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Metaphire daliensis Yuan & Dong sp. nov. Type material Holotype. One clitellate specimen (YN201006-03 A): China, Yunnan, Dali city (25.94° N, 100.17° E), 2010 m elevation, corn field by the stream, 10 August 2011, Y. Yang. Other materials. Three clitellate specimens (YN 201006 -03 B) with the same data as for holotype; three clitellate specimens (YN 201101 -12): China, Yunnan, Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve (23.67° N, 101.85° E), 854 m elevation, brown loam under orchard beside the stream, 16 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng; eight clitellate specimens (YN201103 -01) and one clitellate specimen (YN201103 -04): China, Yunnan, Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve (23.55° N, 101.92° E), 649 m elevation, black brown soil under the banana trees, 16 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng; two clitellate specimens (YN201107 -05): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (21.61° N, 101.58° E), 694 m elevation, red soil in tropical rain forest, 20 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng; four clitellate specimens (YN201624 -02): China, Yunnan, Pu’ er (24.55° N, 100.53° E), 1150 m asl, yellow soil, 29 July 2016, X. Gao, Y.F. Lu, J.Z. Jiang; one clitellate specimens (YN201731 -01): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve (26.57° N, 98.91° E), 1429 m asl, 9 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan; one clitellate specimens (YN201733 -04): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve (25.71° N, 98.84° E), 1279 m asl, 10 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan; two clitellate specimens (YN201735 -09): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (24.15° N, 98.03° E), 957 m asl, 11 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan; four clitellate specimens (YN201751 -01): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Yongdedaxueshan Nature Reserve (24.03° N, 99.39° E), 1125 m asl, 15 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan. Etymology The species is named after its type locality. Diagnosis Dimensions 110–143 mm by 3.9–7.2 mm; segments 111–150. Setae numbering 28–40 at III, 30–44 at V, 46–64 at VIII, 58–74 at XX, 64–74 at XXV; 18–24 (XVIII) between male pores; 18–26 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in copulatory chambers at XVIII, opening of copulatory chambers about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, and a slightly extended papilla on the top, surrounded with 3–5 circular folds. Prostate glands located at XVII-XIX, underdeveloped. Spermathecae two pairs, in VIII and IX, about 3.3 mm. Ampulla heart-shaped, about 3.0 mm, ampulla duct short and thick. The length of diverticulum about 3.0 mm, terminal 1/2 slightly dilated into an elongated oval-shaped seminal chamber. External characters Dimensions 110–143 mm by 3.9–7.2 mm; segments 111–150. No pigment anterior to segment VIII, ochre in posterior segments. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Clitellum in segments XIV-XVI, beige, smooth and swollen, no setae. Setae numbering 28–40 at III, 30–44 at V, 46–64 at VIII, 58–74 at XX, 64–74 at XXV; 18–24 (XVIII) between male pores; 18–26 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula: AA = 1.2–1.4 AB, ZZ = 1.6–2.0 ZY. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Female pore single in XIV. Male pores one pair in XVIII, about 1/3 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each located in the oval copulatory chamber, and a slightly extended papilla on the top, surrounded with 3–5 circular folds. In the copulatory chambers and male pores, two papillae on the left, one papilla on the right. Copulatory chambers with stalked glands. Internal characters Septa 5/6-7/8, thick and muscular, 10/11-12/13 slightly thickened, 8/9-9/10 absent. Gizzard bucket-shaped, in VIII-X. Intestine enlarged distinctly at XV. Intestine caeca start at XXVII, end in XXIII, between simple and complex, yellowish brown, smooth with two processes. Hearts four pair in X-XIII, the first pair relatively small, the others larger. The testis sacs minimum. Seminal vesicles two pairs, in XI-XII, the posterior pair is a little more developed than the anterior one. Prostate glands located at XVII-XIX, underdeveloped, ducts U-shaped, thicker at the distal part. Spermathecae two pairs, in VIII and IX, about 3.3 mm. Ampulla heart-shaped, about 3.0 mm, ampulla duct short and thick. The length of diverticulum about 3.0 mm, terminal 1/2 slightly dilated into an elongated oval-shaped seminal chamber. Remarks Metaphire daliensis sp. nov. belongs to the Metaphire insulana -group, in which there are only two species (Metaphire insulana (Gates, 1930) and Metaphire leonoris (Chen, 1946)) according to Sims and Easton (1972). A comparison of the three species (Table 4), we observed that the spermathecal pores are two pairs, in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3-1/2 circumference apart ventrally; the shape of the ampulla is roughly the same with a short stalk. However, the first dorsal pore of M. daliensis is in 11/12, but M. insulana and M. lenoris are in 12/13; intestinal caeca of M. daliensis and M. insulana are between simple and complex, while M. leonoris is simple; the accessory glands near the prostate of M. daliensis and M. insulana are invisible, but M. leonoris is sessile in large masses. We also should compare the new species to the common species Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867), which belongs to the Metaphire javanica -group. In the analysis of the K2P distances of combined COI and 12S sequences, the distance between M. daliensis and M. californica is 14.0% (Table 5). However, the two species are in the same clade with 70% bootstrap support (Figure 4). The two species have two pairs of spermathecal pores, in 7/8-8/9 and the first dorsal pores of both species are in 11/12. But, the most obvious differences between the species are the shape of the male pores and intestinal caeca. In the former, male pores are surrounded with three to five circular folds and the papillae in the interior of the copulatory chambers are small, and copulatory chambers are with stalked glands; the intestinal caeca are between simple and complicated. Male pores of M. californica are in simple lateral slits and copulatory chambers are without stalked glands; the intestinal caeca are simple, smooth on both edges.

Amynthas hiatus Qiu & Yuan sp. nov. Type material Holotype. One clitellate specimen (YN201107-14): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (21.61° N, 101.58° E), 694m elevation, red soil in tropical rain forest, 20 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng. Etymology The species is named after its characteristic dentate-shaped caecum. Diagnosis Dimensions 156 mm by 5.5 mm at clitellum, segments 130. Setae numbering 26 at III, 34 at V, 44 at VIII, 64 at XX, 66 at XXV; 9 between male pores (XVIII); 14 between spermathecal pores (VIII). Spermathecal pores in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in XVIII, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each on top of a large raised pulvinate pad, surrounded with four circular folds. Prostate glands at XVI-XIX, moderately developed, thick, massive leaf composition. Spermathecae two pairs in VIII- IX; ampulla heart-shaped, ampulla duct thick and short, length about 2/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum as long as the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/3 dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. External characters Puce dorsal pigment, no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 156 mm by 5.5 mm; segments 130. Prostomium 1/3 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum in XIV-XVI, smooth, no setae and dorsal pores. Setae numbering 26 at III, 34 at V, 44 at VIII, 64 at XX, 66 at XXV, 9 between male pores (XVIII), 14 between spermathecal pores (VIII); setal formula: AA = AB, ZZ = 1.8 ZY. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 7/8-8/9, ventral, about 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other, pores not clear. Female pore single mid-ventral in XIV, oval. Male pores one pair in XVIII, about 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each on top of a lager raised pulvinate pad, surrounded with four circular folds. Between male pore level, post-setal in XVII and presetal in XIX, one pair of round flat papillae with depressed centres, and spacing about 1/4 perimeter. The area surrounded by four papillae and two chamber present large and slightly swollen glandular region. Internal characters Septa 5/6-6/7 thick, 7/8 and 10/11-13/14 slightly thick, 8/9-9/10 absent. Gizzard in VIII-X, barrel-shaped. Intestine enlarged gradually in XVIII, XV-XVIII very fine, enlarged again in XIX. Intestine caeca start from XXVII and end in XX, transitional between simple and complex, ventral and dorsal edges with obvious small serrated. Hearts four pair in X-XIII, the first pair long and thin, the others are larger. Testis sacs two pairs, in X-XI, oval, developed, separated from each other. Seminal vesicles two pairs, extending in XI-XII, not developed. Prostate glands at XVI-XIX, moderately developed, thick, massive leaf composition. Prostatic duct C-shaped, at XVIII. Spermathecae two pairs, at VIII-IX, the first pair about 1.9 mm, the second pair about 2.2 mm. Ampulla heart-shaped, ampulla duct thick and short, length about 2/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum as long as the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/3 dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. Remarks Amynthas hiatus sp. nov. belongs to the Amynthas aeruginosus -group in Sims and Easton (1972). In appearance, A. hiatus is somewhat similar to Amynthas triastriatus (Chen, 1946) which is one of the key species in the A. aeruginosus -group. The first dorsal pore of A. hiatus is in 12/13, the setae are uniformly thick and the rear body denser, the male pores area is complicated, the prostate glands are moderately developed. However, the first dorsal pore of A. triastriatus is in 10/11, the setae longer before VIII and the rear body is uniformly dense, the papillae in the male pore area only present medial to each male pore in XVIII, the ampulla duct is wide, and the prostate glands are absent. Another similar species is Amynthas robustus (Perrier, 1872). Amynthas robustus is a common species in Asia. This species and the new species share some similar characters: normal or developed prostate, and no accessory glands near the prostate. But, the differences are obvious; for example, the body size of the new species is larger than A. robustus; pigment of the new species is puce on the dorsum and no pigment on ventrum, but light red or reddish brown in A. robustus; locality of the first dorsal pore; intestine caeca of the new species is between simple and complicated, while that of A. robustus is simple. A comparison of characters between this new species and two other similar species has been given in Table 2. According to the molecular data, the K2P distances of COI sequences and combined COI and 12S sequences between A. hiatus and the other similar species in the A. aeruginosus -group are shown in Table 5. The distances were > 15%, but A. hiatus is more similar to A. robustus than A. triastriatus. In the NJ tree (Figure 4), the three species were not in the same clade., Published as part of Yuan, Zhu, Dong, Yan, Jiang, Jibao & Qiu, Jiangping, 2019, Three new species of earthworms belonging to the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Yunnanı China, pp. 1961-1974 in Journal of Natural History 53 (31) on pages 1961-1974, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1680760, http://zenodo.org/record/3654511, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the royal society north borneo expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4: 169 - 268. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x"]}

Amynthas recavus Yuan & Jiang sp. nov. Type material Holotype. One clitellate specimen (YN201109-09): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County (21.40° N, 101.62° E), 722 m elevation, red soil in forest, 20 July 2013, J. B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng. Other materials. Two clitellate specimens (YN201739 -07): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (24.10° N, 98.01° E), 830 m asl, 11 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan. Etymology The species is named after its characteristic male pores. Diagnosis Dimensions 58–64 mm by 2.1–2.3 mm at clitellum, segments 82–84. Setae numbering 21–22 at III, 22–24 at V, 34–36 at VIII, 34–36 at XX, 36–40 at XXV; 9–10 (XVIII) between male pores; 11–12 (VI), 10–12 (VII), 12 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 5/6-8/9, about 2/5 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in XVIII, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each on top of a raised, elliptic, collapse-topped porophore, surrounded with one circular folds. Prostate glands at 1/2XVII-XIX, relatively small, one lump. Spermathecae four pairs, at VI-IX. The ampulla elongated oval-shaped; the ampulla duct uniformly thick, about 4/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum about 3/5 of the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/4 slightly dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. External characters Pigment on dorsum presents pink before clitellum, light brown on dorsum after clitellum, no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 58–64 mm by 2.1–2.3 mm at clitellum, segments 82–84. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum in XIV-XVI. S Setae numbering 21–22 at III, 22–24 at V, 34–36 at VIII, 34–36 at XX, 36–40 at XXV; 9–10 (XVIII) between male pores; 11–12 (VI), 10–12 (VII), 12 (VIII) between spermathecal pores; setal formula: AA = 1.0–1.1 AB, ZZ = 1.8 ZY. Spermathecal pores four pairs in 5/6-8/9, ventral, about 2/5 circumference ventrally apart from each other, eye-shaped. Female pore single mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores one pair in XVIII, about 1/3 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each on top of a raised, elliptic, collapse-topped porophore, surrounded with one circular fold. One pair of oval, flat papillae in pre-setal XVII, and three oval, flat papillae in pre-setal XIX. Internal characters Septa 5/6-6/7 thick and muscular, 7/8 and 10/11-14/15 slightly thick, 8/9-9/10 absent. Gizzard in VIII-X, ball-like; intestine enlarged gradually from XVI. Intestine caeca start in XXVII, end in XXV, simple, finger-shaped, smooth ventral and dorsal margins. Hearts four pair in X-XIII, the first pair long and thin, the others are larger. Testis sacs two pairs, in X-XI, oval, developed, separated from each other. Seminal vesicles two pairs, extending in XI-XII, relatively small. Prostate glands at 1/2XVII-XIX, relatively small, one single dense racemose mass, prostatic duct C-shaped. Spermathecae four pairs, about 1.4 mm, in VI-IX. Ampulla thin heart-shaped, ampulla duct uniformly thick, the length of the duct about 4/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum about 3/5 of the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/4 slightly dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. Remarks Amynthas recavus sp. nov. belongs to the Amynthas corticis -group in Sims and Easton (1972). We compare it to Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) as described in Chang et al. (2009). Both species have four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6-8/9. However, the two species differ in body size, male pore and spermathecal pore regions. The body size of A. recavus is smaller than in A. corticis. The male pores of A. recavus are surrounded with one circular fold and about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart with one pair of papillae in pre-setal XVII and three papillae in pre-setal XIX, but the male pores of A. corticis are surrounded with one or two circular folds with or without papillae. Both species have no genital markings in the spermathecal pore region, but the distance between spermathecal pores of A. recavus is about 2/5 circumference ventrally apart each other, that of A. corticis is about 0.28. A. recavus also appears to be closely related to Amynthas yunlongensis (Chen & Xu, 1977) (Table 3), a similar species was found from Yunlong in Yunnan Province. The prostate glands trend to degradation: the prostate of A. recavus is relatively small with only one lump; A. yunlongensis has prostatic duct only, no prostate gland. There are some differences between these species: the body of A. recavus is more slender, and its setae are more intensive; the distance between male pores of A. recavus is about 2/5 circumference ventrally apart each other, the distance between male pores of A. yunlongensis is about 1/3; papilla around male pores of the two species have a different spatial distribution; testis sacs and seminal vesicles in XI of A. recavus are independent of each other, but in A. yunlongensis, testis sacs wrap seminal vesicles in XI; the spermathecae of A. recavus are developed, while A. yunlongensis only 4 pairs of granulation porophores could be seen. When compared to the new species with Amynthas exiguus (Gates, 1930), the COI gene region of A. exiguus is 92% similar using a BLAST search (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Blast.cgi), yet we observed that A. recavus has a larger size body; the spermathecal pores of A. recavus are eye-shaped, while spermathecal pores of A. exiguus are minute and superficial; moreover, the characters of the male pores are different, details presented in Table 3. According to the molecular data (Table 5), the K2P distances of combined COI and 12S sequences between A. recavusı A. yunlongensis and A. corticis are 15.9% and 14.9% respectively. Amynthas recavus and A. hiatus are in the same clade with 70% bootstrap support. But, A. recavusı A. yunlongensis and A. corticis were in different clades (Figure 4).

Metaphire daliensis Yuan & Dong sp. nov. Type material Holotype. One clitellate specimen (YN201006-03 A): China, Yunnan, Dali city (25.94° N, 100.17° E), 2010 m elevation, corn field by the stream, 10 August 2011, Y. Yang. Other materials. Three clitellate specimens (YN 201006 -03 B) with the same data as for holotype; three clitellate specimens (YN 201101 -12): China, Yunnan, Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve (23.67° N, 101.85° E), 854 m elevation, brown loam under orchard beside the stream, 16 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng; eight clitellate specimens (YN201103 -01) and one clitellate specimen (YN201103 -04): China, Yunnan, Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve (23.55° N, 101.92° E), 649 m elevation, black brown soil under the banana trees, 16 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng; two clitellate specimens (YN201107 -05): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (21.61° N, 101.58° E), 694 m elevation, red soil in tropical rain forest, 20 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng; four clitellate specimens (YN201624 -02): China, Yunnan, Pu’ er (24.55° N, 100.53° E), 1150 m asl, yellow soil, 29 July 2016, X. Gao, Y.F. Lu, J.Z. Jiang; one clitellate specimens (YN201731 -01): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve (26.57° N, 98.91° E), 1429 m asl, 9 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan; one clitellate specimens (YN201733 -04): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve (25.71° N, 98.84° E), 1279 m asl, 10 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan; two clitellate specimens (YN201735 -09): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (24.15° N, 98.03° E), 957 m asl, 11 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan; four clitellate specimens (YN201751 -01): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Yongdedaxueshan Nature Reserve (24.03° N, 99.39° E), 1125 m asl, 15 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan. Etymology The species is named after its type locality. Diagnosis Dimensions 110–143 mm by 3.9–7.2 mm; segments 111–150. Setae numbering 28–40 at III, 30–44 at V, 46–64 at VIII, 58–74 at XX, 64–74 at XXV; 18–24 (XVIII) between male pores; 18–26 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in copulatory chambers at XVIII, opening of copulatory chambers about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, and a slightly extended papilla on the top, surrounded with 3–5 circular folds. Prostate glands located at XVII-XIX, underdeveloped. Spermathecae two pairs, in VIII and IX, about 3.3 mm. Ampulla heart-shaped, about 3.0 mm, ampulla duct short and thick. The length of diverticulum about 3.0 mm, terminal 1/2 slightly dilated into an elongated oval-shaped seminal chamber. External characters Dimensions 110–143 mm by 3.9–7.2 mm; segments 111–150. No pigment anterior to segment VIII, ochre in posterior segments. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Clitellum in segments XIV-XVI, beige, smooth and swollen, no setae. Setae numbering 28–40 at III, 30–44 at V, 46–64 at VIII, 58–74 at XX, 64–74 at XXV; 18–24 (XVIII) between male pores; 18–26 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula: AA = 1.2–1.4 AB, ZZ = 1.6–2.0 ZY. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Female pore single in XIV. Male pores one pair in XVIII, about 1/3 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each located in the oval copulatory chamber, and a slightly extended papilla on the top, surrounded with 3–5 circular folds. In the copulatory chambers and male pores, two papillae on the left, one papilla on the right. Copulatory chambers with stalked glands. Internal characters Septa 5/6-7/8, thick and muscular, 10/11-12/13 slightly thickened, 8/9-9/10 absent. Gizzard bucket-shaped, in VIII-X. Intestine enlarged distinctly at XV. Intestine caeca start at XXVII, end in XXIII, between simple and complex, yellowish brown, smooth with two processes. Hearts four pair in X-XIII, the first pair relatively small, the others larger. The testis sacs minimum. Seminal vesicles two pairs, in XI-XII, the posterior pair is a little more developed than the anterior one. Prostate glands located at XVII-XIX, underdeveloped, ducts U-shaped, thicker at the distal part. Spermathecae two pairs, in VIII and IX, about 3.3 mm. Ampulla heart-shaped, about 3.0 mm, ampulla duct short and thick. The length of diverticulum about 3.0 mm, terminal 1/2 slightly dilated into an elongated oval-shaped seminal chamber. Remarks Metaphire daliensis sp. nov. belongs to the Metaphire insulana -group, in which there are only two species (Metaphire insulana (Gates, 1930) and Metaphire leonoris (Chen, 1946)) according to Sims and Easton (1972). A comparison of the three species (Table 4), we observed that the spermathecal pores are two pairs, in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3-1/2 circumference apart ventrally; the shape of the ampulla is roughly the same with a short stalk. However, the first dorsal pore of M. daliensis is in 11/12, but M. insulana and M. lenoris are in 12/13; intestinal caeca of M. daliensis and M. insulana are between simple and complex, while M. leonoris is simple; the accessory glands near the prostate of M. daliensis and M. insulana are invisible, but M. leonoris is sessile in large masses. We also should compare the new species to the common species Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867), which belongs to the Metaphire javanica -group. In the analysis of the K2P distances of combined COI and 12S sequences, the distance between M. daliensis and M. californica is 14.0% (Table 5). However, the two species are in the same clade with 70% bootstrap support (Figure 4). The two species have two pairs of spermathecal pores, in 7/8-8/9 and the first dorsal pores of both species are in 11/12. But, the most obvious differences between the species are the shape of the male pores and intestinal caeca. In the former, male pores are surrounded with three to five circular folds and the papillae in the interior of the copulatory chambers are small, and copulatory chambers are with stalked glands; the intestinal caeca are between simple and complicated. Male pores of M. californica are in simple lateral slits and copulatory chambers are without stalked glands; the intestinal caeca are simple, smooth on both edges., Published as part of Yuan, Zhu, Dong, Yan, Jiang, Jibao & Qiu, Jiangping, 2019, Three new species of earthworms belonging to the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Yunnanı China, pp. 1961-1974 in Journal of Natural History 53 (31) on pages 1961-1974, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1680760, http://zenodo.org/record/3654511, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the royal society north borneo expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4: 169 - 268. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x"]}

Amynthas recavus Yuan & Jiang sp. nov. Type material Holotype. One clitellate specimen (YN201109-09): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County (21.40° N, 101.62° E), 722 m elevation, red soil in forest, 20 July 2013, J. B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng. Other materials. Two clitellate specimens (YN201739 -07): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (24.10° N, 98.01° E), 830 m asl, 11 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan. Etymology The species is named after its characteristic male pores. Diagnosis Dimensions 58–64 mm by 2.1–2.3 mm at clitellum, segments 82–84. Setae numbering 21–22 at III, 22–24 at V, 34–36 at VIII, 34–36 at XX, 36–40 at XXV; 9–10 (XVIII) between male pores; 11–12 (VI), 10–12 (VII), 12 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 5/6-8/9, about 2/5 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in XVIII, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each on top of a raised, elliptic, collapse-topped porophore, surrounded with one circular folds. Prostate glands at 1/2XVII-XIX, relatively small, one lump. Spermathecae four pairs, at VI-IX. The ampulla elongated oval-shaped; the ampulla duct uniformly thick, about 4/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum about 3/5 of the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/4 slightly dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. External characters Pigment on dorsum presents pink before clitellum, light brown on dorsum after clitellum, no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 58–64 mm by 2.1–2.3 mm at clitellum, segments 82–84. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum in XIV-XVI. S Setae numbering 21–22 at III, 22–24 at V, 34–36 at VIII, 34–36 at XX, 36–40 at XXV; 9–10 (XVIII) between male pores; 11–12 (VI), 10–12 (VII), 12 (VIII) between spermathecal pores; setal formula: AA = 1.0–1.1 AB, ZZ = 1.8 ZY. Spermathecal pores four pairs in 5/6-8/9, ventral, about 2/5 circumference ventrally apart from each other, eye-shaped. Female pore single mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores one pair in XVIII, about 1/3 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each on top of a raised, elliptic, collapse-topped porophore, surrounded with one circular fold. One pair of oval, flat papillae in pre-setal XVII, and three oval, flat papillae in pre-setal XIX. Internal characters Septa 5/6-6/7 thick and muscular, 7/8 and 10/11-14/15 slightly thick, 8/9-9/10 absent. Gizzard in VIII-X, ball-like; intestine enlarged gradually from XVI. Intestine caeca start in XXVII, end in XXV, simple, finger-shaped, smooth ventral and dorsal margins. Hearts four pair in X-XIII, the first pair long and thin, the others are larger. Testis sacs two pairs, in X-XI, oval, developed, separated from each other. Seminal vesicles two pairs, extending in XI-XII, relatively small. Prostate glands at 1/2XVII-XIX, relatively small, one single dense racemose mass, prostatic duct C-shaped. Spermathecae four pairs, about 1.4 mm, in VI-IX. Ampulla thin heart-shaped, ampulla duct uniformly thick, the length of the duct about 4/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum about 3/5 of the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/4 slightly dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. Remarks Amynthas recavus sp. nov. belongs to the Amynthas corticis -group in Sims and Easton (1972). We compare it to Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) as described in Chang et al. (2009). Both species have four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6-8/9. However, the two species differ in body size, male pore and spermathecal pore regions. The body size of A. recavus is smaller than in A. corticis. The male pores of A. recavus are surrounded with one circular fold and about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart with one pair of papillae in pre-setal XVII and three papillae in pre-setal XIX, but the male pores of A. corticis are surrounded with one or two circular folds with or without papillae. Both species have no genital markings in the spermathecal pore region, but the distance between spermathecal pores of A. recavus is about 2/5 circumference ventrally apart each other, that of A. corticis is about 0.28. A. recavus also appears to be closely related to Amynthas yunlongensis (Chen & Xu, 1977) (Table 3), a similar species was found from Yunlong in Yunnan Province. The prostate glands trend to degradation: the prostate of A. recavus is relatively small with only one lump; A. yunlongensis has prostatic duct only, no prostate gland. There are some differences between these species: the body of A. recavus is more slender, and its setae are more intensive; the distance between male pores of A. recavus is about 2/5 circumference ventrally apart each other, the distance between male pores of A. yunlongensis is about 1/3; papilla around male pores of the two species have a different spatial distribution; testis sacs and seminal vesicles in XI of A. recavus are independent of each other, but in A. yunlongensis, testis sacs wrap seminal vesicles in XI; the spermathecae of A. recavus are developed, while A. yunlongensis only 4 pairs of granulation porophores could be seen. When compared to the new species with Amynthas exiguus (Gates, 1930), the COI gene region of A. exiguus is 92% similar using a BLAST search (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Blast.cgi), yet we observed that A. recavus has a larger size body; the spermathecal pores of A. recavus are eye-shaped, while spermathecal pores of A. exiguus are minute and superficial; moreover, the characters of the male pores are different, details presented in Table 3. According to the molecular data (Table 5), the K2P distances of combined COI and 12S sequences between A. recavusı A. yunlongensis and A. corticis are 15.9% and 14.9% respectively. Amynthas recavus and A. hiatus are in the same clade with 70% bootstrap support. But, A. recavusı A. yunlongensis and A. corticis were in different clades (Figure 4)., Published as part of Yuan, Zhu, Dong, Yan, Jiang, Jibao & Qiu, Jiangping, 2019, Three new species of earthworms belonging to the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Yunnanı China, pp. 1961-1974 in Journal of Natural History 53 (31) on pages 1961-1974, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1680760, http://zenodo.org/record/3654511, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the royal society north borneo expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4: 169 - 268. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Chang CH, Shen HP, Chen JH. 2009. Earthworm fauna of Taiwan. Taipei (Taiwan): National Taiwan University Press; p. 174."]}

Metaphire reclusa Yuan & Dong sp. nov. (Figure 3) Type material. Holotype. Clitellate specimen (YN 201109 -03 A): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County (21.40389° N, 101.62417° E), 722 m asl, red soil in forest, 20 July 2011, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng. Paratypes. one clitellate specimen (YN 201109 -03 B) and one clitellate specimen (YN 201109 -06) with the same data as for holotype; two clitellate specimens (YN201739-07): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (24.07276° N, 97.81889° E), 1159 m asl, 11 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan. NCBI accession numbers of some of the type specimens are listed in Table 2. Etymology. The species is named after its characteristic absence of male pores. Diagnosis. Dimensions 110–149 mm by 4.2–4.6; segments 113–132. Setae numbering 28–36 at III, 32–38 at V, 46–62 at VIII, 61–74 at XX, 64–75 at XXV; 8–10 between male pores. No spermathecal pores. Male pores in copulatory chambers in XVIII, openings of copulatory chambers about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each adjacent to a transverse tubercle and surrounded by two rhombus folds. Prostate glands located in XVII–XVIII, undeveloped. Prostate gland on the right side bigger than on the left side in all specimens, ducts U-shaped. A round accessory gland on the root of each prostate gland. External characters. Tawny dorsal pigment, no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 110–149 mm by 4.2–4.6; segments 113–132. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Clitellum in 9/10XIII–1/10XVII, brown on dorsum, no pigment on ventrum, setae absent, dorsal pores absent. Setae numbering 28–36 at III, 32–38 at V, 46–62 at VIII, 61–74 at XX, 64–75 at XXV; 8–10 between male pores. Setal formula: AA = 1.9–2.0 AB, ZZ = 1.8–2.0 ZY. Five specimens dissected, no spermathecal pores. Female pore single in XIV. Male pores in copulatory chambers in XVIII, openings of copulatory pouches about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each adjacent to a transverse tubercle and surrounded by two rhombus folds. Internal characters. Septa 5/6–6/7 thick and muscular, 7/8 and 10/11–14/15 slightly thickened, 8/9–9/10 absent. Gizzard bucket-shaped, in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. The intestinal caeca started from XXVII and ended in XXIII, simple, smooth, finger-shaped. Hearts four pair in X–XIII, the first pair relatively small, the others larger. Testis sacs two pairs in X–XI, ovoid, developed, joined with each other. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII, the second pair extending in XIII, separated from each other. Prostate glands located in XVII–XVIII, undeveloped, gland on the right side bigger than the left in all specimens, ducts U-shaped. A round accessory gland on the root of each prostate gland. No spermathecae. Remarks. Metaphire reclusa sp. nov. cannot be placed in any of Metaphire species-groups in Sims and Easton (1972), because those groups are mainly characterized and distinguished by the presence of spermathecae in different numbers and positions. M. reclusa is closely related to M. anomala (Michaelsen, 1907). According to Gates (1925, 1972), many specimens of M. anomala show large variability of sexual organs due to parthenogenetic degeneration, including absense of male pores (see above, A. demptus, remarks) and absence of spermathecae. M. reclusa may therefore be confused with athecate morphs of M. anomala, a species of similar body size. Differences of M. anomala to M. reclusa (other than the spermathecae and male pores structures) are as follows (Table 4): 1st dorsal pore in 12/13 (11/ 12 in M. reclusa), clitellum in XIV–XVI, (9/10XIII–1/10XVII in M. reclusa). Also, setal numbers before clitellum of M. anomala are much higher and setae are more closely spaced than in M. reclusa. Based on setal formula, ZZ is often slightly smaller than ZY in M. anomala; AA = 1.9–2.0 AB, ZZ = 1.8–2.0 ZY in M. reclusa., Published as part of Yuan, Zhu, Dong, Yan, Jiang, Jibao, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2019, Three new species of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Yunnan Province, China, pp. 390-400 in Zootaxa 4664 (3) on page 397, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3385587, {"references":["Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 4, 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Gates, G. E. (1925) Some notes on Pheretima anomala Mich., and a related species new to India and Burma. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 15, 538 - 550. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932508633244","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, New Series, 62, 166 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214"]}

Metaphire reclusa Yuan & Dong sp. nov. (Figure 3) Type material. Holotype. Clitellate specimen (YN 201109 -03 A): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County (21.40389° N, 101.62417° E), 722 m asl, red soil in forest, 20 July 2011, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng. Paratypes. one clitellate specimen (YN 201109 -03 B) and one clitellate specimen (YN 201109 -06) with the same data as for holotype; two clitellate specimens (YN201739-07): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (24.07276° N, 97.81889° E), 1159 m asl, 11 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan. NCBI accession numbers of some of the type specimens are listed in Table 2. Etymology. The species is named after its characteristic absence of male pores. Diagnosis. Dimensions 110–149 mm by 4.2–4.6; segments 113–132. Setae numbering 28–36 at III, 32–38 at V, 46–62 at VIII, 61–74 at XX, 64–75 at XXV; 8–10 between male pores. No spermathecal pores. Male pores in copulatory chambers in XVIII, openings of copulatory chambers about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each adjacent to a transverse tubercle and surrounded by two rhombus folds. Prostate glands located in XVII–XVIII, undeveloped. Prostate gland on the right side bigger than on the left side in all specimens, ducts U-shaped. A round accessory gland on the root of each prostate gland. External characters. Tawny dorsal pigment, no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 110–149 mm by 4.2–4.6; segments 113–132. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Clitellum in 9/10XIII–1/10XVII, brown on dorsum, no pigment on ventrum, setae absent, dorsal pores absent. Setae numbering 28–36 at III, 32–38 at V, 46–62 at VIII, 61–74 at XX, 64–75 at XXV; 8–10 between male pores. Setal formula: AA = 1.9–2.0 AB, ZZ = 1.8–2.0 ZY. Five specimens dissected, no spermathecal pores. Female pore single in XIV. Male pores in copulatory chambers in XVIII, openings of copulatory pouches about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each adjacent to a transverse tubercle and surrounded by two rhombus folds. Internal characters. Septa 5/6–6/7 thick and muscular, 7/8 and 10/11–14/15 slightly thickened, 8/9–9/10 absent. Gizzard bucket-shaped, in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. The intestinal caeca started from XXVII and ended in XXIII, simple, smooth, finger-shaped. Hearts four pair in X–XIII, the first pair relatively small, the others larger. Testis sacs two pairs in X–XI, ovoid, developed, joined with each other. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII, the second pair extending in XIII, separated from each other. Prostate glands located in XVII–XVIII, undeveloped, gland on the right side bigger than the left in all specimens, ducts U-shaped. A round accessory gland on the root of each prostate gland. No spermathecae. Remarks. Metaphire reclusa sp. nov. cannot be placed in any of Metaphire species-groups in Sims and Easton (1972), because those groups are mainly characterized and distinguished by the presence of spermathecae in different numbers and positions. M. reclusa is closely related to M. anomala (Michaelsen, 1907). According to Gates (1925, 1972), many specimens of M. anomala show large variability of sexual organs due to parthenogenetic degeneration, including absense of male pores (see above, A. demptus, remarks) and absence of spermathecae. M. reclusa may therefore be confused with athecate morphs of M. anomala, a species of similar body size. Differences of M. anomala to M. reclusa (other than the spermathecae and male pores structures) are as follows (Table 4): 1st dorsal pore in 12/13 (11/ 12 in M. reclusa), clitellum in XIV–XVI, (9/10XIII–1/10XVII in M. reclusa). Also, setal numbers before clitellum of M. anomala are much higher and setae are more closely spaced than in M. reclusa. Based on setal formula, ZZ is often slightly smaller than ZY in M. anomala; AA = 1.9–2.0 AB, ZZ = 1.8–2.0 ZY in M. reclusa.

Amynthas stabilis Dong & Jiang, sp. nov. (Figure 2, Table 3) Material. Holotype. Clitellate specimen (C-GX201305-06A), China, Guangxi Province, Shiwan Mountain Nature Reserve, N 21.50396��, E 107.53350��, 494 m asl, red sandy soil under bryophytes besides road, 13th May, 2013, J. P. Qiu, Y, Hong, J. B. Jiang, L. L. Zhang and Y. Dong coll. Paratypes. 4 clitellate specimens, C-GX201305-06B, same date as for holotype. Etymology. The species is named after its stable number, location and size of genital papillae in spermathecal pore and male pore region. Diagnosis. Dimensions 61���68 mm by 3.0��� 3.2 mm at clitellum, segments 87���103. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 10���14 at?, 17���20 at?, 23���26 at?, 36���38 at XX, 32���38 at XXV; 6���8 between male pores; 6���8 at VII, 6 at? between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7���8/9. Four presetal genital papillae in VIII and IX, 0.25 circumference ventrally apart from each other (Fig. 2A). Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of an elliptic porophore surrounded by 1���2 circular ridges, with four big intersegmental genital papillae at 17/18 and 18/19, flat-topped and collapsed in the middle, 0.25 circumference apart ventrally (Fig. 2B). Ampulla elongate, oval-shaped, stout duct, as long as 1/2 ampulla. Diverticulum slightly shorter than main pouch, terminal 1/4 dilated into a club-shaped seminal chamber (Fig. 2C). Prostate glands welldeveloped (Fig. 2D). No accessory glands observed in male pore region. External characters. Tan pigment on middle dorsum of the whole body, no pigment on ventral and lateral sides. Dimensions 61���68 mm by 3.0��� 3.2 mm at clitellum, segments 87���103. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 10���14 at?, 17���20 at?, 23���26 at?, 36���38 at XX, 32���38 at XXV; 6���8 between male pores; 6���8 at VII, 6 at? between spermathecal pores. Setae formula: AA=1.4���2.2AB, ZZ=3.6���4.0ZY. Clitellum annular, in XIV���XVI, setae invisible externally. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7���8/ 9, small. Four presetal genital papillae observed in VIII and IX, 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of an elliptic porophore surrounded by 1���2 circular ridges, with four big intersegmental collapse-topped genital papillae between XVII���XIX, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally. Female pore single in XIV. Internal characters. Septa 5/6���7/8 thick, 10/11���13/14 slightly thickened, 8/9���9/10 absent. Gizzard bucketshaped, in IX���XI. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, smooth, extending anteriorly to XXII. Esophageal hearts in X���XIII, the first pair tiny, the last three pairs developed. Ovaries in IX. Spermathecae three pairs in VII���IX, small, about 1.5 mm long. Ampulla long oval-shaped, stout duct as long as 1/2 ampulla. Diverticulum a little shorter than main pouch (ampulla and duct), terminal 1/4 dilated into a club-shaped seminal chamber (Figure 2B). One nubbly accessory gland observed near the distal part of the last two pair spermathecal duct. Holandric: Testis sacs two pairs, in X���XI, well-developed. Seminal vesicles two pairs, in XI���XII. Prostate glands well-developed, inserting in XVIII and extending from 1/2XV to XX, nubbly lobate, prostate duct U-shaped, slightly thicker at the distal part. No accessory glands observed in male pore region. Remarks. Amynthas stabilis sp. nov. is somewhat similar to Amynthas nubilus (Chen, 1946), Amynthas dactilicus (Chen, 1946), Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) (Chang et al. 2009) and Amynthas dongyinensis Shen, 2014 considering body size, segment number, distance of spermathecal and male pores and intestinal caeca. These species all belong to the sieboldi -group (Sims & Easton 1972). An in-depth comparison table is shown to illustrate more clearly the distinct characters of these four species (Table 3). TABLE ��. A comparison of characters of Amynthas stabilis sp. nov., A. nubilus (Chen, 1946), A. dactilicus (Chen, 1946), A. hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) anđ A. dongyinensis 4hen, 2014. 565 7 character unknown. ������continued on the next page TABLE ��. (Continueđ) Amynthas stabilis sp. nov. is easily distinguished from Amynthas nubilus (Chen, 1946) and Amynthas dactilicus (Chen, 1946) by its darker body pigment and intersegmental collapse-topped papillae in male pore region. In addition, in Amynthas dactilicus (Chen, 1946), a spermathecal diverticulum is absent, and there are no preclitellar papillae. Amynthas stabilis is similar to Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) with respect to intersegmental collapse-topped papillae in male pore region. However, Amynthas hupeiensis differs from the new species in dark-green body pigment, absence of preclitellar papilla and accessory glands, while its slender spermathecal diverticulum is longer than twice the length of the spermatheca. Amynthas dongyinensis Shen, 2014 differs from the new species in higher setae number (up to 57), absence of papillae near spermathecal pore and male pore, and in the spermathecal diverticulum which is longer than the main pouch., Published as part of Dong, Yan, Yuan, Zhu, Jiang, Jibao, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, Two new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Guangxi Province, China, pp. 259-268 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 263-266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.21, http://zenodo.org/record/1446797, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, 16, 83 - 141.","Chang, C. H., Shen, H. P. & Chen, J. H. (2009) Earthworm fauna of Taiwan. National Taiwan University Press, Taipei.","Shen, H. P., Chang, C. H. & Chih, W. J. (2014) Five new earthworm species of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Matsu, Taiwan, Journal of Natural History, 48, 495 - 522. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2013.826742","Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x"]}

Amynthas crassitubus Qiu & Dong, sp. nov. (Figure 1, Table 2) Material. Holotype. Clitellate specimen (C-GX201302-13A), China, Guangxi Province, Shiwan Mountain Nature Reserve, N 21.50594��, E 107.54579��, 242 m asl, black soil under bryophytes in subtropical evergreen forest, 12th May, 2013, J. P. Qiu, Y, Hong, J. B. Jiang, L. L. Zhang and Y. Dong coll. Paratypes. 6 clitellate specimens C- GX201302 -13B, same date as for holotype. 1 clitellate specimen C-GX201302-09, same date as for holotype. 1 clitellate specimen, C-GX201303-02, China, Guangxi Province, Shiwan Mountain Nature Reserve, N 21.50527��, E 107.54595��, 290 m asl, other data same as for holotype. Etymology. The species is named after its stout diverticulum of spermathecae. Diagnosis. Dimensions 78���130 mm by 4.2���4.5 mm at clitellum, segments 70���130. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 27���32 at?, 32���42 at?, 41���48 at?, 46���50 at XX, 60���62 at XXV; 12 between male pores; 20���22 at VII, 22���24 at? between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7���8/9, 0.4 circumference ventrally apart from each other (Fig. 1A). Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.4 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of a middle, round porophore (Fig. 1C). Ampulla long-oval; stout duct extremely short. Diverticulum about 1.5 mm long, terminal 1/5 dilated into a ball-shaped seminal chamber (Fig. 1B). Prostate glands well-developed (Fig. 1D). No accessory glands observed. Description. External characters. Pigment from fuchsia to light yellowish brown on dorsum, no pigment on ventrum, clitellum light yellowish brown. Dimensions 7.8���130 mm by 4.2���4.5 mm at clitellum, segments 70���130. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 27���32 at?, 32���42 at?, 41���48 at?, 46���50 at XX, 60���62 at XXV; 12 between male pores; 20���22 at VII, 22���24 at? between spermathecal pores. Setae formula: AA=1.4���2.2AB, ZZ=1.0���2.0ZY. Clitellum annular, rough, in XIV���XVI, dense setae on ventral middle line. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7���8/9, eye-like, 0.4 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Three or four postsetal elliptic genital papillae, flat-topped and collapsed in the middle, present on VIII and IX, about 0.4 circumference apart ventrally. Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.4 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of a middle, round porophore surrounded by 3���4 circular ridges, with two presetal genital papillae on ventrum of XVIII and XIX, some specimens with an additional papilla on right ventrum of XX. Female pore single in XIV, grey, ovoid. Internal characters. Septa 5/6��� 7/8, 10/11���13/14 thick, 8/9���9/10 absent. Gizzard bucket-shaped, in IX���X. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XIV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, smooth, extending anteriorly to XXIII. Esophageal hearts four pairs in X���XIII, developed. Ovaries in IX. Spermathecae three pairs in VII���IX, small, about 1.6���3.8 mm long, the first pair is larger than the last two pairs. Ampulla spherical-shaped; duct extremely short. Diverticulum about 1.5 mm, terminal 1/5 dilated into ball-shaped seminal chamber (Fig. 1B). No accessory glands observed. Holandric: Testis sacs two pairs, in X���XI, developed. Seminal vesicles two pairs, in XI���XII, developed. Prostate glands well-developed, inserting in XVIII, and extending from 1/2XVI to 1/2XX, prostate duct twist at frontend, dilated at the middle part. No accessory glands observed. Remarks. Amynthas crassitubus sp. nov. from Shiwan Mountain National Nature Reserve belongs to the sieboldi -group in Sims and Easton (1972). It is similar to Amynthas taipeiensi s (Tsai, 1964), Amynthas leucocircus (Chen, 1933), and Amynthas szechuanensis (Chen, 1931) from China. Those four species share the following character combination: 3 pairs of spermathecal pores intersegmental in 6/7���8/9, papillae observed on postclitellum, short ampullar duct, developed seminal vesicles and prostate glands. Table 2 gives details of the differences among these species. Amynthas taipeiensis (Tsai, 1964) differs from the new species in green pigment on dorsum, wider distance between spermathecal and male pores, fewer papillae in the spermathecal pore region and zigzagged or coiled diverticulum stalk. Amynthas leucocircus (Chen, 1933) differs from Amynthas crassitubus in larger body size, and presence of accessory glands in the regions of spermathecae and prostate glands. Amynthas szechuanensis (Chen, 1931) differs in four further characters from the new species: no papilla observed in preclitellar region, the number and position of papillae in male pore region are more numerous and complex, but accessory glands appear in both regions; besides, its intestinal caeca are between simple and complex., Published as part of Dong, Yan, Yuan, Zhu, Jiang, Jibao, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, Two new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Guangxi Province, China, pp. 259-268 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 260-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.21, http://zenodo.org/record/1446797, {"references":["Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Tsai, C. F. (1964) On some earthworms belonging to the genus Pheretima Kinberg collected from Taipei area in North Taiwan. Quarterly journal of the Taiwan Museum, 17, 1 - 35.","Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of the earthworms of the Lower Yangtze valley. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9, 178 - 296.","Chen, Y. (1931) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 7, 117 - 171."]}

Amynthas eumorphus Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 3) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201516 -02), China, Hainan Province, Longmen Town, the way from Longmen Town to Huangzhu Town (18°40'59"N, 108°51'46"E), 110 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, 4 June, 2015. Paratypes. 17 clitellate specimens (HN201516 -04), same data as for holotype; 24 clitellate (HN201511 -01), China, Hainan Province, Dongfang City, Nanya Farm (19°26'35"N, 110°21'41"E), 660 m a.s.l., June 2, 2015, other data as for holotype; 9 clitellate (HN201509 -01), China, Hainan Province, Lanyang Town, near the lake of Lanyang Farm (19°30'06"N, 109°41'06"E), 170 m a.s.l., May 31, 2015, other data as for holotype; 1 clitellate (HN201508 -01), China, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County, near Heaven Village (19°21'49"N, 109°27'27"E), 210 m a.s.l., May 31, 2015, other data as for holotype; 18 clitellate (HN201503 -01), China, Hainan Province, Haikou City, 3303 Feishu Village (19°38'58"N, 110°00'01"E), 90 m a.s.l., May 30, 2015, other data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in the brown, or yellow, or yellow sandy soil under rubber plantation almost all over Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named because of its beautiful appearance. Diagnosis. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7–8/9, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by three skin folds. Description. Preserved specimens dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally. Each segment has 2 annuli after IX, dorsal line unclear. Dimensions 221–300 mm by 6.0–8.0 mm at clitellum, segments 100–145; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae multiple, narrowly placed, numbering 26– 38/III, 26– 38/V, 44– 58/VIII, 44–58/XX, 44–60/XXV; 8–10 between male pores; 18–24 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=2.0–2.5 AB, ZZ=1.0–1.2 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV–XVI, khaki, smooth, setae invisible. First dorsal pore 6/7. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7–8/9, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 3A). Male pores each on a pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by three skin folds (Fig. 3B). Septa 8/9 thin, 9/10 threadlike, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11 thin, 11/12–12/13 thick. Esophageal hearts in X–XIII. Gizzard in IX–X, ball-shaped. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII and extending forward to XXIV, smooth ventrally, several finger-shaped incisions dorsally. Spermathecae paired in VII–IX; ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct half as long as ampulla, diverticulum in VII and IX equal to spermathecal duct, terminal half enlarged as a sharp-pointed seminal chamber (Fig. 3C); diverticulum in VIII straight. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X–XI, developed; seminal vesicles paired in XI–XII, developed. Prostates in XVI–XVIII, developed, coarsely lobate, prostatic duct U-shaped in 1/2XVII–1/2XVIII (Fig. 3D). Remarks. Amynthas eumorphus sp. nov. keys to the sieboldi -group according to Sims & Easton (1972). Among all the species in the same group, including 51 species in China and Southeast Asia (Beddard, 1912; Chen 1930, 1931, 1933, 1936, 1946; Cognetti 1908; Gates 1930, 1932, 1933, 1935; Goto & Hatai 1989; Hatai 1930; Michaelsen 1895, 1896, 1900, 1907, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1931, 1934; Ohfuchi 1951, 1956; Qiu 1992; Qiu et al. 1993; Rosa 1890, 1892, 1896, 1901; Tsai 1964), A. eumorphus sp. nov. is most similar to Amynthas daulis fanjinmontis (Qiu 1992). Both of them have the first dorsal pore before 10/11 and simple intestinal caeca. The shape of spermathecae and diverticulum of them are also much the same. However, they have distinct differences in body length, position of the first dorsal pore, genital papillae, septa in 8/9–9/10 and accessory glands. A. eumorphus sp. nov. is a large species with a length of 221–300 mm compared to the small individuals of A. daulis fanjinmontis with only 34–44 mm body length. The first dorsal pore in A. daulis fanjinmontis is in 3/4 or 4/5 while it is positioned in 6/ 7 in the new species. There are no genital markings or papillae nor accessory glands in A. eumorphus sp. nov. The septa in 8/9–9/10 of A. daulis fanjinmontis are absent while they are membrane-like in the new species. As a result, we decided to give new species status to our specimens.

Amynthas eumorphus Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 3) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201516 -02), China, Hainan Province, Longmen Town, the way from Longmen Town to Huangzhu Town (18��40'59"N, 108��51'46"E), 110 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, 4 June, 2015. Paratypes. 17 clitellate specimens (HN201516 -04), same data as for holotype; 24 clitellate (HN201511 -01), China, Hainan Province, Dongfang City, Nanya Farm (19��26'35"N, 110��21'41"E), 660 m a.s.l., June 2, 2015, other data as for holotype; 9 clitellate (HN201509 -01), China, Hainan Province, Lanyang Town, near the lake of Lanyang Farm (19��30'06"N, 109��41'06"E), 170 m a.s.l., May 31, 2015, other data as for holotype; 1 clitellate (HN201508 -01), China, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County, near Heaven Village (19��21'49"N, 109��27'27"E), 210 m a.s.l., May 31, 2015, other data as for holotype; 18 clitellate (HN201503 -01), China, Hainan Province, Haikou City, 3303 Feishu Village (19��38'58"N, 110��00'01"E), 90 m a.s.l., May 30, 2015, other data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in the brown, or yellow, or yellow sandy soil under rubber plantation almost all over Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named because of its beautiful appearance. Diagnosis. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7���8/9, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by three skin folds. Description. Preserved specimens dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally. Each segment has 2 annuli after IX, dorsal line unclear. Dimensions 221���300 mm by 6.0���8.0 mm at clitellum, segments 100���145; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae multiple, narrowly placed, numbering 26��� 38/III, 26��� 38/V, 44��� 58/VIII, 44���58/XX, 44���60/XXV; 8���10 between male pores; 18���24 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=2.0���2.5 AB, ZZ=1.0���1.2 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, khaki, smooth, setae invisible. First dorsal pore 6/7. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7���8/9, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 3A). Male pores each on a pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by three skin folds (Fig. 3B). Septa 8/9 thin, 9/10 threadlike, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11 thin, 11/12���12/13 thick. Esophageal hearts in X���XIII. Gizzard in IX���X, ball-shaped. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII and extending forward to XXIV, smooth ventrally, several finger-shaped incisions dorsally. Spermathecae paired in VII���IX; ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct half as long as ampulla, diverticulum in VII and IX equal to spermathecal duct, terminal half enlarged as a sharp-pointed seminal chamber (Fig. 3C); diverticulum in VIII straight. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X���XI, developed; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII, developed. Prostates in XVI���XVIII, developed, coarsely lobate, prostatic duct U-shaped in 1/2XVII���1/2XVIII (Fig. 3D). Remarks. Amynthas eumorphus sp. nov. keys to the sieboldi -group according to Sims & Easton (1972). Among all the species in the same group, including 51 species in China and Southeast Asia (Beddard, 1912; Chen 1930, 1931, 1933, 1936, 1946; Cognetti 1908; Gates 1930, 1932, 1933, 1935; Goto & Hatai 1989; Hatai 1930; Michaelsen 1895, 1896, 1900, 1907, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1931, 1934; Ohfuchi 1951, 1956; Qiu 1992; Qiu et al. 1993; Rosa 1890, 1892, 1896, 1901; Tsai 1964), A. eumorphus sp. nov. is most similar to Amynthas daulis fanjinmontis (Qiu 1992). Both of them have the first dorsal pore before 10/11 and simple intestinal caeca. The shape of spermathecae and diverticulum of them are also much the same. However, they have distinct differences in body length, position of the first dorsal pore, genital papillae, septa in 8/9���9/10 and accessory glands. A. eumorphus sp. nov. is a large species with a length of 221���300 mm compared to the small individuals of A. daulis fanjinmontis with only 34���44 mm body length. The first dorsal pore in A. daulis fanjinmontis is in 3/4 or 4/5 while it is positioned in 6/ 7 in the new species. There are no genital markings or papillae nor accessory glands in A. eumorphus sp. nov. The septa in 8/9���9/10 of A. daulis fanjinmontis are absent while they are membrane-like in the new species. As a result, we decided to give new species status to our specimens., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Yao, Xuanzhu, Lan, Yaqiong, Xu, Junxian & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas from Hainan Island, China (Megascolecidae, Clitellata), pp. 279-286 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 283-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.23, http://zenodo.org/record/1446811, {"references":["Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Beddard, F. E. (1912) The oligochaeta terricolae of the Philippines. Part I. The genus Pheretima. The Philippean Journal of Science, Series D, 7, 79 - 203.","Chen, Y. (1930) On some new earthworm from Nanking, China. Science Reports, Central University Nanking Series, B 1 (1), 11 - 40.","Cognetti de M., L. (1908) Descrizione di una nuova Pheretima del Giapone. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 23 (577), 1 - 2.","Gates, G. E. (1930) The earthworms of Burma. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 32 (3), 257 - 356.","Gates, G. E. (1932) The earthworms of Burma. III. The Megascolecidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 34, 357 - 549.","Gates, G. E. (1933) The earthworms of Burma. IV. The Megascolecidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 35, 413 - 606.","Gates, G. E. (1935) New earthworms from China with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 93, 1 - 19.","Hatai, S. (1930) Note on Pheretima agrestis (Goto & Haitai), together with the description of four new species of the genus Pheretima. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, 5, 651 - 667.","Michaelsen, W. (1895) Zur Kenntnis der Oligochaten. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, Hamburg, 13 (2), 1 - 37.","Michaelsen, W. (1896) Oligochaten. (\" Kukenthal, W. (Ed.): Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise in den Molukken und Borneo, im Auftrage der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Zweiter Teil. Wissenschaftliche Reiseergebnisse. \") Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 23, 192 - 234.","Michaelsen, W. (1900) Das Tierreich. 10. Lieferung. Vermes, Oligochaeta. R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1907) Neue Oligochaten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma und den Andaman-Inseln. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 24, 143 - 188.","Michaelsen, W. (1922) Oligochaten aus dem Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie zu Leiden. Capita Zoologica, 1, 1 - 72.","Michaelsen, W. (1923) Oligochaten aus der Umgegend von Medan in Nordwest-Sumatra. Arkiv for Zoologi, 15 (14), 1 - 20.","Michaelsen, W. (1924) Oligochaten von Niederlandisch-Indien. Treubia, 5, 379 - 401.","Michaelsen, W. (1928) Die Oligochaten Borneos. Arkiv for Zoologi, 20 (3), 1 - 60.","Michaelsen, W. (1931) The Oligochaeta of China. Peking Natural History Bulletin, 5 (3), 1 - 23.","Michaelsen, W. (1934) Oligochaeta from Sarawak. Quart. Journal of Microscopical Science, 77, 1 - 47.","Ohfuchi, S. (1951) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Sansei with descriptions of three new species. Miscellaneous Reports of the Research Institute for Natural Resources Tokyo, 19 - 21, 55 - 63.","Ohfuchi, S. (1956) On a collection of the terrestrial Oligochaeta obtained from the various localities in Riu-kiu Islands, together with the consideration of their geographical distribution (Part 1). Journal of Agricultural Science Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku, 3, 131 - 176.","Qiu, J. P. (1992) Notes on a new subspecies of genus Amynthas from Guizhou province (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 11 (1), 1 - 3.","Qiu, J. P., Wang, H. & Wang, W. (1993) Notes on a new species of the genus Amynthas from Guizhou. Guizhou Science, 11 (4), 3 - 6.","Rosa, D. (1890) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicine, XXVI. Perichetidi. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria', 10, 107 - 122.","Rosa, D. (1892) I Lombrichi raccolti nell'isola di Engano. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria', 12, 542 - 548.","Rosa, D. (1896) I Lombrichi raccolti a Sumatra dal dott Elio Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria', 16, 502 - 532.","Rosa, D. (1901) Oligochetes de l'archipel Malais. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 9, 131 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 75159","Tsai, C. F. (1964) On some earthworms beonging to the genue Pheretima Kinberg collected from taipei area in north Taiwan. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 17, 1 - 35."]}

Amynthas stabilis Dong & Jiang, sp. nov. (Figure 2, Table 3) Material. Holotype. Clitellate specimen (C-GX201305-06A), China, Guangxi Province, Shiwan Mountain Nature Reserve, N 21.50396°, E 107.53350°, 494 m asl, red sandy soil under bryophytes besides road, 13th May, 2013, J. P. Qiu, Y, Hong, J. B. Jiang, L. L. Zhang and Y. Dong coll. Paratypes. 4 clitellate specimens, C-GX201305-06B, same date as for holotype. Etymology. The species is named after its stable number, location and size of genital papillae in spermathecal pore and male pore region. Diagnosis. Dimensions 61–68 mm by 3.0– 3.2 mm at clitellum, segments 87–103. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 10–14 at?, 17–20 at?, 23–26 at?, 36–38 at XX, 32–38 at XXV; 6–8 between male pores; 6–8 at VII, 6 at? between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7–8/9. Four presetal genital papillae in VIII and IX, 0.25 circumference ventrally apart from each other (Fig. 2A). Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of an elliptic porophore surrounded by 1–2 circular ridges, with four big intersegmental genital papillae at 17/18 and 18/19, flat-topped and collapsed in the middle, 0.25 circumference apart ventrally (Fig. 2B). Ampulla elongate, oval-shaped, stout duct, as long as 1/2 ampulla. Diverticulum slightly shorter than main pouch, terminal 1/4 dilated into a club-shaped seminal chamber (Fig. 2C). Prostate glands welldeveloped (Fig. 2D). No accessory glands observed in male pore region. External characters. Tan pigment on middle dorsum of the whole body, no pigment on ventral and lateral sides. Dimensions 61–68 mm by 3.0– 3.2 mm at clitellum, segments 87–103. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 10–14 at?, 17–20 at?, 23–26 at?, 36–38 at XX, 32–38 at XXV; 6–8 between male pores; 6–8 at VII, 6 at? between spermathecal pores. Setae formula: AA=1.4–2.2AB, ZZ=3.6–4.0ZY. Clitellum annular, in XIV–XVI, setae invisible externally. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7–8/ 9, small. Four presetal genital papillae observed in VIII and IX, 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of an elliptic porophore surrounded by 1–2 circular ridges, with four big intersegmental collapse-topped genital papillae between XVII–XIX, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally. Female pore single in XIV. Internal characters. Septa 5/6–7/8 thick, 10/11–13/14 slightly thickened, 8/9–9/10 absent. Gizzard bucketshaped, in IX–XI. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, smooth, extending anteriorly to XXII. Esophageal hearts in X–XIII, the first pair tiny, the last three pairs developed. Ovaries in IX. Spermathecae three pairs in VII–IX, small, about 1.5 mm long. Ampulla long oval-shaped, stout duct as long as 1/2 ampulla. Diverticulum a little shorter than main pouch (ampulla and duct), terminal 1/4 dilated into a club-shaped seminal chamber (Figure 2B). One nubbly accessory gland observed near the distal part of the last two pair spermathecal duct. Holandric: Testis sacs two pairs, in X–XI, well-developed. Seminal vesicles two pairs, in XI–XII. Prostate glands well-developed, inserting in XVIII and extending from 1/2XV to XX, nubbly lobate, prostate duct U-shaped, slightly thicker at the distal part. No accessory glands observed in male pore region. Remarks. Amynthas stabilis sp. nov. is somewhat similar to Amynthas nubilus (Chen, 1946), Amynthas dactilicus (Chen, 1946), Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) (Chang et al. 2009) and Amynthas dongyinensis Shen, 2014 considering body size, segment number, distance of spermathecal and male pores and intestinal caeca. These species all belong to the sieboldi -group (Sims & Easton 1972). An in-depth comparison table is shown to illustrate more clearly the distinct characters of these four species (Table 3). TABLE ³. A comparison of characters of Amynthas stabilis sp. nov., A. nubilus (Chen, 1946), A. dactilicus (Chen, 1946), A. hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) anđ A. dongyinensis 4hen, 2014. 565 7 character unknown. ……continued on the next page TABLE ³. (Continueđ) Amynthas stabilis sp. nov. is easily distinguished from Amynthas nubilus (Chen, 1946) and Amynthas dactilicus (Chen, 1946) by its darker body pigment and intersegmental collapse-topped papillae in male pore region. In addition, in Amynthas dactilicus (Chen, 1946), a spermathecal diverticulum is absent, and there are no preclitellar papillae. Amynthas stabilis is similar to Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) with respect to intersegmental collapse-topped papillae in male pore region. However, Amynthas hupeiensis differs from the new species in dark-green body pigment, absence of preclitellar papilla and accessory glands, while its slender spermathecal diverticulum is longer than twice the length of the spermatheca. Amynthas dongyinensis Shen, 2014 differs from the new species in higher setae number (up to 57), absence of papillae near spermathecal pore and male pore, and in the spermathecal diverticulum which is longer than the main pouch.

Amynthas accessorius Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 2) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201515 -01A), China, Hainan Province, Longmen Town, Longmen Mountain (19��41'44"N, 110��44'06"E), 30 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, 4 June, 2015. Paratype. One clitellate specimen (HN201515 -01B), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in yellow soil under a rubber plantation, Longmen Mountain, Longmen Town, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named for its accessory glands. "Accessorius" is medieval Latin and means "helper". Diagnosis. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���7/8, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a round pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, paired ovoid genital papillae present above and below the setae circle in the inner side of the pore, surrounded by several skin folds. Description. Preserved specimens without pigment. No secondary annulation, dorsal line conspicuous. Dimensions 78 and 80 mm by 2.7 and 3.0 mm at clitellum, segments 140 and 148; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae numbering 44 and 48/III, 50 and 68/V, 66 and 76/VIII, 42 and 44/XX, 60 and 66/XXV; 8 between male pores; 24 and 26 (VII), 22 and 26 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=1.0���1.1 AB, ZZ=1.0���1.1 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, whitish, smooth, setae visible. First dorsal pore 12/ 13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���7/8, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 2A). Male pores each on a round pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, paired ovoid genital papillae present pre- and post- setae in the inner side of the pore, both male pores and genital papillae are surrounded by several skin folds separately (Fig. 2B). Septa 8/9, 9/10 absent, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11���13/14 thick. Esophageal hearts in X���XIII. Gizzard in IX���X, barrel-shaped. Intestine distinctly enlarged from XIII. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII. Spermathecae paired in VI���VIII; the first pair is smaller than the other two pairs. All ampullae ovoid, spermathecal duct slender, twice as long as ampulla. Diverticula differing: The seminal chamber could not been found in the first pair; the second diverticulum as long as 0.75 of main pouch, terminal half enlarged as irregular ovoid seminal chamber (Fig. 2C); the terminal half of the third diverticulum enlarged as zigzag seminal chamber (Fig. 2D). Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs invisible; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII, the first pair invisible, the second pair invisible in right, degenerate in left. Prostates degenerated completely, only S-(holotype) or U-(paratype) shaped prostatic duct in XVIII (Fig. 2E). Two large massive accessory glands present in XVII and XIX on the right side, closely attached to the body wall (Fig. 2F); accessory glands lacking on the left side in both holotype and paratype. Remarks. The testis sacs and seminal vesicles are almost invisible in Amynthas accessorius sp. nov. Its prostates are completely degenerate, only the prostatic duct is left. Therefore, A. accessorius sp. nov. may be considered as a parthenogenetic species. The new species belongs to the hawayanus -group with three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���7/8 (Sims & Easton 1972). After comparing the new species with all other species in this group (Beddard 1892; Chen 1933, 1936, 1938, 1946; Chen & Hsu 1977; Cognetti 1909; Gates 1930, 1931, 1932, 1935, 1936; Goto & Hatai 1898, 1899; Hatai 1930; Kinberg 1867; Kobayashi 1934, 1936, 1938; Michaelsen 1892, 1922, 1923, 1934; Rosa 1891, 1896; Ude 1925; Zhao et al. 2009), we found that the present species is most similar to Amynthas bouchei (Zhao et al. 2009). They share the following characters: similar characteristics of male pore region, first dorsal pore in 12/13, septa 8/9���9/10 absent, intestinal caeca simple. However, there are also obvious differences between these two species. Individuals of A. accessorius sp. nov. are small, with a body length of 78 and 80 mm, while individuals of A. bouchei are larger, 225���286 mm long. The diverticulum of A. bouchei is longer than the main pouch, and the ental half is dilated and enlarged as seminal chamber. However, in the new species, the diverticulum, although variable, is never longer than the main pouch. The first pair is smaller than the other two pairs. The ampullae are all of same shape, ovoid, and with a slender spermathecal duct twice as long as the ampulla. However, the diverticula differ: In the first pair, the seminal chamber could not been found; in the the second pair, the diverticulum is 3/4 as long as the main pouch, and the terminal half is enlarged as an irregularly ovoid seminal chamber (Fig. 2C); in the third pair, the terminal half of the diverticulum is enlarged as a zigzagshaped seminal chamber (Fig. 2D). Although the prostates of these two species are not developed, the prostate is small in A. bouchei, while only the prostatic duct is left in the new species. There are accessory glands in A. accessorius sp. nov., but they are absent in A. bouchei. Both testis sacs and seminal vesicles are degenerate in the new species. Considering the differences in characters, we decided to give new species status to our specimens., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Yao, Xuanzhu, Lan, Yaqiong, Xu, Junxian & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas from Hainan Island, China (Megascolecidae, Clitellata), pp. 279-286 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 281-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.23, http://zenodo.org/record/1446811, {"references":["Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Beddard, F. E. (1892) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 60 (1), 153 - 172.","Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of earthworm of the Yangtze valley. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9, 178 - 296.","Chen, Y. (1936) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, II: with the notes on Gates' types. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 11 (8), 269 - 306.","Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12, 375 - 427.","Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, 16, 83 - 141.","Chen, Y. & Hsu, Z. F. (1977) On some new earthworms from China. ACTA Zoologica Sinica, 23 (2), 175 - 181.","Cognetti de M., L. (1909) Diagnosi preliminari di due nuove Pheretima e di due nuove Eudrilini. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 24 (604), 1 - 3.","Gates, G. E. (1930) The earthworms of Burma. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 32 (3), 257 - 356.","Gates, G. E. (1931) The earthworms of Burma. II. Records of the Indian Museum, 32 (3), 327 - 442.","Gates, G. E. (1932) The earthworms of Burma. III. The Megascolecidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 34, 357 - 549.","Gates, G. E. (1935) New earthworms from China with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 93, 1 - 19.","Gates, G. E. (1936) On some earthworms from the Cameron highlands, Pahang. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 12, 87 - 117.","Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1898) New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 1. Annotations Zoologicae Japanenses, 2, 65 - 78.","Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1899) New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 2. Annotations Zoologicae Japanenses, 3, 13 - 24.","Hatai, S. (1930) Note on Pheretima agrestis (Goto & Haitai), together with the description of four new species of the genus Pheretima. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, 5, 651 - 667.","Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 97 - 103.","Kobayashi, S. (1934) Three new Korean earthworms belonging to the genus Pheretima, together with the wider range of the distribution of Pheretima hilgendorfi (Michaelsen). Journal of Chosen Natural History Society, 19, 1 - 11.","Kobayashi, S. (1936) Earthworms from Koryo, Korea. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Series 4 (Biology), 11 (1), 139 - 184.","Kobayashi, S. (1938) Earthworms of Korea I. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University, 13 (2), 89 - 170.","Michaelsen, W. (1892) Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung, II. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 58, 209 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8321","Michaelsen, W. (1922) Oligochaten aus dem Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie zu Leiden. Capita Zoologica, 1, 1 - 72.","Michaelsen, W. (1923) Oligochaten aus der Umgegend von Medan in Nordwest-Sumatra. Arkiv for Zoologi, 15 (14), 1 - 20.","Michaelsen, W. (1934) Oligochaeta from Sarawak. Quart. Journal of Microscopical Science, 77, 1 - 47.","Rosa, D. (1891) Die exotischen Terricolen des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 6, 379 - 406.","Rosa, D. (1896) I Lombrichi raccolti a Sumatra dal dott Elio Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria', 16, 502 - 532.","Ude, H. (1925) Regenwurmer von Borneo. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 63, 103 - 109.","Zhao, Q., Sun, J. & Qiu, J. P. (2009) Three new species of Amynthas hawayanus - group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History, 43, 1027 - 1041. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930902767433"]}

Amynthas wenchangensis Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201518 -04), China, Hainan Province, Tanniu Town, Hanjiapo (19��41'44"N, 110��44'06"E), 30 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, June 4, 2015. Paratypes. Four clitellate specimens (HN201518 -02, HN201518 -03, HN201518 -05, HN201518 -06), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in brown sandy soil on the edge of a grassland, Hanjiapo, Tanniu Town, Wenchang City, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named after the city where the species was found, Wenchang City. Diagnosis. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���6/7, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, six small genital papillae above and four below the setae circle in XVIII between male pores, another 4 small papillae in the middle of XIX above the setae circle, sometimes five genital papillae present between male pores and another four small papillae above and below the setae circle in XIX. Description. Preserved specimens dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally before XXV, light brown dorsally, no pigment ventrally after XXV. Dorsal line invisible. Dimensions 78���83.5 mm by 3.0 mm at clitellum, segments 119���148; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae numbering: 32��� 36/III, 36��� 40/V, 40��� 44/VIII, 40/XX, 44/XXV; 0 between male pores; 16 (VII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=2.0 AB, ZZ=1.0 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, dark brown, setae and dorsal pore visible. First dorsal pore in 9/10. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���6/7, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 1B). Male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by several skin folds (Fig. 1A,B). Seven small genital papillae above and four below the setae circle in XVIII between male pore, another four small pre-setal papillae in the middle of XIX (Fig. 1A). In two paratype specimen (HN201518 -02, HN201518 -03), five genital papillae present between male pores and four small papillae in XIX, pre- and post-setal (Fig. 1B). Septa 8/9, 9/10 absent, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11 thick. Esophageal hearts in X���XIII. Gizzard in IX���X, ball-shaped. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIV. Spermathecae small, paired in VI���VII; the first ampulla bean-sprout like, spermathecal duct slender, as long as 0.6 of main pouch, diverticulum in zigzag fashion, as long as 0.75 of main pouch (Fig. 1D); the second ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct slender, as long as ampulla, diverticulum in zigzag fashion, equal to main pouch; or spermathecae very large, ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct half as long as ampulla, diverticulum straight, half as long as main pouch, terminal third enlarged as club-shaped seminal chamber (HN201518 -02) (Fig. 1E); or diverticulum straight, as long as 1.25 of main pouch, terminal 0.6 enlarged as zonal seminal chamber (HN201518 -03) (Fig. 1F). Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X���XI, slender, undeveloped; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII, the first pair developed, the second pair small. Prostates degenerated in XVIII (on the right of holotype), or disappeared (on the left of holotype), or prostates developed in XVII���XVIII (some of paratypes), prostatic duct U-shaped in XVIII (Fig. 1G). Remarks. Amynthas wenchangensis sp. nov. keys to the Amynthas morrisi -group as defined by Sims & Easton (1972). All species in this group were compared, including 49 Amynthas species listed from China and Southeast Asia (Beddard 1892; Chen 1933, 1936, 1938, 1946; Gates 1968; Jiang et al. 2015; Kobayashi 1936, 1938; Michaelsen 1927; Sun et al. 2015; Zhao et al. 2009, 2013, 2015). The new species is most similar to Amynthas endophilus Zhao et al., 2013. They share the following characters: moderately large individuals, septa 8/9���9/10 absent, male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, surrounded by several skin folds. No genital markings, intestinal caeca simple. Furthermore, the spermathecae of A. endophilus are similar to those of one paratype (Fig. 1F). However, there are also distinct differences between them. Irregular genital papillae are present in the new species while they are absent in A. endophilus. The first dorsal pore in the new species is forward in 9/10. No pigmentation in A. endophilus compared to the dark or light brown pigmentation of new species. Prostates are developed in A. endophilus, however, they are degenerate in XVIII or absent, or developed in XVII���XVIII in the new species. Interestingly, sperm was observed in the seminal chambers of all specimens, which suggests that the new species might evolve in the direction of parthenogenesis under severe environment. In view of slight but nonetheless clear-cut differences, we decided to give new species status to our specimens., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Yao, Xuanzhu, Lan, Yaqiong, Xu, Junxian & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas from Hainan Island, China (Megascolecidae, Clitellata), pp. 279-286 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 279-281, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.23, http://zenodo.org/record/1446811, {"references":["Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Beddard, F. E. (1892) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 60 (1), 153 - 172.","Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of earthworm of the Yangtze valley. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9, 178 - 296.","Chen, Y. (1936) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, II: with the notes on Gates' types. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 11 (8), 269 - 306.","Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12, 375 - 427.","Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, 16, 83 - 141.","Gates, G. E. (1968) On a new anthropochorus species of the earthworm genus Pheretima (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta). Journal of Natural History, 2, 253 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936800770911","Kobayashi, S. (1936) Earthworms from Koryo, Korea. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Series 4 (Biology), 11 (1), 139 - 184.","Kobayashi, S. (1938) Earthworms of Korea I. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University, 13 (2), 89 - 170.","Michaelsen, W. (1927) Oligochaten aus Yun-nan gesammelt von Prof. F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agrariadella R. Scoula Superiore d'Agricoltura Portici, 21, 84 - 90.","Zhao, Q., Sun, J. & Qiu, J. P. (2009) Three new species of Amynthas hawayanus - group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History, 43, 1027 - 1041. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930902767433","Zhao, Q., Sun, J. Jiang, J. B. & Qiu, J. P. (2013) Four new species of genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History, 47 (33 - 34), 2175 - 2192. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2013.775374"]}

Amynthas wenchangensis Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201518 -04), China, Hainan Province, Tanniu Town, Hanjiapo (19°41'44"N, 110°44'06"E), 30 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, June 4, 2015. Paratypes. Four clitellate specimens (HN201518 -02, HN201518 -03, HN201518 -05, HN201518 -06), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in brown sandy soil on the edge of a grassland, Hanjiapo, Tanniu Town, Wenchang City, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named after the city where the species was found, Wenchang City. Diagnosis. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–6/7, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, six small genital papillae above and four below the setae circle in XVIII between male pores, another 4 small papillae in the middle of XIX above the setae circle, sometimes five genital papillae present between male pores and another four small papillae above and below the setae circle in XIX. Description. Preserved specimens dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally before XXV, light brown dorsally, no pigment ventrally after XXV. Dorsal line invisible. Dimensions 78–83.5 mm by 3.0 mm at clitellum, segments 119–148; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae numbering: 32– 36/III, 36– 40/V, 40– 44/VIII, 40/XX, 44/XXV; 0 between male pores; 16 (VII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=2.0 AB, ZZ=1.0 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV–XVI, dark brown, setae and dorsal pore visible. First dorsal pore in 9/10. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–6/7, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 1B). Male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by several skin folds (Fig. 1A,B). Seven small genital papillae above and four below the setae circle in XVIII between male pore, another four small pre-setal papillae in the middle of XIX (Fig. 1A). In two paratype specimen (HN201518 -02, HN201518 -03), five genital papillae present between male pores and four small papillae in XIX, pre- and post-setal (Fig. 1B). Septa 8/9, 9/10 absent, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11 thick. Esophageal hearts in X–XIII. Gizzard in IX–X, ball-shaped. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIV. Spermathecae small, paired in VI–VII; the first ampulla bean-sprout like, spermathecal duct slender, as long as 0.6 of main pouch, diverticulum in zigzag fashion, as long as 0.75 of main pouch (Fig. 1D); the second ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct slender, as long as ampulla, diverticulum in zigzag fashion, equal to main pouch; or spermathecae very large, ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct half as long as ampulla, diverticulum straight, half as long as main pouch, terminal third enlarged as club-shaped seminal chamber (HN201518 -02) (Fig. 1E); or diverticulum straight, as long as 1.25 of main pouch, terminal 0.6 enlarged as zonal seminal chamber (HN201518 -03) (Fig. 1F). Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X–XI, slender, undeveloped; seminal vesicles paired in XI–XII, the first pair developed, the second pair small. Prostates degenerated in XVIII (on the right of holotype), or disappeared (on the left of holotype), or prostates developed in XVII–XVIII (some of paratypes), prostatic duct U-shaped in XVIII (Fig. 1G). Remarks. Amynthas wenchangensis sp. nov. keys to the Amynthas morrisi -group as defined by Sims & Easton (1972). All species in this group were compared, including 49 Amynthas species listed from China and Southeast Asia (Beddard 1892; Chen 1933, 1936, 1938, 1946; Gates 1968; Jiang et al. 2015; Kobayashi 1936, 1938; Michaelsen 1927; Sun et al. 2015; Zhao et al. 2009, 2013, 2015). The new species is most similar to Amynthas endophilus Zhao et al., 2013. They share the following characters: moderately large individuals, septa 8/9–9/10 absent, male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, surrounded by several skin folds. No genital markings, intestinal caeca simple. Furthermore, the spermathecae of A. endophilus are similar to those of one paratype (Fig. 1F). However, there are also distinct differences between them. Irregular genital papillae are present in the new species while they are absent in A. endophilus. The first dorsal pore in the new species is forward in 9/10. No pigmentation in A. endophilus compared to the dark or light brown pigmentation of new species. Prostates are developed in A. endophilus, however, they are degenerate in XVIII or absent, or developed in XVII–XVIII in the new species. Interestingly, sperm was observed in the seminal chambers of all specimens, which suggests that the new species might evolve in the direction of parthenogenesis under severe environment. In view of slight but nonetheless clear-cut differences, we decided to give new species status to our specimens.

Amynthas gilvus Sun and Qiu sp. nov. (Figure 1 (e���g)) Type material Holotype: One clitellate (C-SC201102-12A) specimen: China, Sichuan Province, Mt. Emei (29��35 ��� 29 ��� N, 103��17 ��� 12 ��� E), 1300 m elevation, woods and bamboo, in black cinnamon soil, 27 July 2011, J. Sun, J.B. Jiang, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng coll. Paratype: One clitellate (C-SC201102-12B): Same data as for holotype. Etymology The species name gilvus, which means light yellow, refers to the pigment of the clitellum. Diagnosis Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7���8/9; first dorsal pore in 13/14, but also present in 4/5���6/7; each male pore on a slightly raised elliptical glandular flat-top pad, with a pointed extension lateral to each porophore; the first pair of seminal vesicles is enclosed in the second pair of testis sacs; spermathecal diverticulum shorter than main spermathecal axis by 0.61, distal 0.75 dilated into longer chili pepper-shaped seminal chamber. Description External characters. Preserved specimens light cinnamon on dorsum, and lacking pigment on ventrum. Mid-dorsal line pigmented. Dimensions 41���59 mm by 2.3��� 2.8 mm at clitellum, segments number 77���108. Body cylindrical in cross section, and gradually tapered towards head and tail. Secondary annulations absent. Prostomium �� epilobous. First dorsal pore in 13/14, but also present in 4/5���6/7. Clitellum annular in XIV���XVI, lacking pigment, smooth, swollen, setae not visible on clitellum, the trace of dorsal pores very clear on clitellum, but not forming a hole. Setae uniformly distributed, dorsal breaks more distinct than ventral, 22���24 at III, 24���40 at V, 32���36 at VIII, 22���40 at XX, 30���42 at XXV; 6���7 between male pores; 12���16/VII, 11���15/VIII between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA = 1���1.2AB, ZZ = 1.2���1.8ZY. Spermathecal pores three pairs, in 6/ 7���8/9, inconspicuous, intersegmental, about 0.33 of circumference ventrally apart, inconspicuous. No genital papillae in this region. Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.33 of circumference ventrally apart; each on a slightly raised elliptical glandular flat-top pad, with a lateral pointed extension of each porophore, without circular ridges surrounding (Figure 1 (e)). Genital markings not visible externally. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV, elliptical, situated in a depression. Internal characters. Septa 5/6���7/8 and 10/11���13/14 slightly thickened, 8/9���9/10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts four pairs in X���XIII. Gizzard barrel-like, in VIII���X; intestine beginning to swell in XV; intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII and extending forward to XXIII, hornshaped sac, surface smooth (Figure 1 (f)). Male sexual system is holandric. Testis sacs two pairs, ventral in X and XI, silver, separated ventro-medially. Seminal vesicles paired in XI and XII, separated ventro-medially, anterior pair are enclosed in posterior pair of testis sacs, dorsal lobe of anterior pair is highly developed, extending to X. Prostate glands developed, coarsely lobate, thick, in XVI���XXII, ducts U-curved, distal end stout. No accessory glands observed. Female organs: Ovaries in XIII. Spermathecae paired in VII���IX, about 1.8 mm long; ampulla oval-shaped, with a short duct, about 0.3 mm; diverticulum shorter than main spermathecal axis by 0.61, distal 0.75 dilated into longer chili pepper-shaped seminal chamber; no nephridia on spermathecal ducts (Figure 1 (g)). Remarks Amynthas gilvus sp. nov. also keys to the Amynthas sieboldi group (Sims and Easton 1972). This new species is close to two species ��� Amynthas jaoi (Chen 1946) and Amynthas loti (Chen and Hs��). Amynthas gilvus sp. nov. resembles A. jaoi in such characters as: (1) the body size is relatively small; (2) the spermathecal pores are three pairs in 6/7���8/9 with the distance about 0.33 of circumference ventrally apart; (3) the simple intestinal caeca; (4) the spermathecal duct is short; (5) the prostates are developed. However, they differ as follows: (1) the pigment of the new species is not as dark as that of A. jaoi; (2) the number of setae per segment for the new species is lower than in A. jaoi; (3) the first dorsal pore of the new species is 13/14 but the pores in 4/5���6/7 are present, in contrast with the first dorsal pore in 12/13 for A. jaoi; (4) the male pore porophores have the lateral points but are without other genital markings in the male pore region for the new species; in contrast the male porophore is a single round papilla and with an accompanying postsetal genital marking for A. jaoi; (5) the diverticulum of the new species is clearly shorter than the main spermathecal axis; however it is longer than the main pouch for A. jaoi; (6) the first pair of seminal vesicles is enclosed in the second pair of testis sacs for the new species, while this is not the case for A. jaoi; (7) the prostatic duct is unusual and shows a double U-curve shape for A. jaoi, while it is a more typical, simple U-curve shape for the new species; (8) there are no observed accessory glands for the new species, but inconspicuous and sessile accessory glands are present in A. jaoi. Considering the decolouring effect of anhydrous ethanol, A. gilvus sp. nov. and A. loti have the similar pigment, even though the pigment is described as light cinnamon on the dorsum for the new species but red-brown on the dorsum for A. loti; the density of setae is similar for the two species; the spermathecal pores are located in 6/7���8/9 for both species; and they both have a simple intestinal caeca. Nevertheless, these two species can be distinguished on the following main aspects: (1) the distance between the two spermathecal pores of A. loti is bigger than in the new species, and two pairs of genital papillae are present on VII and VIII for A. loti but absent for the new species; (2) the male pore porophore is cone-like and surrounded by 3���4 circles in A. loti, but it is a slightly raised elliptical glandular flat-top pad accompanied by a tail in the new one; (3) the septa in 8/9��� 9/10 is membranous in A. loti, but absent in the new species; (4) the seminal chamber of A. loti is ovoid-like but long pepper-shaped in the new species; (5) there is not a developed prostate gland in A. loti, but it is developed in the new species; (6) the ball-like accessory gland is present on the spermathecal region in A. loti, but there is no accessory gland in the new species; (7) the first pair of seminal vesicles are enclosed in the second pair of testis sacs of the new species, but this is not the case for A. loti. The partial COI sequence of the holotype of A. gilvus sp. nov. has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank with accession number KF205478 (specimen C-SC 201102 -12A)., Published as part of Sun, Jing, Jiang, Jibao, Hu, Feng & Qiu, Jiangping, 2016, Four new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mount Emei, Sichuan Province, China, pp. 2499-2513 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 2503-2505, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1193649, http://zenodo.org/record/3994511, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4: 169 - 268.","Chen Y. 1946. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, = 3 \\ * ROMAN III. West China Border Res Soc. 16: 83 - 141."]}

Amynthas orbicularis Sun and Jiang sp. nov. (Figure 2 (e���i)) Type material Holotype: One clitellate (C-SC201102-19A) specimen: China, Sichuan Province, Mt. Emei (29��35 ��� 29 ��� N, 103��17 ��� 12 ��� E), 1300 m elevation, woods and bamboo, in black cinnamon soil, 27 July 2011, J. Sun, J.B. Jiang, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng coll. Paratypes: A total of 10 specimens, as follows: Nine clitellate (C-SC201102-19B): Same data as for holotype. One clitellate (C-SC201102-21): Same data as for holotype. Etymology This is a descriptive name deriving from the dome-like male pore porophore. Diagnosis Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 7/8���8/9, slightly dorso-lateral; male pore porophore dome-like, glandular between two male pores; intestinal caeca complex with three slim and long finger-shaped sacs on dorsal margin; spermathecal diverticulum shorter than main spermathecal axis by 0.5, distal 0.5 twisted into zigzag seminal chamber, silver; three long stalked accessory glands medial to each prostatic duct root. Description External characters. Preserved specimens red and brown on dorsum, lacking pigment on ventrum. Mid-dorsal line pigmented. Dimensions 65���89 mm by 3.8���4.2 mm at clitellum. Segment number 72���112. Body cylindrical in cross section, gradually tapered towards head and tail. Prostomium �� epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, ring-shaped, no pigment, smooth, swollen; setae cannot be seen externally in clitellum, dorsal pores absent on clitellum. Setae uniformly distributed, dorsal breaks more distinct than ventral, 20���28 at III, 38���42 at V, 36���46 at VIII, 36���38 at XX, 36���40 at XXV; 9���10 between male pores; 20���28/VIII between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA = 1.0���1.2AB, ZZ = 1.2���1.8ZY. Spermathecal pores two pairs, in 7/8���8/9, intersegmental, slightly dorso-lateral (Figure 2 (e)). No genital papillae in this region. Male pores paired in XVIII, a little more than 0.33 circumference ventrally apart, each on a pad with a dome-like porophore in the centre, surrounded by 6���7 concentric ridges which are angular outside, skin between two male pores glandular. No genital papillae in this region (Figure 2 (f)). Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV, elliptical. Internal characters. Septa 6/7 thickened, 5/6, 7/8 and 10/11���12/13 slightly thickened, 8/9���9/10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts four pairs in X���XIII, developed. Gizzard barrel-like, in VIII���X; intestine beginning to swell in XV; intestinal caeca complex, with three slim and long finger-shaped sacs on dorsal margin, smooth on ventral margin, originating in XXVII and extending forward to �� XXIII (Figure 2 (g)). Male sexual system is holandric. Testis sacs two pairs, ventral in X and XI, anterior pair separated ventro-medially, posterior pair silver, connected ventromedially. Seminal vesicles paired in XI and XII, developed. Prostate glands developed, coarsely lobate, composed of two main lobes upper and lower section, respectively, the left lobe in XVI����� XXIII, the right lobe in XVI���XXII, the distal end of prostatic duct musclar and club-shaped (Figure 2 (h)). Three long stalked accessory glands medial to each prostatic duct attachment to body wall in XVIII, corresponding with the tumid area outside. Female organs: Ovaries in XIII. Spermathecae paired in VIII���IX, the spermathecae in IX more developed than in VIII, about 2.1 mm long in IX; ampulla irregular massshaped with a gradual slender distal duct as long as 0.33 ampulla; diverticulum shorter than main spermathecal axis by 0.5, distal 0.5 twisted into zigzag shaped seminal chamber, silver; no nephridia on spermathecal ducts, genital marking not visible (Figure 2 (i)). Remarks Amynthas orbicularis sp. nov. keys to the Amynthas aeruginosus group (Sims and Easton 1972). This group is diagnosed by two pairs of spermathecal pores intersegmental in 7/8���8/9 and a holandric male sexual system. Amynthas omeimontis (Chen 1931), collected initially in Mt. Emei, Sichuan Province, China, and then reported in Mt. Fanjing, Guizhou Province (Qiu 1987), China, is similar with the new species in the following main characteristics: (1) some stalked accessory glands present near the distal end of prostate gland ducts; (2) two pairs of spermathecal pores in 7/8���8/9; (3) complex intestinal caeca with several finger-shaped sacs; (4) the spermathecal ampulla duct not longer than half the length of ampulla, and the diverticulum seminal chamber twisted into zigzag type. However, these two species have some differences. First, abundant papillae are present in XVIII and XI in A . omeimontis, but there are no papillae in the new species except a glandular region between two male pores. Second, the distance between the two spermathecal pores is about 0.42 body circumference in A . omeimontis, while it is slightly more than 0.5 of circumference ventrally apart in the new species. Third, the male apertures of A . omeimontis are in a shallow depression, but the male pores of the new species are on pads with a dome-like porophore in the centre and surrounded by 6���7 concentric ridges. Finally, both pairs of testis sacs are connected medially with their fellow in A . omeimontis, but the anterior pair of testis sacs is separated ventro-medially, and the posterior pair connected ventro-medially, in the new species. Accordingly, these two species can be distinguished clearly. Four recently reported species in the A. aeruginosus group are Amynthas banlaoensis Hong, 2010, Amynthas khamlai Hong, 2010, Amynthas phadeangensis Hong, 2010 and Amynthas naphopensis Hong, 2010, all from Laos (Hong 2010). The morphological characters of these species were thoroughly compared with the new species; however, they are very different considering the long distance between the two spermathecal pores, lacking papillae on the male pores region and zigzag-shaped diverticulum seminal chamber for the new species. In contrast, four species from Laos have the distance between the two spermathecal pores shorter than half the circumference, some genital markings present on the male pore region, and the shape of the diverticulum seminal chamber not as complex as that of new species. The partial COI sequence of the holotype of A. orbicularis sp. nov. has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank with accession number KF205481 (specimen C-SC 201102 -19A)., Published as part of Sun, Jing, Jiang, Jibao, Hu, Feng & Qiu, Jiangping, 2016, Four new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mount Emei, Sichuan Province, China, pp. 2499-2513 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 2509-2511, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1193649, http://zenodo.org/record/3994511, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4: 169 - 268.","Chen Y. 1931. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan. Contrib Biol Lab Sci Soc China (Zool). 7: 117 - 171.","Qiu J. 1987. [A preliminary survey of terrestial Oligochaeta from Mt. Fanjing, Guizhou] .. Sichuan J Zool .. 6: 4 - 8 (Chinese).","Hong Y. 2010. Four new earthworms of the Amynthas aeruginosus species group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Nam Xam NBCA, Laos. Rev Suisse Zool. 117: 599 - 609."]}

Amynthas leshanensis Sun and Qiu sp. nov. (Figure 1 (a���d)) Type material Holotype. One clitellate (C-SC201102-02A) specimen: China, Sichuan Province, Mt. Emei (29��35���29���N, 103��17���12���E), 1300 m elevation, woods and bamboo, in dark cinnamon soil, 27 July 2011, J. Sun, J.B. Jiang, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng coll. Paratypes: A total of two specimens, as follows: One clitellate (C-SC201102-02B): Same data as for holotype. One clitellate (C-SC201102-14): Same data as for holotype. Etymology This species was named after the collection location ��� Leshan City, China. Diagnosis Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7���8/9, 0.4 of circumference ventrally apart; each male pore on an elliptical glandular flat-top pad, surrounded by a large irregular shaped pad which extends from 17/18����� XIX; intestinal caeca complex with three long and broad finger-shaped sacs; spermathecal diverticulum shorter than main spermathecal axis by 0.42, distal 0.5 dilated into elongated ovoid seminal chamber. Description External characters. Preserved specimens dark grey on dorsum, lacking pigment on ventrum. Mid-dorsal line pigmented. Dimensions 88���93 mm by 3.0��� 3.8 mm at clitellum, segments number 95���120. Body cylindrical in cross section, and gradually tapered towards head and tail. Secondary annulations absent. Prostomium �� epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Clitellum annular in XIV���XVI, pale, smooth, swollen, no visible setae externally, and dorsal pore usually absent on clitellum. Setae uniformly distributed, dorsal breaks more distinct than ventral, 22���24 at III, 30���35 at V, 28���36 at VIII, 36���42 at XX, 38���44 at XXV; 10 between male pores; 11���14/VII, 11���14/VIII between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA = 1���1.2AB, ZZ = 2���2.2ZY. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7���8/9, intersegmental, about 0.4 of circumference ventrally apart, with tumid epidermis around each spermathecal pore (Figure 1 (a)). Genital papillae absent around spermathecal region. Male pores paired in XVIII, about 0.33 of circumference ventrally apart, each on a small elliptical glandular flat-top pad, swollen, and surrounded by a larger irregular-shaped pad which extends from 17/18����� XIX. No genital papillae in this region (Figure 1 (b)). Female pore single, med-ventral in XIV, elliptical, situated in a depression. Internal characters. Septa 5/6���7/8 and 10/11���12/13 slightly thickened, 8/9���9/10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts four pairs in X���XIII. Gizzard barrel-like, in VIII���X; intestine beginning to swell in XVI; intestinal caeca complex, with three long and broad finger-shaped sacs, originating in XXVII and extending forward to XXIV (Figure 1 (c)). Male sexual system is holandric. Testis sacs two pairs, small, ventral in X and XI, connected with membrane on ventrum. Seminal vesicles paired in XI and XII, developed, broadly connected with each other on ventrum; prostate glands developed, coarsely lobate, in �� XVI���XXI, ducts U-curved, distal end stouter. No visible accessory glands around base of each duct. Female organs: Ovaries in XIII. Spermathecae paired in VII���IX, about 2.6 mm long; ampulla heart-shaped, with very short duct, about 0.6 mm; diverticulum shorter than main spermathecal axis by 0.42, slender, distal 0.5 dilated into elongated ovoid seminal chamber; no nephridia on spermathecal ducts (Figure 1 (d)). Remarks Amynthas leshanensis sp. nov. keys to the Amynthas sieboldi group according to Sims and Easton, 1972 (Sims and Easton 1972). Members of this group can be distinguished from those of the other species of the genus Amynthas by three pairs of spermathecal pores intersegmental in 6/7���8/9 and a holandric male sexual system. In many principal respects the present new species is relatively similar to Amynthas obscuritoporus (Chen, 1930) and Amynthas editus editus (Chen, 1946). Moreover, they share the same collection location ��� Mt. Emei (Chen 1930, 1946). The species A. obscuritoporus, which was initially collected in Suzhou City and Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China, and subsequently gathered in Wuxi City and Yixing City, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, Anhui Province and Mt. Emei, Sichuan Province, has several similar characteristics to the new species, as follows: (1) a dark colour on the dorsum and lacking pigment on the ventrum; (2) spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7��� 8/9; (3) spermathecal ampulla heart-shaped with the duct shorter than the ampulla; (4) spermathecal diverticulum is usually about half the length of the main spermathecal axis, and the seminal chamber was described as elongated ovoid or bulb-like; (5) the left and right lobe of testis sacs connected ventro-medially in the form of a transverse band. However, the two are chiefly differentiated from each other as follows: (1) the clitellum of the new species present in XIV���XVI, smooth and swollen, but not present in all cases for A. obscuritoporus; (2) even though both have the spermathecal pores in 6/7���8/9, the pores of A. obscuritoporus are too small to recognise, comparing with the new species in which the spermathecal pores are surrounded by a relatively large swollen area; (3) the male pores of the new species are surrounded by a larger irregular-shaped pad, while the male pore region of A. obscuritoporus is an obscure whitish patch and appears vague under the skin, or looks like a small crescent-shaped groove in some cases; (4) the intestinal caeca of the new species is complex, while it is simple for A. obscuritoporus; (5) the prostate glands of the new species are developed, by comparison, but are small or rudimentary in A. obscuritoporus. Another species, A. editus editus, also collected in Mt. Emei, Sichuan, is somewhat similar to the new species in that they have a similar density of setae, the spermathecal pores are all located in 6/7���8/9, the male pore papillae occupy more than one segment, the spermathecal ampulla is heart-shaped, the seminal chamber is elongated, and the prostate glands are developed with a U-curved duct. However, they differ in the following main characteristics: (1) the pigment of A. editus editus is pale both dorsally and ventrally, but just ventrally for the new species; (2) the first two pairs of spermathecal pores of A. editus editus are extremely close ��� one seta interval, compared to the last pair ��� while the distance is equal in the new species; (3) there is a large lens-shaped papilla placed medio-ventrally in the male pore region of A. editus editus but no papillae for the new species; (4) the intestinal caeca is simple for A. editus editus but complex for the new species; (5) the spermathecal diverticulum is very long and the ectal portion of duct coiled in A. editus editus, compared to a shorter and more slender duct in the new species; (6) the first pair of seminal vesicles in XI are enclosed in testis sacs for A. editus editus but are clearly separated for the new species. Two other recently reported Amynthas sieboldi -group species ��� Amynthas arenulus Bantaowong and Panha and Amynthas longicaeca Bantaowong and Panha ��� are somewhat similar to the new species according to the big pad on the male pore region at first glance, and the distance between male pores and spermathecal pores. However, they have many differences. For example: (1) comparing with A. arenulus and A. longicaeca, the new species has a smaller body size; (2) the spermathecal pores have tumid epidermis for the new species, but not for A. arenulus and A. longicaeca; (3) the intestinal caeca of the new species are complex; however, they are simple for A. arenulus and A. longicaeca; (4) the duct of spermathecae is stout for A. arenulus, and the diverticulum is very small with ovate knob for A. longicaeca, which are both very different from the new species. The partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence of the holotype of A . leshanensis sp. nov. has been deposited in the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank with accession number KF205474 (specimen C-SC 201102 -02A)., Published as part of Sun, Jing, Jiang, Jibao, Hu, Feng & Qiu, Jiangping, 2016, Four new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mount Emei, Sichuan Province, China, pp. 2499-2513 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 2500-2503, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1193649, http://zenodo.org/record/3994511, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4: 169 - 268.","Chen Y. 1930. On some new earthworms from Nanking, China. Science Reports. Vol. 1. Nanjing: National Central University, College of Science, Nanking; p. 11 - 37.","Chen Y. 1946. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, = 3 \\ * ROMAN III. West China Border Res Soc. 16: 83 - 141."]}

Amynthas retortus Sun and Jiang sp. nov. (Figure 2 (a���d)) Type material Holotype: One clitellate (C-SC201102-15A) specimen: China, Sichuan Province, Mt. Emei (29��35 ��� 29 ��� N, 103��17 ��� 12 ��� E), 1300 m elevation, woods and bamboo, in black cinnamon soil, 27 July 2011, J. Sun, J.B. Jiang, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng coll. Paratype: One clitellate (C-SC201102-15B): Same data as for holotype. Etymology The species name comes from the twisted shape of the spermathecal diverticulum. Diagnosis Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7���8/9; each male pore on an oval-shaped pad with an elliptical glandular flat-top pad in the centre, surrounded by three circular ridges inside and five circular ridges outside, a pair of small round genital papillae medial to two male porophores postsetally on XVII; two bud-like accessory glands observed medial to each prostatic duct; spermathecal diverticulum shorter than main spermathecal axis by 0.17, distal 0.5 dilated and twisted into a zigzag-shaped seminal chamber; genital markings beneath the left spermathecae on VIII and IX and the right spermathecae on IX. Description External characters. Preserved specimens light brown on dorsum, and lacking pigment on ventrum. Mid-dorsal line pigmented. Dimensions 36���37 mm by 3.0��� 3.6 mm at clitellum, segments number 61���74. Body cylindrical in cross section, gradually tapered towards head and tail. Secondary annulations absent. Prostomium �� epilobous. First dorsal pore in 13/14. Clitellum annular in XIV���XVI, lacking pigment, smooth, no visible setae externally, and dorsal pore absent on clitellum. Setae uniformly distributed, dorsal breaks more distinct than ventral, 20���24 at III, 36���39 at V, 40 at VIII, 40���48 at XX, 36���42 at XXV; 2���5 between male pores; 6���7/VII, 6/VIII between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA = 1.2���1.4AB, ZZ = 1.6���1.8ZY. Spermathecal pores three pairs, in 6/7���8/9, intersegmental, cannot be seen externally, one tiny genital papilla on VII and two similar papillae on VIII (Figure 2 (a)). Male pores paired in XVIII, a little less than 0.33 of circumference ventrally apart, each on an oval-shaped pad with an elliptical glandular flat-top pad in the centre, surrounded by five circular ridges inside and three circular ridges outside. One small round genital papilla medial to each male porophore, and postsetally on XVII (Figure 2 (b)). Female pore single, mid-ventral in XVI. Internal characters. Septa 5/6���7/8 and 10/11���11/12 slightly thickened, 8/9���9/10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts four pairs in X���XIII, developed. Gizzard barrel-like, in VIII���X; intestine beginning to swell in XV; intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII and extending forward to XXIII, fingershaped sac, smooth on ventral and dorsal margin (Figure 2 (c)). Male sexual system is holandric. Testis sacs two pairs, ventral in X and XI. Seminal vesicles paired in XI and XII, developed, each is enclosed in the front of testis sacs, separated ventro-medially. Prostate glands developed, coarsely lobate, botryoidal, in XVI���XXII, ducts short and stout. Two bud-like accessory glands observed medial to each prostatic duct root. Female organs: Ovaries in XIII. Spermathecae paired in VII���IX, about 1.5 mm long; ampulla ball-shaped, with long duct as long as 0.67 ampulla; diverticulum shorter than main spermathecal axis by 0.17, slender, distal 0.5 dilated and twisted into a zigzag shaped seminal chamber; no nephridia on spermathecal ducts, stalked genital marking beneath the left spermathecae on VIII and IX and the right spermathecae on IX (Figure 2 (d)). Remarks A. retortus sp. nov. keys to the Amynthas sieboldi group (Sims and Easton 1972). The new species appears similar to Amynthas cruratus (Chen, 1946) in the characters of the pigment, the density of setae, the location of spermathecal pores, intestinal caeca shape and prostate gland. But it is distinct when the following characteristics are regarded: the body size, the arrangement of male pores and male pore region genital papillae, spermathecal diverticulum chamber, seminal vesicles and accessory glands aspect (Table 1). Twenty species were added to the Amynthas sieboldi group after 1972. They are Amynthas heterogens (Chen and Hsu), Amynthas contingens (Zhong and Ma 1979), Amynthas daulis daulis (Zhong and Ma 1979), Amynthas daulis fanjinmontis Qiu, 1992, Amynthas saccatus Qiu and Wang, Amynthas binoculatus Tsai, Shen and Tsai, Amynthas sexpectatus Tsai, Shen and Tsai, Amynthas tayalis Tsai, Shen and Tsai, Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai, Shen and Tsai, Amynthas moakensis Hong and Kim, Amynthas fenestrus Shen, Tsai and Tsai, Amynthas tantulus Shen, Tsai and Tsai, Amynthas carnosus lichuanensis Wang and Qiu, Amynthas huangi James, Shih and Chang, Amynthas monsoonus James, Shih and Chang, Amynthas hongyehensis Tsai, Shen and Tsai, Amynthas apapillatus Zhao and Qiu, A. arenulus, Amynthas dongyinensis Shen, Chang and Chih and A. longicaeca. So, the other two similar species ��� A. saccatus and A. tungpuensis ��� were also put into Table 1. A. saccatus and the new species were both collected in Southwest China, and they both have concentric ridges on the male pore region. Moreover, the genital papillae always appear in the male pore and spermathecal pore region. However, they have some differences in the characteristics of the body size, the spermathecal seminal chamber and so on. A. tungpuensis and A. retortus sp. nov. have similar characters in male pore porophores and intestinal caeca, but the genital papilla of spermathecal pore and male pore region, the accessory glands, the shape of spermathecae and body size are very different. The partial COI sequence of the holotype of A. retortus sp. nov. has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank with accession number KF205479 (specimen C-SC 201102 -15A)., Published as part of Sun, Jing, Jiang, Jibao, Hu, Feng & Qiu, Jiangping, 2016, Four new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mount Emei, Sichuan Province, China, pp. 2499-2513 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 2505-2507, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1193649, http://zenodo.org/record/3994511, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4: 169 - 268.","Chen Y. 1946. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, = 3 \\ * ROMAN III. West China Border Res Soc. 16: 83 - 141.","Zhong Y, Ma D. 1979. [An account of some new terrestrial Oligochaetes form Sichuan]. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 4: 228 - 232 (Chinese)."]}

Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing, Zhao, Qi, Qiu, Jiangping (2014): Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the island of Hainan and Guangdong Province, China. Journal of Natural History 49 (1): 1-17, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.931480

Amynthas infuscuatus Jiang and Sun sp. nov. (Figure 3) Material Holotype. 1 clitellate (C-HN020-02A): China, Hainan Island, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve (18��44 ��� 45 ��� N, 108��50 ��� 32 ��� E), 1020 m elevation, cinnamon soil under tropical rainforest vegetation, 5 July 2006, J.P. Qiu, M.B. Bouch��, J.X. Li and X.L. Zhang colls. Paratypes. 2 clitellates (C-HN020-02B) with the same data as for holotype. All three clitellates were externally characterized and dissected. Etymology The species is named after its dark pigment. Diagnosis Dimensions 60 ��� 78 mm by 1.4 ��� 1.6 mm at clitellum, segments 130 ��� 139. Setae numbering 46 ��� 48 at III, 56 ��� 60 at V, 49 ��� 52 at VIII, 42 ��� 46 at XX, 44 ��� 48 at XXV, 8 ��� 10 between male pores. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 5/6 ��� 6/7, 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Male pores in XVIII, 0.33 body circumference ventrally apart, each on the top of a slightly raised, oval porophore in a pulvinate pad with three to four circular folds. Spermathecae two pairs in VI ��� VII, ampulla ovoid, duct twice as long as ampulla. Diverticulum slightly longer than main pouch, slender, terminal one-third dilated into a swollen chamber. External characters Purple dorsal pigment before segment VIII of preserved specimens; light brown pigment on dorsum after segment VIII, no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 60 ��� 78 mm by 1.4 ��� 1.6 mm at clitellum, segments 130 ��� 139; the average values of examined individuals: dimensions 68 mm by 1.5 mm at clitellum, segments 134. Prostomium �� epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 46 ��� 48 at III, 56 ��� 60 at V, 49 ��� 52 at VIII, 42 ��� 46 at XX, 44 ��� 48 at XXV; 8 ��� 10 between male pores; setal formula: AA = 1.0 ��� 1.2AB, ZZ = 1.0 ��� 1.2ZY. Clitellum annular, orange colour, in XIV ��� XVI, setae visible externally. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 5/6 ��� 6/7, ventral, eye-like, 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each on the top of a slightly raised, oval porophore in a pulvinate pad with three or four circular folds. Two rounded genital papillae, flat-topped, present at inner ridge of porophore, anteromedial one larger than the other (Figure 3A). Female pore single in XIV, oval. Internal characters Septa 6/7 ��� 7/8 thick and muscular, 10/11 ��� 12/13 slightly thickened, 8/9 ��� 9/10 absent. Gizzard long bucket-shaped, in IX ��� X. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XVI. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, smooth, brown, extending anteriorly about to XXIV. Oesophageal hearts in X ��� XIII. Ovaries in XIII. Spermathecae two pairs in VI ��� VII, ampulla ovoid, about 2.5 mm long in holotype; duct slender, twice as long as ampulla. Diverticulum slightly longer than main pouch, slender, terminal one-third dilated into a swollen chamber (Figure 3B), milky white. No accessory glands observed. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs, in X ��� XI. Seminal vesicles two pairs, extending in X ��� XII, the anterior pair larger. Testis sacs and seminal vesicles separated from each other on ventrum. Prostate glands developed, inserting in XVIII and extending to XVI and half of XX, coarsely lobate composed of two major lobes. Prostatic duct U-shaped, slender (Figure 3C). No accessory glands observed. Remarks Both A. infuscuatus sp. nov. and A. tripunctus have similar body length, setae, location of first dorsal pore, seminal vesicles and diverticulum length. However, A. infuscuatus sp. nov. is distinguished from A. tripunctus by its segment number, ampulla shape and seminal chamber length. In comparison to A. incongruus, spermathecae of A. infuscuatus sp. nov. is quite different. Ampulla is heart-shaped, duct slightly shorter than ampulla, and terminal two-sevenths of diverticulum dilated into a swollen seminal chamber. Moreover, body length and first dorsal pore are also distinctive characters. Although both have terminal third dilated into seminal chamber, A. infuscuatus sp. nov. and A. instabilis have no similar spermathecae. The ampulla of A. infuscuatus is ovoid, smaller than the heart-shaped ampulla of A. instabilis, but its ampulla duct and diverticulum are longer., Published as part of Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2014, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the island of Hainan and Guangdong Province, China, pp. 1-17 in Journal of Natural History 49 (1) on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.931480, http://zenodo.org/record/4002490

Amynthas qiongzhongensis Jiang and Zhao sp. nov. (Figure 4) Material Holotype. 1 clitellate (C-HN022-02A): China, Hainan Island, Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve (18��43 ��� 30 ��� N, 109��52 ��� 07 ��� E), 920 m elevation, brown sandy soil under shrubbery, 6 July 2006, J.P. Qiu, M.B. Bouch��, J.X. Li and X.L. Zhang colls. Paratypes. 9 clitellates (C-HN022-02B) with the same data as for holotype. 2 clitellates (C-HN201008-01), 2 clitellates (C-HN201008-02): China, Hainan Island, Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve (18��43 ��� 35 ��� N, 109��52 ��� 02 ��� E), 934 m elevation, black soil under palm trees, 24 July 2010, J.B. Jiang and Y.Z. Guo coll. 1 clitellate (C-HN201012-02): China, Hainan Island, Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve (18��43 ��� 15 ��� N, 109��52 ��� 18 ��� E), 933 m elevation, black soil under scrubs, 24 July 2010, J.B. Jiang and Y.Z. Guo coll. 1 clitellate (C-HN201114-02): China, Hainan Island, Limushan Nature Reserve, Quling Mountain (19��13 ��� 40 ��� N, 109��44 ��� 15 ��� E), 739 m elevation, 27 May 2011, J.P. Qiu, J.B. Jiang, Q. Zhao, D. Cluzeau and W.K. Zhang coll. Six individuals were dissected and 10 individuals were characterized externally only. Etymology The species is named after its type locality (Li-Miao Autonomous County of Qiongzhong, Hainan). Diagnosis Dimensions 81 ��� 161 mm by 3.4 ��� 4.6 mm at clitellum, segments 127 ��� 159. Setae numbering 42 ��� 46 at III, 48 ��� 64 at V, 50 ��� 62 at VIII, 40 ��� 54 at XX, 40 ��� 80 at XXV; 4 ��� 8 between male pores; 21 ��� 26 between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 5/6 ��� 6/7, 0.40 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in XVIII, 0.33 body circumference ventrally apart, each on the top of a slightly raised, oval porophore in a pulvinate pad with three to five circular folds. Spermathecae two pairs in VI ��� VII, ampulla heart-shaped, duct slightly shorter than ampulla. Diverticulum is longer than the main pouch by one-fifth, terminal two-sevenths dilated into a swollen chamber. External characters Grey dorsal pigment present in the pre-clitellum segments of preserved specimens; light brown pigment on dorsum of the post-clitellum segments; no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 81 ��� 161 mm by 3.4 ��� 4.6 mm at clitellum, segments 127 ��� 159; the average values of examined individuals: dimensions 125 mm by 3.9 mm at clitellum, segments 147. Secondary annulations conspicuous in pre-clitellum segments. Prostomium combined prolobous and �� epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/ 12. Setae numbering 42 ��� 46 at III, 48 ��� 64 at V, 50 ��� 62 at VIII, 40 ��� 54 at XX, 40 ��� 80 at XXV; 4 ��� 8 between male pores; 21 ��� 26 between spermathecal pores; setal formula: AA = 1.0 ��� 1.5AB, ZZ = 1.0 ��� 2.0ZY. Clitellum annular, purple or light brown colour, in XIV ��� XVI, setae invisible externally. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 5/6 ��� 6/7, ventral, 0.40 circumference apart from each other. A couple of antrorse genital papillae surround each spermathecal pore. A pair of tiny, collapse-topped, presetal genital papillae present on anterior border of segments VII. Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each on the top of a slightly raised, oval porophore in a pulvinate pad with three to five circular folds. Four or five genital papillae tiny, collapse-topped, surrounding each male pore, present on the porophore (Figure 4A). Female pore single in XIV, rounded, milky white. Internal characters Septa 5/6 ��� 7/8 thick and muscular, 10/11 ��� 12/13 slightly thickened, 8/9 ��� 9/10 absent. Gizzard short bucket-shaped, in 1/2VIII ��� IX. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XVI. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, smooth, extending anteriorly to XXIV. Oesophageal hearts in X ��� XIII. Ovaries in XIII. Spermathecae two pairs in VI ��� VII, ampulla heart-shaped, about 2.8 mm long in holotype; stout duct slightly shorter than ampulla. Diverticulum is longer than the main pouch by one-fifth, slender, terminal twosevenths dilated into a swollen chamber (Figure 4B), milky white. No accessory glands observed. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs, in X ��� XI. Seminal vesicles two pairs, extending in XI ��� XII, the anterior pair well developed. Prostate glands well developed, inserting in XVIII and extending to 1/2XV and XXIII, coarsely lobate composed of several major lobes. Prostatic duct U-shaped, slender, conspicuously curved at the distal part (Figure 4C). No accessory glands observed. Remarks The new species is similar to A. tripunctus in having similar body length, body width, prostate glands and ampulla shape, but it has a shorter seminal chamber, while the terminal half of the diverticulum of A. tripunctus is dilated into a cucumber-shaped chamber. Amynthas qiongzhongensis sp. nov. differs greatly from A. incongruus by the characteristics of the accessory glands and spermathecae. Amynthas qiongzhongensis sp. nov. differs from A. instabilis sp. nov. in the features of spermathecae, prostate glands and other characters., Published as part of Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2014, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the island of Hainan and Guangdong Province, China, pp. 1-17 in Journal of Natural History 49 (1) on pages 13-16, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.931480, http://zenodo.org/record/4002490

Amynthas instabilis Qiu and Jiang sp. nov. (Figure 1) Material Holotype. 1 clitellate (C-HN011-02A): China, Hainan Island, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve (18��43 ��� 32 ��� N, 108��53 ��� 33 ��� E), 860 m elevation, black sandy soil under shrubbery beside road, 4 July 2006, J.X. Li and W.X. Zhang coll. Paratypes. 60 clitellates (C-HN011-02B) and 3 clitellates (C-HN011-03)with the same data as for holotype; 1 clitellate (C-HN014-03): China, Hainan Island, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve (18��43 ��� 58 ��� N, 108��53 ��� 10 ��� E), 890 m elevation, sandy soil under evergreen forest, 4 July 2006, J.P. Qiu and M.B. Bouch�� colls; 8 clitellates (C-HN015-01): China, Hainan Island, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve (18��43 ��� 56 ��� N, 108��53 ��� 13 ��� E), 895 m elevation, cinnamon soil under tropical rainforest vegetation, 4 July 2006, J.P. Qiu, M.B. Bouch�� and X.L. Zhang colls. 2 clitellates (C-HN201001-01): China, Hainan Island, Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve (18��42 ��� 32 ��� N, 109��50 ��� 25 ��� E), 631 m elevation, black sandy soil under arbor vegetation, 23 July 2010, J.B. Jiang and Y.Z. Guo coll. 1 clitellate (C-HN201101-03): China, Hainan Island, Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve (18��44 ��� 18 ��� N, 108��52 ��� 01 ��� E), 840 m elevation, yellow soil under broadleaved evergreen forest, 23 May 2011, J.P. Qiu, J.B. Jiang, Q. Zhao, D. Cluzeau and W.K. Zhang coll. 2 clitellates (C-GD201105-03): China, Guangdong Province, Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve (23��15 ��� 38 ��� N, 114��22 ��� 31 ��� E), 360 m elevation, yellow soil under broadleaved evergreen forest, 23 October 2011, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, J.X. Li and X.D. Lei coll. Ten individuals were dissected and 13 were characterized externally only. Etymology The species is named after its characteristic of variable numbers of genital papillae in the male pore region. Diagnosis Dimensions 74 ��� 125 mm by 2.9 ��� 4.0 mm at clitellum, segments 82 ��� 145. Setae numbering 30 ��� 54 at III, 42 ��� 64 at V, 52 ��� 62 at VIII, 40 ��� 52 at XX, 40 ��� 56 at XXV; 0 ��� 2 between male pores; 15 ��� 22 between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 5/6 ��� 6/7, 0.40 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in XVIII, 0.33 body circumference ventrally apart, each on the top of a slightly raised, oval porophore in a pulvinate pad with three to six circular folds. Spermathecae two pairs in VI ��� VII, ampulla heartshaped, duct as long as ampulla. Diverticulum half as long as main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal one-third dilated into an ovoid chamber. External characters Taupe dorsal pigment, ventral pigment lighter present in the pre-clitellum segments of preserved specimens; tan pigment on dorsum, no pigment on ventrum of the postclitellum segments. Dimensions 74 ��� 125 mm by 2.9 ��� 4.0 mm at clitellum, segments 82 ��� 145; the average values of examined individuals: dimensions 104 mm by 3.3 mm at clitellum, segments 128. Secondary annulations conspicuous in segments XVII ��� XVIII. Prostomium �� epilobous. First dorsal pore of all examined individuals in 11/12. Setae numbering 30 ��� 54 at III, 42 ��� 64 at V, 52 ��� 62 at VIII, 40 ��� 52 at XX, 40 ��� 56 at XXV; 0 ��� 2 between male pores; 15 ��� 22 between spermathecal pores; setal formula: AA = 1.0 ��� 1.3AB, ZZ = 1.0 ��� 2.0ZY. Clitellum annular, pinkish or brown, in XIV ��� XVI, setae invisible externally. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 5/6 ��� 6/7, ventral, eye-like, sometime invisible, milky white porophore in centre, 0.40 circumference ventrally apart from each other. A tiny conical genital papilla before each pore. A similar postsetal genital papilla on midventral line of segment VI, and a pair of presetal genital papillae, 0.2 mm apart from each other, on the anterior border of segment VII. Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of a slightly raised, oval porophore in a pulvinate pad with six circular folds, some paratypes with three circular folds. Two tiny oval genital papillae, present at anterior and posterior of porophore, each male pore is medial to these two tiny papillae (Figure 1A); some paratypes with three tiny oval genital papillae surrounding left male pore (Figure 1D). Genital papillae numbers in male pores region are variable among specimens. Female pore single in XIV, rounded, milky white. Internal characters Septa 4/5 ��� 6/7, 10/11 thick and muscular, 11/12 slightly thickened, 8/9 ��� 9/10 absent. Gizzard long bucket-shaped, in IX ��� X. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XVI. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, smooth, with a slight indentation on terminal dorsal margin, extending anteriorly to XXIV. Oesophageal hearts in X ��� XIII. Ovaries in XIII. Spermathecae two pairs in VI ��� VII, ampulla heart-shaped, about 2.3 mm long in holotype; ampulla duct slender to stout, as long as ampulla. Diverticulum as long as a half main pouch (duct and ampulla together), slender, terminal one-third dilated into an ovoid chamber (Figure 1B), milky white. No accessory glands observed. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs, in X ��� XI. Seminal vesicles two pairs, extending in XI ��� XIII, the posterior pair larger than the anterior one and extending to XIII. Prostate glands developed, inserting in XVIII and extending to XVII and XX, coarsely lobate, prostatic duct U-shaped, slightly thicker at the distal part (Figure 1C). No accessory glands observed. Remarks In comparison to the other 30 species of the morrisi -group reported from China (19) and other Asian countries (11), Amynthas instabilis sp. nov. is closely related to Amynthas incongruus (Chen 1933) and Amynthas tripunctus (Chen 1946) from China, and to A. dilatatus sp. nov., A. infuscuatus sp. nov. and A. qiongzhongensis sp. nov. These six species share some similarities with similar male pores and genital markings, two pairs of intersegmental spermathecal pores in 5/6 ��� 6/7, and simple intestinal caeca. Table 3 illustrates in detail the differences among A. incongruus (Chen 1933), A. tripunctus (Chen 1946) and the four new species. Amynthas instabilis sp. nov. differs from A. tripunctus (Chen 1946) by the presence of pigment on the dorsum, location of first dorsal pore, setae number in segment VIII, prostate glands and spermathecal characters. Amynthas instabilis sp. nov. has tan pigment on the dorsum, first dorsal pore in 11/12, setal number 52 ��� 62 at VIII, prostates glands less developed and diverticulum half as long as main pouch. In contrast, A. tripunctus has grey pigment on dorsum, first dorsal pore in 12/13, setae number fewer at VIII, more setae between male pores, well-developed prostate glands and a longer diverticulum. Amynthas instabilis sp. nov. and A. incongruus (Chen 1933) can be separated on the basis of spermathecal characters. The ampulla of A. instabilis sp. nov. is heartshaped, a slender to stout duct is as long as ampulla. The ampulla of A. incongruus is ovoid or elongate spherical, duct either long and slender, or short stout, terminal three-quarters of diverticulum dilated into a twist chamber. In addition, A. incongruus has very small seminal vesicles and accessory glands, with prostate glands absent entirely and in a few cases well developed (Chen 1933)., Published as part of Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2014, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the island of Hainan and Guangdong Province, China, pp. 1-17 in Journal of Natural History 49 (1) on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.931480, http://zenodo.org/record/4002490

Amynthas dilatatus Qiu and Jiang sp. nov. (Figure 2) Material Holotype. 1 clitellate (C-HN012-03A): China, Hainan Island, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve (18��43 ��� 26 ��� N, 108��53 ��� 56 ��� E), 900 m elevation, black sandy soil under shrubbery beside road, 4 July 2006, J.X. Li and W.X. Zhang coll. Note: * The values are given from lowest to highest. Paratypes. 1 clitellate (C-HN012-03B) with the same data as for holotype. 7 clitellates (C-HN029-01): China, Hainan Island, Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve (18��43 ��� 31 ��� N, 109��52 ��� 01 ��� E), 920 m elevation, black sandy soil under meadow, 7 July 2006, J.P. Qiu, M.B. Bouch��, J.X. Li and X.L. Zhang colls. Both clitellates were externally characterized and dissected. Etymology The species is named after the characteristics of the seminal chamber. Diagnosis Dimensions 120 ��� 130 mm by 2.9 ��� 3.2 mm at clitellum, segments 148 ��� 153. Setae numbering 46 ��� 50 at III, 56 ��� 62 at V, 50 ��� 64 at VIII, 30 ��� 50 at XX, 41 ��� 50 at XXV; 0 ��� 2 between male pores; 22 ��� 27 between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 5/6 ��� 6/7, 0.40 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in XVIII, 0.33 body circumference ventrally apart, each on the top of a slightly raised, rounded porophore in a pulvinate pad with three or four circular folds. Spermathecae two pairs in VI ��� VII, ampulla heart-shaped, duct as long as two-thirds of ampulla. Diverticulum a little longer than the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), seminal chamber swollen. External characters Grey dorsal pigment present in the pre-clitellum segments of preserved specimens; light brown pigment on dorsum of the post-clitellum segments; no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 120 ��� 130 mm by 2.9 ��� 3.2 mm at clitellum, segments 148 ��� 153; the average values of examined individuals: dimensions 125 mm by 3.0 mm at clitellum, segments 150. Prostomium �� epilobous. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Setae numbering 46 ��� 50 at III, 56 ��� 62 at V, 50 ��� 64 at VIII, 30 ��� 50 at XX, 41 ��� 50 at XXV; 0 ��� 2 between male pores; 22 ��� 27 between spermathecal pores; setal formula: AA = 1.0 ��� 1.2AB, ZZ = 1.0 ��� 1.8ZY. Clitellum annular in XIV ��� XVI, light brown, swollen; setae invisible externally; gaps in dorsal could be identified clearly. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 5/6 ��� 6/7, ventral, eye-like, 0.40 circumference ventrally apart from each other. One or two tiny conical genital papillae before each pore. Three similar presetal genital papillae irregularly present on posterior border of segments VII. Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each on the top of a slightly raised, rounded porophore in a pulvinate pad with three or four circular folds. each male pore is medial to these two tiny papillae (Figure 2A), some paratypes with four or five tiny oval genital papillae surrounding each male pore (Figure 2D). In holotype, a pair of tiny conical genital papillae present on anterior border of segments XVIII, 0.2 mm apart from each other. Female pore single in XIV, ovoid, milky white. Internal characters Septa 7/8 ��� 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11 ��� 11/12 slightly thickened, 8/9 ��� 9/10 absent. Gizzard long bucket-shaped, in IX ��� X. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, smooth, with two large indentation on dorsal and ventral margin, extending anteriorly to XXIV. Oesophageal hearts in X ��� XIII. Ovaries in XIII. Spermathecae two pairs in VI ��� VII, ampulla heart-shaped, about 1.7 mm long in holotype; ampulla duct slender to stout, as long as two-thirds of ampulla. Diverticulum about 2.2 mm long, slender and short; seminal chamber swollen, about 2.0 mm (Figure 2B). No accessory glands observed. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs, in X ��� XI. Seminal vesicles two pairs, extending in X ��� XII, the pair in XI larger than the other. Prostate glands developed, inserting in XVIII and extending to 1/2XVII and XX, coarsely lobate composed of three major lobes. Prostatic duct U-shaped, conspicuously curved at the distal part (Figure 2C). No accessory glands observed. Remarks The present species is obviously different from the other species in Table 3 because of the long diverticulum with a swollen seminal chamber. In addition, A. dilatatus sp. nov. differs from A. tripunctus (Chen 1946) in the features of body length, segment number, setae number between male pores, location of first dorsal pore and prostate glands., Published as part of Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2014, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the island of Hainan and Guangdong Province, China, pp. 1-17 in Journal of Natural History 49 (1) on pages 7-11, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.931480, http://zenodo.org/record/4002490

Zhao, Qi, Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing, Qiu, Jiangping (2013): Four new earthworm species and subspecies belonging to genus Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa 3619 (3): 383-393, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.7

Amynthas dinganensis Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Fig. 1, Table 2) Material. Holotype one clitellate (F-HN 201116 -04A), China, Hainan Province, Longmeng Town (19 �� 26 �� 44 ��N, 110 �� 22 �� 18 ��E), 739m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, D. Cluzeau, W.K. Zhang, 27 May 2011. Paratypes two clitellates (F-HN 201116 -04B, F-HN 201116 -05), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected under rubber plantation of Longmeng Town, Ding���an County, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named after its location. Diagnosis. Dimensions 77���91.5 mm by 3.5���4.4 mm at clitellum, segments 107���138. Setae 40��� 56 /III, 46��� 56 / V, 48��� 60 /VIII, 40���48 /XX, 42���44 /XXV; 10���13 between male pores; 30���32 between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 ��� 6 / 7, less than 0.5 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores on XVIII, less than 0.5 body circumferences apart, ventrally placed and surrounded by several skin folds. Description. Preserved specimens dorsally light brown before clitellum and brown behind clitellum, grey ventrally. One paratype specimen dorsally without pigmentation before clitellum and light red brown behind clitellum, pale ventrally. Dimensions 77���91.5 mm by 3.5���4.4 mm, segments 107���138; body cylindrical in crosssection, gradually tapered towards head and tail. Prostomium epilobous. Setae numbering 40��� 56 /III, 46��� 56 /V, 48��� 60 /VIII, 40���48 /XX, 42���44 /XXV; 10���13 between male pores; 30���32 between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA=1.0��� 1.2 AB, ZZ=1.0��� 1.5 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, grey or pale; setae not seen externally on clitellum. First dorsal pore 11 / 12. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 ��� 6 / 7, ventral, eye-like, less than 0.5 body circumferences apart. A pair of round markings anterior to setae circle of VII, about 0.14 body circumferences apart. Genital markings absent in one paratype specimen. Male pores paired in XVIII, a little less than 0.5 body circumferences ventrally apart, surrounded by four to six circular folds. Irregular papillae present anterior to setae circles of XVII, XVIII and XIX, which constitute five to seven big gland protuberances. Female pore single in XIV. Septa 5 / 6���7 / 8 comparatively thick and muscular, 10 / 11 thick (10 / 11 thin in one specimen of paratype), 11 / 12 ��� 12 / 13 thin, 8 / 9 ��� 9 / 10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts in X���XIII, first pair small. Gizzard in IX���X, ball-shaped; intestine enlarged distinctly from XVI; intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII or XXVIII and extending forward to XXIV or XX, one or two big incisions on dorsal margins, smooth on ventrum. Spermathecae paired in VI���VII with a gradually tapering slender duct; ampulla elongated, heart-shaped, spermathecal duct as long as 0.67���0.75 main pouch; diverticulum as long as 0.66 to 0.8 of or a little longer than or equal to main pouch, terminal 0.33���0.5 enlarged as a clavate seminal chamber; stipitate accessory glands present in holotype. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X���XI; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII, developed, separate from each other ventrally, seminal vesicles not developed in one paratype specimen; prostates in XVIII or XVII���XVIII, degenerate, closely adherent to body wall, prostatic duct stout and long, U-shaped. Four ovoid accessory glands present in segment XVII���XVIII, attached to the body wall, without stalk. Remarks. Amynthas dinganensis sp. nov. keys to the morrisi -group according to Sims and Easton (1972). After comparison of 27 Amynthas species reported from China and Southeast Asia with two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 ��� 6 / 7 (Bai 1982, 1984; Chen 1933, 1936, 1938, 1946; Chen et al. 1975; Chen & Hsu 1977; Gates 1935; Hong 2007; Hong & James 2001, 2009; Michaelsen, 1927; Thai, 1982, 1984), we found that the present species is most similar to Amynthas varians (Chen, 1938) and Amynthas hainanicus (Chen, 1938). They share the following characters: two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 ��� 6 / 7, septa absent in 8 / 9 ��� 9 / 10, spermathecae heart-shaped, intestinal caeca simple. They differ from Amynthas dinganensis sp. nov. in body size, genital markings and genital papillae. The irregular papillae anterior to the setae circle of XVII, XVIII and XIX make Amynthas dinganensis different from others. Furthermore, Amynthas dinganensis is nearly two times bigger than Amynthas varians and Amynthas hainanicus, and it has one pair of round genital markings anterior to the setae circle in VII. In addition, it differs from Amynthas hainanicus because of its degenerative prostate gland, presence of accessory glands, short spermathecal diverticulum, and body pigment. The sequence of a 16 S gene fragment of the holotype of Amynthas dinganensis (F-HN 201116 -04A) has been deposited in GenBank under the Accession No. JQ 904530 (Table 1)., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing & Qiu, Jiangping, 2013, Four new earthworm species and subspecies belonging to genus Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China, pp. 383-393 in Zootaxa 3619 (3) on pages 385-386, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/218602

Amynthas dinganensis Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Fig. 1, Table 2) Material. Holotype one clitellate (F-HN 201116 -04A), China, Hainan Province, Longmeng Town (19 ° 26 ʹ 44 ʺN, 110 ° 22 ʹ 18 ʺE), 739m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, D. Cluzeau, W.K. Zhang, 27 May 2011. Paratypes two clitellates (F-HN 201116 -04B, F-HN 201116 -05), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected under rubber plantation of Longmeng Town, Ding’an County, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named after its location. Diagnosis. Dimensions 77–91.5 mm by 3.5–4.4 mm at clitellum, segments 107–138. Setae 40– 56 /III, 46– 56 / V, 48– 60 /VIII, 40–48 /XX, 42–44 /XXV; 10–13 between male pores; 30–32 between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 – 6 / 7, less than 0.5 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores on XVIII, less than 0.5 body circumferences apart, ventrally placed and surrounded by several skin folds. Description. Preserved specimens dorsally light brown before clitellum and brown behind clitellum, grey ventrally. One paratype specimen dorsally without pigmentation before clitellum and light red brown behind clitellum, pale ventrally. Dimensions 77–91.5 mm by 3.5–4.4 mm, segments 107–138; body cylindrical in crosssection, gradually tapered towards head and tail. Prostomium epilobous. Setae numbering 40– 56 /III, 46– 56 /V, 48– 60 /VIII, 40–48 /XX, 42–44 /XXV; 10–13 between male pores; 30–32 between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA=1.0– 1.2 AB, ZZ=1.0– 1.5 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV–XVI, grey or pale; setae not seen externally on clitellum. First dorsal pore 11 / 12. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 – 6 / 7, ventral, eye-like, less than 0.5 body circumferences apart. A pair of round markings anterior to setae circle of VII, about 0.14 body circumferences apart. Genital markings absent in one paratype specimen. Male pores paired in XVIII, a little less than 0.5 body circumferences ventrally apart, surrounded by four to six circular folds. Irregular papillae present anterior to setae circles of XVII, XVIII and XIX, which constitute five to seven big gland protuberances. Female pore single in XIV. Septa 5 / 6–7 / 8 comparatively thick and muscular, 10 / 11 thick (10 / 11 thin in one specimen of paratype), 11 / 12 – 12 / 13 thin, 8 / 9 – 9 / 10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts in X–XIII, first pair small. Gizzard in IX–X, ball-shaped; intestine enlarged distinctly from XVI; intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII or XXVIII and extending forward to XXIV or XX, one or two big incisions on dorsal margins, smooth on ventrum. Spermathecae paired in VI–VII with a gradually tapering slender duct; ampulla elongated, heart-shaped, spermathecal duct as long as 0.67–0.75 main pouch; diverticulum as long as 0.66 to 0.8 of or a little longer than or equal to main pouch, terminal 0.33–0.5 enlarged as a clavate seminal chamber; stipitate accessory glands present in holotype. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X–XI; seminal vesicles paired in XI–XII, developed, separate from each other ventrally, seminal vesicles not developed in one paratype specimen; prostates in XVIII or XVII–XVIII, degenerate, closely adherent to body wall, prostatic duct stout and long, U-shaped. Four ovoid accessory glands present in segment XVII–XVIII, attached to the body wall, without stalk. Remarks. Amynthas dinganensis sp. nov. keys to the morrisi -group according to Sims and Easton (1972). After comparison of 27 Amynthas species reported from China and Southeast Asia with two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 – 6 / 7 (Bai 1982, 1984; Chen 1933, 1936, 1938, 1946; Chen et al. 1975; Chen & Hsu 1977; Gates 1935; Hong 2007; Hong & James 2001, 2009; Michaelsen, 1927; Thai, 1982, 1984), we found that the present species is most similar to Amynthas varians (Chen, 1938) and Amynthas hainanicus (Chen, 1938). They share the following characters: two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 – 6 / 7, septa absent in 8 / 9 – 9 / 10, spermathecae heart-shaped, intestinal caeca simple. They differ from Amynthas dinganensis sp. nov. in body size, genital markings and genital papillae. The irregular papillae anterior to the setae circle of XVII, XVIII and XIX make Amynthas dinganensis different from others. Furthermore, Amynthas dinganensis is nearly two times bigger than Amynthas varians and Amynthas hainanicus, and it has one pair of round genital markings anterior to the setae circle in VII. In addition, it differs from Amynthas hainanicus because of its degenerative prostate gland, presence of accessory glands, short spermathecal diverticulum, and body pigment. The sequence of a 16 S gene fragment of the holotype of Amynthas dinganensis (F-HN 201116 -04A) has been deposited in GenBank under the Accession No. JQ 904530 (Table 1).

Amynthas tenuis Qiu & Jiang, sp. nov. (Fig. 2, Table 2) Material. Holotype one clitellate (C-HN 201109 -08), China, Hainan Province, Mt. Wuzhi (18 �� 54 �� 15 ��N, 109 �� 41 ��0 2 ��E), 861m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, D. Cluzeau, W.K. Zhang, 25 May 2011. Paratype one clitellate (C-HN 201110 -04), same data as for holotype except that elevation is 858 m a.s.l. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected from core area of Wuzhishan National Nature Reserve, tropical rain forest, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named after its slim body shape. Diagnosis. Dimensions 48���56 mm by 2 mm at clitellum, segments 72���89. Setae 12���28 /III, 24���28 /V, 30��� 36 / VIII, 24���32 /XX, 28���30 /XXV; 8 between male pores; 10 between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 ��� 6 / 7, a little less than 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores on XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, ventrally placed on an ovoid porophore. Description. Preserved specimens from light purple to light yellow brown or pale on dorsum, no colour on ventrum. Dimensions 48���56 mm by 2 mm, segments 72���89; body cylindrical in cross-section, gradually tapered towards head and tail. Prostomium 1 / 2 epilobous. Setae numbering 12���28 /III, 24���28 /V, 30��� 36 /VIII, 24���32 /XX, 28���30 /XXV; 8 between male pores; 10 between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA= 1.3���2 AB, ZZ= 1.3���1.5 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, no color or pale; 4 setae present in XVI or no setae ventrally. First dorsal pore in 12 / 13. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 ��� 6 / 7, ventral, a little less than 0.33 body circumferences apart. Genital markings not present. Male pores paired in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences ventrally apart, placed on an ovoid porophore. Genital papillae not present in holotype, but two large ovoid genital papilla exist anterior and posterior of the ectal part of male pore in paratype. Female pore single in XIV. Septa 5 / 6 ��� 6 / 7 comparatively thick, 7 /8, 10/ 11���13 / 14 slightly thickened, 8 / 9 ��� 9 / 10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts in X���XIII, first pair small. Gizzard in IX���X, elongated ballshaped; intestine enlarged distinctly from XV; intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII and extending forward to XXIV, smooth both on ventrum and dorsum. Ovaries in XIII, spermathecae paired in VI���VII, about 1.5-1.9 mm; ampulla heart-shaped, about 1.1 mm, spermathecal duct long and straight, distinctly separate from ampulla; length of diverticulum a little less than or 2 / 3 of the main pouch, terminal 1 / 10 enlarged as an irregular spherical chamber or terminal 0.67 enlarged as virgulate chamber; no nephridia on spermathecal ducts. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X���XI, well-developed, separated ventrally; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII, developed, separate from each other ventrally; prostates in XVII���XX, developed, prostatic duct in XVIII, n-shaped. Accessory glands present in XVIII, with a stalk. Remarks. Amynthas tenuis sp. nov. is most similar to Amynthas infantilis (Chen, 1938). Both species lack septa in 8 / 9 ��� 9 / 10 and first dorsal pores are in 12 / 13. Both of them have simple intestinal caeca and an accessory gland around the well-developed prostate glands. Both of them have an elongate ovoid spermathecal ampulla, and the diverticulum is shorter than the main pouch and with a spherical seminal chamber. However, they have distinct differences. Amynthas tenuis sp. nov. is more than 3 times bigger than Amynthas infantilis. It has two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5 / 6 ��� 6 / 7, while Amynthas infantilis has only one pair in 5 / 6. Amynthas tenuis sp. nov. has no genital markings, while Amynthas infantilis has both genital papillae and markings. The male pore is in XVIII in Amynthas tenuis while it is in XIX in Amynthas infantilis. The sequence of a 16 S gene fragment of the holotype of Amynthas tenuis (C-HN 201109 -08) has been deposited in GenBank under the Accession No. JQ 904531 (Table 1)., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing & Qiu, Jiangping, 2013, Four new earthworm species and subspecies belonging to genus Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China, pp. 383-393 in Zootaxa 3619 (3) on pages 386-387, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/218602

Metaphire wuzhimontis Qiu & Sun, sp. nov. (Fig. 3, Table 2) Material. Holotype one clitellate (F-HN 201110 -01), China, Hainan Province, Mt. Wuzhi (18 ° 54 ʹ 15 ʺ N, 109 ° 41 ʹ0 2 ʺE), 858m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, D. Cluzeau, W.K. Zhang, 25 May 2011. Locality and habitat. The single specimen was collected from the core area of the Wuzhishan National Nature Reserve, tropical rain forest, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named after its location. Diagnosis. Dimensions 163 mm by 5.5 mm at clitellum, segments 94. Setae 20 /III, 24 /V, 40 /VIII, 56 /XX, 40 / XXV; 13 between male pores; 13–16 between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 7 / 8 – 8 / 9, less than 0.5 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores on XVIII, less than 0.5 body circumferences apart, ventrally placed in a copulatory pouch, surrounded by five to six circular folds. Description. Preserved specimen dark brown on dorsum, gradually lighter after clitellum, pale ventrally. Dimensions 163 mm by 5.5 mm, segments 94; body cylindrical in cross-section, gradually tapered towards head and tail. Prostomium epilobous. Setae numbering 20 /III, 24 /V, 40 /VIII, 56 /XX, 40 /XXV; 13 between male pores; 13–16 between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA= 1–2 AB, ZZ= 2 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV–XVI, fingershaped, markedly glandular, dark brown; setae cannot be seen externally in clitellum. First dorsal pore 9 / 10. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 7 / 8 – 8 / 9, ventral, eye-like and conspicuous, less than 0.5 body circumferences apart. Each pore with a small round marking placed between the pore and the setae circle of VII and VIII, another marking with the same size placed ventro-medially on VIII. Male pores paired in XVIII, less than 0.5 body circumferences ventrally apart, each in a copulatory pouch, surrounded by five to six circular folds. Genital papillae not present. Female pore single in XIV. Septa 5 / 6–7 / 8 comparatively thick, 10 / 11 – 11 / 12 slightly thickened, 8 / 9 – 9 / 10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts in X–XIII, the first pair is small. Gizzard in IX–X, ball-shaped; intestine enlarged distinctly from XV; intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVI and extending forward to XXIV, three distinct incisions on dorsal margins, smooth ventrally. Spermathecae paired in VIII–IX, large; ampulla peach-shaped, spermathecal duct short, as long as 0.14 main pouch; diverticulum equal to main pouch, straight, terminal 0.5 enlarged, ectal 0.33 served as an elongated seminal chamber; accessory glands present. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X–XI; seminal vesicles paired in XI–XII; prostates in XV–XIX, welldeveloped, closely adhering to body wall, prostatic duct stout, U-shaped. Accessory glands lacking. Remarks. Metaphire wuzhimontis sp. nov. keys to the javanica -group according to Sims and Easton (1972). There are only 5 species in the javanica -group in China and Southeast Asia. They are Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867), Metaphire javanica (Kinberg, 1867), Metaphire longipenis (Chen, 1946), Metaphire magna (Chen, 1938) (including Metaphire magna minuscula subsp. nov., see below), and Metaphire prava (Chen, 1946) (Sims & Eastern 1972; Chen 1946; Chang et al. 2009). Genetic distances of these species are compared in Table 2. Metaphire wuzhimontis is a moderately large species, obviously 2 to 4 times smaller than Metaphire magna (Chen, 1938), but nearly 3 times larger than Metaphire longipenis and Metaphire prava. Its first dorsal pore is in 9 / 10, different from the others. Only Metaphire wuzhimontis and Metaphire magna magna have genital markings. However, 3–6 markings in Metaphire magna are encircling the spermathecal pores, while in Metaphire wuzhimontis one pair of markings is placed between the pore and the setae circle of VII and VIII, and another one ventro-medially in IX. NJ tree and K 2 P distances among Metaphire species in China mainland, Taiwan Island and Hainan Island are shown in Figure 5 and in Table 2. The distances of COI sequences between Metaphire wuzhimontis and the other 10 Metaphire species are all> 20 %. Furthermore, the distances of combined COI and 16 S sequences also showed> 13 % differences among these species. The sequences of fragments of the COI and 16 S genes of the holotype of Metaphire wuzhimontis (C-HN 201110 -01) have been deposited in GenBank (Table 1).

Metaphire wuzhimontis Qiu & Sun, sp. nov. (Fig. 3, Table 2) Material. Holotype one clitellate (F-HN 201110 -01), China, Hainan Province, Mt. Wuzhi (18 �� 54 �� 15 �� N, 109 �� 41 ��0 2 ��E), 858m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, D. Cluzeau, W.K. Zhang, 25 May 2011. Locality and habitat. The single specimen was collected from the core area of the Wuzhishan National Nature Reserve, tropical rain forest, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named after its location. Diagnosis. Dimensions 163 mm by 5.5 mm at clitellum, segments 94. Setae 20 /III, 24 /V, 40 /VIII, 56 /XX, 40 / XXV; 13 between male pores; 13���16 between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 7 / 8 ��� 8 / 9, less than 0.5 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores on XVIII, less than 0.5 body circumferences apart, ventrally placed in a copulatory pouch, surrounded by five to six circular folds. Description. Preserved specimen dark brown on dorsum, gradually lighter after clitellum, pale ventrally. Dimensions 163 mm by 5.5 mm, segments 94; body cylindrical in cross-section, gradually tapered towards head and tail. Prostomium epilobous. Setae numbering 20 /III, 24 /V, 40 /VIII, 56 /XX, 40 /XXV; 13 between male pores; 13���16 between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA= 1���2 AB, ZZ= 2 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, fingershaped, markedly glandular, dark brown; setae cannot be seen externally in clitellum. First dorsal pore 9 / 10. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 7 / 8 ��� 8 / 9, ventral, eye-like and conspicuous, less than 0.5 body circumferences apart. Each pore with a small round marking placed between the pore and the setae circle of VII and VIII, another marking with the same size placed ventro-medially on VIII. Male pores paired in XVIII, less than 0.5 body circumferences ventrally apart, each in a copulatory pouch, surrounded by five to six circular folds. Genital papillae not present. Female pore single in XIV. Septa 5 / 6���7 / 8 comparatively thick, 10 / 11 ��� 11 / 12 slightly thickened, 8 / 9 ��� 9 / 10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts in X���XIII, the first pair is small. Gizzard in IX���X, ball-shaped; intestine enlarged distinctly from XV; intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVI and extending forward to XXIV, three distinct incisions on dorsal margins, smooth ventrally. Spermathecae paired in VIII���IX, large; ampulla peach-shaped, spermathecal duct short, as long as 0.14 main pouch; diverticulum equal to main pouch, straight, terminal 0.5 enlarged, ectal 0.33 served as an elongated seminal chamber; accessory glands present. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X���XI; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII; prostates in XV���XIX, welldeveloped, closely adhering to body wall, prostatic duct stout, U-shaped. Accessory glands lacking. Remarks. Metaphire wuzhimontis sp. nov. keys to the javanica -group according to Sims and Easton (1972). There are only 5 species in the javanica -group in China and Southeast Asia. They are Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867), Metaphire javanica (Kinberg, 1867), Metaphire longipenis (Chen, 1946), Metaphire magna (Chen, 1938) (including Metaphire magna minuscula subsp. nov., see below), and Metaphire prava (Chen, 1946) (Sims & Eastern 1972; Chen 1946; Chang et al. 2009). Genetic distances of these species are compared in Table 2. Metaphire wuzhimontis is a moderately large species, obviously 2 to 4 times smaller than Metaphire magna (Chen, 1938), but nearly 3 times larger than Metaphire longipenis and Metaphire prava. Its first dorsal pore is in 9 / 10, different from the others. Only Metaphire wuzhimontis and Metaphire magna magna have genital markings. However, 3���6 markings in Metaphire magna are encircling the spermathecal pores, while in Metaphire wuzhimontis one pair of markings is placed between the pore and the setae circle of VII and VIII, and another one ventro-medially in IX. NJ tree and K 2 P distances among Metaphire species in China mainland, Taiwan Island and Hainan Island are shown in Figure 5 and in Table 2. The distances of COI sequences between Metaphire wuzhimontis and the other 10 Metaphire species are all> 20 %. Furthermore, the distances of combined COI and 16 S sequences also showed> 13 % differences among these species. The sequences of fragments of the COI and 16 S genes of the holotype of Metaphire wuzhimontis (C-HN 201110 -01) have been deposited in GenBank (Table 1)., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing & Qiu, Jiangping, 2013, Four new earthworm species and subspecies belonging to genus Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China, pp. 383-393 in Zootaxa 3619 (3) on pages 387-388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/218602

Metaphire magna minuscula Qiu & Zhao, subsp. nov. (Fig. 4, Table 2) Material. Holotype one clitellate (F-HN 201116 fm) (fm=formalin), China, Hainan Province, Longmeng Town (19 �� 26 �� 44 �� N, 110 �� 22 �� 18 ��E), 101m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, D. Cluzeau and W.K. Zhang, 27 May 2011. Paratype one clitellate (C-HN 201116 -01), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected under rubber plantation of Longmeng Town, Tunchan City, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This subspecies��� name indicates that it is smaller than Metaphire magna magna. Diagnosis. Dimensions?��� 297 mm by 10���12 mm at clitellum, segments?��� 137. Setae 36��� 46 /III, 44��� 46 /V, 52��� 56 /VIII, 40���60 /XX, 52���78 /XXV; 0���11 between male pores; 12���20 between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 7 / 8 ��� 8 / 9, about 0.4 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores on XVIII, a little longer than 0.3 body circumferences apart, ventrally placed in a copulatory pouch, surrounded by three to four circular folds. Description. Preserved specimens dark brown on dorsum, light brown ventrally. Dimensions? ��� 297 mm by 10���12 mm, segments? ��� 137; body cylindrical in cross-section, gradually tapered towards head and tail. Prostomium epilobous. Setae numbering 36��� 46 /III, 44��� 46 /V, 52��� 56 /VIII, 40���60 /XX, 52���78 /XXV; 0 between male pores; 12���20 between spermathecal pores, setal formula AA= 1.2���1.5 AB, ZZ= 1���2 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, markedly glandular, dark brown; setae cannot be seen externally in clitellum. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 7 / 8 ��� 8 / 9, ventral, eye-like and obvious, about 0.4 body circumferences apart. Genital markings not present. Male pores are paired in XVIII surrounded by three to four circular folds, a little longer than 0.3 body circumferences ventrally apart, each in a copulatory pouch. Genital papillae not present. Female pore single in XIV. Septa 5 / 6���7 / 8 comparatively thick and muscular, 10 / 11���12 / 13 thin, 8 / 9 thin, membranous, 9 / 10 absent. Dorsal blood vessel single, continuous onto pharynx; esophageal hearts in X���XIII, the first pair is small. Gizzard in IX���X, ball-shaped; intestine enlarged distinctly from XVI; intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII and extending forward to XXIV, with distinct teeth-shaped incision on dorsum, smooth ventrally. Spermathecae paired in VIII���IX, 3 mm long; ampulla heart-shaped, about 2.5 mm long, spermathecal duct as long as 0.2 main pouch; diverticulum a little longer than main pouch by 0.2 mm, weakly bent in zigzag fashion or U-curved, terminal 0.67 enlarged as a clavate seminal chamber; no nephridia on spermathecal ducts. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X���XI; seminal vesicles paired in XI ���XII, developed, ventrally separated; prostates in 2 / 3 XVII��� 2 / 3 XIX, small but stout, closely adherent to body wall, prostatic duct U-shaped. Accessory glands lacking. 80 Metaphire wuzhimontis sp. nov. 38 Metaphire schmardae Metaphire magna magna 33 95 Metaphire magna minuscula subsp. nov. Metaphire tschiliensis tschiliensis Metaphire yuhsii 100 59 99 Metaphire formosae 52 Metaphire bununa Metaphire californica Lumbricus rubellus Lumbricus terrestris 0.0 1 Remarks. Our specimens agree with the diagnosis of Metaphire magna (Chen, 1938) in the following characteristics: body colour dark, setal formula, two pairs of spermathecal pores in 7 / 8 ��� 8 / 9, septa in 8 / 9 membranous, distinct teeth-shaped intestinal caeca, and type of spermathecae. However, our specimens are much smaller than described for M. magna, setae are fewer, and there is no accessory gland. In view of the slight but nonetheless clearcut differences, we decided to give subspecies status to our specimens. Our result is confirmed by the NJ tree and K 2 P distances of all the Metaphire species in China mainland, Taiwan Island and Hainan Island (Figure 5, Table 2). Distance of COI between Metaphire magna minuscula and Metaphire magna magna was 16 %, and those between Metaphire magna minuscula and other Metaphire species were nearly or more than 20 %. The same pattern appeared in the distances of combined COI and 16 S sequences among Metaphire species: 12 % between Metaphire magna minuscula and Metaphire magna magna, and nearly or more than 15 % between Metaphire magna minuscula and other Metaphire species (Table 2). The sequences of COI and 16 S gene of both Metaphire magna minuscula subsp. nov. (C-HN 201110 -01) and Metaphire magna magna (C-HN 201112 -01) have been deposited in GenBank (Table 1). A morphological comparison of Metaphire magna minuscula with other Metaphire species with spermathecal pores in 7 / 8 ��� 8 / 9 from China and Southeast Asia is given in Table 3., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Jiang, Jibao, Sun, Jing & Qiu, Jiangping, 2013, Four new earthworm species and subspecies belonging to genus Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China, pp. 383-393 in Zootaxa 3619 (3) on pages 388-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/218602

Amynthas fucatus Zhao and Jiang, sp. nov. (Figure 3) Type material Holotype: Clitellate specimen (C-HN201114-01Z): 137 mm long, 4 mm wide. Setae numbers: 44/III, 52/ V, 60/ VIII, 40/XX, 48/XXV; 26(V), 24(VI), 26(VII), 30(VIII) between spermathecal pores, 8(XVIII) between male pores; collected in tropical rain forest of Quling Mountain in Limushan Nature Reserve, 19 ◦ 13 ′ 40 ′′ N, 109 ◦ 44 ′ 15 ′′ E, at an altitude of 739 m. Collected by J. P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J. B. Jiang, D. Cluzeau and W. K. Zhang. Other material Some data as for holotype, one aclitellate specimen. Etymology The species is named for its pigmentation anterior to the clitellum. Diagnosis Spermathecal pores two pairs, ventral, in 5/6–6/7, about 0.4 body circumference apart. No genital markings in this region. Male pores about 0.4 body circumference apart, ventrally placed, each on top of a conical porophore, two ovoid genital papillae in the inner side of male pore, and all of them are surrounded by three to five skin folds. Another small pair of round papillae positioned in the middle of XVIII ventrally above setae line. Description Preserved specimens dark red brown dorsally and light red brown ventrally before clitellum, pale after clitellum both dorsally and ventrally. Dimensions 137 mm by 4 mm. Setae intensive, regularly distributed around segmental equators, their numbers: 44/III, 52/V, 60/VIII, 40/XX, 48/XXV; 26(V), 24(VI), 26(VII), 30(VIII) between spermathecal pores, 8(XVIII) between male pores; setal formula AA = 1–2.5AB, ZZ = ZY. Female pore single in the ventral centre of XIV, ovoid, brown. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Prostomium epilobous. Clitellum in XIV–XVI, ring-shaped, red-brown, markedly glandular; ventral setae invisible, but dorsal pore visible. Male pores paired in XVIII about 0.4 body circumference apart, ventrally placed, each on top of a conical porophore, two ovoid papillae in the inner side of male pore, both male pore and papillae are surrounded by three to five skin folds. Another small pair of round papillae positioned in the middle of XVIII ventrally above setae line. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 5/6–6/7, ventral, each eye-shaped and obvious, distance between paired pores about 0.4 body circumference apart. Genital markings absent. Septa 8/9, 9/10 absent; 5/6–7/8 comparatively thick and muscular; 10/11–11/12 thin. Gizzard ball-shaped, in IX–X. Intestine starting enlarged in XIV. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXIII, extending anterior to XXVI, dark brown, smooth ventrally and dorsally. Oesophageal hearts four pairs, in X–XIII. Spermathecae two pairs, in VI–VII; ampulla elongated ovoid, duct about 0.5 of ampulla, distinctly separated; diverticulum about 0.33 of main pouch and straight, ental 0.75 enlarged, serving as virgulate seminal chamber which is whitish in appearance. Testis-sacs paired in X and XI. Seminal vesicles paired in XI and XII. Prostate gland in XV–XXI, developed, coarsely lobated, with a stout U-shaped duct. Remarks Amynthas fucatus sp. nov. also keys to morrisi -group according to Sims and Easton (1972). In appearance, Amynthas fucatus sp. nov. is somewhat similar to Amynthas incongruus (Chen, 1933). They are moderate-sized species with pigmentation, the first dorsal pore in 11/12, two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–6/7, a developed prostate and simple intestinal caeca. Genital papillae occur around the male pores and a small pair of papillae is placed medioventrally in XVIII in both species. However, only Amynthas fucatus sp. nov. has two ovoid papillae on the inner side of each male pore and no genital markings. Although the diverticulum is small in both species, it has no distinct seminal chamber in Amynthas fucatus sp. nov. Furthermore, there is no accessory gland in Amynthas fucatus sp. nov. (Table 3). In addition, Amynthas fucatus sp. nov. is also similar to Amynthas lubricatus (Chen, 1936) to some extent. They are moderate-sized species, their first dorsal pore is in 11/12, and they have two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–6/7, simple intestinal caeca, an indistinct seminal chamber and neither accessory glands nor genital markings. However, they are clearly different from each other in the male pore region, pigmentation, prostate and diverticulum. Amynthas fucatus sp. nov. has pigmentation and genital papillae. Its prostate is developed but diverticulum is small (Table 3). The distance between COI sequences of Amynthas fucatus sp. nov. and the other four Amynthas species is always>18%. Furthermore, the distances between combined COI and 16S sequences are also>15% (Figure 5, Table 2). Sequences of COI and 16S genes of Amynthas fucatus were deposited in GenBank under Accession No. KF151185 and JQ911675 (Table 1)., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Sun, Jing, Jiang, Jibao & Qiu, Jiangping, 2013, Four new species of genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China, pp. 2175-2192 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (33 - 34) on pages 2185-2187, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.775374, http://zenodo.org/record/5197518, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EJ. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4: 169 - 268.","Chen Y. 1933. A preliminary survey of earthworm of the Yangtze valley. Contri Biol Lab Sci Soc China (Zool Ser). 9: 178 - 296.","Chen Y. 1936. On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan. II. Contri Biol Lab Sci Soc China (Zool Ser). 11: 269 - 306."]}

Zhao, Qi, Sun, Jing, Jiang, Jibao, Qiu, Jiangping (2013): Four new species of genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (33-34): 2175-2192, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.775374, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.775374