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Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a very long duration and a slight PAM (no silence intervals between pulses). It has an irregular and strong PFM throughout the call. The bands have no general FM or have only a slight FM, which is usually upward. Call A (Fig. 44 A–D and 42C). We examined 13 recordings, a total of 35 minutes, with 332 calls from 31 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 3.530 to 4.837 s. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. The limit between the call rise and sustain is not clear in calls with triangular envelope (Fig. 44A). There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat (slightly decreasing towards end of the segment – Fig. 44C), but some calls have very inclined sustains, where the beginning of the segment has low amplitude and gradually increases towards its end (Fig. 44A). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first tenth or at the very end of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from rectangular (Fig. 44C) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 44A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 46 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (silence intervals are absent between peaks). The rate of the PAM is ca. 11 Hz, forming ca. 50 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42C). The fundamental frequency is ca. 150 Hz. The first seven harmonics have very low energy or are absent in the audiospectrogram. There are ca. 12 adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are usually regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, some calls have deterministic chaos regimes in several parts, mainly at their outset (Fig. 44B). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1570 to 1870 Hz (Fig. 44B). The dominant harmonic varies from the ninth to the 19 th, but it is usually between the ninth and 12 th (Fig. 42C). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 2150 Hz (12 harmonics). Calls have no general FM (Fig. 44D), or have only a slight general FM, usually upward (Fig. 44B), but sometimes downward. There is usually a short downward FM at the end of the call (Fig. 44B). Additionally, there is a strong PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent, but it is directly proportional and synchronic to PAM when it is present (Fig. 44B, D)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus carrizorum Cardozo & Pereyra, 2018 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with general downward FM, but with an up-downward FM segment in the first fourth of the call. Call A (Fig. 49 A–D and 42H). We examined one recording, a total of four minutes, with 44 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 2.360 to 4.118 s. The envelope of the call is variable. In most calls, rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential) and the sustain is long. Some sustains are regular (Fig. 49C) and others are irregular (Fig. 49A), with short and shallow valleys. In some calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Usually, the envelope is divided into two parts with different amplitude levels (Fig. 49A). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic or rectangular (Fig. 49C), to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 49A; rarely pointed right). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42H). The fundamental frequency is ca. 460 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 410 to 2630 Hz (Fig. 49B). The dominant harmonic is the first, fifth, or sixth (Fig. 42H). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth (Fig. 42H, 49B). Most of the call energy is between 350 and 3500 Hz (eight to nine harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 49B, D). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first fourth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 49B, D), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 49B). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a slight PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Cardozo, D. E. & Pereyra, M. O. (2018) A new species of Physalaemus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, northeastern Argentina. Zootaxa, 4387 (3), 580 - 590. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4387.3.10"]}

Physalaemus bokermanni Cardoso & Haddad, 1985 We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling at the same night. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and pulses (i.e., pulse-PAM). Call B has two notes while Call A has only one. The first note of call B is similar to that of call A. The second note of call B is much longer than that of call A and has an envelope with a long and gradual rise. Call A (Fig. 18 A–D and 13E). We examined eight recordings, a total of 12 minutes, with ca. 650 calls from nine males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.177 to 0.197 s. The call rise is linear or logarithmic-shaped and longer than the fall, which is usually abrupt and logarithmic-shaped; the amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration (Fig. 18A). The envelope of the call is elliptic or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 18A, C). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 41 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 18 A–D). The rate of the PAM is ca. 35 Hz, forming ca. six pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (Fig. 18C). The first one or two pulses have much lower amplitude than the others (Fig. 18A). Often, the second and the last pulses are the longest (Fig. 18A, B). Silence intervals are present between pulses, ca. fivefold longer than pulse duration. The first interval is usually much shorter than the others (Fig. 18 A–D). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13E). The fundamental frequency is ca. 780 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals (Fig. 18B, D). Some pulses can have not very clear harmonics, with considerably deterministic chaos due to the irregularity of the wave periods (Fig. 18B, D). There are jumps of the fundamental frequency between pulses in some calls. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2840 to 3660 Hz (Fig. 18B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the 10 th, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 2600 and 3900 Hz (ca. three harmonics). Usually, there is no clear general FM throughout the call, however, in some calls the first two pulses have their energy concentrated in lower frequency bands, making the general FM of the call upward (Fig. 18B). Call B (Fig. 18 E–H and 16C). We examined three recordings, a total of six minutes, with 35 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.947 to 1.868 s and the call has two different notes. Duration of the second note is ca. 1.0 s. The amplitude, temporal and spectral traits of the first note resemble those of call A, although in call B the first note often has more abrupt rise and fall (Fig. 18E). Usually, there is a silence interval between the notes (Fig. 18E, F). However, in some calls, this interval is perceptible only as a decrease in amplitude. The rise of the second note is logarithmic-shaped and shorter than fall, which is gradual, almost linear; the amplitude peak of the note is at the end of the first tenth of the note duration (Fig. 18E). Due to the very short rise and the long and gradual fall, the envelope of the component B is triangular (pointed right; Fig. 18E). More than 50 % of the energy of the compound call is concentrated in ca. 34 % of the duration around the amplitude peak. Both notes have a strong PAM (there are silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 18 E–H). The rate of the PAM is similar to that of the call A, ca. 30 Hz, yielding 28 pulses throughout the call. The rate of the PAM is less regular in the second note than in the first one. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (Fig. 18G). Some pulses can be twofold longer than the others. At the beginning of the second note the ratio between the silence interpulse-interval and pulse duration is similar to that in component A. The interval becomes longer (pulse duration remains the same) towards the end of the call (i.e., pulse-PAM rate decreases), mainly after the first fourth of the second-note duration (Fig. 18E, G). Spectral traits of the second note are similar to those of call A (Fig. 18F, H; see some quantitative differences in Table 2). There is no general FM in component B (Fig. 18F, H).

Physalaemus erythros Caramaschi, Feio & Guimarães, 2003 We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. B calls were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling close to each other. B calls were commonly observed after overlapping periods of calls A. Call B differs from call A by its longer duration, higher fundamental frequency, presence of pulse-PAM and PFM. Additionally, the envelope of A calls is elliptic whereas that of the B calls is triangular or rectangular. Call A (Fig. 7 A–D and 4D). We examined 21 recordings, a total of 56 minutes, with ca. 4900 calls from 15 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.041 to 0.077 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration, rendering an elliptic call envelope; the call fall is gradual, whereas the call rise is steeper. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration (Fig. 7A, C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call is composed of harmonics (Fig. 4D). The harmonics are very close to each other and hardly distinguished due to the low fundamental frequency and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call. The fundamental frequency is approximately 250 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1020 to 1160 Hz (Fig. 7B, D). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the tenth, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 300 and 2000 Hz (ca. seven harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call. Call B (Fig. 7 E–J and 6B). We examined eight recordings, a total of 26 minutes, with 93 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.200 to 0.875 s. The call rise is abrupt and a little shorter than the fall, which is also very short but gradual. The call has a long sustain. The amplitude is usually regular throughout the call (Fig. 7H). However, in some calls, the amplitude increases gradually toward the end of the call (Fig. 7E, G). The amplitude peak is at the very end of the call duration (Fig. 7E, G, H). Depending on the slope of the sustain and the difference between the amplitude peaks, the envelope of the call can vary from rectangular (Fig. 7H) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 7E, G). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a weak to intermediate PAM (there is no silence interval between the peaks; Fig. 7E, G, H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 27 Hz, forming ca. 13 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The envelope of this PAM cycles is variable but the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle. The call is composed of harmonics (Fig. 6B). Usually the harmonics are clear, however, eventual decrease in the wave periodicity makes the harmonics less clear with deterministic chaos regimes. Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths (e.g., above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks in some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 107 Hz; see Table 2), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001). The fundamental frequency is around 250 Hz and it is usually absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 840 to 1780 Hz (Fig. 7F, I, J). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the ninth, but it is usually the third and fourth harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (three to four harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 7F, I, J). There are irregular PFM segments throughout the entire call; these segments are usually synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM (Fig. 7 E–J).

Physalaemus riograndensis Milstead, 1960 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with high fundamental frequency (ca. 1000 Hz). It has a general downward FM throughout the call, with an up-downward FM segment in the its first third. Call A (Fig. 45 A–F and 42D). We examined 14 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with ca. 820 calls from 50 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.691 to 0.835 s. The envelope of the call is variable (Fig. 45A, C, D). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Calls usually have a short segment with very low amplitude at the beginning of the call, separated from the rest of the call by an abrupt change in amplitude. The shape of the call rise and fall is usually exponential. The sustain is irregular, usually composed of a shallow or deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape; Fig. 45D). The amplitude peak is often at around the middle or after one third of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 45A, D) to triangular (pointed right; Fig. 45C). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 27 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 1020 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 950 to 1030 Hz (Fig. 42D). The first harmonic is the dominant (Fig. 42D, 45B, E, F). There is a clear shift in relative energy among bands. Although, usually, there is no shift in the dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy towards the end of the call (Fig. 42D). Most of the call energy is between 850 and 1150 Hz (one harmonic). The call has a general downward FM (45B, E, F). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (45B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial updownward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus biligonigerus (Cope, 1861) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with an up-downward FM segment in the first fifth of the call. Call A (Fig. 46 A–F and 42E). We examined 29 recordings, a total of 65 minutes, with ca. 2140 calls from 105 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.546 to 0.640 s. The envelope of the call is variable (Fig. 46A, C, D). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. The ratio between call rise and fall duration, and their shapes, are highly variable. Most calls have rise and fall similar in duration, or the former longer than the fall. The shape of the envelopes varies from exponential or linear to logarithmic. The call rise can have two consecutive exponential parts, the first shorter than the second. The sustain is usually irregular, composed of shallow valleys and small peaks (Fig. 46A, C, D). In some calls, the call rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (Fig. 46D). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first third or two thirds of the call duration. The envelope varies from rectangular (Fig. 46C) to triangular (pointed left or right; Fig. 46D, A, respectively). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42E). The fundamental frequency is ca. 570 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 600 to 650 Hz (Fig. 46B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth (except the second), but it is usually the first (Fig. 42E, 46B, E, F). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth it decreases, ending at the third harmonic (sometimes skipping the fourth harmonic; Fig. 42E, 46B, E, F). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2950 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 46B, E, F). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first fifth of the call duration, leading to a arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 46B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus marmoratus (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call. Call A (Fig. 47 A–J and 42F). We examined 15 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with ca. 1100 calls from 44 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.614 to 0.938 s. The envelope of the call is highly variable (Fig. 47A, C–F). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. The ratio between durations of call rise and fall, and their shapes, are highly variable. The sustain is usually irregular, composed of shallow valleys and small peaks (Fig. 47A, C–F). In some calls the rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (Fig. 47D). In other calls, the call fall has this same pattern, with an abruptly amplitude decrease after the sustain and thenceforth with low and constant amplitude until the end of the call (Fig. 47C). The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first third of the call duration. The envelope of the calls varies from rectangular (Fig. 47E, F) to triangular (pointed left or right; Fig. 47D, A, respectively). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42F). The fundamental frequency is ca. 510 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency is ca. 500 Hz (Fig. 47B). The first is dominant harmonic (Fig. 42F). There is a clear shift in relative energy between bands; although there is no shift in dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy toward the end of the call (Fig. 47 G–J). Most of the call energy is between 400 and 2100 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 47B, G–J). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and short downward FM at the end (Fig. 47B, G–J). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus signifer (Girard, 1853) We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were recorded in agonistic contexts (M. Bilate, personal communication). Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B tends to be longer and with lower fundamental frequency than Call A. Calls B have strong FM segments and nonlinear regimes, such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics. Call A (Fig. 17 A–L and 13D). We examined 68 recordings, a total of 213 minutes, with ca. 5800 calls from 135 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.453 to 0.579 s. Call rise and fall are short and usually similar to each other in duration. In some calls, the rise is longer than the fall (Fig. 17A, C, D, F). Both can have a linear or exponential shape. There is a long sustain (Fig. 17A, C, D, E, F, G). Usually it has a convex shape it can be quite irregular with periods of concave (amplitude valley) and convex shapes (Fig. 17E, D, respectively). In some calls the rise and the sustain can be fused. The amplitude peak of the call is at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration (Fig. 17A, C, E, F). The envelope of the call can be classified as elliptic (Fig. 17D), rectangular (Fig. 17F, G), or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 17A, C, E) depending on the shape of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak in the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks; Fig. 17 C, E, G). The rate of the PAM is ca. 50 Hz, forming ca. 22 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 280 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics are present at the very end of some calls. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 860 to 1550 Hz (Fig. 17B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth harmonic, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 700 and 1000 Hz (two harmonics). Usually, the call has a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 17B, H, I, J, K, L). Some calls have an up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 17L). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM (Fig. 17C, E, G, H, J, L). Call B (Fig. 17 M–R and 16B). We examined two recordings, a total of eight minutes, with 64 calls from four males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.883 to 1.355 s. Call rise and fall are short and usually similar in duration. In some calls, the rise is longer than the fall. Both can have a linear or exponential shape. There is a long sustain, usually very irregular, with several amplitude peaks (Fig. 17M, O, P). The highest amplitude peak is at around the end of the first nine tenths of the call duration (see below; Fig. 17M, O, P). The envelope of the call can be classified as elliptic, rectangular, or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 17M, O, P) depending on the shape of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak in the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 40 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has an irregular PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks; Fig. 17M). Amplitude peaks are variable in intensity and some of them can show high amplitude. Usually, that is the case of the last peak, where the amplitude peak of the call is. The rate of the PAM is ca. 19 Hz even though highly variable, forming ca. 14 peaks throughout the call. The cycle ride and fall are usually similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 16B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 230 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, some parts of the call can have poorly distinguished harmonics, with considerably deterministic chaos due to the high irregularity of the wave periods (Fig. 17Q). Sudden jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present (usually at the end of the call; Fig. 17Q). Moreover, some calls show subharmonics, usually at their ends (Fig. 17N). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 840 to 950 Hz (Fig. 17N). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth harmonic, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 600 and 1200 Hz (two or three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 17N, Q, R). Additionally, there is a remarkable PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM where the latter is present (Fig. 17 M–R)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus obtectus Bokermann, 1966 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses. There are clear harmonics, however deterministic-chaos regimes can be present at the beginning of the pulses where jumps of the fundamental frequency are common. Call A (Fig. 10 A–J and 4G). We examined seven recordings, a total of eight minutes, with ca. 280 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.415 to 0.553 s. Usually, call rise and fall durations are similar, both resembling logarithmic shape; the amplitude peak is at around (usually just before) the middle of the call duration (Fig. 10A, D, E, F). However, some calls have an exponential or linear rise, followed by a long sustain and an abrupt fall (Fig. 10C). In calls with rise and fall similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is symmetric (Fig. 10A, D, E, F), whereas in calls with sustain the envelope is rectangular or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 10C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has pulse-PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 10 A–J). The rate of the PAM is ca. 9 Hz, forming ca. four pulses throughout the call. The pulses of the first half of the call have rise similar to fall and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the pulse. On the other hand, the pulses of the second half have rises sharper and shorter than falls, which are more gradual, with amplitude peaks at the beginning of the pulses (Fig. 10A, D, E, F). In some calls, the last pulse is clearly shorter than the others (Fig. 10E). There is a long silence interval between the pulses, equivalent to ca. 1.5 times the pulse duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 4G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 380 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Most of the wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmoncis, deterministic chaos, and jumps of the fundamental frequency are observed at the beginning and end of the pulses (Fig. 10H, I). At the same parts of the pulse, the low fundamental frequency can lead to the wave peaks to be shown as broadband clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidths. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1210 to 1230 Hz (Fig. 10B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the seventh, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (often, two or three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call (Fig. 10B, G, I, J). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e., each pulse has an up-downward FM (Fig. 10A, B, D–F, H–J)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120."]}

Physalaemus gracilis (Boulenger, 1883) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with general downward FM, but with an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call. Call A (Fig. 50 A–T and 52A). We examined 40 recordings, a total of 158 minutes, with ca. 2480 calls from 106 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.451 to 0.565 s. The envelope of the call is variable (Fig. 50A, C–G, M–P). In most calls, rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential) and the sustain is long. Some sustains are regular (Fig. 50A, G, M, N, O) and others are irregular, with short and shallow valleys, mainly at the beginning of the segment (Fig. 50D, F, P). In several calls, the sustain has a convex shape and the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Usually, the envelope is divided into two parts with different amplitude levels (Fig. 50C). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic or rectangular (Fig. 50A, D, F, G, M, N, O) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 50C, E, P). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 32 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 52A). The fundamental frequency is ca. 510 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f 0 1/2 and f 0 1/3) are common at the beginning and middle of the call (Fig. 50I, L, Q, R). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2110 to 2760 Hz (Fig. 50B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh (except the second), but it is usually the fourth, fifth, or sixth (Fig. 52A). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the third, fourth, fifth and sixth, and ending at the sixth or seventh; thenceforth, the dominant frequency decreases in some calls, moving to the fourth harmonic (Fig. 52A, 50B). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3050 Hz (four to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 50B, H–L, Q–T). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first sixth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 50B, H–L, Q–T). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a slight PFM (Fig. 50H, I, L)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus irroratus Cruz, Nascimento & Feio, 2007 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses. There are clear harmonics, and some pulses have PFM, which is synchronic and directly proportional to the slight PAM. Call A (Fig. 11 A–F and 4H). We examined two recordings, a total of one minute, with 29 calls from two males. Most of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.489 to 0.954 s. The call rise and fall durations are similar; both are usually linear-shaped. In some calls, the rise and/or fall can be more abrupt and have a logarithmic shape. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration, except in calls with very few pulses (e.g., two pulses). Since both rise and fall are similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic (Fig. 11A, C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 11 A–F). The rate of the PAM is ca. 6 Hz, forming ca. four pulses throughout the call. Usually, pulses have an abrupt rise, shorter than fall, which is more gradual, with amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse (Fig. 11A, C, D). However, the first pulses of the longer calls have rises similar to falls and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the pulse. In some calls, the last pulse is clearly shorter than the others. There is a long silence interval between pulses, ca. 5.5 times the pulse duration (Fig. 11A, C, D). Some pulses have an internal slight PAM. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 4H). The fundamental frequency is ca. 400 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmonics, deterministic chaos, and jumps of the fundamental frequency are observed at the beginning and at the end of the pulses, or even in the entire pulse (usually the last one). Short pulses can be shown as broadband clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidth (first pulse in Fig. 11A). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1250 to 1720 Hz (Fig. 11B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the ninth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1300 and 2000 Hz (often, three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call (Fig. 11B). There is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e., each pulse has an up-downward FM (Fig. 11F). Additionally, another PFM is present within some pulses and it is directly proportional to the synchronic slight PAM within the pulses., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Cruz, C. A. G., Nascimento, L. B. & Feio, R. N. (2007) A new species of the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura, Leiuperidae) from Southeastern Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 28, 457 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853807782152444","Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120."]}

Physalaemus nanus (Boulenger, 1888) We found three different calls, referred to as call A, B, and C (Fig. 12). Calls B and C were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling close to each other. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B is shorter than Call A with a lower fundamental frequency, irregular FM segments, and absence of pulse-PAM. Call C is composed of two notes, the first and the second notes are similar to those of calls A and B, respectively. Call A (Fig. 12 E–H and 13A). We examined 20 recordings, a total of 77 minutes, with ca. 3500 calls from 33 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.178 to 0.218 s. The call envelope is variable; however, calls often have rise, a regular sustain (or shallow valley), and falls sections. Call rise and fall are usually gradual and linear but they can have different durations, being long or abrupt. The amplitude peak of the calls measured here is at around the end of the first fourth of the call duration (Fig. 12A, C, D, E). The envelope of the call can be elliptic (Fig. 12A, D), rectangular (Fig. 12E), or triangular (Fig. 12C). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 42 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 12 A–H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 28 Hz, forming ca. five pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is also highly variable; however, the middle pulses tend to have amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse with similar rise and fall. Often, the first pulse has very little amplitude and the last pulse is the longest one (Fig. 12C, D, F, G). Silence intervals are present between pulses, slightly shorter than pulse duration (Fig. 12 A–H). Some pulses have a down-upward AM at the middle of their durations, yielding two amplitude peaks per pulse. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13A). The fundamental frequency varies from 620 to 1100 Hz and the band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics can be present at the beginning and end of the pulses and jumps of the fundamental frequency can happen at the end of the call (fourth pulse in Fig. 12B). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2240 to 2540 Hz (Fig. 12B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the fourth one, but it is usually the second. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 1800 and 2800 Hz (ca. two harmonics). The frequency bands have a general and slight downward FM throughout the call (Fig. 12B). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (Fig. 12 A–H). Call B (Fig. 12 I–N and 6D). We examined five recordings, a total of 27 minutes, with ca. 40 calls from 13 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.027 to 0.090 s. Often, the call rise is longer than the fall, both exponential; there is a long regular sustain (or shallow valley) between them. The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration (Fig. 12I, K, L). The envelope of the call varied from rectangular (Fig. 12K) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 12I, L). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 31 % of the component duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 6D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 300 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually, the wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, harmonics are not very clear with considerably deterministic chaos in some parts of the call (Fig. 12N). Sudden jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present (usually at the end of the call). Moreover, some calls show subharmonics (Fig. 12N). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1680 to 1850 Hz (Fig. 12J). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 41 st, but it is usually the ninth or tenth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 1300 and 2200 Hz (three or four harmonics). The frequency bands can have a general down or upward FM throughout the call with either short down or upward FM at the end (Fig. 12J, M, N). Some calls have no clear general FM. Additionally, some calls have a subtle PFM throughout the call (Fig. 12J, M, N). Call C (Fig. 12 O–T and 6E). We examined 16 recordings, a total of 60 minutes, with ca. 200 calls from 28 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Calls are composed of two notes, the first and the second are similar to those of calls A and B, respectively. Call duration varies from 0.188 to 0.311 s. The amplitude, temporal, and spectral traits of the components are similar to those described above. However, the first note can have more pulses and the envelope of the second note has steeper rise and fall in call C (Fig. 12O, Q, R). Although the amplitude decreases at the transition between notes, their limits are not clear (Fig. 12Q, R). At this transition, there is a decrease in the fundamental frequency and wave peaks emitted at low repetition rates (e.g., 90 Hz) are shown as clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; Fig. 12P) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidths (e.g., above 100 Hz). The bands are observed in audiospectrograms at narrow filter bandwidth (e.g., below 90 Hz). This rate gets faster until the beginning of the center of the second note. In C calls, the harmonics of the second note usually have a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end of the call (Fig. 12P but see Fig. 12S, T)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on pages 40-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus santafecinus Barrio, 1965 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call. Call A (Fig. 48 A–D and 42G). We examined two recordings, a total of three minutes, with 61 calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.330 to 0.375 s. The envelope of the call is variable. In most calls, the rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). In some calls, the limits between call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear, with linear or logarithmic-shaped rise and fall and the sustain with a convex shape (calls with elliptic envelope; Fig. 48C). The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration or at the middle of the call. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 48C) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 48A). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular envelope of some calls resembles an arrow (Fig. 48A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 490 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 474 to 2627 Hz (fig. 48B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to sixth (rarely the second harmonic), but it is usually the first (Fig. 42G, 48B, D). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth and ending at the sixth; thenceforth it decreases, usually skipping the fifth and ending at the third or second harmonic (Fig. 42G, 48B, D). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2650 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 48B, D). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 48B), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 48B, D). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Barrio, A. (1965) El genero Physalaemus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) en la Argentina. Physis, 25 (70), 421 - 448."]}

Physalaemus orophilus Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has long duration and is composed of a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses with interpulse silence intervals. The bands have a general upward FM but with a subtle downward FM at the end, yielding slightly arc-shaped bands in the audiospectrogram of some calls when considering the entire call duration. Call A (Fig. 41 A–H and 42A). We examined 10 recordings, a total of 26 minutes, with ca. 270 calls from 16 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 3.724 to 5.432 s. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat (Fig. 41A, D), but convex in some calls (Fig. 41E). The amplitude peak of these calls is at the end of the first two thirds of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic (Fig. 41E) to rectangular (Fig. 41A, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (silence intervals are present between peaks; Fig. 41 A–H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 11 Hz, forming ca. 57 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is longer than fall, with amplitude peak of the pulse at ca. two thirds of the pulse duration. The amplitude peak of the last pulse is at the beginning or middle of the pulse (Fig. 41C). Duration of silence intervals is similar to pulse duration. The last pulse is usually the longest (ca. 1.5 times longer than the other pulses). In some calls, the last pulse is the shortest. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42A). The fundamental frequency is ca. 290 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in audiospectrograms (Fig. 41B). There are ca. four adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2630 to 2910 Hz (Fig. 41B). The dominant harmonic varies from the seven to the 29 th, but it is usually the ninth (Fig. 42A). There is no shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 2500 and 3350 Hz (three harmonics; Fig. 41F). The call has a slight general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, leading to arc-shaped bands in audiospectrograms when considering the entire call (Fig. 41B, G, H). Additionally, there can be a slight PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e. up-downward FM in each pulse., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Cassini, C. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U. (2010) Taxonomic review of Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) with revalidation of Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner, 1864) and description of two new related species (Anura: Leiuperidae). Zootaxa, 2491 (1), 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2491.1.1"]}

Physalaemus barrioi Bokermann, 1967 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a long duration and general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first seventh of the call. Call A (Fig. 54 A–L and 52D). We examined eight recordings, a total of 13 minutes, with ca. 70 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.323 to 2.038 s. Call rise duration is short and similar to call fall duration; the call rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is irregular, generally flat (Fig. 54A, E, F) or ascending (Fig. C, D, G). In this latter case, the amplitude gets higher towards the end of the call. There is usually a long shallow valley at the beginning or at the middle of the sustain (Fig. 54A, C, D, E, G). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first three fifths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 54F), rectangular (Fig. 54A, E, G) to triangular (usually pointed left; Fig. C, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 52D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 460 Hz and the first seven harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 470 to 2580 Hz. The dominant harmonic is the first or the sixth, but usually the first (Fig. 52D, 54B, H–L). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and moving to the sixth at the very end of the call (Fig. 52D, 54B, H–L). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2700 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM at the first seventh of call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 54B, H–L). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Bokermann, W. C. A. (1967) Tres novas especies de Physalaemus do sudeste brasileiro (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 27 (2), 135 - 143."]}

Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM without silence intervals. It has a gradual downward FM throughout the call. Call A (Fig. 25 A–H and 24B). We examined 14 recordings, a total of 24 minutes, with ca. 330 calls from 26 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.333 to 1.429 s. In most calls the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (for example, see elliptic envelope in Fig 25A). In calls where they are perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration with variable shape (linear, exponential, or logarithmic) or call fall is shorter than the rise. In some calls, there is a long regular sustain (Fig. 25E). The amplitude peak of the calls measured is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 25A, C, D) to rectangular (Fig. 25E). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 42 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks; Fig. 25A, C, D, E). The rate of the PAM is ca. 25 Hz, forming ca. 35 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 530 Hz and approximately the first six harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1590 to 2440 Hz (Fig. 25B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth, but it is usually the fifth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at first harmonic and ending in the fifth or sixth one (Fig. 25B, F, G, H). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2950 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 25F, G, H), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 25B, F, G, H). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. The call also has a PFM, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (Fig. 25A, B, C, E, F, H). In a few calls, the rate of the PAM is very low and so is the number of cycles (Fig. 25D, G). In those calls, the PFM is equally slow and weak (Fig. 25D, G)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus henselii (Peters, 1872) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses (i.e., pulse-PAM). The call is spectrally polymorphic; some calls have pulses with sidebands. Call A (Fig. 23 A–F and 24A). We examined two recordings, a total of four minutes, with ca. 200 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.289 to 0.493 s. The call rise is usually very abrupt and shorter than the call fall (Fig. 23C), which has an exponential shape. The call rises are longer and more similar to falls. The sustain varies from flat to very steep in shape. The envelope of the call is elliptic, rectangular (Fig. 23C), or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 23A). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 53 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 23 A–F). The rate of the PAM is ca. 54 Hz, forming ca. 20 pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is variable; however, the pulse rise is usually shorter than the fall, with amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse. Silence intervals are present between pulses, with durations slightly longer than pulse duration except between the first pulses, where the intervals are very short or even absent (pulses are juxtaposed; Fig. 23A, C, D). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24A). The fundamental frequency is at ca. 1900 Hz and this band is also the dominant frequency (see below). The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The call shows an additional frequency series with bands separated by ca. 250 Hz series produced by a PAM present within pulses (Fig. 23E, F). This series is very variable (30 to 550 Hz) and it is not multiple of the harmonic series. Both seem to be independent of each other. Therefore, we called the 250-Hz bands as sidebands. The short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals. In parts where two pulses are juxtaposed, or at least very close to each other, the wave periods are less regular, the harmonics can be less clear with deterministic chaos (Fig. 23E). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1690 to 2160 Hz (Fig. 23B). The first harmonic is the dominant. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 650 and 2600 Hz (one harmonic). Most of the call energy is between 1400 and 2400 Hz. There is usually neither a clear general FM nor other shorter FM segment in the call. Some calls, mainly those with juxtaposed pulses, show a slight PFM following the PAM (see beginning of the call in Fig. 23E)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus feioi Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has long duration and is composed of a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses with interpulse silence intervals. The bands have a general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call. Call A (Fig. 40 A–H and 33H). We examined seven recordings, a total of eight minutes, with 52 calls from nine males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 3.854 to 4.920 s. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat but some calls have sustains with a convex shape (Fig. 40A, D). The amplitude peak is often at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope of the call is rectangular (Fig. 40A, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (there are silence intervals between pulses; Fig. 40A, D). The rate of the PAM is ca. 15 Hz, forming ca. 55 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is longer than fall, with amplitude peak of the pulse at ca. two thirds of the pulse duration (Fig. 40C). The amplitude peak of the last pulse is at the beginning or middle of the pulse. Interval durations are similar to pulse duration (Fig. 40C). The last pulse is usually the longest (ca. 1.5 times longer than the other pulses; Fig. 40E). In some calls, the last pulse is the shortest (Fig. 40A). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33H). The fundamental frequency is ca. 330 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in the audiospectrogram. There are ca. four adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2340 to 2470 Hz. The dominant harmonic varies from the sixth to the 15 th, but it is usually the seventh (Fig. 33H). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 2100 and 2950 Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (Fig. 40B, G). There is a slight PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e. up-downward FM in each pulse (Fig. 40A, B, C, F). Additionally, there is another PFM, which is perceptible within the pulses (Fig. 40H)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Cassini, C. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U. (2010) Taxonomic review of Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) with revalidation of Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner, 1864) and description of two new related species (Anura: Leiuperidae). Zootaxa, 2491 (1), 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2491.1.1"]}

Physalaemus evangelistai Bokermann, 1967 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with a general downward FM and an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call duration. Calls usually have intermediate PAM (with no silence intervals between peaks) and PFM throughout their duration. Call A (Fig. 53 A–F and 52C). We examined eight recordings, a total of 27 minutes, with ca. 340 calls from 20 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.976 to 1.358 s. Call rise duration is very short and similar to call fall duration; the call rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is flat or gradually ascending (Fig. 53D, C). There is a long shallow valley at the beginning of the sustain (Fig. A, C, D). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from rectangular (Fig. 53A, D) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 53C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls show an intermediate PAM only in the final two fourths of the call duration. This PAM yields emphasized cycles (with no silence intervals between peaks; Fig. 53A, C). The rate of the PAM is ca. 9 Hz, forming ca. 10 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 52C). The fundamental frequency at ca. 540 Hz and approximately the first six harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 670 to 2910 Hz (Fig. 53B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to sixth (except the second), but it is usually the first or fourth (Fig. 52C). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fourth and fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it decreases, ending at the third (Fig. 52C, 53E, F). Most of the call energy is between 550 and 3100 Hz (three to four harmonics). The call has a general downward FM, with a short up-downward FM at the first sixth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 53B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a PFM during the entire call independent of the PAM. Other calls have PFM inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on pages 83-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Bokermann, W. C. A. (1967) Tres novas especies de Physalaemus do sudeste brasileiro (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 27 (2), 135 - 143."]}

Physalaemus ephippifer (Steindachner, 1864) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a triangular envelope that resembles an arrow-like shape. There is usually a slight PAM (without silence intervals) in the final three fourths of the call duration. The call has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third or first half of the call duration. Subharmonics are always present in the first half of the call. Call A (Fig. 34 A–F and 33B). We examined two recordings, a total of one minute, with ca. 130 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.466 to 0.523 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is composed of a long and deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape; Fig. 34A, C). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow (Fig. 34A). The amplitude peak is at the end of the first fourth of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have an intermediate PAM only in the final three fourths of the call duration (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks; Fig. 34A). The rate of the PAM is ca. 26 Hz, forming ca. eight cycles throughout part of the call where the PAM is present. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 590 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f 0 1/2) are present in ca. the first third or half of all calls examined (Fig. 34B, E, F). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 820 to 2630 Hz. The dominant harmonics are the first, third, fourth, fifth or sixth (usually the first or sixth; Fig. 33B, 34B). At the beginning of the call the subharmonic 1.5 is the dominant band (Fig. 34B, F). There is a clear shift in the relative energy among the bands in the second half of the call; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it dominant frequency gets lower, moving to the fourth or third harmonic (Fig. 33B, 34B). Most of the call energy is between 550 and 2750 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 34B, E). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third or half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 34B, E). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Calls have a PFM throughout the second half of the call, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (Fig. 34A, B)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus erikae Cruz & Pimenta, 2004 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call duration. Call A (Fig. 29 A–H and 24F). We examined two recordings, a total of four minutes, with 37 calls from four males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.478 to 0.566 s. The limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (mainly in calls with elliptic envelope, see Fig. 29C, D). When perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration, or fall shorter than rise. Usually, call rise has an exponential shape, whereas call fall has a logarithmic shape. When present, the sustain is irregular, usually with short and very shallow amplitude valleys (Fig. 29A, E). The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic (Fig. 29C, D, E) to slightly rectangular (when flat sustains are present; Fig. 29A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24F). The fundamental frequency is ca. 420 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2840 to 2890 Hz (Fig. 29B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and ending at the seventh (Fig. 24F, 29B, F, G, H). Most of the call energy is between 650 and 3450 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 29B, F, G, H). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first sixth of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 29B, F, G, H). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Pimenta, B. V. S. & Cruz, C. A. G. (2004) The tadpole and advertisement call of Physalaemus aguirrei Bokermann, 1966 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 25, 197 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568538041231201"]}

Physalaemus cuqui Lobo, 1993 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM without silence intervals. It has a gradual downward FM throughout the call. Call A (Fig. 26 A–B and 24C). We examined two recordings, a total of two minutes, with 47 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.215 to 1.500 s. The limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (see elliptic envelope in Fig. 26A); the envelope is linear- or exponential-shaped until the amplitude peak and logarithmic-shaped from the peak to the end of the call (Fig. 26A). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two thirds of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic (Fig. 26A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 26 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks; Fig. 26A). The rate of the PAM is ca. 21 Hz, yielding ca. 29 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24C). The fundamental frequency is ca. 510 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency is ca. 2850 Hz (Fig. 26B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth, but it is usually the sixth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at first harmonic and ending in the sixth one (Fig. 26B). Most of the call energy is between 500 and 3000 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding a arc-shaped bands in this part of the call in audiospectrograms, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 26B). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call (Fig. 26B). The call also has a PFM, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (26A–B)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus angrensis Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva, 2006 We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call A is composed of pulses whereas Call B has no PAM. Moreover, call B has a stronger general upward FM. Call B can have irregular FM segments and jumps of the fundamental frequency (vs. absent in call A). Call A (Fig. 19 A–H and 13F). We examined nine recordings, a total of 32 minutes, with ca. 800 calls from 19 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.431 to 0.605 s. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelopes; see below; Fig. 19D). In calls where the limits are perceptible, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape, both have a logarithmic or linear shape, and there is a long sustain, which can have shallow valleys and short slopes (concave and convex shapes, respectively; Fig. 19A). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 19D) to rectangular (Fig. 19A) depending on how emphasized or regular is the sustain. More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 37 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (there are silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 19A, B, D, E, G, H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 58 Hz, yielding ca. 30 pulses throughout the call. Except for the last pulse, the pulse rise is longer than the fall and the amplitude peak is around two thirds of the pulse duration. The last pulse has the opposite envelope with amplitude peak at the beginning (Fig. 19E). The first pulses can have much lower amplitude than the others. The last pulse is the longest. There are short silence intervals between pulses, which can be absent between the first and last pulses (pulses are juxtaposed to neighboring pulses; Fig. 19A, B, D, E, G, H). Intervals are usually eightfold longer than the pulse durations. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13F). The fundamental frequency is at ca. 410 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1590 to 1780 Hz (Fig. 19B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 1200 and 1900 Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM (Fig. 19B, G). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is usually directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (Fig. 19E, H). Calls are usually emitted in short sequences with up to ten calls each (Fig. 19C, F). Call B (Fig. 19 I–L and 16D). We examined three recordings, a total of 18 minutes, with ca. 150 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.309 to 0.353 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (logarithmic-shaped). There is a sustain, which has shallow valleys, usually at its beginning and end (Fig. 19I, K). The amplitude peak of the call is at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration (Fig. 19I, K). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 19I, K). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 32 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 16D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 320 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1080 to 1310 Hz (Fig. 19J). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the seventh harmonic, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 900 and 1400 Hz (two harmonics). The call has a general upward FM with short downward FM at the end (Fig. 19J, L). The sustain has an up-downward FM (Fig. 19J, L). There is clear PFM in some parts of the call. Additionally, several calls have parts with irregular up and downward FM, usually, inversely proportional to the AM directions (Fig. 19 I–L)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Weber, L. N., Gonzaga, L. P. & Carvalho-E-Silva, S. P. (2006) \" 2005 \" A new species of Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 from the lowland Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 63 (4), 677 - 684."]}

Physalaemus maximus Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi, 1999 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a subtle PAM, with no silence intervals. It has a long duration and a very low fundamental frequency with subtle PFM throughout the call. The bands have a slight general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call. Call A (Fig. 39 A–D and 33G). We examined seven recordings, a total of five minutes, with ca. 90 calls from 11 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.887 to 2.446 s. The call rise is longer than call fall or both are similar in duration. Call rise and fall have exponential, linear or logarithmic shape. There is a long sustain. It is usually almost flat but slightly irregular (Fig. 39A). However, in some calls, the beginning of this segment has low amplitude, which gradually increases towards the end of the call (Fig 39C). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first two thirds the call duration. The amplitude of the call is usually at three fifths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic, rectangular (Fig. 39A) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 39C) depending on the steepness of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak of the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (silence intervals absent between peaks). The rate of the PAM is ca. 10 Hz, forming ca. 22 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 170 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are absent in audiospectrograms. There are usually ca. seven emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1000 to 1030 Hz (Fig. 39B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the ninth, but it is usually the sixth (Fig. 33G). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 850 and 1550 Hz (five harmonics). The call has a general FM slightly upward and a short downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (Fig. 39B, D). Additionally, there can be a slight PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent of PAM or can be directly proportional and synchronic to some parts of the PAM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus atim Brasileiro & Haddad, 2015 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a gradual downward FM throughout the call. Call A (Fig. 27 A–D and 24D). We examined one recording, a total of 11 seconds, with 11 calls from four males. Most of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.779 to 0.995 s. The limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall are not clear (Fig. 27A). In calls where they are perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration with variable shape (linear, exponential, or logarithmic) or fall is shorter than rise. The sustain is irregular with short amplitude valleys (Fig. 27A). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fifths of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic (Fig. 27A), rectangular (Fig. 27C) or triangular (pointed left). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 33 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has an irregular slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks). The rate of the PAM is ca. 45 Hz, forming ca. 24 peaks throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 430 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1980 to 2330 Hz (Fig. 27B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh, but it is usually the sixth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and ending at the sixth (Fig. 27D). Most of the call energy is between 700 and 2700 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 27B, D). Additionally, the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 27D), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 27B, D). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no clear PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Brasileiro, C. A. & Haddad, C. F. B. (2015) A New Species of Physalaemus from Central Brazil (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Herpetologica, 71 (4), 280 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 13 - 00085"]}

Physalaemus crombiei Heyer & Wolf, 1989 We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. B calls were observed in recordings in which males emitted A calls with very long durations. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. A calls have pulses separated by silence intervals whereas B calls have not. Moreover, B calls have a general upward FM and FM segments (periodic or not) stronger than those of A calls. Call A (Fig. 15 A–J and 13C). We examined nine recordings, a total of 20 minutes, with ca. 900 calls from 18 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.319 to 0.774 s. The call rise and fall durations are usually similar to each other and they can be gradual or abrupt, linear or logarithmic; there is a long sustain (Fig. 15A, C, D, E). This segment can be slightly concave or convex (Fig. 15D, E, respectively). The amplitude peak is often at around (usually just after) the middle of the call duration. Since both rise and fall are similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic (Fig. 15E) but can be rectangular (Fig. 15C, D) or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 15A) depending on the shape of sustained segment and the position of the amplitude peak of the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 15 A–J). The rate of this PAM is ca. 25 Hz, forming ca. nine pulses throughout the call. Except for the last pulse, the rise of the pulses is longer than the fall and the amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two thirds of the pulse duration (Fig. 15F). The last pulse has the inverse envelope with amplitude peak at its outset (Fig. 15F). In some calls, the last pulse is notably longer than the others (Fig. 15A, B, C, E, F, G, I, J). Silence intervals are present between pulses, ca. tenfold shorter than pulse duration (Fig. 15 A–J). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13C). The fundamental frequency is ca. 370 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are very regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present between the first pulses. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1010 to 1380 Hz (Fig. 15B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fourth, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 900 and 1300 Hz (two harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and short downward FM at the end (Fig. 15B, G, H, I). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (Fig. 15B, G, H, I, J). Call B (Fig. 15 K–N and 16A). We examined one recording, a total of five minutes, with two calls from one male. Most of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.709 to 0.945 s. The envelope of the call is variable; call rise and fall are short. There can be more than one sustain, with different amplitudes (Fig. 15K, M). Usually, the first has lower amplitude (Fig. 15K). The amplitude peak is at around the middle or beginning of the call duration. The envelope can be classified as elliptic, triangular (pointed right; Fig. 15M) or rectangular (Fig. 15K). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. One call clearly shows a section with a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks; Fig. 15K). The rate of this PAM is ca. 19 Hz, forming ca. seven emphasized peaks at the middle of the call duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 16A). The fundamental frequency is ca. 340 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. One call shows a sudden jump of the fundamental frequency at the end of the call. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1020 to 1160 Hz (Fig. 15L). The dominant harmonic is the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 600 and 2000 Hz (ca. five harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and short downward FM at the end (Fig. 15L, N). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM where it is present (15K–N)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on pages 44-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Heyer, W. R. & Wolf, A. J. (1989) Physalaemus crombiei (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae), a new frog species from Espirito Santo, Brazil with comments on the P. signifer group. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102 (2), 500 - 506."]}

Physalaemus camacan Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano, 2005 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM. It is spectrally polymorphic with clear harmonics, sidebands, and deterministic-chaos regime. Call A (Fig. 9 A–D and 4E–F). We examined two recordings, a total of five minutes, with ca. 130 calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.676 to 0.980 s. The call rise is gradual and longer than the call fall, which is more abrupt. There is a long sustain in the call. Usually the amplitude of the call is regular throughout the call (Fig. 9A). However, in some calls, the amplitude increases gradually toward the amplitude peak at the end of the call (Fig. 9C). The amplitude peak is at around four fifths of the call duration. Depending on the slope of the sustain and the difference between the amplitude peaks the envelope of the call can vary from rectangular (Fig. 9A) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 9C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (with no silence interval between peaks; Fig. 9A, C). The rate of the PAM is ca. 13 Hz, forming ca. 10 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The calls can have two different spectral patterns (Fig. 4E, F). The bands of one of these patterns (Fig. 9B) are multiple of each other and were considered harmonics. The fundamental frequency of this series is ca. 400 Hz (Fig. 9B). In the other spectral pattern (Fig. 9D), there is a series of bands with fundamental frequency of ca. 100 Hz, which varies continuously and the bands are not integral multiple of each other. The bands of this 100 Hz series seem to be sidebands (i.e., 100 Hz wave as the modulating signal) with the 410 Hz series as the carrier signal (Fig. 9D). In most calls, the sidebands are the only bands noticeable. In these calls, the bands are not very clear since there is considerably deterministic chaos (Fig. 9D) due to the irregularity of the wave periods of the 100 Hz signal. In the calls where the 400 Hz series are evident, the harmonics are clear due to the higher fundamental frequency and the more regularity (periodicity) of the wave periods. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1380 to 1660 Hz (Fig. 9B). Considering the 400 Hz series, the dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 1800 Hz. This bandwidth corresponds to two harmonics of the 400-Hz series. The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call with a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 9B). There is a PFM in the parts of the call where the bands are clear (Fig. 9B). This PFM is synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM (Fig. 9A, B)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996, {"references":["Pimenta, B. V. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Silvano, D. L. (2005) A new species of the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from the Atlantic Rain Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 26, 201 - 210. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568538054253483"]}

Physalaemus soaresi Izecksohn, 1965 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with long duration, PFM, and a slight PAM, with no silence intervals. Bands have a general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call. Subharmonics, shifts of the fundamental frequency and deterministic chaos are common at the beginning and end of the calls. Call A (Fig. 38 A–J and 33F). We examined three recordings, a total of five minutes, with 40 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.597 to 1.748 s. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear. Usually, call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (logarithmic). In some calls, the rise is longer than fall. There is a long sustain. It is usually regular, with a convex shape, but it can be almost flat (Fig. 38A, C), or have irregular AM segments, yielding amplitude peaks and valleys over the segment (Fig. 38D, E, F). The amplitude peak is usually at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies between elliptic (Fig. 38A, C), rectangular (Fig. E, F), or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 38D), depending on the shape and steepness of the sustain. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks; Fig. 38F). The rate of the PAM is ca. 16 Hz, forming ca. 22 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33F). The fundamental frequency is ca. 600 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are absent in the audiospectrogram. There are usually ca. six emphasized harmonics. Generally, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmonics (f 0 1/2), jumps of the fundamental frequency, and deterministic chaos are common at the beginning and end of the call (Fig. 38B, G, H, I, J). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2450 to 3060 Hz. The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the seventh, but it is usually the fourth or fifth (Fig. 33F). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call (Fig. 33F). Most of the call energy is between 2250 and 3750 Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, yielding an arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (Fig. 38B, G, H, I, J). Additionally, there is clear PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent from the PAM or can be directly proportional and synchronic to some parts of the PAM (Fig. 38 A–J)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger, 1826 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, usually with a triangular envelope that resembles an arrow-like shape. It has a general downward FM, with an updownward FM segment in the first half of the call and a short upward FM segment at the end. Subharmonics are always present in the first half of the call. Call A (Fig. 32 A–V and 33A). We examined 75 recordings, a total of 94 minutes, with ca. 10200 calls from 228 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.257 to 0.311 s. The envelope is very variable (Fig. 32A, C–G, M–Q). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall are not clear. The ratio between call rise and fall duration, and their shape, are highly variable. Most calls have a fall longer than rise, or both have the same duration. Their shape varies from exponential to linear or logarithmic. The call rise has two consecutive exponential parts, the first shorter than the second. The sustain, when present, is irregular, usually composed of a shallow or deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape; Fig. 32A, C, D, G, M, Q). The amplitude peak is usually before the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 32A, C, D, N, O, P, Q) to triangular (pointed right; Fig. 32E, M). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular envelope of some calls resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 20 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33A). The fundamental frequency is ca. 650 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f 0 1/2) are present in ca. the first half of all calls examined (this part can be shorter or longer than one half of the call duration; Fig. 32B, H–L, R–V). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 690 to 780 Hz (Fig. 32B). The dominant harmonic is the first or second (at the very end of the call), but it is usually the first. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands. Although there is no shift in the dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy toward the end of the call (Fig. 32K, L, T, V). Most of the call energy is between 500 and 1300 Hz (one or two harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 32B, H–L, R–V). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first half of the call duration, forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (Fig. 32B, H–L, R–V). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus lisei Braun & Braun, 1977 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a long duration, slight PAM (no silence intervals between peaks) and irregular PFM. The bands have a general downward FM and a short upward FM segment at the end. Calls usually have nonlinear regimes such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics. Call A (Fig. 51 A–N and 52B). We examined 19 recordings, a total of 89 minutes, with ca. 915 calls from 50 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.967 to 1.997 s. The envelope of the call is variable; durations of call rise and fall are usually short and similar in duration, with a long sustain in between; the rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is flat (Fig. 51E, F, H, I) or gradually ascending (Fig. 51C, G). Some calls have a final part with higher amplitude (Fig. 51C, G, I). Shallow and short amplitude valleys can be present, mainly at the beginning and end of the call (Fig. 51C, I). The amplitude peak is usually at the very end of the call duration. Depending on the slope of the sustain, the envelope varies from rectangular (Fig. 51E, F, H, I) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 51C, G). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 47 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks; Fig. 51E, G, H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 26 Hz, forming ca. 25 cycles throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 52B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 480 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in audiospectrograms. Six adjacent harmonics are emphasized (first seven except the fundamental). Usually, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, several calls show nonlinear regimes such as subharmonics (f 0 1/2, f 0 1/3, f 0 1/4, or f 0 1/5), biphonation, and deterministic chaos (Fig. 51D, J, K, M). These phenomena can occur over the entire call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2330 to 2460 Hz (Fig. 51D). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the fifth (except the second), but it is usually the fourth or fifth along the first half of the call (Fig. 52B). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands. Although there is no shift in the dominant frequency, higher bands get more energy towards the end of the call (Fig. 51D, L, N). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3350 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a slight general downward FM (Fig. 51D, L, N). Additionally, calls have a very short and slight up-downward FM at their outset, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (Fig. 51L, N). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls show clear PFM (Fig. 51L, N). Calls are usually emitted in irregular sequences, with two or three calls (Fig. 51 A–B)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus cicada Bokermann, 1966 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an elliptic envelope and very short duration. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first half of the call (Fig. 36B, F). Calls are emitted in long sequences (more than 300 calls per sequence; Fig. 36C, D). Call A (Fig. 36 A–G and 33D). We examined six recordings, a total of 13 minutes, with ca. 12500 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.004 to 0.047 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is short or absent. The envelope is elliptic (Fig. 36A. E). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two fifths of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 24 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 410 Hz and approximately the first ten harmonics (except the first one) are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1410 to 3560 Hz (Fig. 33D, 36B). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 10 th, but it is usually the eighth. There is a clear shift in relative energy between bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the seventh or eighth harmonic and ending at the eighth, ninth or 10 th (Fig. 33D, 36F). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3850 Hz (eight harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 36B, F). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 36B, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call (Fig. 36F). There is no PFM. Calls are usually emitted in series, resulting in long call sequences of ca. 400 calls in each sequence (Fig. 36C, D, E, F)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner, 1864) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a long duration and a slight PAM (no silence intervals between pulses). It has irregular and strong PFM throughout the call. The bands have no general FM or only slight general FM, which is usually upward. Call A (Fig. 43 A–F and 42B). We examined seven recordings, a total of 20 minutes, with ca. 160 calls from 16 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.330 to 3.746 s. The call rise is restricted to the very beginning of the call, most of the call corresponding to the sustain (Fig. 43C). Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. Sustain usually regular and almost flat (Fig. 43C), but some calls have convex or inclined segments, with amplitude gradually increasing towards its end (Fig. 43A, D). In some calls, there is a shallow valley at the beginning of the sustain (Fig. 43A, C). The amplitude peak is at around the middle or at the end of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from rectangular (Fig. 43C) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 43A, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (silence intervals absent between peaks; Fig. 43A, D). The rate of the PAM is ca. 8 Hz, forming ca. 29 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 170 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in the audiospectrogram or with very low energy. There are ca. eight adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f 0 1/2) are present at the beginning of some calls (Fig. 43B, F). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1590 to 1840 Hz (Fig. 43B). The dominant harmonic varies from the ninth to the 13 th, but it is usually the ninth or 10 th (Fig. 42B). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 2150 Hz (seven harmonics). Calls usually lack a clear general FM (Fig. 43B, E). In some calls, a slight up or downward general FM is observed, usually upward. A short downward FM is frequently present at the end of the call (Fig. 43E). Additionally, there is a strong PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent (Fig. 43C, E), but it is directly proportional and synchronic to PAM when it is present (Fig. 43A, B)., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus kroyeri (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862) We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a general downward FM throughout the call and an up-downward FM segment in the first fifth of the call duration. Call A (Fig. 30 A–F and 24G). We examined four recordings, a total of six minutes, with ca. 190 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.673 to 0.759 s. In some calls the limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall is not very clear (mainly in calls with elliptic envelope, Fig. 30A). The call rise and fall are similar in duration. Usually, the call rise has a short logarithmic-shaped section followed by an exponential shape, whereas call fall has an exponential shape only. The sustain is irregular, usually with short or long shallow valleys (Fig. 30D). The amplitude peak is usually before the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 30A, C) to almost rectangular (when flat sustains are present; Fig. 30D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 480 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2060 to 2160 Hz (Fig. 30B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth (Fig. 24G, 30E, F). There is a clear shift in the relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher until three fourths of the call duration, starting at the second harmonic and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it gets lower, ending at the third harmonic (Fig. 24G, 30E, F). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2700 Hz (four to seven harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 30B, E, F). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first fifth of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 30B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM., Published as part of Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), pp. 1-106 in Zootaxa 4725 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3612996

Physalaemus atlanticus Haddad & Sazima, 2004 We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses (pulse-PAM). Pulses of this call can have subharmonics. Call A (Fig. 20 A–F and 13G). We examined six recordings, a total of 15 minutes, with ca. 450 calls from ten males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.096 to 1.377 s. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelope; see below). When perceptible, the call rise and fall of the call are similar in duration and shape, both with a logarithmic or linear shape, and there is a long and regular sustain. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration (Fig. 20A). The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 20A) to rectangular (Fig. 20C), depending on how emphasized or regular is the sustain. More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 20 A–F). The rate of the PAM is ca. 48 Hz, forming ca. 60 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is shorter than the fall and the amplitude peak is at their outset (Fig. 20D). In most calls, the last pulse is the longest (ca. four times the duration of the other pulses). Silence intervals are present between pulses, which is approximately as long as the pulses (Fig. 20D). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 440 Hz and is generally absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, the short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals. Longer pulses have subharmonics (usually f 0 1/2). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 950 to 1380 Hz (Fig. 20B). The dominant harmonics varies between the second and third, but it is usually the second. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 900 and 1500 Hz (two harmonics). Some calls have a slight upward general FM (Fig. 20B, E). Most calls have neither general FM nor other additional FM in the call.

Vaz-Silva, Wilian, Maciel, Natan M., Bastos, Rogério P., Pombal, José P. (2015): Revealing Two New Species of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura, Bufonidae): An Enigmatic Taxonomic Group of Neotropical Toads. Herpetologica 71 (3): 212-222, DOI: 10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-14-00039, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-14-00039

Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) Holotype. — MNRJ 53073, adult male, Parque Ecológico Altamiro de Moura Pacheco (16 ° 34̍24̍̍S, 49 ° 10̍58̍̍W; 790 m above sea-level [asl]; in all cases, datum = WGS84), Goiânia municipality, State of Goiás, Brazil, collected on 11 November 2006 by R.P. Bastos. Paratypes. — CHUNB 56423 and 56445, adult males, collected on 27 August 2004, and CHUNB 57354, adult female, collected on 17 October 2004 by A.K. Peres, Jr., same municipality of holotype. CEPB 4724, adult male, 10 January 1997; CEPB 4711, adult female, 9 December 1996; CEPB 4723, adult female, 9 June 1997; CEPB 4725–4728, adult females, 20 December 1996; CEPB 4731, adult female, 2 December 1996; CEPB 4739, adult female, 4 December 1996, Niquelândia municipality (14 ° 09̍S, 48 ° 22̍W; 690 m asl), State of Goiás, Brazil, collected by Systema Naturae Team during the Fauna Rescue of Hydroelectric Power Plant Serra da Mesa. CFBH 11591, adult female, collected on 23 March 2006 by C.A. Brasileiro and M. Oyamaguchi; CFBH 18652, juvenile, collected on 28 January 2008 by T.G. Santos and K. Kopp, both in Fazenda Boa Vista, Ouro Verde de Goiás municipality (16 ° 13̍S, 49 ° 11̍W; 1040 m asl), State of Goiás, Brazil. Diagnosis. —A species of the R. margaritifera group as defined by Pramuk (2006) based on the presence of an expanded posterior ramus of the pterygoid. Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. is distinguished from other species by the following combination of features: (1) snout–vent length (SVL; range = 48.5–59.7 mm, in males; 54.7–66.7 mm, in females); (2) supraorbital and parietal crests evident; (3) supratympanic crest well-developed, wider than bony protrusion at the angle of jaws in dorsal view; (4) presence of dorsolateral line tubercles; (5) tympanum evident; (6) snout nearly acute in lateral view and mucronate in dorsal view; (7) presence of bony protrusion at the angle of jaws; (8) presence of rostral keel at the tip of snout; (9) dorsal skin with a small concentration of granules, more concentrated on the flanks; (10) absence of vertebral apophyses; (11) foot webbing poorly developed; and (12) parotoid gland well-delimited, with small and elliptical shape presenting a lateral line of tubercles. Comparisons with other species. — Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. differs from R. margaritifera by well-developed cephalic crests (vs. hypertrophied cephalic crests), absence of vertebral apophyses (vs. presence), and an evident bony protrusion at the angle of jaws (vs. bony protrusion slightly evident; see Lavilla et al. 2013). From R. acutirostris and R. alata, this new species differs by the presence of rostral keel at the tip of snout, cephalic crests well-developed, a bony protrusion at the angle of jaws, and larger size of males 48.5– 59.7 mm (vs. absence or poorly bony protrusion at the angle of jaws, cephalic crest poorly developed, and males with 35.3 mm in R. acutirostris and 36.8 mm in R. alata; see Thominot 1884; Lötters and Köhler 2000; Santos et al., 2015). Further, from R. acutirostris by the well-developed cephalic crests (vs. poorly developed) and larger size of males 48.5–59.7 mm (vs. 35.3 mm; see Lötters and Köhler 2000). Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. can be distinguished from R. proboscidea by the presence of an evident continuous line of tubercles along the lateral side body, including the posterior border of the parotoid gland (vs. less evident), cephalic crests welldeveloped (poorly developed in R. proboscidea), snout lacking a developed proboscis (vs. developed proboscis), nearly acute snout in lateral view (vs. pointed), skin on dorsum slightly granulose (vs. smooth), and parotoid gland well-delimited (vs. indistinct). From R. roqueana, this new species is distinguished by having an evident tympanum (vs. barely distinct), snout in lateral view nearly acute (vs. snout nearly vertical), snout mucronate in dorsal view (vs. truncated), absence of vertebral apophyses (vs. presence), parietal crest poorly developed (vs. well-developed), and smaller size in males 48.5–59.7 mm (vs. SVL 70.0–79.0 mm; Melin 1941). Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. is distinguished from R. dapsilis by the posterior border of the parotoid gland having a line of tubercles that are continuous along the lateral side of body (vs. absence), presence of lateral line of tubercles on parotoid gland (vs. absence), snout lacking a developed proboscis (vs. developed proboscis), postorbital crest well-developed (vs. poorly developed), skin on dorsum slightly granulose (vs. smooth), and bony protrusion welldeveloped at the angle of the jaws (vs. poorly developed; Myers and Carvalho 1945). From R. castaneotica, R. sebbeni sp. nov. differs in having a well-developed supratympanic crest (vs. poorly developed), larger size of males 48.5– 59.7 mm (vs. 30.9–36.8 mm), well-developed postorbital crest (vs. poorly developed), presence of lateral line of tubercles on parotoid gland (vs. absence), tympanum evident (vs. not evident), and skin on dorsum slightly granulose (vs. smooth; see Caldwell 1991). This new species differs from R. stanlaii by having a poorly developed supraorbital crest (vs. hypertrophied), postorbital crest well-developed (vs. poorly developed), snout in lateral view nearly acute (vs. protruding), and presence of vocal slits (vs. absence; Lötters and Köhler 2000). From R. sclerocephala, R. sebbeni sp. nov. differs by the absence of vertebral apophyses (vs. presence), snout mucronate in dorsal view (vs. truncated), and foot webbing poorly developed (vs. developed; see MijaresUrrutia and Arends 2001). From R. scitula, this new species is distinguished by well-developed cephalic crests (poorly developed), bony protrusion at the angle of jaws poorly developed (vs. well-developed), skin on dorsum slightly granulose (vs. extremely granulose), presence of lateral line of tubercles on parotoid gland (vs. absence), small and elliptical parotoid gland (vs. globose), and larger size of males 48.5–59.7 mm (vs. 33.8–46.1 mm; see Caramaschi and Niemeyer 2003). From R. hoogmoedi, this new species is distinguished by its slightly granulose dorsal skin (vs. rugose), rostral keel at the tip of snout (vs. absence), and larger parotoid gland (Caramaschi and Pombal 2006). This new species is distinguished from R. paraguaŋensis by the well-developed cephalic crests (vs. poorly developed), snout nearly acute in lateral view (vs. rounded), rostral keel at the tip of snout poorly developed (developed) and skin on dorsum slightly granulose (vs. very granulose; Ávila et al. 2010). From R. lescurei, this new species is distinguished by its snout nearly acute in lateral view (vs. pointed), by the well-developed postorbital crest (vs. poorly developed), larger size of males 48.5–59.7 mm (vs. 30.2–38.9 mm), and vestigial webbing in toes (vs. developed; Fouquet et al. 2007a). From Rhinella magnussoni, R. sebbeni sp. nov. can be distinguished by the well-developed supratympanic crest (vs. poorly developed), larger size of males 48.5–59.7 mm (vs. 36.0– 45.3 mm), snout nearly acute in lateral view (vs. pointed), snout mucronate in dorsal view (vs. pointed), and skin on dorsum slightly granulose (vs. rugose; Lima et al. 2007). From R. martŋi, this new species differs in the absence of vertebral apophyses (vs. presence), snout in lateral view nearly acute (vs. slightly rounded), vestigial webbing in toes (vs. developed; see Fouquet et al. 2007a). This new species is distinguished from R. ocellata by its well-developed cranial crests (vs. undeveloped), tubercles on dorsal skin poorly developed (vs. developed), snout mucronate in dorsal view and nearly acute in lateral view (vs. rounded in dorsal and lateral views), rostral keel at the tip of snout (vs. absent), dorsal cream uniform sometimes presenting small spots (vs. dorsal ocelli color pattern; see Leão and Cochran 1952; Caldwell and Shepard 1997), bony protrusion at the angle of jaws poorly developed (vs. well-developed). Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. is distinguished from R. ŋunga by its snout being mucronate in dorsal view (vs. slightly pointed), tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus present (vs. absent), bony protrusion at the angle of jaws poorly developed (vs. undeveloped), vestigial webbing in toes (vs. developed), and by its cephalic crests being well-developed (vs. poorly developed; Moravec et al. 2014). Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. differs from R. cristinae by the evident tympanum (vs. absent), larger size of males 48.5– 59.7 mm (vs. 30.7–34.3 mm, n = 9), and the bony protrusion at the angle of jaws poorly developed (vs. bony protrusion undeveloped; Veléz-Rodriguez and Ruiz-Carranza 2002). From R. iserni, this new species differs in the absence of vertebral apophyses (vs. presence), and tympanum evident (vs. absent; Jimenez-de-la-Espada 1875; Caramaschi and Pombal 2006). From R. ceratophrŋs, this new species differs in the absence of triangular projecting dermal flaps on the eyelids and at the corners of mouth (vs. presence; Fenolio et al. 2012). Description of the holotype. —Body robust; head wider than long, head length 70.8% of head width; head length 29.5% of SVL; head width 41.6% of SVL. Snout mucronate in dorsal view, with a rostral keel at the tip of snout; nearly acute in lateral view. Tip of snout and head slightly concave; canthus rostralis well-defined by canthal crests, curved; loreal region slightly concave. Nostrils slightly protuberant, slightly directed dorsolaterally, nearer to the tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance shorter than the eye–nostril distance, eye diameter, upper eyelid width, and tympanum diameter; eye–nostril distance longer than the eye diameter, tympanum diameter, and upper eyelid width; eye diameter slightly longer than the upper eyelid width and tympanum diameter; upper eyelid width 48.8% of interorbital distance. Canthal and supraorbital crests developed, parietal poorly developed and absence of preorbital crest; well-developed supratympanic crest, forming conspicuous lateral ledges; distance of the extremities of the supratympanic crests nearly larger than head width. Tympanum large, with a distinct annulus only anteriorly; vertical tympanum diameter nearly equal to the diameter of the eye. Parotoid glands, in dorsal view, small, triangular; in lateral view, elliptical, continuous to the supratympanic crest; parotoid gland length larger than the supraorbital crest length. External border of the parotoid gland with a line of pointed tubercles, which continues along the lateral side of body to the groin. Absence of salient apophyses on dorsum. Lips with small numerous tubercles; eyes visible from below. A nearly V-shaped incision in the maxilar symphysis; presence of a bony protrusion at the angle of jaws. Vocal sac not expanded externally and vocal slits present. Choanae small, ovoid, lateral, widely separated; medium tongue size, longer than wide, free and not notched posteriorly. Forelimbs robust, forearms slightly more robust than the arms. Hand with medium-sized fingers; slender fingers with reduced webbing only at the base of fingers; fingers in ascending order of size, IV Hindlimbs short, robust. Tibia length slightly shorter than thigh length; tibia length 95.5% of thigh length and 42.8% of the SVL; thigh length 44.8% of SVL; sum of tibia and thigh lengths 87.0% of the SVL; tarsus-foot length larger than the tibia and thigh lengths, 58.9% of the SVL. Foot with short toes, moderately robust, in ascending order of size, I = III Skin on dorsum, flanks, and limbs granulose, with many small tubercles, rounded, irregularly distributed without forming a defined pattern; dorsal region poorly granulose. Ventral surfaces finely granulose. a SVL, snout–vent length; HL, head length; HW, head width; IND, internarial distance; END, eye– nostril distance; ED, eye diameter; UEW, upper eyelid width; IOD, interorbital distance; POCL, postorbital crest length; HTD, horizontal tympanum diameter; VTD, vertical tympanum diameter; PGL, parotoid gland length; HAL, hand length; THL, thigh length; TBL, tibia length; FL, foot length (tarsus + foot). Measurements of the holotype (in mm). —Snout–vent length 55.9; head length 16.5; head width 23.3; internarial distance 3.0; eye–nostril distance 5.3; eye diameter 4.7; upper eyelid width 4.3; interorbital distance 8.8; postorbital crest length 9.0; horizontal tympanum diameter 3.6; vertical tympanum diameter 4.8; parotoid gland length 9.9; hand length 16.1; thigh length 24.7; tibia length 23.6; foot length (tarsus + foot) 32.7. Color of the holotype in preservative. —Dorsum and laterals of body and limbs uniformly brown; a grayish brown bar on forearm, tibia, and tarsus; ventral surfaces of feet and tarsus gray with brown tubercles. A whitish thin dorsal line from head to the posterior third of the body. Variation and color in life. —Variations in measurements are summarized in Table 1. In life, dorsum uniformly brown or presenting small spots (Fig. 3). Sometimes, presence of a dark stripe on dorsal forearm and slight vertebral line (Fig. 4). CFBH 18652 is brownish with light spots throughout the body, especially on the limbs. In preservative, its dorsum is cream or brown. Specimens CEPB 4721, 4724–4726, and CEPB4 728 present dark spots on dorsum and the other specimens in type-series present uniform coloration. Blotch on frontoparietal region poorly marked in the specimen CEPB 4726. Ventral pattern well reticulated in specimen CHUNB 56445. Specimen CEPB 4711 presents malformation of left toes and CEPB 4731 and its third finger of the right hand is shorter than the left hand. Etymology. —The specific name is a tribute to our friend and colleague Antonio Sebben (Universidade de Brasília) a notable morphologist, physiologist, and photographer, for his contribution to the knowledge of the Brazilian herpetofauna. Natural history. —Adults or subadults of R. sebbeni sp. nov. can be found inside pristine forest (Ciliar and Dry Seasonal forests), in the leaf litter. On one occasion, males were observed vocalizing in ponds at the edges of a forest. In a survey conducted by RPB and C. Alves in the area flooded by the reservoir of the João Leite River, R. sebbeni sp. nov. was collected in pitfall traps in the rainy season (November– March) in periods from 2006 to 2010. A female (CEPB 4723) had 2,225 brown and cream ovarian eggs, with an average diameter of 1.73 ± 0.19 mm (n = 10; range = 1.34–1.99 mm). Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. was sympatric and more abundant in areas where it occurs than Rhinella schneideri (Werner 1894), a species common in open areas. We captured 18 specimens of R. sebbeni sp. nov. in each rainy season between 2006 and 2010, compared to only four individuals of R. schneideri. Geographic distribution. — Rhinella sebbeni sp. nov. has been found in Goiânia (type locality), Ouro Verde de Goiás, and Niquelândia municipalities, in the State of Goiás, Central Brazil (Fig. 5). These localities are located within Cerrado biome. This biome covers approximately 2 million km 2, representing 22% of Brazil ̕s land area (extending from the southern borders of the Amazonian forest to areas in the southern States of São Paulo and Paraná), plus small areas in eastern Bolivia and northwestern Paraguay. The distribution of Cerrado is coincident with the plateau of central Brazil (Oliveira-Filho and Ratter 2002).

Rhinella gildae sp. nov. (Figs. 6–7) Holotype. — MNRJ 23838, adult male, São Pedro da Água Branca municipality (approximately 05 ° 05̍S, 48 ° 19̍̍W; 150 m asl), State of Maranhão, Brazil, collected on 28 October 1998 by G. V. Andrade and J.D. Lima. Paratype. — MNRJ 23837, adult male, collected with the holotype. Diagnosis. —A species of the R. margaritifera group as defined by Pramuk (2006) based on the presence of an expanded posterior ramus of the pterygoid. Rhinella gildae sp. nov. is distinguished from other members of this group by the following combination of characters: (1) SVL (range = 69.6–76.4 mm, in males); (2) preorbital, supraorbital, and parietal crests poorly developed; (3) in dorsal view, supratympanic crest poorly developed and not exceeding the angle of jaws; (4) presence of tubercles on the dorsolateral line; (5) tympanum evident; (6) snout mucronate in dorsal view and nearly acute in profile, with prominent nostrils; (7) absence or very small vertebral apophyses; (8) foot webbing poorly developed; and (9) parotoid gland welldelimited, with small and elliptical shape without a lateral line of tubercles. Comparisons with other species. — Rhinella gildae sp. nov. differs from R. sebbeni sp. nov. by its larger size with SVL ranging 69.6–76.4 mm, in males (vs. 48.5–59.7 mm), cephalic crests poorly developed (vs. well-developed), parotoid gland with lateral line of tubercles absent (vs. present), in dorsal view supratympanic crest not exceeding the angle of jaws (vs. supratympanic crest on the limit or exceeding the angle of jaws). From R. margaritifera, this new species is distinguished by having a poorly developed cephalic crest (vs. hypertrophied cephalic crests), absence or very small vertebral apophyses (vs. presence), and presence of bony protrusion at the angle of jaws (vs. bony protrusion slightly evident; see Lavilla et al. 2013). From R. acutirostris and R. alata, R. gildae sp. nov. differs by the evident bony protrusion at the angle of jaws (vs. absence), and absence of tubercles on the lateral of parotoid gland (vs. presence), and larger size of males of males 69.6–76.4 mm (vs. 35.3 mm in R. acutirostris, and 36.8 mm in R. alata; see Thominot 1884; Lötters and Köhler 2000; Santos et al. 2015. Further, R. gildae sp. nov. is distinguished from R. acutirostris by the development of the cephalic crest (vs. undeveloped), and larger size of males 69.6–76.4 mm (35.3 mm; Lötters and Köhler 2000). From R. proboscidea, R. gildae sp. nov. differs by the presence of a line of tubercles continuous along lateral body side (vs. poorly evident), snout lacking a developed proboscis (vs. developed proboscis), and nearly acute snout in lateral view (vs. pointed). From R. roqueana, R. gildae sp. nov. differs by the presence of a line of tubercles continuous along lateral body side (vs. absence), tympanum evident (vs. barely distinct), snout in lateral view nearly acute (vs. nearly vertical), in dorsal view mucronate (vs. truncated), and absence or very small vertebral apophyses (vs. presence; Melin 1941). This new species differs from R. dapsilis by the presence of a line of tubercles along the posterior border of the parotoid gland that continues along the lateral side of body (vs. absence), snout lacking a developed proboscis (vs. developed proboscis), skin on dorsum poorly granulose (vs. smooth), and a bony protrusion at the angle of the jaws (vs. poorly developed; Myers and Carvalho 1945). Rhinella gildae sp. nov. is distinguished from R. castaneotica by larger size of males 69.6–76.4 mm (vs. 30.9–36.8 mm), tympanum evident (vs. not evident), and skin on dorsum poorly granulose (vs. smooth; Caldwell 1991). From R. stanlaii, R. gildae sp. nov. differs by poorly developed cephalic crests (vs. hypertrophied), postorbital crest well-developed (vs. poorly developed), snout in lateral view nearly acute (vs. protruding) and, size of males 69.6–76.4 mm (vs. 39.1–54.1 mm; Lötters and Köhler 2000). From R. sclerocephala, R. gildae sp. nov. differs by the absence or very small vertebral apophyses (vs. presence), snout mucronate in dorsal view (vs. truncated), foot webbing poorly developed (vs. developed), and size of males 69.6– 76.4 mm (vs. 55.4–67.3 mm; Mijares-Urrutia and Arends 2001). This new species differs from R. scitula by its skin on dorsum poorly granulose (vs. extremely granulose), elliptical parotoid gland (vs. globose), and size of males 69.6–76.4 mm (vs. 36.8–46.1 mm; Caramaschi and Niemeyer 2003). From R. hoogmoedi, R. gildae sp. nov. differs by having a dorsum with poorly granulose skin texture (vs. rugose), absence or very small vertebral apophyses (vs. presence in some specimens), and size of males 69.6–76.4 mm (vs. 39.4–52.1 mm; Caramaschi and Pombal 2006). From R. paraguaŋensis, R. gildae sp. nov. differs by its snout nearly acute in lateral view (vs. rounded), rostral keel at the tip of snout poorly developed (vs. developed), larger size of males 69.6–76.4 mm (vs. 42.3–52.6 mm), and skin on dorsum weakly granulose (vs. rugose; Ávila et al. 2010). From R. lescurei, this new species differs by snout being nearly acute in lateral view (vs. pointed), size of males 69.6–76.4 mm (vs. 30.2–38.9 mm), the supratympanic crest being well-developed (vs. poorly developed), and vestigial webbing in toes (vs. developed; Fouquet et al. 2007a). From R. magnussoni, R. gildae sp. nov. differs by the well-developed supratympanic crest (vs. poorly developed), larger size of males 69.6– 76.4 mm (vs. 36.0– 45.3 mm), line of tubercles absent along the parotoid gland (vs. present), snout nearly acute in lateral view (vs. pointed), snout mucronate in dorsal view (vs. pointed), and skin on dorsum weakly granulose (vs. rugose; Lima et al. 2007). From R. martŋi, R. gildae sp. nov. is distinguished by the absence or very small vertebral apophyses (vs. presence), poorly developed cephalic crests (vs. well-developed), size of males 69.6–76.4 mm (vs. 49.5– 61.1 mm), snout in lateral view nearly acute (vs. slightly rounded; Fouquet et al. 2007a), vestigial webbing in toes (vs. developed; Fouquet et al. 2007a). From R. ocellata, this new species is distinguished by developed cephalic crests (vs. undeveloped), granules on dorsal skin poorly developed (vs. more developed), snout mucronate in dorsal view and nearly acute in lateral (vs. rounded in dorsal and lateral view), rostral keel present at the tip of snout (vs. absent), dorsal color pattern lacking ocelli (vs. ocelli present on dorsal pattern; Leão and Cochran 1952; Caldwell and Shepard 1997). Rhinella gildae sp. nov. is distinguished from R. ŋunga by larger size of males 69.6– 76.4 mm (vs. 57.5–59.5 mm in males; Moravec et al. 2014), parotoid gland lacking lateral line of tubercles (vs. present), snout mucronate in dorsal view (vs. slightly pointed), bony protrusion evident at the angle of jaws (vs. not evident), vestigial webbing in toes (vs. developed), presence of tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus (vs. absent; see Moravec et al. 2014). Rhinella gildae sp. nov. differs from R. cristinae by larger size of males 69.6–76.4 mm (vs. 30.7– 34.3 mm) and presence of bony protrusion at the angle of jaws (vs. absent; Veléz-Rodriguez and Ruiz-Carranza 2002). From R. ceratophrŋs, this new species differs by the absence of triangular projecting dermal flaps on the eyelids and at the corners of mouth (vs. presence; Fenolio et al. 2012). From R. iserni, R. gildae sp. nov. differs by the absence or very small vertebral apophyses (vs. presence), and tympanum evident (vs. absent; Jimenez-de-la-Espada 1875; Caramaschi and Pombal 2006). Description of the holotype. —Body robust; head wider than long, head length 86.4% of head width; head length 31.9% of SVL; head width 37% of SVL. Snout mucronate in dorsal view, with a rostral keel at the tip of snout; in profile, nearly acute. Rostrum slightly concave, a pair of bony protrusions between the supratympanic crests; canthus rostralis well-defined by canthal crests, curved; loreal region weakly concave. Nostrils lateral, protuberant, slightly directed dorsally and backwards, nearer to the tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance shorter than the eye–nostril distance, eye diameter, upper eyelid width, and tympanum diameter; eye–nostril distance shorter than the eye diameter, vertical tympanum diameter; eye diameter shorter than the upper eyelid width and tympanum diameter; upper eyelid width 80.5% of interorbital distance. Canthal and supraorbital crests developed, parietal crest poorly developed and preorbital crest absent; supratympanic crests well-developed, forming conspicuous lateral edges. Tympanum large, longer than wide, with a distinct annulus; vertical tympanum diameter shorter than the eye diameter. In dorsal view, parotoid glands small, triangular; in lateral view, elliptical, continuous to the supratympanic crest; parotoid gland length larger than the supratympanic crest length. Continuous lines of tubercles along lateral torso, from the posterior border of parotoid gland to the groin. Absence of apophyses on dorsum. Lips with small numerous tubercles; eyes visible from below. Presence of a bony protrusion at the angle of jaws. Vocal sac not expanded externally and vocal slits present. Choanae small, ovoid, lateral, widely separated; medium size tongue, longer than wide, free and not notched posteriorly. Forelimbs robust and slightly more robust than the arms. Hand with medium-sized fingers; slender fingers without webbing; fingers in ascending order of size, IV = II Hindlimbs short, robust. Tibia length slightly shorter than thigh length; tibia length 88.8% of thigh length and 39.0% of the SVL; thigh length 43.9% of SVL; sum of tibia and thigh lengths 83.0% of the SVL; tarsus-foot length longer than the tibia and thigh lengths, 52.2% of the SVL. Foot with short toes, moderately robust, in ascending order of size, I = III Skin on dorsum, flanks and limbs granulose, with many small tubercles, rounded, irregularly distributed without forming a defined pattern; tubercles on forelimbs smaller than hindlimbs; dorsal region poorly granulose. Ventral surfaces finely granulose. Measurements of the holotype (in millimeters). — Snout–vent length 69.6; head length 22.3; head width 25.8; internarial distance 4.0; eye–nostril distance 6.2; eye diameter 6.8; upper eyelid width 7.8; interorbital distance 10.4; postorbital crest length 6.9; horizontal tympanum diameter 4.9; vertical tympanum diameter 6.3; parotoid gland length 14.7; hand length 17.4; thigh length 30.6; tibia length 27.2; foot length (tarsus + foot) 36.6. Color of the holotype in preservative. —Dorsal and limbs gray brownish; a wide light gray medial dorsal band with a thin lateral line dark gray on its edge; a line gray on supraorbital and supratympanic crests; line of tubercles cream from parotoid glands to the groin; flanks below this tubercles line dark gray; superior lips and protrusion at the angle of jaw cream; a dark gray bar poorly visible on tibia, tarsus, and forearm. Mental region brown; gular region black. Venter cream with light gray blotches. Palm of hand cream; undersurfaces of foot and tarsus gray. Variation. —Measurements (in mm) of the paratype are snout–vent length 76.4; head length 23.8; head width 27.3; internarial distance 5.1; eye–nostril distance 6.9; eye diameter 9.9; upper eyelid width 9.5; interorbital distance 11.8; postorbital crest length 5.7; horizontal tympanum diameter 5.3; vertical tympanum diameter 5.6; parotoid gland length 12.5; hand length 20.7; thigh length 34.2; tibia length 31.0; foot length (tarsus + foot) 42.7. General color of the paratype is more uniform. Palmar tubercle bigger than the holotype. The medial dorsal band narrower than the holotype. Presence of three very small dorsal apophysis. Coloration in life is unknown. Etymology. —The specific name honors our friend and colleague Gilda V. Andrade (Universidade Federal do Maranhão) for her contributions to the knowledge of the ecology of Brazilian anurans, including the collection of the specimens used to describe this new species. Geographic distribution. — Rhinella gildae sp. nov. is known only in São Pedro da Água Branca municipality (type locality; Fig. 5), State of Maranhão, northern Brazil.

We describe a new species of the Scinax catharinae Group from Municipality of Porto Seguro, State of Bahia northeastern Brazil. The new species is mainly characterized by its small size, nuptial pad dark colored, and compound pectoral fold. Additionally, we describe the structure of its nuptial pad and compare it with that of S. agilis. We also briefly discuss its phylogenetic relationships within Scinax. Aqui nós descrevemos uma nova espécies do grupo de Scinax catharinae do município de Porto Seguro, Estado da Bahia, região nordeste do Brasil. A nova espécie é caracterizada principalmente pelo pequeno tamanho, almofada nupcial de coloração escura e prega peitoral composta. Além disso, nós descrevemos a estrutura de sua almofada nupcial e a comparamos com aquela de S. agilis. Apresentamos também uma discussão sobre o relacionamento filogenético em Scinax. Fil: Lourenço, Ana Carolina Calijorne. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Luna, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Pombal, José P.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil

Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768: 30. Neotype: MNRJ 71538, adult female (Figs. 2���3), collected in the Municipality of Humait�� (07o 30 ���S, 63 o01���W; approx. 60 m a.s.l.; datum WGS 84), State of Amazonas, Brazil, on 12 April 1985 by F.L. Franco and B.V.B. Aloise. Description of the neotype: Body robust; head slightly wider than long, head length 89.8 % of head width; head length 31.1 % of SVL; head width 34.6 % of SVL. Snout mucronate in dorsal view (Fig. 3 A); in profile (Fig. 3 B), nearly acute. Top of snout and head slightly concave; canthus rostralis well defined by the canthal crests, curved; loreal region concave. Nostrils lateral, protuberant, slightly directed dorsally and backwards, nearer to the tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance smaller than the eye-to-nostril distance, eye diameter, upper eyelid width, and tympanum diameter; eye-to-nostril distance slightly larger than the eye diameter, and larger than the tympanum diameter and upper eyelid width; eye diameter larger than the upper eyelid width and tympanum diameter; upper eyelid width 39.5 % of interorbital distance. Canthal, antorbital, and supra-orbital crests developed, parietal crest poorly developed; post-orbital crests large, forming conspicuous lateral ledges; distance of extremities of the post-orbital crests larger than head width. Tympanum large, round, with a distinct annulus; tympanum diameter 89.2 % of eye diameter. Parotoid glands, in dorsal view, small, triangular, elongated; in lateral view, elliptical, continuous to the post-orbital crest; parotoid gland length slightly larger than the post-orbital crest length. External border of the parotoid gland with a line of pointed tubercles which continues along the lateral side of body to the groin. Five vertebral apophyses salient on dorsum. Lips not flared; eyes visible from below. A Vshaped incision in the maxilar symphysis; a rounded tubercle at the posterior corner of mouth. Vocal sac and vocal slits absent. Choanae small, lateral, widely separated; tongue large, two times as long as wide, free and not notched behind. Forelimbs robust, forearms as robust as arms; a line of small pointed tubercles along the lateral border of forearm. Hand (Fig. 3 C) with medium-sized, slender fingers not webbed, in crescent order of size, IV Remarks: The region of Humait�� was succinctly described by Gottsberger (1978), Caramaschi & Jim (1983), and Caramaschi & Cruz (2001). Humait�� is a small town on the left bank of the Madeira River, 51 m above sea level. It is surrounded on the western side by the far-extending Puciari-Humait�� savannas. To the north and south is the large dry or "terra firme" forests, frequently crossed by small rivers, regionally called "igarap��s". Along these streams are the flooded areas with the "v��rzea" and "igap��" forests. These small rivers of the region drain the local savannas, and bring black water (Sioli 1975). During the dry season, when the water is at its lowest level, the streams are generally narrow, about 1���2 m wide and extensively surrounded by the "v��rzea" forest. At the rainy season, the white water (Sioli 1975) of the Madeira River invades the "igarap��s" about 500���800 m upstream from its mouth, and it is here that a sharp interface between the white Madeira and black "igarap��" waters occurs. At the highest water level, about 10���12 m above the lowest, the ���igarap��s��� are about 100 m wide, invading laterally the "v��rzea" forest, and it is bordered directly in both sides by the "terra firme" forest. The vegetation of the "v��rzea" and "terra firme" forests in the region seems to be reasonably undisturbed. Even at the highest water level, most of the tree crowns emerged 5���10 m, and in many cases huge tree trunks rose 15���20 m above the water surface. On the soil of both "v��rzea" and "terra firme" forests is a thick leaf litter cover, where specimens of Rhinella margaritifera were collected. The presence of many color patterns is common among the members of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (see, for example, Caramaschi & Niemeyer 2003; Caramaschi & Pombal 2006). Among specimens obtained at the current type locality of R. margaritifera, several patterns of dorsal color were obtained (Fig. 4). The general color varies from brownish cream, grayish brown, to grayish red. The mid-dorsal longitudinal line may be absent (four specimens), narrow (three specimens), medium (one specimen), and wide (four specimens). Dark brown spots on dorsum, lateral to mid-dorsal line, may be absent (four specimens) or present, in variable number, localization, size, and shape (nine specimens)., Published as part of Lavilla, Esteban O., Caramaschi, Ulisses, Langone, Jos�� A., Pombal, Jos�� P. & De S��, Rafael O., 2013, The identity of Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 (Anura, Bufonidae), pp. 251-264 in Zootaxa 3646 (3) on pages 257-259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/222129

Rana margaritifera was described by Laurenti in 1768 and currently is associated to the genus Rhinella, under the combination Rhinella margaritifera. Currently, the R. margaritifera species group consists of 16 recognized species. Furthermore, many additional species have been suggested to exist in this group which highlights the ambiguity surrounding the identity of Rhinella margaritifera and impend further description of the species in this group. After an exhaustive bibliographic review, we concluded that the recent designation of a lectotype for R. margaritifera is invalid according with Art. 73, ICZN, 1999. Herein, we designate and provide the description of a neotype for Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768. Fil: Lavilla, Esteban Orlando. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán; Argentina Fil: Caramaschi, Ulisses. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Langone, Jose A.. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural. Departamento de Herpetología; Uruguay Fil: Pombal, Jose P.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: de Sá, Rafael O.. University of Richmond. Department of Biology; Estados Unidos

Rhinella inopina sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) Rhinella cf. pombali - Valdujo et al. 2009: 905. Holotype. Brazil, State of Goiás, São Domingos municipality (13 º 23 'S; 46 º 20 'W), MNRJ 75231, adult male, S. P. Andrade and E. P. Vitor col., on 2 August 2010. Paratypes. Brazil, State of Goiás, São Domingos municipality (13 º 23 'S; 46 º 20 'W), MNRJ 53069, juvenile, F. F. Gontijo col., 28 January 2007; MNRJ 63752, adult female, R. M. F. Rodrigues col., 29 July 2009; MNRJ 67272, juvenile, S. P. Andrade and E. P. Vitor col., 0 9 May 2010; MNRJ 67273, juvenile, S. P. Andrade and E. P. Vitor col., 10 May 2010; MNRJ 75232, juvenile, S. P. Andrade and E. P. Vitor col., 20 July 2010; MNRJ 75234 and MNRJ 75236, adult males, MNRJ 75235, adult female, MNRJ 75233, juvenile, S. P. Andrade and E. P. Vitor col., 25 July 2010. Diagnosis. A member of Rhinella crucifer species group based on the combination of morphological characters proposed by Duellman and Schulte (1992) and Baldissera et al. (2004) such as: presence of a row of glandular keratinized tubercles at the corners of mouth; absence of the pre-ocular ridge in the smaller specimens, but always present and strongly elevated in the larger ones; a row of glandular keratinized tubercles following the lateral edges of the body, with the first tubercle united or not to the parotoid gland; parotoid gland elliptical in dorsal view, triangular in lateral view and elongate; tympanum visible, covered by a tegumentary fold on posterior region; snout rounded to mucronate in dorsal view; and, dorsal integument varying from extremely granular to smooth. Rhinella inopina sp. nov. is characterized by the following combination of features: 1) largest size for the group (SVL 102.6 mm in males and 136.1 mm in females); 2) head wider than long (Fig. 2 A); 3) snout rounded to mucronate in dorsal view (Fig. 2 A); 4) snout rounded and elongated in lateral view (Fig. 2 B); 5) parotoid glands overhanging the lateral edges of body dorsally (Fig. 3); 6) in life and preservative yellow spots on flanks from posterior surface on parotoid gland to inguinal region, posterior surface of thighs and near the cloacae; 7) vertebral line absent or very thin (Fig. 3); 8) a conspicuous fringe on the ventral surface of the tarsus; 9) parotoid gland elongated (Fig. 3); 10) oblique arrangement of the parotoid gland in relation the midline of the body (Fig. 1). Comparisons with other species of the Rhinella crucifer species group. The new species is distinguished from Rhinella ornata and Rhinella abei by the presence of yellow marks on flanks (in some specimens), around the cloacae and on the posterior surface of thighs (vs. absence), parotoid glands overhanging the lateral edges of body dorsally (vs. not overhanging), elongate parotoid gland in lateral view (vs. rounded), and presence of a fringe on the ventral surface of tarsus (vs. a row of small tubercles); from Rhinella henseli by the parotoid glands overhanging the lateral edges of body dorsally (vs. not overhanging), and presence of a fringe on the ventral surface of tarsus (vs. a row of small tubercles); from Rhinella pombali by elongated snout in lateral view (vs. short snout), and elongate parotoid gland in lateral view (vs. rounded); from Rhinella crucifer by the presence of yellow marks on flanks, around the cloacae and on the posterior surface of thighs (vs. only around the cloaca and thighs), and elongate parotoid gland in lateral view (vs. rounded). Rhinella inopina sp. nov. differs from the all other species of R. crucifer group by having an oblique arrangement of the parotoid gland in relation to midline of the body (ANP/POP: R. inopina = 0.72; R. ornata = 0.68; R. abei = 0.67; R. henseli = 0.59; R. pombali = 0.66; R. crucifer = 0.67). Description of holotype. An adult male (Fig. 1 A–B, Fig. 2 A–D) with body robust; head wider than long; head width 37 % of SVL; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; canthus rostralis well defined by canthal crest, almost straight; loreal region slightly concave; nostrils lateral, protuberant, slightly directed backwards, near to the snout tip; inter-nostril distance smaller than the eye-to-nostril distance (IND / END = 0.90); eye diameter and upper eyelid width larger than the tympanum diameter (ED/TD = 1.23; UEW/TD = 1.07); eye-to-nostril distance smaller than eye diameter (END /ED = 0.78), upper eyelid width (END /UEW = 0.89), and tympanum diameter (END /TD = 0.96); eye diameter larger than the upper eyelid width (ED/UEW = 1.14) and tympanum diameter (ED/TD = 1.23); upper eyelid width 51 % of interorbital distance; preorbital and supraorbital crests developed; parietal crest absent; postorbital crest weakly developed; tympanum large, vertically elliptical, with a distinct annulus; horizontal diameter of tympanum 90 % of the vertical diameter; parotoid glands, in dorsal view, medium size, elliptical (on right side more elongated), in lateral view triangular connected with the postorbital crest; paratoid gland length larger than the postorbital crest length; small V-shaped incision on maxilar symphysis; vocal sac not visible externally; vocal slits, sideways to the tongue; choane oval, small, lateral, widely separated; tongue large, two times long as wide, free and not notched behind. Forearms robust, arms slender; hand with long and slender fingers, not webbed, in crescent order of size, II IV Color of holotype in preservative. General color of body grayish light olive; a tiny vertebral light gray line; a light gray bar on tarsus; some light olive small elongated blotches and spots on the thighs; keratinized spicules on brown warts, tympanum light brown; iris silver. Under surfaces cream olive, throat slightly darker than belly; tubercles on hand palms and sole of feet brown. Measurements of holotype (in mm). Snout-vent length 92.5; head length 26.3; head width 34.3; inter-narial distance 5.5.; eye to nostril distance 6.1; eye diameter 7.8; upper eyelid width 6.8; interorbital distance 13.2; eye border to upper maxilla distance 3.2; canthal ridge length 7.8; supratympanic ridge length 5.6; eye to tympanum distance 2.2; tympanum diameter 6.3; tympanum height 7.0; inter-parotoid distance 24.2; forearm length 22.0; upper arm length 28.7; inner carpal tubercle length 4.2; inner carpal tubercle width 2.5; hand length 11.3; armpitgroin distance 33.3; thigh length 38.0; tibia length 40.0; tarsal length 21.1. Variation. The variations in measurements are summarized in Table 1. Rhinella inopina has typical color polymorphism found in the species of the Rhinella crucifer group (e.g. Baldissera et al. 2004). In life, color pattern varies from uniform yellowish-cream to brown, with sparse dark spots adjacent to vertebral line, which may be absent. Females have more numerous yellowish flank blotches than males. Males usually have uniform color pattern, whereas juveniles tend to be blotchy. Discontinuous dark stripes on the internal surface of thighs more frequent in juveniles (Fig. 3). Color in preservative is similar to color in life, except the yellow color is replaced with cream. Etymology. Inopinus, an adjective, is a Latin word, meaning unexpected. The name is appropriate because is the most inland species of the Rhinella crucifer species group. The other species known of the Rhinella crucifer species group are found in Atlantic Forest Biome, except for R. pombali which is distributed in the domains of the Central Brazilian Plateau, in the transition from the Atlantic Rain Forest to the Cerrado (Baldissera et al. 2004). Natural History. Adult males were found calling during a rainy night, after 0h00, in November 2008. It was one of the first heavy rains of the rainy season. The toads were found in the water very close to the margins of a temporary pond next to São Desidério river, in a valley between two calcareous rock outcrops, a location known as Pedra do Santo, municipality of São Desidério, State of Bahia. One amplected couple was found during the same night and another female was found four days before during a drier night in the same location. Other species calling from the same pond were Hypsiboas crepitans (Wied-Neuwied 1824), Dendropsophus nanus (Boulenger 1889), Leptodactylus mystaceus (Spix 1824), and Leptodactylus cf. chaquensis Cei 1950. At Sítio d´Abadia juvenile specimens were captured close to Corrente river in pitfall traps in deciduous forest dominated by Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd., a tree species typical of Caatinga biome. At São Domingos adult specimens were collected in areas of gallery forest of the São Domingos and Galheiros rivers, and Dry Forest with calcareous rock outcrop (Fig. 4). During the dry season specimens were found inside caves. Geographic Distribution. Rhinella inopina has been found in São Domingos municipality (type locality) and Sítio d´Abadia municipality, in Goiás State, Combinado municipality and Aurora do Tocantins municipality, in Tocantins State and São Desidério municipality, in Bahia State (Fig. 5). Remarks. The Cerrado Biome covers about 2 million km 2, representing 22 % of Brazil, and small areas in eastern Bolivia and northwestern Paraguay. It extends from the southern borders of the Amazonian forest to areas in the southern States of São Paulo and Paraná. The distribution of the Cerrado is coincident with the plateau of central Brazil (Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 2002). Rhinella inopina occurs in the Cerrado biome, having the most inland distribution within the R. crucifer group, and it is apparently restricted to the disjunct Seasonal Tropical Dry Forests enclaves in western Cerrado. The Rhinella crucifer species group is widely distributed in Atlantic Forest. Only R. pombali, R. crucifer, and R. inopina are known to occur in the transition zones or within the Cerrado biome (Baldissera et al. 2004; Thomé et al. 2010). Rhinella inopina is allopatric to all other species in the group, and its distribution is associated with forest vegetation types in eastern Cerrado, such as seasonal tropical dry forest, semidecidual forest and gallery forest in karstic relief and limestone areas, all in the transition between Cerrado and Caatinga biomes. So far, we have detected five populations of this species that depend upon the conservation of forest vegetation in eastern Cerrado to persist.

Scinax rogerioi sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) Holotype. MNRJ 27759, adult male, collected at Chapada dos Veadeiros (14 0 09’S; 47 0 36 ’W; approximately 1070 m alt.), Municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, State of Goiás, Brazil, on 1–2 December 2001 by José P. Pombal Jr., Rogério P. Bastos, and Leôncio P. Lima. Paratopotypes. MNRJ 27754 –27758, 27760– 27761, adult males, collected with the holotype. Referred specimens. Adult male, LZV 480 A, Serra de Ouro Branco (20 0 29`23 ``S; 43 0 42`36 ``W), Municipalty of Ouro Branco, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Adult males, LZV 123 A, 124 A, 151 A, 198 A, 310 A, 345 A, 540 A, 549 A, 566 A, 567 A, 570 A, 572 A, 575 A, 724 A; MNRJ 30603 –30604, 34624–34625, 41703– 41721, 46700–46710; adult females, LZV 311, 312, 313, 548, 569, 571. MNRJ 41703, 41704, 41707, 41710, 46700, 46703, 46704 Lagoa Seca (20 0 25`52 ``S; 43 0 29`12`W), Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Municipality of Ouro Preto, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Diagnosis. A species belonging to the Scinax ruber clade (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005) and S. ruber species group (sensu Pombal et al. 1995 a), characterized by: (1) medium size (SVL males 25.0– 35.6 mm; females 28.0– 34.5 mm); (2) snout protruding in lateral view and almost subovoid in dorsal view; (3) loreal region concave; (4) adhesive discs on fingers medium–sized, wider than long; (5) brown dorsal blotches extending in a pair of longitudinal irregular and interrupted blotches/stripes from head to inguinal region; (6) inverted brown triangular interocular blotch; (7) brown spot in loreal region; (8) advertisement call is a multipulsed note, of 6 to 12 pulses (interval between pulses 0.02 to 0.03 s), and dominant frequency of 1.38 to 3.19 kHz. Comparison with other species. The size of male Scinax rogerioi (25.0– 32.6 mm) distinguishes it from S. cardosoi (SVL 19.6–23.2 mm; Carvalho e Silva & Peixoto 1991), S. dolloi (SVL 34.9 mm; Faivovich, pers. com.), S. eurydice (SVL 42.0–52.0 mm; Bokermann 1968), S. perereca (SVL 34.0– 38.5 mm; Pombal et al. 1995 a), S. fuscomarginatus (SVL 18.0–23.0 mm; B. Lutz 1973), S. fuscovarius (SVL 41.0–44.0 mm; Cei 1980), and S. hayii (SVL 39.0–43.0 mm; Heyer et al. 1990). From S. alter, S. cabralensis, S. crospedospilus, S. curicica, S. duartei, S. fuscomarginatus, S. hayii, S. maracaya, and S. squalirostris, the new species differs by its dorsal pattern, which consists of a pair of longitudinal interrupted and irregular stripes extending from the posterior corner of the eye to the inguinal region, and dark brown blotches irregularly distributed (dorsum with a pair of continuum longitudinal stripes in S. alter, S. caldarum, S. curicica, S. cuspidatus, S. duartei, S. fuscomarginatus, and S. squalirostris; Bokermann 1968; B. Lutz, 1973; Pugliese et al. 2004; Uetanabaro et al. 2008. Dorsum with small dark spot equally distributed in S. cabralensis; Drummond et al. 2007. Dorsum with several pairs of large white edge dark brown spots in S. crospedospilus; Heyer et al. 1990. Dorsum without dorsal drawing in S. hayii; Heyer et al. 1990. Dorsum with dark blotches with light rims in S. maracaya; Cardoso & Sazima 1980). The new species is distinguished from S. acuminatus by smaller size in females (S. acuminatus SVL 40.0–44.0 mm; B. Lutz 1973) and by the dorsum being smooth or having scattered granules (very rugose in S. acuminatus). From S. camposseabrai, S. rogerioi differs by its subgular vocal sac and unreduced head (head length in males 32.6-33.4 % of SVL in S. rogerioi; in S. camposseabrai vocal sac expanded laterally and reduced head, head length in males 24.4-26.3 % of SVL; Caramaschi & Cardoso 2006). Scinax rogerioi is distinguished from S. nasicus by its protruding snout in lateral view (nearly rounded in S. nasicus), concave loreal region (oblique in S. nasicus), and medium–sized finger and toe discs (smaller discs in S. nasicus). From S. curicica, S. duartei, S. fuscomarginatus, and S. squalirostris, the new species is distinguished by the absence of a brown stripe beginning immediately behind the nostril, extending to the pupil, then above the tympanum and extending to the lateral surfaces of body (present in those species; B. Lutz 1973; Heyer et al. 1990; Pugliese et al. 2004). The new species can be distinguished from S. alter, S. cabralensis, S. caldarum, S. camposseabrai, S. cardosoi, S. crospedospilus, S. curicica, S. cuspidatus, S. duartei, S. eurydice, S. fuscomarginatus, S. fuscovarius, S. hayii, S. maracaya, S. perereca, S. similis, and S. squalirostris by the presence of a brown spot on the loreal region and by its distinct advertisement call. The number of pulses (6–12) of the multipulsed note of the advertisement call of S. rogerioi differs from S. curicica (29–43 pulses; Pugliese et al. 2004), S. eurydice (3 pulses; Pombal et al. 1995 b, where the pulses were called notes), S. fuscomarginatus (85–104 pulses; Pombal et al. 1995 b), S. hayii (14–21; Pombal et al. 1995 b, where the pulses were called notes), and S. perereca (21–24 pulses; Pombal et al. 1995 b). By the dominant frequency of the advertisement call, S. rogerioi (1.38–3.19 kHz) differs from S. cabralensis (3.70– 4.22 kHz; Drummond et al. 2007), S. fuscomarginatus (4.1–4.7 kHz; Pombal et al. 1995 b), S. perereca (1.3– 1.6 kHz; Pombal et al. 1995 b), and S. squalirostris (3.9–4.6 kHz; Pombal et al. 1995 b). The advertisement call duration of S. rogerioi (0.27– 0.70 s) differs from that of S. curicica (0.76– 4.5 s; Pugliese et al. 2004), S. cuspidatus (0.12– 0.15 s; Pombal et al. 1995 b), S. eurydice (0.09– 0.11 s; Pombal et al. 1995 b), and S. fuscovarius (0.17– 0.22 s; Pombal et al. 1995 b). Furthermore, the new species is distinguished from S. caldarum by its larger and almost elliptical adhesive discs (small and nearly rounded in S. caldarum), less developed vocal sac, (large in S. caldarum), and concave loreal region (oblique in S. caldarum). From S. curicica, the new species is distinguished by its larger and almost elliptical adhesive discs (small and nearly rounded in S. curicica) and concave loreal region (almost oblique in S. curicica). Scinax rogerioi has larger adhesive discs than S. duartei. We cannot compare the new species to S. x-signatus for the reasons explained in Remarks. Description of holotype. Body moderately robust; medium–sized; head as wide as body, slightly wider than longer (head width/head length 1.09); snout protruding in lateral view and almost subovoid in dorsal view; nostrils directed dorsolaterally, nearly elliptical, located on small elevations; canthus rostralis almost straight, weakly developed; loreal region concave, broad; eye medium–sized (eye diameter/SVL 0.10); tympanum medium–sized (tympanum diameter/SVL 0.04), rounded, smaller than adhesive disc on finger III; supratympanic fold weak, extending to shoulder level; vocal sac single, externally expanded, median, subgular; vocal slits present laterally in floor of mouth; tongue large, rounded, slightly notched posteriorly, barely free behind; vomerine teeth in two straight series, narrowly separated, between small, oval choanae. Arm slender, forearm and fingers moderately robust, medium–sized; finger lengths II 2 + – 2 II 1 1 / 3 – 2 2 / 3 III 1 2 / 3 – 3 + IV 2 2 / 3 – 1 1 / 3 V. Skin on dorsum smooth; throat, chest and belly granular. Measurements of the holotype (in mm). Snout–vent length 29.7; head length 8.7; head width 9.5; arm length 9.3; forearm length 5.4; hand length 7.7; femur length 13.5; tibia length 14.1; tarsus length 7.8; foot length 12.5; interorbital distance 3.4; internarial distance 2.1; nostril diameter 0.4; eye–nostril distance 2.7; eye–snout distance 3.7; eye diameter 3.0; tympanum diameter 1.3; disc of finger III width 1.2; disc of IV toe width 1.2. Color of the holotype in preservative. Dorsum grayish–brown with many dark brown blotches; conspicuous inverted interocular triangular dark brown blotch; pair of longitudinal, interrupted, irregular dark brown blotches on dorsum from behind eyes to inguinal region; rounded brown spot in loreal region; canthal stripe continuous with darkly highlighted supratympanic fold. Limbs with brown stripes; transversly elongated spots on posterior surfaces of thighs (condition three of variation; see below); interrupted bars on upper surfaces of shank (condition three of variation; see below); most ventral surfaces cream; ventral surface of feet and tarsi pale brown. Variation. The measurements of 46 males and 13 females are summarized in Table 1. Males are significantly (T0,0 5 = 2.58, p = 0.012) smaller than females. Some males have small nuptial pads. Choanae vary from rounded to oval. The shape and density of the blotches and of the pair of longitudinal interrupted irregular blotches on the dorsum is variable. The shape and intensity of the loreal spot is variable; only one specimen lacks this dark brown spot. There are three arrangements of spots on the posterior surfaces of thighs: (1) spots in transverse rows; (2) spots irregularly; (3) spots transversally elongated. There are four color patterns on the upper surfaces of the shank: (1) uniform, without spots; (2) rounded or oval spots disposed irregularly; (3) bars, interrupted or not and with rounded spots; and (4) complete transverse bars. The outer metacarpal tubercle is divided or bilobed and rounded, oval, or elliptical in shape. The skin on the dorsum has scattered tubercles in some individuals. The color in life is based on pictures of a specimen from the type –locality (Fig. 3) and another from Ouro Preto. The general dorsal aspect is light yellow–green with dark brown blotches or light gray–green with brown blotches. Iris copper or pale copper. Vocalization. We analyzed 20 advertisement calls of three specimens of Scinax rogerioi from the type – locality (only one was collected; MNRJ 27754). The call is a multipulsed note with a duration of 0.27 to 0.70 s (x = 0.46 s; SD = 0.11; n = 20; Fig. 4); each note contains 6 to 12 pulses with a duration of 0.02 to 0.04 s (x = 0.03 s; SD = 0.00; n = 20) and intervals between pulses of 0.02 to 0.03 s (x = 0.02 s; SD = 0.00; n = 20). The interval between notes is 0.88 to 1.53 s (x = 1.19 s; SD = 0.20; n = 15). Call frequency ranges from 0.95 kHz (x = 1.35 kHz; range = 0.95-1.64 kHz; SD = 0.19; n = 20) to 3.96 kHz (x = 3.44 kHz; range = 2.76-3.96 kHz; SD = 0.41; n = 20). The dominant frequency ranges from 1.38 kHz (x = 2.31 kHz; range = 1.38-2.76 kHz; SD = 0.48; n = 20) to 3.19 kHz (x = 2.80 kHz; range = 1.90-3.19; SD = 0.47; n = 20). Seven advertisement calls of one specimen from Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Municipality of Ouro Preto, State of Minas Gerais were analyzed. The call is a multipulsednote with a duration of 0.66 to 0.84 s (x = 0.75 s; SD = 0.7; n = 7); each note contains 9 to 12 pulses with a duration of 0.02 to 0.04 s (x = 0.03 s; SD = 0.00; n = 7) and intervals between pulses of 0.02 to 0.03 s (x = 0.02 s; SD = 0.00; n = 7). The interval between notes is 1.42 to 2.63 s (x = 1.87 s; SD = 0.35; n = 7). Call frequency ranges from 1.11 kHz (x = 1.27 kHz; range = 1.11-1.44 kHz; SD = 0.1; n = 7) to 3.75 kHz (x = 3.63 kHz; range = 3.46-3.75 kHz; SD = 0.1; n = 7). The dominant frequency ranges from 1.38 kHz (x = 2.08 kHz; range = 1.38-2.78 kHz; SD = 0.81; n = 7) to 3.19 kHz (x = 3.09 kHz; range = 3.01-3.19; SD = 0.09; n = 7). Natural history. The three known localities for Scinax rogerioi are in the Cerrado Domain (sensu Ab'Sáber 1977), where the climate is seasonal with wet summers and dry winters. The Cerrado amphibian fauna is rich, with several endemic species (Colli et al. 2002). The localities where S. rogerioi were found are characterized by rocky mountain fields called “campos rupestres” in Brazil. The flora of the “campos rupestres” is highly endemic, and some species are locally endemic, known only from small areas; several vegetation types occur in Chapada dos Veadeiros, and herbaceous communities are abundant (Figueiras 2002; Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 2002). The anuran frog of “campos rupestres” is not well known. The campos rupestres frog fauna has been derived from Atlantic Forest and Cerrado/Caatinga (Heyer 1999). Scinax rogerioi vocalize from low vegetation such as grass or bushes, a few centimeters above of the ground or water. In the Ouro Preto region, State of Minas Gerais, this species breeds in the Lagoa Seca, a temporary pond at Parque Estadual do Itacolomi. Individuals were commonly found resting by day on grassy, vegetation above flooded muddy soil of ponds. This pond has been well studied during the last several years and it is the type –locality of two species of frogs recently described: Physalaemus erythros Caramaschi, Feio & Guimarães-Neto 2003 and Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio 2007 [a junior synonym of P. ayeaye (B. Lutz 1966); see Baêta et al. 2009]. At this pond, males of Scinax rogerioi vocalize at night, on the shrubby vegetation, rocks and, occasionally, on the ground near the pond, and within bromeliad rosettes, close to the breeding sites. Males call after the first rains, from September to October, and are explosive breeders, as evidenced on one night (7 October 2005), when more than 80 individuals were observed calling in the pond. On other occasions, only a few individuals were encountered in the same place (Baêta, pers. obs). Distribution. The new species is known from the type –locality in Chapada dos Veadeiros, Municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, State of Goiás, Central Brazil, from Parque Estadual do Itacolomi (Municipality of Ouro Preto), and from the Municipality of Ouro Branco; the last two localities are in the Serra do Espinhaço range, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil (Fig. 5). Etymology. The specific name honors our friend and colleague Dr. Rogério P. Bastos, Universidade Federal de Goiás, for his contribution to the knowledge of the Brazilian anuran fauna. Remarks. Faivovich et al. (2005) transferred Hyla dolloi Werner to the genus Scinax. Currently, this name (a species inquirenda) cannot be associated with any known natural population. In the original description, Werner (1903) reported the total length as 45 mm. However, the two syntypes have SVLs of 34.9 and 42.9 SVL, male and female, respectively (J. Faivovich, pers. comm.). There are eleven available names in the synonymy of six Scinax species belonging to the S. ruber clade (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005) known from southeastern and central Brazil: Hyla phrynoderma Boulenger, 1889 and Hyla fiebrigi Ahl 1927 in the synonymy of S. acuminatus; Hyla madeirae Bokermann, 1964 in the synonym of S. fuscomarginatus; H. megapodia Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 and H. trachythorax Müller & Hellmich 1936 in the synonymy of S. fuscovarius; H. nigra Cope, 1887 and H. anisitsi Méhely, 1904 in the synonymy of S. nasica; H. lindneri Müller & Hellmich, 1936 and H. evelynae Schmidt 1944 in the synonymy of S. squalirostris; H. affinis Spix, 1824 and H. coerulea Spix 1824 in the synonymy of S. x-signatus (see Frost 2009). The new species can be distinguished from H. phrynoderma and H. fiebrigi by its smaller size, dorsum being smooth or scattered with granules (very rugose in H. phrynoderma and H. fiebrigi; B.Lutz 1973; Duellman 1974); H. madeirae is smaller (males SVL 10.0-22.0 mm) than S. rogerioi and has dorsum with a pair of continuum longitudinal stripes (Bokermann 1964); from H. megapodia and H. trachythorax, S. rogerioi differ by its smaller size (SVL 34.5 and 44.4 mm lectotype and paralectotype of H. megapodia, respectively; S. fuscovarius from Paraguayan Chaco [= H. trachythorax] SVL 41.0- 48mm; Norman 1994). Gallardo (1961) examined the type specimens of S. lindneri and S. evelynae considering both in the synonymy of S. squalirotris; such as in S. squalirostris, the dorsal color pattern have a pair of continuum longitudinal stripes differ each from S. rogerioi (Müller & Hellmich 1936; Schmidt 1944). Herein, we follow Duellman (1974) and Langone (1991) considering Hyla nigra and Hyla anisitsi as synonymies of Scinax nasicus. As pointed out by Pombal et al. (1995 a), the literature on S. x-signatus is confusing, apparently a consequence of ignorance about which populations should be called S. x-signatus. Actually, in the museum collections, distinct species are identified as S. x-signatus and the original description or redescriptions of S. x-signatus (e.g., Cochran 1955; B. Lutz 1973; Heyer et al. 1990) preclude a correct identification. Because the type specimen is lost (Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983), the designation of a neotype from a locality visited by Spix in “Provincia Bahia” and a detailed redescription is necessary. Hoogmoed and Gruber (1983) considered Hyla affinis and H. coerulea as synonymies of Scinax x-signatus; the type localities of the last two names are in Amazonian region (S. x-signatus is on Atlantic Forest) while S. r

Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966). (Figure 4) Pithecopus ayeaye B. Lutz, 1966. Holotype: MNRJ 3722. Type locality: Morro do Ferro, Po��os de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phyllomedusa ayeaye ��� Duellman, 1968. Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio, 2006. Holotype: MNRJ 34650. Type locality: Lagoa Seca, Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Municipality of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. New synonymy. Diagnosis. A small species of Phyllomedusa included in the P. hypochondrialis species group, diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) small to medium size (SVL 34.0���42.5 mm in males, 44.4 mm in female); (2) body moderately robust; (3) snout acuminate in dorsal view, slightly rounded in profile; (4) blackish reticulations on flanks, arms, and legs; (5) reticulate pattern on the upper lip and borders of eyelids present; (6) ventral surfaces cream white with black reticulations; (7) blotches yellow���orange delimited by black reticulations; (8) dorsal surfaces uniformly green, without spots; (9) dorsal surfaces smooth without granules; (10) palpebral membrane transparent. Description. The species was described and characterized by B. Lutz (1966; as Pithecopus ayeaye) and Caramaschi et al. (2006; as Phyllomedusa itacolomi). Remarks. The holotype is a male is generally in good condition. The specimen has its arms bent over the chest and hands and fingers closed; the left arm is apparently broken; legs shrunk from the body, feet slightly closed. The reticulate pattern on the upper lip and borders of eyelids, blackish reticulations (cells) on flanks, arms, legs, and chest are visible (Figure 5). Geographic distribution. Phyllomedusa ayeaye is associated with the Espinha��o, Mantiqueira, and Canastra mountain ranges at Southeastern Brazil. The species is known from the following municipalities of the State of Minas Gerais: Po��os de Caldas (type-locality), Arantina, Congonhas do Campo (Felipe Leite pers. comm.), Carrancas, Lavras and Lumin��rias (Felipe Fernandes pers. comm.), Ouro Preto (type-locatilty of P. itacolomi), Ouro Branco, and S��o Roque de Minas; and from the State of S��o Paulo, in the Municipality of Pedregulho (Figure 6). Conservation status. Since its description, few specimens of Phyllomedusa ayeaye have been observed in nature. Giaretta & Oliveira (2007) observed the presence of a calling male perched on vegetation in locality 10 km from the area studied by Cardoso et al. (1989). According to those authors, this observation was the first reported in the last 26 years. Phyllomedusa ayeaye is considered critically endangered in the Brazilian Red List of threatened species and in the IUCN Red List (Caramaschi et al. 2008; Haddad & Sazima 2008). Criteria used for inclusion of this species in these lists include the restrict area, loss, alteration and fragmentation of habitat, fire, pollution by pesticides, and siltation. The IUCN also comments that this species does not occur within any protected areas. The ecological modeling used by Giovanelli et al. (2008) indicated nine potential Conservation Units where this species may occur in the States of Minas Gerais and S��o Paulo. All the new municipalities where P. ayeaye occur are in the areas indicated by these authors: Arantina, Congonhas do Campo, Carrancas, Lavras, Lumin��rias, Ouro Preto, and Ouro Branco. The synonymization of P. itacolomi with P. ayeaye increases to four the number of Conservation Units where this species is found: (1) Parque Estadual do Itacolomi (PEI), (2) Parque Estadual das Furnas do Bom Jesus (PEFBJ), (3) Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC), and (4) Reserva Particular do Patrim��nio Natural Ov��dio Pires (RPPN-Ov��dio Pires). Similar to PEFBJ (Ara��jo et al. 2007), the population size of P. ayeaye recorded the PEI is low. Despite the low density, adult individuals found in PEI are frequently found between the months of September and December when the first rains fill temporary ponds in which they occur followed by the presence of young newly metamorphosed in March (Drummond 2006; D.B. pers. obs.) Many Brazilian frog species have been reported as declining (Heyer et al. 1988; Weygoldt 1989; Eterovick et al. 2005). However, in recent years some threatened amphibian species had their status reevaluated. Based on specimens recently collected in new localities, Pimenta et al. (2007) considered that Brachycephalus hermogenesi (Giaretta & Sawaya, 1998) (Brachycephalidae) cannot be categorized as threatened, since it occurs in protected areas and data on its geographic range are still being gathered. Pimenta et al. (2008) showed that the apparent decline of topotypic populations of Crossodactylus bokermanni Caramaschi & Sazima, 1995 (Hylodidae) was related to the lack of collections on poorly sampled regions and lack of taxonomic knowledge, not to a decline itself. Phyllomedusa ayeaye was included in Brazilian Red List and IUCN Red List by its insufficient knowledge, restricted geographic distribution, and questionable taxonomic designations (see discussion in Pimenta et al. 2005). Based on new data presented here, particularly the evidence for a wider distribution than previously thought (including many preserved areas), we suggest the exclusion of Phyllomedusa ayeaye from Brazilian Red List and IUCN Red List of threatened species., Published as part of Ba��ta, D��lio, Caramaschi, Ulisses, Cruz, Carlos Alberto G. & Pombal, Jos�� P., 2009, Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio, 2006, a junior synonym of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966) (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae), pp. 58-65 in Zootaxa 2226 on pages 60-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190221, {"references":["Lutz, B. (1966) Pithecopus ayeaye, a new Brazilian hylid with vertical pupils and grasping feet. Copeia, 1966, 236 - 237.","Duellman, W. E. (1968) The genera of phyllomedusine frogs (Anura: Hylidae). University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 18, 1 - 10.","Caramaschi, U., Cruz, C. A. G. & Feio, R. (2006) A new species of Phyllomedusa Wagler, 1830 from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 524, 1 - 8.","Giaretta, A. A. & Oliveira, L. E. (2007) Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Reticulate Leaf Frog). Habitat and conservation. Herpetological Review, 38, 441.","Cardoso, A. J., Andrade, G. V. & Haddad, C. F. B. (1989) Distribuicao espacial em comunidades de anfibios (Anura) no sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 49, 241 - 249.","Caramaschi, U., Cruz, C. A. G. & Lima, R. (2008) Phyllomedusa ayeaye. In: Stuart, S., Hoffmann, M., Cox, N., Berridge, R., Ramani, P. & Young, B. (2008) Threatened Amphibians of the World. Barcelona: IUCN and Conservation International. xv + 758 p.","Haddad, C. F. B. & Sazima, I. (2008) Phyllomedusa ayeaye. Pp. 304 - 305. In: Machado, A. B., Drummond, G. M. & Paglia, A. P. (ed.) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao. Belo Horizonte: Fundacao Biodiversitas.","Giovanelli, J. G. R., Araujo, C. O. Haddad, C. F. B. & Alexandrino, J. (2008) Modelagem do nicho ecologico de Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Anura: Hylidae): previsao de novas areas de ocorrencia para uma especie rara. Neotropical Biology and Conservation, 3, 59 - 65.","Araujo, C. O., Condez, T. H. & Haddad, C. F. B. (2007) Amphibia, Anura, Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966): distribution extension, new state record, and geographic distribution map. Check List, 3, 156 - 158.","Drummond, L. O. (2006) Distribuicao espacial e temporal de anfibios anuros em uma lagoa temporaria no Parque Estadual do Itacolomi. Monografia. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 46 p.","Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Peixoto. O. L. (1988) Decimations, extinctions, and colonizations of frog populations in southeastern Brazil and their evolutionary implications. Biotropica, 20, 230 - 235.","Weygoldt, P. (1989) Changes in the composition of mountain stream frog communities in the Atlantic mountains of Brazil: frogs as indicators of environmental deteriorations? Studies in Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 243, 249 - 255.","Eterovick, P. C., Carnaval, A. C. Q., Borges-Nojosa, D. M., Silvano, D. L., Segalla, M. V. & Sazima, I. (2005) Amphibian declines in Brazil: an overview. Biotropica, 37, 166 - 179.","Pimenta, B. V. S., Bernils, R. S. & Pombal Jr., J. P. (2007) Amphibia, Anura, Brachycephalidae, Brachycephalus hermogenesi: filling gap and geographic distribution map. Check List, 3, 277 - 279.","Pimenta, B. V. S., Wachlevski, M. & Cruz, C. A. G. (2008) Morphological and acoustical variation, geographic distribution, and conservation status of the spinythumb frog Crossodactylus bokermanni Caramaschi and Sazima, 1985 (Anura, Hylodidae). Journal of Herpetology, 42, 481 - 492.","Pimenta, B. V. S., Haddad, C. F. B., Nascimento, L. B., Cruz, C. A. G. & Pombal Jr., J. P. (2005) Comments on '' Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions Worldwide. '' Science, 309, 1999."]}

Baêta, Délio, Caramaschi, Ulisses, Cruz, Carlos Alberto G., Pombal, José P. (2009): Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio, 2006, a junior synonym of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966) (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae). Zootaxa 2226: 58-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190221

Scinax strigilatus (Spix, 1824) (Figs. 2���4) Hyla strigilata Spix, 1824. Hyla strigillata - Werner, 1898 ��� 1897 ���. Unjustified emendation or subsequent misspelling. Ololygon strigilata - Fouquette and Delahoussaye, 1977. First combination with Ololygon. Scinax strigilata - Duellman and Wiens, 1992. First combination with Scinax. Scinax strigilatus - K��hler and B��hme, 1996. Change to masculine gender. Neotype. MNRJ 38098, adult male, from Fazenda Pedra Formosa (13 o 57 ���S, 39 o 27 ���W), Municipality of Ibirapitanga, State of Bahia, Brazil, collected by B.V.S. Pimenta, R.T. Moura, and R.V. Lopes, between 27���30 May 2001. Referred specimens. MNRJ 38091���38097, five adult males and two adult females, collected with the neotype; MNRJ 38099, adult male, from Fazenda Taquara (15 o 58 ���S, 39 o 22 ���W), Municipality of Belmonte, State of Bahia, Brazil, collected by B.V.S. Pimenta and P.H.C. Cordeiro, on 19 May 2001; MNRJ 38100, adult male, from Fazenda S��o Jo��o (13 o 42 ���S, 39 o 14 ���W), Municipality of Nilo Pe��anha, State of Bahia, Brazil, collected by B.V.S. Pimenta and R.V. Lopes, on 0 6 September 2000; MNRJ 38101���38103, three adult females, from Fazenda Palmeira (15 o 56 ���S, 39 o 38 ���W), Municipality of Itapebi, State of Bahia, Brazil, collected by D.L. Silvano and B.V.S. Pimenta, on 19 and 22 January 2001; MNRJ 38980, adult male, form Reserva Particular do Patrim��nio Natural Serra do Teimoso (15 o09���S, 39 o 31 ���W), Municipality of Jussari, State of Bahia, Brazil, collected by B.V.S. Pimenta and P.H.C. Cordeiro, on April 2000. Diagnosis. A species belonging to the Scinax catharinae group, characterized by: (1) medium size (males 23.8���28.6 mm SVL, females 36.9���38.3 mm SVL); (2) rounded snout in dorsal view; (3) well-marked canthus rostralis; (4) vomerine teeth in two transverse series; (5) inguinal gland not thickened; (6) greenish coloration on concealed parts of flanks and thighs. Scinax strigilatus has the adult external morphological synapomorphy of the S. catharinae clade identified by Faivovich (2002): the ���internal��� vocal sac. It also has the muscular synapomorphies of the clade that can be observed with a superficial dissection (distal division of the middle branch of the m. extensor digitorum comunis longus, and insertion of the medial side of this branch on the tendon of the m. extensor brevis medius digiti IV). Scinax strigilata also lacks a pectoral fold. Comparison with all species of the Scinax catharinae group. Scinax strigilatus differs from S. agilis, S. argyreornatus, S. berthae, S. centralis, S. machadoi, and S. ranki by its larger size (males combined SVL 13.5���23.3 mm; females combined SVL 19.5���28.7 mm in these species), and from S. catharinae by its smaller size (males SVL ~33.0 mm; females SVL 41.0���45.0 mm in S. catharinae). It is distinguished from S. angrensis, S. carnevalli, S. humilis, S. jureia, and S. luizotavioi by its larger females (females combined SVL 27.5 ��� 34.0 in these species), but males are smaller than in S. ariadne, S. brieni, and S. jureia (males combined SVL 29.0���35.0 mm in these species), and females smaller than in S. flavoguttatus (females SVL 40.0��� 43.1 in S. flavoguttatus). Scinax strigilatus differs from S. agilis, S. angrensis, S. argyreornatus, S. berthae, S. canastrensis, S. carnevalli, S. centralis, S. flavoguttatus, S. heyeri, S. kautskyi, S. longilineus, S. luizotavioi, S. machadoi, and S. rizibilis by its rounded snout in dorsal view (mucronate in S. kautskyi and S. littoralis; subelliptical in S. angrensis, S. argyreornatus, S. berthae, S. canastrensis, S. centralis, S. longilineus, and S. luizotavioi; subovoid in S. flavoguttatus, S. heyeri, and S. rizibilis; truncate in S. agilis, S. carnevalli, and S. machadoi). Due to its well marked canthus rostralis S. strigilatus is distinguished from S. brieni, S. catharinae, S. heyeri, S. jureia, S. machadoi, S. obtriangulatus, S. ranki, and S. trapicheiroi (canthus rostralis poorly marked in these species). It differs from S. agilis, S. angrensis, S. argyreornatus, S. ariadne, S. canastrensis, S. humilis, S. kautskyi, S. littoralis, and S. longilineus by presenting vomerine teeth in two transverse series (oblique in S. agilis, S. angrensis, S. argyreornatus, S. kautskyi, S. littoralis, and S. longilineus; convex in S. ariadne, S. canastrensis, and S. humilis). By the absence of an enlarged nuptial pad, S. strigilatus is distinguished from S. rizibilis (enlarged nuptial pad present). It is distinguished from S. angrensis and S. luizotavioi by the presence of supernumerary tubercles on feet (tubercles absent in these species), and from S. agilis, S. carnevalli, S. kautskyi, S. longilineus, and S. luizotavioi due to the scarcity and small size of tubercles on outer margins of forearm and tarsus (weakly crenulate in S. agilis, S. carnevalli, and S. longilineus; crenulate in S. luizotavioi; forearms tuberculated in S. canastrensis and S. kautskyi; tarsus moderately tuberculated in S. agilis and S. machadoi and densely tuberculated in S. albicans and S. kautskyi). Scinax strigilatus differs from S. luizotavioi due to its narrow toes (robust in S. luizotavioi). Scinax centralis and S. hiemalis differ for having the inguinal glands particularly thick and enlarged. The greenish coloration on hidden areas of flanks and thighs differentiate S. strigilatus from S. agilis, S. aromothyella, S. berthae, S. canastrensis, S. centralis, S. flavoguttatus, S. heyeri, S. humilis, S. longilineus, S. machadoi, S. obtriangulatus, and S. trapicheiroi (orange or yellow spots in S. aromothyella, S. berthae, S. canastrensis, S. centralis, S. flavoguttatus, S. heyeri, S. longilineus, and S. machadoi; blue coloration in S. humilis and S. trapicheiroi; grayish violet in S. obtriangulatus, dark brown in S. agilis). Description of the neotype. Body slender; head larger than 1 / 3 of the SVL, slightly wider than body; snout rounded in dorsal view, protruding in lateral view (Fig. 3); nostrils protuberant, located laterally, immediately before the tip of snout; canthus rostralis well marked, nearly straight; loreal region concave; eyes protuberant, large, its diameter almost 40 % of HL; tympanum distinct, small, rounded, slightly smaller than the diameter of finger III disc; supratympanic fold weakly marked, extending from the posterior corner of eye to shoulder; vocal sac subgular, weakly expanded laterally; vocal slits present; tongue large, oval, free laterally and posteriorly, slightly notched behind; two transverse series of six vomerine teeth in between the large elliptical choanae. Arms slender, forearms moderately more robust than arms; fingers narrow; finger lengths Icanthus rostralis; gular region and chest finely granular; belly and ventral surfaces of thighs aureolate; inguinal glands not thick or enlarged. Measurements (mm): SVL 27.1; HL 10.7; HW 9.3; ED 4.2; IOD 3.3; END 3.3; IND 0.5; TD 1.6; TL 12.4; TBL 14.4; FL 18.7. Color in life. General pattern light brown, with a dark brown stripe from nostril to the anterior corner of eye; a white stripe from eye to maxilla and another one from eye to the shoulder; a dark brown, ���W���-shaped mark between the eyes; a pair of wide dark brown stripes from the upper eyelids to the inguinal region, and a pair of light brown stripes from the posterior corner of the eye, covering the tympanum, and extending to the inguinal region; a narrow, dark brown line between them; granules on dorsum and flanks light brown; scattered lines and blotches on dorsum midbody and sacral region; flanks with white background. Arms with transverse light brown bars emarginated by dark brown lines over a light brown background; hands with many dark brown dots. Thighs and tibiae with four dark brown transverse bars on the anterior surface and dorsum over a light brown background; posterior surfaces of thigh almost completely dark brown. Tarsus and feet with many dark brown dots over a light brown background. Concealed surfaces of flanks and thighs greenish. Ventral surfaces white with scattered, dark brown dots on gular region and forelimbs, densely dotted on legs. Variation. Some measurements are shown in Table 1. Females are much larger than males, and their snouts much less protruding, almost vertical. The number of vomerine teeth varies from five to eight among specimens analyzed, also varying between vomerine ridges of the same specimen. Some specimens show larger supernumerary tubercles on hands and feet, fingers I and II also webbed at base, discs of toes II and III as developed as the others, and webbing formula varying as II 1 % ��� 3 - III 1 % ��� 2 �� IV 2 �� ��� 1 �� V or II 2 ��� 3 + III 1 % ��� 3 + IV 3 - ��� 1 % V. Colors in preservative may be more or less faded; gular region, chest, and belly of most specimens is dotted and/or marbled of dark brown over cream background. Distribution. Currently known from five locations within the Atlantic Rain Forest Domain in the southern region of the State of Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 5). The Fazenda Pedra Formosa, locality where the neotype was collected, is only 35 km airline away from the Municipality of Camamu, one of the three localities visited by Spix in the Atlantic Rainforest Domain of the State of Bahia (for the detailed itinerary of Spix and Martius in Brazil, see Vanzolini 1981). Natural history. Most specimens of Scinax strigilatus were captured on the marginal vegetation of streams inside secondary or undisturbed forest patches. Some were caught near temporary ponds near streams formed after flooding, and MNRJ 38099 was found on the marginal vegetation of a small temporary pond in a road inside a disturbed forest fragment, far from streams. Males call perched on the vegetation, 90-150 cm above the ground. Males Females Remarks. While Scinax strigilatus has been computed on previous species counts of Scinax (Duellman & Wiens 1992; Faivovich et al. 2005; Wiens et al. 2005), or even of the S. catharinae group (Faivovich et al. 2005), it has been done exclusively on the basis of previous literature records, with the knowledge that there were problems about its status, effectively turning it into a sort of ���ghost��� species. Moreover, no taxonomist working with the S. catharinae group during the last 25 years has ever tried to differentiate any species of this group from S. strigilatus (e.g., Peixoto & Weygoldt 1987; Caramaschi & Kisteumacher 1988; Pombal and Bastos 1996; Faivovich 2005). Reasons for the association of the name Hyla strigilata Spix with the new material from southern Bahia were discussed earlier in this paper. Considering the chaos that surrounded this name in the past, also reviewed here, naming a new species for these specimens is an alternative that had been considered during this project. However, we maintain that the designation of a neotype for Hyla strigilata puts a definitive end to all the problems of the past, and eliminates all ambiguities associated with the available name Ololygon Fitzinger, 1843, whose type species is Hyla strigilata. We consider these two reasons valuable, as the Scinax catharinae clade is quite difficult to work with by itself. Any reasonable solution to its outstanding nomenclatural problems will allow researchers to focus on the many taxonomic and biological problems of the group, without the burden of past confusions. The designation of a neotype for Hyla strigilata Spix, 1824, and the consequent association of this name with known populations, turns Scinax strigilatus into a full, valid species of Scinax. Note added in proof: During recent field work at the Municipality of Arataca, Bahia, near RPPN Serra do Teimoso, additional specimens of Scinax strigilatus were collected, among which there is a female with a snout-vent length of 45.6 mm (MNRJ 44988). A notable sexual dimorphism in size is common in the S. catharinae group (compare with a snout-vent length of 28.6 mm in the largest male reported in this paper); this large female eliminates the most significant difference found between the populations to which we are applying the name S. strigilatus and the description provided by Peters (1872 a) of the holotype of Hyla strigilata., Published as part of Pimenta, Bruno V. S., Faivovich, Julian & Pombal, Jos�� P., 2007, On the identity of Hyla strigilata Spix, 1824 (Anura: Hylidae): redescription and neotype designation for a " ghost " taxon, pp. 35-49 in Zootaxa 1441 on pages 41-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175995, {"references":["Spix, J. B. (1824) Animalia nova sive species novae Testudinum et Ranarum, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDC- CCXVII - MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis, Typis Franc. Seraph. Hubschmanni, Monachii, XXXIX + 53 pp.","Fouquette, M. J. & Delahoussaye, A. J. (1977) Sperm morphology in the Hyla rubra group (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), and its bearing on generic status. Journal of Herpetology, 11, 387 - 396.","Duellman, W. E. & Wiens, J. J. (1992) The status of the hylid frog genus Ololygon and the recognition of Scinax Wagler, 1830. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, 151, 1 - 23.","Kohler, J. & Bohme, W. (1996) Anuran amphibians from the region of Pre-Cambrian rock outcrops (inselbergs) in northeastern Bolivia, with a note on the gender of Scinax Wagler, 1830. Revue Francaise Aquariologie, 23,133 - 140.","Faivovich, J. (2002) A cladistic analysis of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae). Cladistics, 18, 367 - 393.","Vanzolini, P. E. (1981) The scientific and political contexts of the Bavarian Expedition to Brasil. In: Adler, K. (Ed.), Herpetology of Brazil (facsimilar reprint), Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Lawrence, p. IX - XXIX.","Wiens, J. J., Fetzner-Jr., J. W., Parkinson, C. L. & Reeder, T. W. (2005) Hylid frog phylogeny and sampling strategies for speciose clades. Systematic Biology, 54, 719 - 748.","Peixoto, O. L. & Weygoldt, P. (1987) Notes on Ololygon heyeri Weygoldt 1986 from Espirito Santo, Brazil (Amphibia: Salientia: Hylidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 68, 1 - 9.","Fitzinger, L. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus Primus. Amblyglossae, Wien, Braumuller et Seidel, 106 pp.","Peters, W. C. H. (1872 a) Uber die von Spix in Brassilien gesammelten Batrachier des Konigl. Naturalienkabinets zu Muunchen. Monatsberichte der koniglich Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1872, 196 - 227."]}

Scinax curicica sp. nov. (Figs. 1���2) Hyla duartei: Bokermann, 1967 (part): 436 Scinax duartei: Eterovick & Sazima, 2000: 443 Scinax cf. duartei: Eterovick & Sazima, 2004: 63 Holotype��� MNRJ 26327, adult male, Alto Pal��cio (19 �� 15 ' 16 ''S; 43 �� 32 ' 18 ''W; 1314 m alt.), municipality of Santana do Riacho, State of Minas Gerais, SE Brazil, collected on 21���23 November 2000 by U. Caramaschi, C. A. G. Cruz, R. N. Feio, L. B. Nascimento & H. Niemeyer. Paratopotypes��� CFBH 289, 796 ���797, 6380 collected on 0 9 March 1987 by J. P. Pombal Jr. & O.C. Oliveira; MCN 1988���1989, MNRJ 26321���26326 collected on 21��23 November 2000 by U. Caramaschi, C. A. G. Cruz, R. N. Feio, L. B. Nascimento & H. Niemeyer; MCN 3646 ��� 648 collected on 27 January 2004 by L.B. Nascimento, B.V.S. Pimenta & C.A.B. Galdino; MNRJ 26339��26340 collected on 18���20 October 2000 by L. B. Nascimento & A. Pugliese; MNRJ 26848��26851 collected on 20 November 1999 by L. B. Nascimento & J. B. Isaac Jr.; MNRJ 26852��26855 collected on 19 November 2000 by L. B. Nascimento, D. C. F. Carneiro & F. M. H. Nunes; MZUSP 56885���56887 collected on 18 December 1979 by M. Rodrigues; MZUSP 57714��57715 collected on 5 February 1986; MZUSP 69225 collected on 4��8 September 1989 by M. Rodrigues; MZUSP 76417 collected on 13 February 1965 by W.C.A. Bokermann & A. Machado; MZUSP 76582�� 76584 collected on February 1972 by W.C.A. Bokermann & I. Sazima; MZUSP 77103 collected on 1���3 November 1972; ZUEC 2106 collected on 28 April to 0 1 May 1972 by I. Sazima & M. Sazima; ZUEC 2246 collected on 02���07 September 1972 by I. Sazima & M. Sazima; ZUEC 2855 collected on 27 October to 0 1 November 1973 by I. Sazima, M. Sazima & O. C. Oliveira; ZUEC 8217���8219 collected on 19��20 December 1978 by A. J. Cardoso & J. Vieira; ZUEC 7509 collected on 07��08 March 1987 by I. Sazima, J. P. Pombal Jr. & O. C. Oliveira. Diagnosis��� A medium��sized species (males 25.2���30.2; females 28.5���31.5 mm SVL) belonging to the Scinax ruber clade (sensu Faivovich, 2002), characterized by (1) snout subacuminate in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view; (2) canthus rostralis straight to nearly curved; (3) brown to gray dorsal background with interocular blotch extending in two longitudinal stripes to inguinal region, with or without interruptions; (4) yellow flash color blotches on hidden surfaces of thighs; (5) fins of tadpole high; (6) advertisement call with a multipulsed note, high number of pulses (29���43 pulses) and long call duration (approximately 1.7 s). Comparison with other species��� Scinax curicica is distinguished from the very similar S. duartei by its snout more protruded, canthus rostralis more evident, larger loreal region, and narrower adhesive discs. From the also similar S. caldarum, the new species differs by its head and loreal region wider and canthus rostralis more evident. Scinax curicica differs from S. eurydice, S. fuscovarius, S. hayii, and S. perereca by its smaller size (34.0���52.0 SVL combined size; Bokermann, 1968; Lutz, 1973; Heyer et al., 1990; Pombal et al., 1995 b; Kwet & Di��Bernardo, 1999). The new species is distinguished from S. fuscomarginatus by its larger size (S. fuscomarginatus 18.0��23.0mm SVL; Lutz, 1973) and less developed vocal sac. From S. eurydice, S. fuscovarius, S. crospedospilus, and S. similis the new species is distinguished by its dorsal color pattern with no inverted ���parenthesis��like��� marking (figures in Cochran, 1955; Lutz, 1973; Kwet & Di��Bernardi, 1999). Scinax curicica differs from S. maracaya by its dorsal color pattern with no dark blotches with light rims (Cardoso & Sazima, 1980). The new species is distinguished from S. squalirostris by its shorter snout, rounded in lateral view (long and strongly acute in S. squalirostris). Scinax curicica differs from S. cardosoi by its larger male size and by oblique dorsal stripes (males S. cardosoi 19.6���23.3 mm SVL, dorsum with three parallel stripes; Carvalho e Silva & Peixoto, 1991). From S. alter, the new species differs by its smaller adhesive discs, larger interocular blotch and oblique dorsal stripes (parallel in S. alter). Scinax curicica differs from S. cuspidatus by its rounded snout in lateral view (acuminate in S. cuspidatus) and smaller adhesive discs. Furthermore, Scinax curicica is distinguished from S. alter, S. caldarum, S. crospedospilus, S. cuspidatus, S. eurydice, S. duartei, S. fuscovarius, S. hayii, S. maracaya, S. perereca, and S. squalirostris by its distinct advertisement call (see figures in Pombal et al., 1995 a). Description of holotype��� Body slender; small size (27.1 mm SVL); head triangular in dorsal view, longer than wide, as wide as the body, its length corresponding to 34 % SVL (Fig. 1); snout subacuminate in dorsal view and rounded in lateral view (Fig. 2 A, B); nostrils dorsolateral, rounded, slightly elevated; canthus rostralis almost straight, slightly marked; loreal region slightly concave; eye medium��sized, its diameter corresponding to 31 % of head width; tympanum visible, rounded (Fig. 2 B); supratympanic fold small; vocal sac single, median and subgular; vocal slits laterally on mouth floor; tongue large, lanceshaped, notched posteriorly, barely free; vomerine teeth in two straight series, close to each other between the oval choanae. Pectoral fold present. Arm slender, forearm moderately robust; hand with inner metacarpal tubercle single, elliptical; outer metacarpal tubercle divided, inner oval and outer elongated (Fig. 2 C); fingers slender, medium��sized, relative lengths IColor in preservative of the holotype��� Light grayish brown in dorsal view, conspicuous interocular blotch dark grayish brown extending into two longitudinal stripes to inguinal region (forming a ���V��� pattern with blunt apex on head). Dark brown canthal stripe continuing behind the eye, above tympanum, and ending on arm insertion. Posterior surfaces of thighs with irregularly outlined blotches; belly yellowish; ventral region of hands and feet light gray, darkening distally. Measurements of the holotype (mm)��� Snout��vent length 27.1; head length 9.2; head width 8.5; eye diameter 2.6; interorbital distance 2.8; eye��nostril distance 2.0; eye��snout distance 3.6; internarial distance 1.7; nostril diameter 0.4; tympanum diameter 1.2; thigh length 12.6; tibia length 13.9; tarsus length 7.1; foot length 12.4; disc of the 3 rd finger width 1.2; arm length 5.7; forearm length 3.8; hand length 7.1. Variation��� A few males display a discrete nuptial pad; choanae oval to elliptical; canthus rostralis straight to slightly concave. Three dorsal patterns were recorded: (1) Longitudinal stripes without interruption and brown interocular blotch that anteriorly may present a straight margin or form a triangle, extending backwards into two oblique longitudinal stripes forming a ���V��� pattern; dorsolateral region may be slightly pigmented; (2) with some interruption on the interocular blotches or with no longitudinal stripes; dorsolateral region may be slightly pigmented; (3) faint or only vestiges of such patterns. The dorsolateral brown stripes present two patterns: (1) incomplete stripe, ending immediately behind or a little after arm insertion; (2) stripe very distinct until arm insertion and diffused until inguinal region. The disposition of spots on posterior surfaces of thighs presents four conditions: (1) spots disposed with no definite pattern; (2) elliptical spots disposed longitudinally, may or may not form stripes; (3) several spots with irregular edge; (4) transversally elongated spots. Four color patterns on upper surfaces of tibia were recorded: (1) uniform, without spots (2) rounded or oval spots disposed irregularly; (3) bars sometimes interrupted and sometimes with rounded spots; and (4) complete bars. Hand tubercles displayed more variation than foot tubercles. The external metacarpal tubercle is bilobate or divided, elliptical or oval shaped. The arrangement of subarticular tubercles is characterized by the following forms: those of finger IV are simple, bilobate or divided, elliptical or oval shaped; those of toe V simple and rounded or divided oval. Webbing formulas is I (2 ��� ��� 2 +) ��� (2 + ��� 3) II (11 / 3 ��� 2 +) ��� (3 ��� ��� 3 +) III (11 / 2 ��� 2 ��) ��� (3 ��� ��� 31 / 3) IV (3 ��� ��� 3 +) ��� (1 + ��� 12 / 3) V. Color in life��� Dorsal background dark brown gray to grayish orange (Fig. 3), some specimens gray; limbs lighter; stripes and markings dark brown to brownish dark gray; tympanum reddish brown; upper half of iris light orange to light brown with sparsely dispersed darker pigment, lower half darker. Vocalization��� The advertisement calls of S. curicica is composed of a multipulsed note (Fig. 4) with duration between 0.76 and 4.5 s (x= 1.72; SD= 1.85; n= 4). The note contains 29���43 pulses with duration of 0.010��� 0.012 s (= 0.01; SD=0.00; n= 4). Pulses interval ranges 0.008��� 0.010 s (= 0.01; SD=0.00; n= 4). Means frequency varies from 0.79 kHz 0.07 (range 0.70���0.84 kHz; n= 4) to 4.48 kHz 0.23 (range 4.22���4.78 kHz; n= 4). Mean dominant frequency varies from 2.58 kHz 0.12 (range 2.44���2.72 kHz; n= 4) to 3.63 kHz 0.05 (range 3.56���3.66 kHz; n= 4). The advertisement call of Scinax curicica differs from those of S. caldarum and S. duartei (all from type localities) by its longer duration and fewer pulses per call (S. duartei call duration about 0.33 s with four to eight pulses with pulse interval about = 0.03 s; S. caldarum call duration about 0.26 s with seven to thirteen pulses; pulse interval about = 0.01 s). Dominant frequency in S. duartei between ranges 2.15���2.85 kHz; S. caldarum ranges between 2.41���2.61 kHz. Tadpole��� Mean total length 36.9 �� 4.1 mm (n= 20; Table 2); body triangular, globose in lateral view, oval in dorsal and ventral views (Fig. 5 A���C), its length about 34 % (32��� 41 %) of total length (Table 2); four lateral lines: two beginning on dorsal region at level of snout, following laterally, profiling posterior part of eyes and ending near the spiracle; two lines beginning at origin of caudal musculature and ending on posterior body margin (Fig. 5 A���B); snout rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 5 B); eyes lateral, diameter about 16 % (13��� 19 %) of body height; nostrils small, rounded, placed dorsally, visible in lateral view, nearer to eyes than to snout (Table 2), diameter about 22 % (18���26 %) of eye diameter; internarial distance 79 % of interorbital distance; spiracle single, sinistral, short, not projected, round opening, placed in middle third of body, posterodorsally orientated; spiracle inner wall ending in slight ridge, spiracle lateral wall end anterior to insertion of medial wall; spiracle��snout distance about 73 % (64���80 %) of body length; vent tube short, dextral, attached to ventral fin. Tail musculature moderately robust, tapering gradually to pointed end; dorsal fin beginning on middle third of body, rising for first third of tail length, then slopping until its end; ventral fin beginning at end of body; tail tip slightly rounded. Oral disc anteroventral, its width about 32 % (28���38 %) of body width; marginal papillae in most of oral disc but for small gap on upper labium; marginal papillae in lower labium more elongate than those in upper labium, rounded and shorter; submarginal papillae rounded, unordered in angular portion; labial tooth row formula 2 (2)/ 3 (1); jaw sheath strong and serrated, upper jaw strangle arched with slight projection in its median portion and lower jaw V��shaped (Fig. 5 D), keratinous spurs present on both ends of lower jaw sheath, directed inwards. In preservative (formalin 5 %), dorsum, caudal musculature, and legs brown; in profile body translucent; fins translucent with light brown blotches, generally rounded, irregularly distributed (in some specimens blotches also on caudal musculature). Newly��metamorphosed froglets already display dorsal adult pattern. Tadpoles of S. curicica have more truncated snout than S. duartei in profile (Bokermann, 1967 considered the snout slightly truncate in a population of S. duartei from Campos do Jord��o, S��o Paulo State). The mean total length of S. curicica in stage 37 is 36.9 mm (27.0���43.0 mm; n= 20; the specimen with 27.0 mm has regenerated tail) whereas that of S. duartei in stage 36 is 29.9 mm (29.0��� 31.6 mm). Body length of S. curicica tadpole corresponds to 34 % of total length and 76 % of body height (in S. duartei 32 % and 65 %, respectively). Scinax curicica tadpole has a body more globose than that of S. duartei, narrower oral disc and about 32 % of body width (in S. duartei this relation is 38 %). A comparison of the tadpoles of S. duartei, S. caldarum and S. curicica and the tadpoles of other species of the Scinax ruber group of southeastern Brazil is difficult, as they are very similar externally (Alves & Carvalho e Silva, 1999; Pugliese & Bastos, 2001). Labial tooth row formula 2 (2)/ 3 (1) of S. duartei from the Itatiaia region, S. caldarum, and S. curicica is the same as those found in S. alter, S. cuspidatus, S. eurydice and S. perereca, differing, however, from those of S. crospedospilus and S. duartei from the Campos do Jord��o region (Bokermann, 1967; Heyer et al., 1990; Andrade and Cardoso, 1991; Wogel et al., 2000; Pugliese & Bastos, 2001; Alves & Carvalho e Silva, 2002). Body and tail fins of S. curicica are higher than S. caldarum (see Andrade and Cardoso, 1991). Among species of the S. ruber clade, tadpoles of S. eurydice present a prominent snout in lateral view (Bokermann, 1968; Wogel et al., 2000), a characteristic also found in larvae of S. curicica. The relationships between eye diameter and body length and body height of the new species correspond to 12 % and 16 %, respectively, whereas for S. alter these correspond to 17 % and 31 %; for S. cuspidatus they correspond to 16 % and 30 %; for S. duartei from the Itatiaia region correspond to 18 % and 27 %; for S. eurydice correspond to 20 % and 30 %; for S. hayii correspond to 12 % and 18 %; for S. perereca correspond to 14 % and 22 %; and for S. similis the relationships correspond to 17 % and 27 % (see Alves & Carvalho e Silva, 1999; 2002; Wogel et al., 2000; Pugliese & Bastos, 2001). Natural history��� During the day adult frogs are found sheltered under rocks, moss carpets, fallen trunks, leaves of arums, and within bromeliad rosettes, close to the sites where reproduction takes place. Scinax curicica breeds in temporary puddles and ponds and swamps, as well as in backwaters of temporary streams surrounded by shrubby or arboreal vegetation. Males call throughout the whole rainy season (October��March) and even during the dry season provided that there is water available for tadpole development. They vocalize at night, on the shrubby vegetation and, occasionally, on the ground. After a female is attracted to a given calling male, axillary amplexus takes place and the female carries the mounted male to the water. The egg clutch is placed on the bottom of small ponds, marshes, and backwaters of slowly running streams, usually on submerged vegetation, and contains about 400 pigmented eggs. The tadpoles, fawn with golden reflection in life, are diurnal and dwell at sites with abundant aquatic vegetation during the whole larval period. They are typically found at mid��water in depths of 10���70 cm. Larval development takes about five months. Tadpoles and recently��metamorphosed froglets are found most of the year. Predation by snakes on S. curicica adults was recorded twice. One frog was found in the gut of a juvenile Bothrops neuwiedii (Viperidae), and another was recorded being swallowed by an adult Thamnodynastes hypoconia (Colubridae) on the ground at early night. Distribution��� The new species is presently known only from the type locality and from the neighboring Serra do Cara��a in Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil. Etymology��� The specific name is a corrupted form of the Tupi Amerindian name ���yacuri��ycica��� (Oliveira, 1960). The name is here used as a noun in apposition and is the nickname of our friend and artist from Museu Nacional, Paulo Roberto Nascimento. The English common name Lanceback Treefrog was proposed by Eterovick & Sazima (2004) for this species., Published as part of Pugliese, Adriana, Pombal, Jos�� P. & Sazima, Ivan, 2004, A new species of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae) from rocky montane fields of the Serra do Cip��, Southeastern Brazil, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 688 on pages 3-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158103, {"references":["Bokermann, W. C. A. (1967) Notas sobre Hyla duartei B. Lutz (Anura, Hylidae). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 39, 436 - 440.","Eterovick, P. C. & Sazima, I (2000) Structure of an anuran community in a montane meadow in southeastern Brazil: effects of seasonality, habitat, and predation. Amphibia-Reptilia, 21, 439 - 461.","Eterovick, P. C. & Sazima, I (2004) Amphibians from the Serra do Cipo, Minas Gerais - Brasil. PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, 150 pp.","Faivovich, J. (2002) A cladistic analysis of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae). Cladistics, 18, 367 - 393.","Bokermann, W. C. A. (1968) Three new Hyla from the Plateau of Maracas, Central Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Herpetology, 1, 25 - 31.","Lutz, B. (1973) Brazilian Species of Hyla. University of Texas Press, Austin, xix + 262 pp.","Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G., Peixoto, O. L. & Nelson, C. E. (1990) Frogs of Boraceia. Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 31, 231 - 410.","Pombal, Jr., J. P., Haddad, C. F. B. &. Kasahara, S. (1995 b) A new species of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae) from Southeastern Brazil, with comments on the genus. Journal of Herpetology, 29, 1 - 6.","Kwet, A. & Di-Bernardo, M. (1999) Pro-Mata - Anfibios. Amphibien. Amphibians. EDIPUCRS Porto Alegre, 107 pp.","Cochran, D. M. (1955) Frogs of southeastern Brazil. United State National Museum Bulletin, 206, 1 - 423, 34 pls.","Cardoso, A. J. & Sazima, I. (1980) Nova especie de Hyla do sudeste brasileiro (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 40, 75 - 79.","Carvalho e Silva, S. P. & Peixoto, O. L. (1991) Duas novas especies de Ololygon para os Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espirito Santo (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 51, 263 - 270.","Pombal, Jr., J. P. Bastos, R. P. & Haddad, C. F. B. (1995 a) Vocalizacoes de algumas especies de genero Scinax (Anura, Hylidae) do sudeste do Brasil e comentarios taxonomicos. Naturalia, 20, 213 - 225.","Pugliese, A. & Bastos, R. P. (2001) Description of the tadpole of Scinax perereca (Anura, Hylidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 22, 484 - 487.","Andrade, G. V. & Cardoso, A. J. (1991) Descricao de larvas e biologia de quatro especies de Hyla (Amphibia, Anura). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 51, 391 - 402.","Wogel, H., Abrunhosa, P. A. & Pombal Jr., J. P. (2000) Descricao dos girinos de cinco especies de anuros do sudeste do Brasil (Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Microhylidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, (N. S.), Zoologia, 427, 1 - 16.","Oliveira, A. L. (1960) Toponimia carioca. Prefeitura do Distrito Federal, Secretaria Geral de Educacao e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro, 315 pp."]}

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