal radiole. Constriction absent. Pseudoperculum absent. Arrangement of radioles in (semi-)circles, up to 90 per lobe. Interradiolar membrane present. Radiolar eyes present. Stylodes absent. Mouth palps absent. Seven thoracic chaetigerous segments. Collar tri- to penta-lobed, well developed with an entire smooth margin. Tonguelets absent. Thoracic membranes short, ending just posterior to the second row of uncini (segment 3). Collar chaetae Spirobranchus - type, with basal pilose fin [= proximal boss] and distal blade, and limbate. Apomatus - type chaetae present. Thoracic uncini saw-shaped, with 9–13 teeth, anterior peg blunt. Thoracic tori meet ventrally in larger specimens; in juveniles the ventral space between thoracic tori narrowing towards last rows that almost fused, leaving a triangular depression. Abdominal chaetae flat narrow geniculate, with long blade. Abdominal uncini smaller than thoracic ones, with about eight teeth in profile, three teeth in a row. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent. Long posterior capillary chaetae absent, but posterior chaetae longer. Posterior glandular pad absent., Published as part of Sánchez-Ovando, J. Pablo & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2021, Redescription of Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) and P. kroyeri Mörch 1863 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Tropical American coasts, pp. 495-514 in Zootaxa 4970 (3) on page 497, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4766736, {"references":["Schmarda, L. K. (1861) Neue Wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 164 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85313","Hartman, O. (1959) Catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world. Part II. Occasional Paper Allan Hancock Foundation, 23 (2), 354 - 628. [http: // digitallibrary. usc. edu / cdm / ref / collection / p 15799 coll 82 / id / 19573]","Abildgaard, P. C. (1789) Beschreibung 1. Einer grossen Seeblase (Holothuria Priapus Linn.) 2. Zween Arten des Steinbohrers (Terebella Linn.) 3. Einer grossen Sandrohre (Sabella Linn.). Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, 9, 133 - 146.","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036 (1), 1 - 126. [https: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2009 / f / zt 02036 p 126. pdf] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2036.1.1"]}

Sánchez-Ovando, J. Pablo, Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando (2021): Redescription of Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) and P. kroyeri Mörch 1863 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Tropical American coasts. Zootaxa 4970 (3): 495-514, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.3

Key to Pomatostegus species from the World 1 Operculum with shallow dish-shaped plates, almost flat, successive plates widely separated (Figs 1A–D, 5A–B, 7A–C); Spirobranchus - type chaetae with wide proximal boss, as wide as or wider than distal blade (Figs 2A, 6A–C, 7D); tube semi-circular (Fig. 8A) or triangular in cross-section (Fig. 8C)............................................................ 2 – Operculum with deep dish-shaped plates, as a bowl, successive plates barely separated (Figs 3A–D, 5C–D); Spirobranchus - type chaetae with narrow proximal boss, narrower than distal blade (Fig. 6D–F); tube semi-circular in cross-section (Fig. 8B)................................................................................. P. kroyeri Mörch, 1863 2(1) Distal tip of the column with one circlet of spines without accompanying plates; tube semi-circular in cross-section (Fig. 8A)............................................................................ P. stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) – Distal tip of the column with 2–4 circlets of spines without accompanying plates; tube triangular in cross-section (Fig. 8C)................................................................................ P. actinoceras Mörch, 1863, Published as part of Sánchez-Ovando, J. Pablo & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2021, Redescription of Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) and P. kroyeri Mörch 1863 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Tropical American coasts, pp. 495-514 in Zootaxa 4970 (3) on page 496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4766736, {"references":["Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til roromenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift Henrik KrOyer, KObenhavn, Series 3 (1), 347 - 470.","Abildgaard, P. C. (1789) Beschreibung 1. Einer grossen Seeblase (Holothuria Priapus Linn.) 2. Zween Arten des Steinbohrers (Terebella Linn.) 3. Einer grossen Sandrohre (Sabella Linn.). Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, 9, 133 - 146."]}

Pomatostegus actinoceras Mörch, 1863 (Figures 7A–I, 8C) Pomatostegus actinoceras Mörch, 1863: 400, pl. 11, figs 16–17. Type locality: Philippines. Serpula (Pomatostegus) sanguinea Ehrenberg & Grube in: Grube, 1869: 519–520 (Red Sea); Hartwich 1993: 135 (holotype in the Zoological Museum, Berlin: ZMB Verm. 532). Pomatostegus actinoceras.— Willey, 1905: 314–316, pl. 8, figs 3–4 (Sri Lanka; associated to oysters; 14–45 m); Humann & Deloach 2010: 71 (Indo-Western Pacific; in vivo color photograph); Bailey-Brock et al. 2012: 975, fig. 5A–K (Marshall Islands; on coral rock and mollusk shells; 15–20 m); Kupriyanova et al. 2015: 304, Fig. 14D (Lizard Island, Australia; on coral rubble; 0.5– 10 m). Pomatostegus actinoceros.— Augener 1914: 152–155 (Shark Bay, Australia; sand and corals bottom; 11–12.5 m); Pillai 2009: 109–112, figs 9A–E & 10A–E (Kimberley, Western Australia; on sand and rocky bottoms; intertidal to 30 m). Serpula (Pomatostegus) actinoceras.— Treadwell 1920: 601 (Caguayan Point, Leyte, and Dupon Bay, Point Light, Lauis, Philippines; staghorn coral and rock bottom, 76 m). Pomatostegus stellatus not Abildgaard, 1789.— Mesnil & Fauvel 1939: 34 (Aru Island, Rotti (Roti) Island, Indonesia; both samples in ZMA acc. to Bleeker & van der Spoel 1992: 154); Dew 1959: 41–42, fig. 14A–G (Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia and Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands; on oyster spat and the shell of the hammer oyster Malleus vulgaris); Johanssson 1918: 10–12 (Western Australia); Pillai 1960: 23–25, fig. 9A–D (Pearl Banks, Sri Lanka); Pillai 1971: 94 (Wellawatte, Colombo, Sri Lanka; from reef, on Ostrea sp.); Straughan 1967a: 38 (Heron Island, Queensland, Australia; coral reef); Straughan 1967b: 238 (Queensland, Australia; on rocks); Straughan 1967c: 224 (Cape Don and Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia); Imajima 1977: 101–102, fig. 7a–k (Ogasawara Islands, Japan; 2 m; on corals); Imajima 1982: 51 (Palau and Yap Islands, Micronesia; reef); Imajima 1987: 80 (Okinawa and Sesoko Islands, Japan; underside of corals on the reef flat, and dredged on “dead or living corals”; 5–45 m); Mak 1982: 608 (Hong Kong; on corals); Imajima & ten Hove 1984: 54 (Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, Micronesia; reef); Imajima & ten Hove 1986: 9 (Gilbert Islands, Kiribati, and Solomon Islands; intertidal, “chiefly detached from corals”); Stock 1988: 217 (Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia; maybe parasitized by bizarre copepod Octophiophora lacertae Stock, 1988); Nishi 1993a: 12, Table 1 (Okinawa Island, Japan; on concrete walls and vinyl plate); Nishi 1993b: 19, Table 1 (Okinawa Island, Japan; internal structure of tube wall); Nishi 1995: 29–31, fig. 1h (Okinawa Island, Japan; on Pavona decussata (Dana, 1846); 0.5 m); Nishi 1996: 312 (Okinawa Island, Japan; on living coral; 1–2 m); Fiege & Sun 1999: 131–133, fig. 19a–f (Hainan Island, China; 10–12 m); Sun & Yang 2001: 215, fig. 1B–K (waters off China); Sanfilippo et al. 2010: 7, 9, fig. 6a (Andaman Sea, southwestern Thailand; on cobbles); Bok et al. 2017: 41–42: fig. 2P–S (Lizard Island, Queensland); Pamungkas & Glasby 2019: 619, Table 2 (checklist of Indonesian species); Sivadas & Carvalho 2020: 16687 (checklist of marine annelids from India). Description. Tube opaque, white with 1–6 longitudinal ridges, the middle with blunt teeth and a horizontal spine protruding from tube aperture; triangular in cross-section (Pillai 2009: 110, fig. 9, A–B; Bailey-Brock et al. 2012: 975–976, fig. 5, B–D). Body white to yellowish, 8–48 mm long, thorax 2–7 mm wide, with seven chaetigers and abdomen with 77–102 chaetigers (Imajima 1977: 102; Pillai 2009: 110). Opercular peduncle maculated with brown pigment, wide wings terminating in pointed tips (Bailey-Brock et al. 2012: 975; Kupriyanova et al. 2015: 304). Operculum chitinous, with successive opercular festooned plates widely separated, shallow dish-shaped (Bailey-Brock et al. 2012: 976, Fig.5A, E). Distal tip of the hollow column has more “free” circlets of spines (2–4) without accompanying plates, circlets of spines curved downwards on first plates and then becoming straight on the distal whorls (Fiege & Sun 1999: 132, Fig. 19A–B; Bailey-Brock et al. 2012: 976, Figs 5A–B, E). Collar chaetae Spirobranchus - type, serrated in subapical section and with a wide proximal boss, twice wider than distal blade (Imajima 1977: 101, Fig. 7, c). Habitat. Littoral to sublittoral (30 m, Pillai 2009). On corals, rocks and mollusk shells (Imajima 1977; Pillai 2009; Bailey-Brock et al. 2012; Kupriyanova et al. 2015). Distribution. Indo-Western Pacific: southern Japan, Micronesia and Australia, China and Sri Lanka (Kupriyanova et al. 2015). Remarks. Several authors, e.g., Dew (1959), Pillai (1960), Imajima (1977), recorded Pomatostegus specimens from the Indo-Western Pacific more often as P. stellatus than as P. actinoceras (see synonym section). Some authors did not mention the shape of opercular plates and proximal boss of collar chaetae in descriptions of P. actinoceras, but illustrated these structures (e.g., Dew 1959; Imajima 1977): the opercular plates are shallowly dish-shaped and the Spirobranchus - type chaetae have wide proximal bosses. Based on the literature, the main differences between P. actinoceras and P. stellatus is that the former has tubes triangular in cross-section and an operculum with distal tip of the central column hollow and with 2–4 “free” circlets of spines (Mörch 1863: 400, Fig. 16; Fiege & Sun 1999: 132, Fig. 19A–B; Bailey-Brock et al. 2012: 976, Fig. 5A–B, E), without accompanying plates (Fig. 7A–C and Mörch 1863: 396–397, Fig. 14); while the latter has tubes semi-circular to circular in cross-section and an operculum with distal tip of the central column hollow, with only one “free” circlet of spines without accompanying of plates (Fig. 1A–D). Unfortunately we could not examine specimens of P. actinoceras, lacking in our collections; a review of material of this nominal species is necessary to verify the differences observed from the literature only herein., Published as part of Sánchez-Ovando, J. Pablo & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2021, Redescription of Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) and P. kroyeri Mörch 1863 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Tropical American coasts, pp. 495-514 in Zootaxa 4970 (3) on pages 506-509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4766736, {"references":["Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til roromenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift Henrik KrOyer, KObenhavn, Series 3 (1), 347 - 470.","Grube, A. E. (1869) Beschreibungen neuer oder weniger bekannter von Hrn. Ehrenberg gesammelter Anneliden des rothen Meeres. Monatsbericht der Koniglich Preussischer Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1869, 484 - 521. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36276705]","Hartwich, G. (1993) Die Polychaeten-Typen des Zoologischen Museums in Berlin (The types of Polychaeta in the Zoological Museum, Berlin). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologisches Museum und Institut fur Spezielle Zoologie, Berlin, 69 (1), 73 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19930690106","Willey, A. (1905) Report on the Polychaeta collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Vol. 4. Supplementary Report 30. Royal Society, London, pp. 243 - 342. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 1936112 page / 313 / mode / 1 up]","Humann, P. & DeLoach, N. (2010) Reef creature identification. Tropical Pacific. New World Publications, Jacksonville, Florida, 497 pp.","Bailey-Brock, J. H., Magalhaes, W. F. & Brock, R. E. (2012) Coral reef inhabiting tubeworms (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from Enewetak, Kwajalein, Rongelap and Utirik Atolls, Marshall Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92, 967 - 988. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315411001950","Kupriyanova, E. K., Sun, Y., ten Hove, H. A., Wong, E. & Rouse, G. W. (2015) Serpulidae (Annelida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 275 - 353. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.13","Augener, H. (1914) Polychaeta II. Sedentaria. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest - Australiens Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Vol. 4. Lieferung 5. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 1 - 72.","Pillai, T. G. (2009) Descriptions of new serpulid polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific species of Spirobranchus and superficially similar taxa. Records of the Australian Museum, 61, 93 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.61.2009.1489","Treadwell, A. L. (1920) Polychaetous annelids collected by the United Stated steamer \" Albatross \" in the waters adjacent to the Philippine Islands in 1907 - 1910. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (1), 8, 589 - 602. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 7628438]","Abildgaard, P. C. (1789) Beschreibung 1. Einer grossen Seeblase (Holothuria Priapus Linn.) 2. Zween Arten des Steinbohrers (Terebella Linn.) 3. Einer grossen Sandrohre (Sabella Linn.). Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, 9, 133 - 146.","Mesnil, F. & Fauvel, P. (1939) Polychetes sedentaires de l'Expedition du \" Siboga \". Maldanidae, Cirratulidae, Capitellidae, Sabellidae et Serpulidae. Siboga-Expeditie Uitkomsten op Zoologisch, Bonatisch, Oceanographisch en Geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899 - 1900, 24 (2), 1 - 42.","Bleeker, J. & van der Spoel, S. (1992) Catalogue of the polychaeta collected by the Siboga Expedition and type specimens of polychaeta in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, 13 (13), 121 - 166. [http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / record / 505308]","Dew, B. (1959) Serpulidae (Polychaeta) from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 25, 19 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.25.1959.654","Pillai, T. G. (1960) Some marine and brackish-water serpulid polychaetes from Ceylon, including new genera and species. Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences, 3, 1 - 40.","Pillai, T. G. (1971) Studies on a collection of marine and brackish-water polychaete annelids of the family Serpulidae from Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences, 9, 88 - 130.","Straughan, D. (1967 a) Some Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Heron Island, Queensland. University of Queensland Papers, 1, 27 - 45.","Straughan, D. (1967 b) Marine Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) of eastern Queensland and New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology, 15, 201 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9670201","Straughan, D. (1967 c) A small collection of serpulid tubeworms (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Australian Zoologist, 14, 222 - 225.","Imajima, M. (1977) Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands). Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 10, 89 - 111.","Imajima, M. (1982) Serpulinae (Polychaetous Annelids) from the Palau and Yap Islands, Micronesia. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 23, 37 - 55. [http: // bionames. org / references / 9 efa 1 fe 70 b 752156 cd 32 e 5 a 4321 d 39 df]","Imajima, M. (1987) Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Sesoko Island and Bise, Okinawa. Galaxea, 6, 75 - 82.","Mak, P. M. S. (1982) The coral associated polychaetes of Hong Kong, with special reference to the serpulids. In: Morton, B. S. & Tseng, C. K. (Eds.), The marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. Proceedings of the first International Marine Biology Workshop 1980. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 596 - 617.","Imajima, M. & ten Hove, H. A. (1984) Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, with some other new Indo-Pacific records. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 27, 35 - 66. [http: // bionames. org / references / faa 0 fb 0 e 329 e 1 a 68 eace 84 b 8 a 5704236]","Imajima, M. & ten Hove, H. A. (1986) Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Nauru, the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) and the Solomon Islands. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 32, 1 - 16.","Stock, J. H. (1988) A bizarre parasitic copepod (nereicoliform Poecilostomatoida) from the Great Barrier Reef. Tropical Zoology, 1, 217 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1988.10539416","Nishi, E. (1993 a) Notes of reproductive biology of some serpulids polychaetes at Sesoko Island, Okinawa, with brief accounts of setal morphology of three species of Salmacina and Filograna implexa. Marine Fouling, 10, 11 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.4282 / sosj 1979.10.11","Nishi, E. (1993 b) On the internal structure of calcified tube walls in Serpulidae and Spirorbidae (Annelida, Polychaeta). Marine Fouling, 10, 17 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.4282 / sosj 1979.10.17","Nishi, E. (1995) Occurrence of Vermiliopsis infundibulum and Pomatostegus stellatus (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) on the living coral at Okinawa, Southwest Japan. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 54, 28 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.19004 / pjssz. 54.0 _ 28","Nishi, E. (1996) Serpulid polychaetes associated with living and dead corals at Okinawa Island, Southwest Japan. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 37, 305 - 318. [https: // core. ac. uk / reader / 39302190] https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 176262","Fiege, D. & Sun, R. (1999) Polychaeta from Hainan Island, South China Sea Part I: Serpulidae. Seckenbergiana Biologica, 79 (2), 109 - 141.","Sun, R. & Yang, D. (2001) Study on Serpulidae and Spirorbidae (Polychaeta: Sabellida) from the waters off China III. Studia Marina Sinica, 43, 209 - 227.","Sanfilippo, R., Rosso, A., Basso, D., Violanti, D., Di Geronimo, I., Di Geronimo, R., Benzoni, F. & Robba, E. (2010) Cobbles colonization pattern from a tsunami-affected coastal area (SW Thailand, Andaman Sea). Facies, 57, 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10347 - 010 - 0226 - 0","Bok, M. J., Porter, M. L., ten Hove, H. A., Smith, R. & Nilsson, D. - E. (2017) The radiolar eyes of serpulid fan worms (Annelida, Serpulidae): Structures, Function, and Phototransduction. Biological Bulletin, 233, 39 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 694735","Pamungkas, J. & Glasby, C. J. (2019) Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia, including a checklist of Indonesian species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 67, 595 - 639. https: // doi. org / 10.26107 / RBZ- 2019 - 0045","Sivadas, S. K. & Carvalho, R. (2020) Marine Annelida of India: taxonomy and status elevation and updated checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 12 (12), 16647 - 16714. https: // doi. org / 10.11609 / jott. 5357.12.12.16647 - 16714"]}

Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) (Figures 1A–D, 2A–F, 5A–B, 6A–C, 8A, 9) Terebella stellata Abildgaard, 1789: 142–144, pl. A, figs. 5A–B (type locality: West Indies, Caribbean Sea). Pomatostegus macrosoma.— Schmarda, 1861: 31–32, pl. 21, fig. 182 (type locality: South of Jamaica; in corals “madreporen”); Mörch, 1863: 398–399 (comparison with P. stellatus); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus brachysoma.— Schmarda, 1861: 32, pl. 21, fig. 183 (type locality: Jamaica; in coral reef); Mörch 1863: 400 (comparison with P. stellatus); Bush 1910: 498–500 (Dominica Island, Lesser Antilles); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus stellatus tetrapoma.— Mörch, 1863: 397 (type locality: Saint Thomas, Lesser Antilles); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus stellatus fruticosa.— Mörch, 1863: 397–398 (type locality: Saint Thomas, Lesser Antilles); Rullier 1974: 72, fig. 9A–I (Batabanó Bay, Cuba; 2 m; in sponge); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus quadruplicatus.— Krøyer in Mörch, 1863: 398, pl. 11, fig. 13 (type locality: Saint Croix, Lesser Antilles; referred as P. stellatus pentapoma); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 816 (synonymy based on morphometric analyses). Pomatostegus stellatus.— Mörch 1863: 396–397, pl. 11, fig. 14 (Saint Croix and Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands); Benedict 1887: 551, pl. 22, figs 32–35, pl. 23, figs 36–37 (Jamaica and Curaҫao, Caribbean Sea; shallow water); Ehlers 1887: 296–300 (East Key, Florida; 24 m); Treadwell 1902: 210 (Caballo Blanco Reef, Guanica Bay and Ensenada Honda, Puerto Rico); Augener 1927: 79, text fig. 7 (Spaanse Water and Caracas Bay, Curaҫao; on coral and mangrove roots); Treadwell 1928: 483 (near to Saba Island, Antilles; 130 m); Augener 1934: 118 (Los Testigos Archipelago, Venezuela, and Tagduga (now Taganga), Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean; intertidal to 11 m); Rioja 1958: 293–296, figs 92–100 (Chankanaab Lagoon, Cozumel, Mexican Caribbean; on coral); Zibrowius 1970: 13–14, pl. 3, fig. 16–20 (Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil; 16–48 m; sand and coral debris); Zibrowius 1973: 61–62 (Setté Cama, Gabonese Republic); ten Hove & San Martín 1995: 17 (De la Juventud Island, Cuba; 1–6 m, on mollusk shells, mangrove roots, rocks, corals and wood debris); Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes from Florida); Dueñas 1999: 14 (Santa Marta, Tayrona National Park, Providencia Island, Cartagena Bay and Cispatá Bay, Colombia); Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000: 815–817, figs 3b, 5g –q, 6a–d (San Juan, Puerto Rico; De la Juventud Island, Cuba; eastern Mexico: Alacranes Reefs, Ría Lagartos and San Felipe, Yucatán; Contoy Island, Nizuc Point, Nichupté Lagoon, Xcacel, Xcayal, Cozumel Island, Xahuayxol and Chinchorro Bank, Quintana Roo; intertidal to 43 m; under rocks with algae, seagrass and sponges, corals and on cement pier covered by Millepora spp.); Bastida-Zavala 2009: 531 (identification key for Tropical American coasts); Amaral et al. 2013: 111 (Polychaete catalogue from Brazil); Humann et al. 2013: 83 (Florida, Bahamas and Caribbean Sea; in vivo color photograph); Hepburn et al. 2015: 192, Table 2 (Puerto Morelos reef, calcareous encrusters on artificial substrates); Schrieken & Van Leeuwen 2016: 43 (field guide to the marine fauna of St. Eustatius, in vivo color photograph); Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017: 40–42, Table 1 (fouling plate in Biscayne Bay, Florida); Leon et al. 2019: Table 1S, supplementary information in Excel file (checklist from the Caribbean coast of Colombia); Bastida-Zavala & Sánchez-Ovando 2021: 26 (identification key for Tropical American coasts). Material examined: 39 specimens. Veracruz: (Total: 3 spec.), UANL 5672 and 5673, 2 spec. (Pájaros Reef, intertidal zone, on coral, February 24, 2002, coll. V. Díaz-Castañeda); UANL 5832, 1 spec. (Blanca Reef, intertidal zone, on coral, July 21, 2002, coll. V. Díaz-Castañeda). Quintana Roo: (Total: 27 spec.), ECOSUR, 6 spec. (Playa Azul, Cozumel, intertidal zone, on rock, March 25, 2001, coll. HA. ten Hove); ECOSUR, 3 spec. (off SEDENA, Cozumel, 2 m, on Millepora sp., March 24, 2001, coll. HA. ten Hove); ECOSUR, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on rock, March 2, 2001, coll. P. Salazar-Silva); ECOSUR, 2 spec. (Cozumel, on coral, June 5, 1996, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo); ECOSUR-P0355, 1 spec. (Mahahual, on coral, March 22, 2000, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo); ECOSUR-P0356, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on coral, June 1, 2000, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo & L.F. Carrera-Parra); ECOSUR-P0357, 8 spec., (Contoy Island, on coral, February 18, 2001, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo et al.); ECOSUR-P0358, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on coral, March 18, 2001, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo et al.); ECOSUR-P1236, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on coral, February 22, 1999, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo & L.F. Carrera-Parra); ECOSUR, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, Ixlache Reef, on coral, 2 m, February 25, 2008, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo & L.F. Carrera-Parra, fixed and preserved in alcohol 96%); ECOSUR, 1 spec. (Contoy Island, on rock, 3 m, February 26, 2008, coll. S.I. Salazar-Vallejo & L.F. Carrera-Parra, fixed and preserved in alcohol 96%); UMML, 1 spec. (north of Arrowsmith Bank, 21°15’N, 86°21’W, R / V ‘Gerda’, cruise 6717, sta. 883, 37 m, September 9, 1967, specimen dried). Jamaica: (Total: 2 spec. + 1 without radiolar crown), UMML, 2 spec. (south of the island, 17°42.9’N, 76°35.3’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 7006, sta. 1206, Isaacs-Kidd mid-water trawl, ~ 50–80 m, July 5, 1970); UMML, 1 spec. (south of Old Harbour Bay, 17°36’N 77°03’W, R / V ‘Pillsbury ‘, cruise 7006, sta. 1215, otter trawl, 24 m, on coral, July 5, 1970). Honduras: (Total: 1 spec.), UMML, 1 spec. (west of Trujillo Bay, 15°58’N, 86°09’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 6802, sta. 629, otter trawl, 40 m, March 21, 1968). Nicaragua: (Total: 1 spec.), UMML, 1 spec. (east of Miskitos Keys, 15°15’N, 81°51’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 7101, sta. 1358, otter trawl, 18 m, February 1, 1971). Lesser Antilles: (Total: 4 spec.), UMML, 2 spec. (east of Caicos Islands, Turks and Caicos, 21°41’N, 71°23’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 7106, sta. 1423, 18 m, July 19, 1971); UMML, 1 spec. (north of Antigua Island, Antigua and Barbuda, 17°18’N, 61°52’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 6907, sta. 968, otter trawl, 18 m, July 20, 1969); UMML, 1 spec. (east of Saint Vincent Island, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 13°11’N, 61°06’W, R / V ‘ Pillsbury’, cruise 6907, sta. 878, Blake trawl, 39 m, July 6, 1969. Redescription. Tube white, with five longitudinal ridges, the middle largest, forming an elevated crest that ends in a horizontal spine protruding from tube aperture, semi-circular in cross-section; some tubes with shallow transverse ridges (Fig. 8A). Body yellowish, 35 mm long. Thorax 5 mm long and 4 mm wide, with seven chaetigers. Abdomen with 95 chaetigers. Radioles with 1–3 bands of brown iridescent pigment (Fig. 1D). Opercular peduncle maculated with brown pigment, 10 mm long including the opercular plates, and 2.8 mm wide in the basal plate, with wide wings with the wavy edge; inserted in right lobe (Fig. 1B–C). Operculum chitinous, 4 mm long with four concentric festooned shallow dish-shaped plates, successive plates widely separated between each one (Fig. 1A). Plates joined by a central hollow column; column tip with one circlet of spines; circlets of spines present at the basis of each plate (immediately below each plate; Fig. 1A). Thoracic membrane short, extending to segment 3. Collar with two kinds of chaetae, Spirobranchus - type serrated in subapical section and with a wide proximal boss (twice wider than distal blade) and capillaries chaetae (Fig. 2A). Thoracic chaetigers with two kinds of chaetae, Apomatus - type (Fig. 2C) and limbate (Fig. 2B). Abdominal chaetae flat narrow geniculate, with long blade (Fig. 2D). Thoracic uncini of segment 5 saw-shaped, with 11–12 teeth (Fig. 2E). Abdominal uncini similar to thoracic uncini but smaller, with 7–8 teeth (Fig. 2F). Variability. The tube color varies from white to pale-yellowish, some tubes with shallow transverse ridges, semi-circular to circular in cross-section. Body length variable (n=18, r: 3–49, µ=27.6 ±13.8). Thorax of variable length (n=18, r: 0.6–7, µ=4.4 ±1.6) and width (n=18, r: 0.2–4, µ=2.5 ±1.4), with seven chaetigers (only one specimen with six chaetigers). Abdomen with a variable number of chaetigers (n=13, r: 38–110, µ=79.3 ±25.6). Radioles with or without bands of color. Some specimens with uniformly colored (not maculated) opercular peduncle of variable length, including the opercular plates (n=18, r: 1–18, µ=8.4 ±4.1) and width of basal plate (n=16, r: 1.2–4, µ=2.4 ±0.8). Wings of opercular peduncle with smooth or wavy edge (Fig. 5B). Peduncle inserted into right (n=10) or left lobe (n=4). Operculum variable in length (n=18, r: 0.3–6, µ=2.9 ±1.5) and number of plates (n=18, r: 2–6, µ=4 ±1). Operculum with shallow dish-shaped plates (Figs 1A, 5A–B). Spirobranchus - type chaetae with wide proximal boss (twice wider than distal blade; Fig. 6A–C), except in one specimen where the proximal boss is as wide as the distal blade (Fig. 6C). Habitat. Littoral to sublittoral (80 m). On mangrove roots, mollusk shells, corals, sponges, under rocks, wood debris and on a pier covered by Millepora spp. (ten Hove & San Martín 1995; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000). Only one record as fouling fauna in Florida (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017). Distribution. Wider Caribbean, from Florida to southern Brazil (Fig. 9); in the Gulf of Mexico P. stellatus is only recorded from Alacranes Reefs (Ehlers 1887; Zibrowius 1970; ten Hove & San Martín 1995; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000) and in two reefs from Veracruz (this study). Remarks. Pomatostegus stellatus was described by Abildgaard (1789); however, type specimens were not established (nor found in the collections of the Zoological Museum Copenhagen by Mary Petersen in 2000). Many authors supposed P. stellatus to have a wide, even circumtropical distribution (Zibrowius 1970, 1973; Imajima 1977, 1982; Imajima & ten Hove 1984, 1986; Nishi 1995; Bastida-Zavala 2008); however, Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo (2000) suggested that the geographical distribution of P. stellatus was limited to the Tropical Western Atlantic only. Ten Hove & Kupriyanova (2009) suggested that the genus Pomatostegus contained three species with limited distributions: Pomatostegus kroyeri Mörch, 1863, from the Tropical Eastern Pacific region; P. stellatus from the Tropical Western Atlantic and P. actinoceras Mörch, 1863, with a distribution in the Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Kupriyanova et al. 2015). The fact that the genus only extremely rarely has been recorded as part of the fouling fauna (e.g., Cai et al. 2004; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017) might illustrate their limited distributional powers. Only one specimen of P. stellatus has been recorded as part of the fouling fauna from Biscayne Bay, Florida, after the revision of hundreds fouling plates deployed in marinas with salinities averaging 20‰, by 14 consecutive years (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2017: 5–6, 41). Therefore, it probably would be impossible for the Caribbean species to cross the Panamá Canal (Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016)., Published as part of Sánchez-Ovando, J. Pablo & Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2021, Redescription of Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) and P. kroyeri Mörch 1863 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Tropical American coasts, pp. 495-514 in Zootaxa 4970 (3) on pages 497-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4766736, {"references":["Abildgaard, P. C. (1789) Beschreibung 1. Einer grossen Seeblase (Holothuria Priapus Linn.) 2. Zween Arten des Steinbohrers (Terebella Linn.) 3. Einer grossen Sandrohre (Sabella Linn.). Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, 9, 133 - 146.","Schmarda, L. K. (1861) Neue Wirbellose Thiere beobachtet und gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 164 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85313","Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Revisio critica Serpulidarum. Et bidrag til roromenes naturhistorie. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift Henrik KrOyer, KObenhavn, Series 3 (1), 347 - 470.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. (2000) Serpulidos (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) del Caribe noroccidental con claves para la region del Gran Caribe: Salmacina, Ficopomatus, Pomatoceros, Pomatostegus, Protula, Pseudovermilia, Spirobranchus y Vermiliopsis. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48, 807 - 840. [https: // revistas. ucr. ac. cr / index. php / rbt / article / view / 18900 / 19009]","Rullier, F. (1974) Quelques annelides polychetes de Cuba recueillies dans des eponges. Travaux du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa, 14, 9 - 77.","Benedict, J. E. (1887) Descriptions of ten species and one new genus of the Annelids from the dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 9, 547 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.9 - 594.547","Ehlers, E. (1887) Report on the Annelids. Reports on the results of dredging, under the direction of L. F. Pourtales, during the years 1868 - 1870, and of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Caribbean Sea, in the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer \" Blake \". Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College, 15, 1 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65639","Treadwell, A. L. (1902) The polychaetous annelids of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 2, 181 - 210.","Augener, H. (1927) Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Fauna van Curacao. Resultaten eener Reis van Dr. C. J. van der Horst in 1920. Polychaeten von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam, 25, 39 - 82.","Treadwell, A. L. (1928) Polychaetous annelids from the Arcturus Oceanographic Expedition. Zoologica, 8 (8), 449 - 485. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 51020854 page / 489 / mode / 1 up]","Augener, H. (1934) Polychaeten aus den Zoologischen Museen von Leiden und Amsterdam. IV Schluss. Zoologische Mededeelingen Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie Leiden, 17, 67 - 160.","Rioja, E. (1958) Estudios Anelidologicos XXII: Datos para el conocimiento de la fauna anelidos poliquetos de las costas orientales de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, 29, 219 - 301.","Zibrowius, H. (1970) Contribution a l'etude des Serpulidae (Polychaeta sedentaria) du Bresil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico do Sao Paulo, 19, 1 - 32. [https: // www. scielo. br / pdf / bioce / v 19 / v 19 a 01. pdf] https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241970000100001","Zibrowius, H. (1973) Serpulidae (Annelida Polychaeta) des cotes Ouest de l'Afrique et des archipels voisins. Annales Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques, 207, 1 - 93.","Hove, H. A. ten & San Martin, S. (1995) Serpulidae (Polychaeta) procedentes de la I Expedicion Cubano-Espanola a la Isla de la Juventud y Archipielago de los Canarreos (Cuba). Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region, 72, 13 - 24. https: // repository. naturalis. nl / pub / 503177","Perkins, T. H. (1998) Checklist of shallow-water marine polychaetous Annelida of Florida. In: Camp, D. K., Lyons, W. G. & Perkins, T. H. (Eds.), Checklist of Selected Shallow-water Marine Invertebrates of Florida. Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Report 3. Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, pp. 79 - 122.","Duenas, P. D. (1999) Algunos poliquetos (Annelida) del Caribe colombiano. Milenio, 1 (2), 9 - 18.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (2009) Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815. Chapter 43. In: Leon-Gonzalez, J. A. de, Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Carrera-Parra, L. F., Garcia-Garza, M. E., Pena-Rivera, A., Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. & Solis-Weiss, V. (Eds.), Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Mexico y America Tropical. Tome 3. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, pp. 521 - 554.","Amaral, A. C. Z., Nallin, S. A. H., Steiner, T. M., Forroni, T. O. & Gomes, D. F. (2013) Catalogo das especies de Annelida Polychaeta do Brasil. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, 183 pp. Available from: https: // www. ib. unicamp. br / museu _ zoologia / sites / www. ib. unicamp. br. museu _ zoologia / files / Cat % C 3 % A 1 logo _ Polychaeta _ Brasil _ Amaral _ et _ al _ 2013 _ 1 a. pdf (accessed 4 May 2021)","Humann, P., DeLoach, N. & Wilk, L. (2013) Reef creature identification. Florida Caribbean Bahamas. New World Publications, Jacksonville, Florida, 295 pp.","Hepburn, L. J., Blanchon, P., Murphy, G., Cousins, L. & Perry, C. T. (2015) Community structure and palaeocological implications of calcareous encrusters on artificial substrates across a Mexican Caribbean reef. Coral Reefs, 34, 189 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 014 - 1227 - 1","Schrieken, N. & Van Leeuwen, S. J. (2016) Field guide to the marine life of St. Eustatius. ANEMOON Fundation, Lisse. Available from: https: // www. dcbd. nl / document / field-guide-marine-life-st-eustatius (accessed 4 Mary 2021)","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., McCann, L. D., Keppel E. & Ruiz, G. M. (2017) The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview. European Journal of Taxonomy, 344, 1 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2017.344","Leon, M. V., Lagos, A. M., Quiroga, S. Y. & Duenas-Ramirez, P. R. (2019) Polychaetes from the Caribbean coast of Colombia: An updated checklist and some taxonomic annotations. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 43 (169), 646 - 652. https: // doi. org / 10.18257 / raccefyn. 802","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. & Sanchez-Ovando, J. P. (2021) Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815. In: de Leon-Gonzalez, J. A., Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Carrera-Parra, L. F., Garcia-Garza, M. E., Salazar-Vallejo, S. I., Solis-Weiss, V. & Tovar-Hernandez, M. A. (Eds.), Poliquetos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de Mexico y America Tropical, 2 nd Edition. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico, 1 - 66.","Imajima, M. (1977) Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands). Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 10, 89 - 111.","Imajima, M. (1982) Serpulinae (Polychaetous Annelids) from the Palau and Yap Islands, Micronesia. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 23, 37 - 55. [http: // bionames. org / references / 9 efa 1 fe 70 b 752156 cd 32 e 5 a 4321 d 39 df]","Imajima, M. & ten Hove, H. A. (1984) Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, with some other new Indo-Pacific records. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 27, 35 - 66. [http: // bionames. org / references / faa 0 fb 0 e 329 e 1 a 68 eace 84 b 8 a 5704236]","Imajima, M. & ten Hove, H. A. (1986) Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Nauru, the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) and the Solomon Islands. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 32, 1 - 16.","Nishi, E. (1995) Occurrence of Vermiliopsis infundibulum and Pomatostegus stellatus (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) on the living coral at Okinawa, Southwest Japan. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 54, 28 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.19004 / pjssz. 54.0 _ 28","Bastida-Zavala, J. R. (2008) Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa, 1722 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1722.1.1","Hove, H. A. ten & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036 (1), 1 - 126. [https: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2009 / f / zt 02036 p 126. pdf] https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2036.1.1","Kupriyanova, E. K., Sun, Y., ten Hove, H. A., Wong, E. & Rouse, G. W. (2015) Serpulidae (Annelida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 275 - 353. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.13","Cai, Y., ten Hove, H. A. & Teo, S. L. M. (2004) Taxonomy and distribution of fouling serpulid polychaetes found in Singapore waters. 8 th International Polychaete Conference, Madrid, 5 - 9 July, 2004, Program & Abstracts, 40.","Bastida-Zavala, J. R., Rodriguez-Buelna, A. S., de Leon-Gonzalez, J. A., Camacho-Cruz, K. A. & Carmona, I. (2016) New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpullidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa, 4184 (3), 401 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4184.3.1"]}