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Lepadichthys misakius (Tanaka 1908) [New English name: Northern Bridled Clingfish; standard Japanese name: Misaki-ubauo] Figures 3C, D, 4 D–F, 6B, 7, 9–14, 15A–H, 16, 17; Tables 1–2 Aspasma misakia Tanaka 1908: 22 (type locality: Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, Japan); Snyder 1912a: 447 (Tanega-shima island, Kagoshima and Kanagawa, Japan); Snyder 1912b: 517, pl. 69, fig. 3 (Okinawa, Japan: based on 12 specimens); Jordan et al. 1913: 378 (southern Japan); Schmidt 1930: 133 (Okinawa, Japan); Okada 1938: 249 (southern Japan); Okada & Matsubara 1938: 378, pl. 89, fig. 3 [southern Japan: photograph from Snyder (1912b)]; Matsubara et al. 1949: 320, fig. 924 (southern Japan); Tanaka 1951: 58, pl. 15, fig. 50 (Kanagawa, Japan); Matsubara 1955: 1216 (southern Japan); Matsubara 1979: 1216 (southern Japan). Lepadichthys frenatus (not of Waite): Briggs 1955: 139 [in part; Chiba, Japan (based on 7 specimens, SU 47726–7), Kanagawa, Japan (based on 11 specimens, UMMZ 162003–4, SU 22569, 47681), Shimane, Japan (based on 2 specimens, UMMZ 162005, 162008), Okinawa, Japan (based on USNM 162005)]; Shiogaki & Dotsu 1971: 86, fig. 1 (Nagasaki, Japan); Arai & Ida 1975: 197 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 3 specimens, NSMT-P 58109, 58118, 58121)]; Masuda et al. 1975: 348, pl. 150E (southern Japan); Yoshino 1984: 327, pl. 306H [southern Japan: photograph from Masuda et al. (1975)]; Hayashi & Hayashi 1985: 56 [in part; Shizuoka, Japan (based on YCM-P 12762), Miyake-jima island, Izu Islands, Japan (based on 2 specimens, TMBS 730728–1, 730923–1), Ehime, Japan (based on YCM-P 15103), Okinawa, Japan (based on 23 specimens, URM-P 9230–9240)]; Hayashi 1993: 410, unnumbered fig. (southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, Japan); Masuda & Kobayashi 1994: 57, fig. 3 (Izu Peninsula, Japan); Lindberg et al. 1997: 196, fig. 129 [Sea of Japan: photograph from Snyder (1912b)]; Okamura 1997: 572, unnumbered figs. (Izu-oshima island, Izu Islands, Japan); Hayashi 2000: 1123, unnumbered fig. (southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, Japan); Hutchins 2000: 598 (South China Sea); Shinohara et al. 2000: 181 [Tokushima, Japan (based on 11 specimens, NSMT-P 59457, 59469, 59474, 59495, TKPM-P 7979, 9205)]; Hayashi 2002: 1123, unnumbered fig. (southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, Japan); Motomura et al. 2010: 200, fig. 472 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 17 specimens, BSKU 96653, 96654, FRLM 34741, KAUM–I. 11163, 11266, 11330, 11621, 20276, 21757, 21758, 21832, MUFS 25605–25607, NSMT-P 91670, 91671, 95455, plus those listed in Arai & Ida 1975)]; Takagi et al. 2010: 121, unnumbered figs. (Ehime, Japan); Wang 2011: 132, pl. 132, figs. 434-1a, b (Taiwan); Hayashi & Hagiwara 2013: 1328, unnumbered fig. (southern Japan); Haraguchi 2014: 485, unnumbered fig. [Yoron-jima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on KAUM–I. 40010)]; Kato 2014: 295, unnumbered fig. (Izu Peninsula, Japan); Murase 2015: 5, fig. 8C [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 3 specimens, KPM-NI 29643, 29682, 29695)]; Iwatsubo et al. 2016: 57, unnumbered fig. [Kagoshima, Japan (based on KAUM–I. 56686)]; Motomura & Harazaki 2017: 115 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 5 specimens, KAUM–I. 38398, 38399, 41853, NSMT-P 104199, 104208, plus those listed in Arai & Ida 1975, Motomura et al. 2010 (except for KAUM–I. 11266) and Murase 2015)]; Conway et al. 2017b: 142, fig. 1 [Japan (based on JFBM 46744 and KPM-NR 26999)]; Kimura et al. 2017: 155, fig. 7 [Kuchino-shima island, Kagoshima Japan (based on KPM-NI 41432)]; Fujiwara 2018: 324, unnumbered figs. [Amami Islands, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 3 specimens, KAUM–I. 79067, 40010, 62636)]. Lepadichthys coccinotaenia (not of Regan): Motomura & Aizawa 2011: 456 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on KAUM–I. 11266)]; Motomura & Harazaki 2017: 115 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on specimen listed in Motomura & Aizawa 2011)]. Holotype. ZUMT 1981, 51.9 mm SL, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa Pref., Japan, S. Tanaka, May 1908. Non-type specimens. 82 specimens, 14.6–57.7 mm SL. JAPAN: Boso Peninsula: CMNH-ZF 4486, 14.8 mm SL, Hasama Fish Port, Hasama, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°58′30″N, 139°47′00″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 13 Nov. 2002; CMNH-ZF 7630, 37.8 mm SL, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′22″N, 140°07′17″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 5 Mar. 2004; CMNH-ZF 11378, 44.6 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 11379, 43.3 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 11380, 39.2 mm SL, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′20″N, 140°07′15″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 23 July 2004; CMNH- ZF 11393, 41.3 mm SL, Ubara-jima island, Ubara, Katsuura, Chiba Pref., 35°07′28″N, 140°16′58″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 27 July 2004; CMNH-ZF 12053, 23.8 mm SL, Okino-shima island, Fujimi, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°59′17″N, 139°49′46″E, hand net, M. Aizawa & Y. Ikeda, 16 Nov. 2004; CMNH-ZF 12091, 40.1 mm SL, Igaijima island, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′18″N, 140°07′13″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 9 Dec. 2004; CMNH-ZF 12210, 45.8 mm SL, Ubara, Katsuura, Chiba Pref., 35°07′00″N, 140°16′58″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 3 Mar. 2005; CMNH-ZF 12229, 53.8 mm SL, Hasama, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°58′44″N, 139°46′54″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 9 Mar. 2005; CMNH-ZF 12460, 30.8 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 12461, 48.2 mm SL, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′16″N, 140°07′11″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 23 Apr. 2005; CMNH-ZF 13409, 50.0 mm SL, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′22″N, 140°07′17″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 11 Aug. 2005; CMNH-ZF 14331, 48.8 mm SL, Okino-shima island, Fujimi, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°59′17″N, 139°49′46″E, hand net, M. Aizawa & Y. Ikeda, 22 Nov. 2005; CMNH-ZF 15273, 57.7 mm SL, Igai-jima island, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′18″N, 140°07′13″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 21 June 2006; CMNH-ZF 15722, 36.8 mm SL, Hasama, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°58′42″N, 139°47′33″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 28 July 2006. Suruga Bay: CMNH-ZF 30, 39.2 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 31, 44.9 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 32, 53.3 mm SL, Matsuzaki, Kamo, Shizuoka Pref., 35°43′45″N, 138°44′30″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 23 Dec. 1994; CMNH-ZF 16026, 53.7 mm SL, Shishihama, Numazu, Shizuoka Pref., 34°58′42″N, 139°47′33″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 28 July 2006; NSMT-P 62108, 51.3 mm SL, Ryugu-jima island, Shimoda, Shizuoka Pref., hand net, 3–5 m, S. Takahashi, 21 Dec. 2001. Izu Islands: NSMT-P 30823, 43.6 mm SL, Awabe, Miyake-jima island, 34°02′42″N, 139°29′48″E, 23 Sept. 1973; NSMT-P 30824, 38.2 mm SL, Kamakata, Miyake-jima island, 34°03′36″N, 139°33′42″E, 28 July 1973. Shikoku: BSKU 51019, 36.1 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 26 June 2006; BSKU 51020, 48.2 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 28 July 2006; BSKU 54985, 47.7 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 11 Sept. 2006; BSKU 65523, 35.7 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 4 Apr. 1996; BSKU 72044, 26.1 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 20 Oct. 2006; BSKU 95784, 20.8 mm SL, Moshima Port, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., 22 July 2008; BSKU 100025, 41.4 mm SL, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., hand net, 23 Sept. 2009; BSKU 100141, 48.6 mm SL, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., 25 Sept. 2009; BSKU 103919, 21.0 mm SL, BSKU 103920, 16.5 mm SL, Kuboura, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., 21 July 2010; BSKU 108061, 23.3 mm SL, Moshima Port, Okinoshima island, Kochi Pref., hand net, 6 m, 23 July 2012; BSKU 109521, 15.6 mm SL, Kuboura, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., 23 July 2008; NSMT-P 59474, 51.0 mm SL, I-shima island, Anan, Tokushima Pref., 33°51′00″N, 134°48′36″E, hand net, 6 m, K. Matsuura & G. Shinohara, 29 Oct. 1999; NSMT-P 97274, 37.0 mm SL, Mugioshima island, Kaifu, Tokushima Pref., beach seine, 7 m, K. Matsuura & M. Aizawa, 28 Oct. 1994. Kyushu: CMNH-ZF 12753, 25.3 mm SL, Tatunokuchi, Kouyagi, Nagasaki Pref., hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 13 May 2005; KAUM–I. 8806, 49.3 mm SL, Nagasakibana, Ichiki-kushikino, Kagoshima Pref., 31°42′24″N, 130°15′44″E, hand net, 0.1–0.5 m, H. Iwatsubo & G. Ogihara, 20 Mar. 2008; KAUM–I. 39316, 42.2 mm SL, Kushi, Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima Pref., 31°17′22″N, 130°12′45″E, hand net, 1 m, H. Iwatsubo, 2 July 2011; KAUM–I. 56686, 41.5 mm SL, off Bandokorobana National Park, Minami-kyushu, Kagoshima Pref., 31°14′N, 130°25′E, hand net, 2 m, H. Iwatsubo, 22 Sept. 2013; KAUM–I. 200596, 45.6 mm SL, Maruki Beach, Kushi, Minami-satsuma, Kagoshima Pref., 31°17′05″N, 130°12′36″E, hand net, 0.1 m, H. Iwatsubo, 14 Apr. 2017. Osumi Islands: BSKU 96653, 40.9 mm SL, Isso, Yaku-shima island, hand net, 31 Oct. 2008; CMNH-ZF 10455, 14.7 mm SL, Motoura, Yaku-shima island, 30°27′02″N, 130°29′57″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 8 May 2004; CMNH-ZF 15415, 2, 20.1 – 21.2 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 15660, 17.6 mm SL, Isso, Yaku-shima island, 30°27′26″N, 130°29′45″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 12 July 2006; KAUM–I. 11163, 28.5 mm SL, Kurio, Yaku-shima island, 30°15′57″N, 130°24′52″E, hand net, 3 m, KAUM Fish Team, 10 Aug. 2008; KAUM–I. 11266, 49.1 mm SL, Yudomari Port, Yaku-shima island, 30°13′58″N, 130°28′19″E, hand net, 3 m, KAUM Fish Team, 11 Aug. 2008; KAUM–I. 11330, 24.6 mm SL, Tashiro Beach, Funayuki, Yaku-shima island, 30°21′02″N, 130°39′58″E, hand net, 0.5 m, KAUM Fish Team, 11 Aug. 2008; KAUM–I. 11621, 44.6 mm SL, Haruta Beach, Anbo, Yaku-shima island, 30°18′02″N, 130°39′17″E, hand net, 0.5–1.5 m, M. Meguro, 18 Aug. 2008; KAUM–I. 20276, 36.3 mm SL, Kurio, Yaku-shima island, 30°16′02″N, 130°39′17″E, hand net, 0.5–1.5 m, KAUM Fish Team, 30 Oct. 2008; KAUM–I. 21552, 48.3 mm SL; Ushino, Minamitane, Tanega-shima island, 30°26′32″N, 130°51′11″E, hand net, 0.3 m, H. Iwatsubo, 5 Aug. 2009; KAUM–I. 21757, 29.1 mm SL, KAUM–I. 21758, 32.4 mm SL, Kurio, Yaku-shima island, 30°15′57″N, 130°51′11″E, hand net, 2 m, G. Ogihara et al., 27 July 2009; KAUM–I. 21832, 30.3 mm SL, Kurio, Yaku-shima island, 30°16′03″N, 130°24′48″E, hand net, 4 m, KAUM Fish Team, 30 July 2009; KAUM–I. 36909, 53.7 mm SL, Onoma, Yaku-shima island, 30°14′N, 130°33′E, hand net, 13 Oct. 1988; KAUM–I. 38398, 22.4 mm SL, KAUM–I. 38399, 14.6 mm SL, Yudomari Port, Yaku-shima island, 30°13′55″N, 130°28′19″E, hand net, 1.0–5.0 m, KAUM Fish Team, 10 June 2011; KAUM–I. 41853, 42.0 mm SL, Shitoko, Yaku-shima island, 30°27′02″N, 130°30′54″E, hand net, 5 m, KAUM Fish Team, 18 Oct. 2011. Tokara Islands: KAUM–I. 114855, 16.0 mm SL, Kiriishi Port, Suwanose-jima island, 29°36′38″N, 129°42′41″E, hand net, 3–7 m, S. Tashiro et al., 27 Apr. 2018. Amami Islands: CMNH-ZF 6206, 27.2 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 6207, 24.8 mm SL, Ankyaba, Amami-oshima island, 28°28′17″N, 129°35′55″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 12 July 2003; CMNH-ZF 6309, 23.3 mm SL, Ayamaruzaki, Amami-oshima island, 28°28′15″N, 129°43′23″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda, 14 July 2003; CMNH-ZF 6382, 25.6 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 6383, 24.8 mm SL, Kaseken, Amami-oshima island, 28°23′35″N, 129°36′52″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 15 July 2003; CMNH-ZF 6550, 26.1 mm SL, Ayamaruzaki, Amami-oshima island, 28°28′20″N, 129°43′19″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 14 July 2003; CMNH-ZF 7652, 20.1 mm SL, Kaseken, Amami-oshima island, 28°23′34″N, 129°36′55″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 16 July 2003; KAUM–I. 17522, 37.4 mm SL, KAUM–I. 17580, 38.5 mm SL, KAUM–I. 17581, 47.1 mm SL, Kasari, Amami-oshima island, 28°24′34″N, 129°40′31″E, hand net, 0.5–1.0 m, M. Meguro & T. Yoshida, 28 Mar. 2009; KAUM–I. 40010, 22.6 mm SL, Mugiya, Yoron-jima island, 27°01′18″N, 128°26′21″E, hand net, 0.5–1.0 m, M. Matsunuma, 13 Aug. 2011; KAUM–I. 62636, 21.5 mm SL, Setouchi, Amami-oshima island, 28°11′38″N, 129°13′21″E, hand net, 5–13 m, K. Hagiwara et al., 26 June 2014; KAUM–I. 79067, 27.2 mm SL, Ayamarumisaki, Amami-oshima island, 28°28′28″N, 129°43′09″E, hand net, 0.5 m, K. Hagiwara et al., 21 July 2015. Okinawa Islands: NSMT-P 121141, 26.2 mm SL, Nago Bay, Nago, Okinawa-jima island, hand net, 1.0 m, K. Shibukawa, 24 Aug. 2014. Ogasawara Islands: NSMT-P 63067, 25.6 mm SL, Miyano Beach, Chichi-jima island, 3.0 m, K. Shibukawa, 17 Feb. 1995. TAIWAN: ASIZP 57057, 51.5 mm SL, Taipei, 25°30′N, 121°36′E, W.- H. Ding, 27 Aug. 1969; ASIZP 57058, 2, 38.5 – 53.3 mm SL, Yeliu, Taipei, 25°12′N, 121°41′E, S.- C. Lee, 20 May 1975; ASIZP 74064, 57.5 mm SL, Badouzi, Keelung, 25°08′N, 121°47′E, S.- C. Lee, 26 Aug. 1969. VIETNAM: ROM 73450, 31.6 mm SL, ROM 74260, 19.1 mm SL, Nha Trang Bay, Khánh Hòa, 12°10′N, 109°18′E, hand net, R. Winterbottom et al., 22 May 2002. Diagnosis. A species of Lepadichthys characterized by the following combination of characters: 15–19 (modally 16) dorsal-fin rays; 12–14 (13) anal-fin rays; 25–28 (26 or 27) pectoral-fin rays; upper end of gill membrane level with 5th to 8th (usually 6th) pectoral-fin ray base in lateral view; lower 8th to 11th (9th) pectoralfin ray base attached to disc base by membrane; 7–11 (9) gill rakers on each arch; head width moderate, its width 17.1–21.9 (mean 19.1) % SL; disc size moderate, its length 16.3–20.8 (18.5) % SL; anterior, posterior and least interorbital widths 9.0–11.8 (10.7), 13.4–16.9 (15.3) and 3.2–8.8 (6.2) % SL, respectively; dorsal, anal and caudal fins connected by membranes; NC2 (nasal canal pore) usually located between anterior and posterior margins of posterior nostril; and black stripe on snout tip through eye to posterior region of head. Description. Measurements and counts are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Body slender, cylindrical, compressed at caudal peduncle (Figs. 9, 10). Head of medium size, depressed anteriorly, its length and width 2.9 (2.5–3.3) and 5.2 (4.6–5.9) in SL, respectively. Snout moderate, its length 9.8 (7.9–11.8) in SL, tip slightly rounded (bluntly pointed) in lateral view, duck beak-shaped in dorsal view; dorsal profile of snout slightly concave anteriorly. Anterior and posterior nostrils similarly sized, both with a membranous tube, that of former much longer than latter; both visible in lateral view, former located between verticals through posterior point of upper jaw and anterior margin of eye, latter located directly above anterior margin of eye. Eye size moderate, diameter less than snout length, 15.4 (9.1–16.9) in SL. Interorbital region flattened. Anus closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior margin of disc. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw, upper-jaw length 10.2 (8.8–12.9) in SL. Anterior tip of upper jaw extending beyond that of lower jaw; posterior tips of both jaws horizontally level with lower margin of eye (slightly below horizontal level). Upper-jaw lip slightly thicker than lower-jaw lip. Single row of small similarly-sized teeth in both jaws; upper-jaw teeth incisiviform, tips strongly (almost 90 o) curved posteriorly; lower-jaw teeth with pointed conical tips. Premaxillae separated anteriorly by large circular gap in dorsal view (Fig. 11A, D). First to third gill arches with two rows of gill filaments [3 gills (sensu Briggs 1955)], 4th arch without filaments. Gill rakers slender, elongate, somewhat pointed. Gill membranes on each side united ventrally, attached to isthmus. Dorsal and anal fins long, located posteriorly, their lengths 2.9 (2.9–4.3) and 3.4 (3.3–4.8) in SL, respectively. Origin of dorsal fin slightly anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. First dorsal- and anal-fin rays very short, sometimes buried under skin. Dorsal- and anal-fin heights almost equal, except anteriorly. Pectoral- and caudal-fin margins rounded. Upper and lowermost pectoral-fin rays minute; longest pectoral-fin ray extending beyond vertical through posterior margin of disc, its length 6.1 (5.7–7.7) in SL. All soft-fin rays unbranched. Principal caudal-fin rays segmented. Second preural centrum with two (one) neural spines (Fig. 3C, D). Pelvic fins and pectoral-girdle elements forming a circular “single” type disc, its length and width 5.5 (4.8–6.2) and 5.8 (5.1–7.0) in SL, respectively. Disc region B bell-shaped, same size as disc region A. No disc region C. Anterior and posterior margins of disc regions A and B, respectively, with fringe, latter much longer than former (holotype damaged). Disc regions A and B with flattened papillae (holotype damaged); anterior part of disc region A with 2–7 rows of papillae across center (center without papillae in 31 of 54 specimens), both sides of disc region A (except margins) completely covered with papillae, inner rows somewhat larger than outer rows; disc region B with 4–10 rows of papillae, inner rows somewhat larger than outer rows, anterior part of disc region B without papillae (Fig. 4 D–F). Head sensory canal pores well-developed, including 2 nasal, lacrimal and postorbital and 3 preopercular pores (Fig. 12); mandibular canal pores absent. All pores similarly sized; NC 1 located well before anterior margin of anterior nostril; NC 2 located level with anterior margin [before anterior margin (occasionally) or behind posterior margin of posterior nostril]; LC 1 located in front of anterior margin of eye; LC 2 located postero-ventrally below LC 1 (10 of 82 specimens, Fig. 12E) [antero-ventrally below LC 1 (44 of 82 specimens) to just below LC 1 (28 of 82 specimens, Fig. 12B); PO 1 located just behind posterior margin of orbit; PO 2 on similar horizontal level as PO 1; PR 1 and PR 2 located on ventral surface and lateral to opercle, respectively; PR3 located postero-ventrally below PO 2 (18 of 79 specimens, Fig. 12E) [antero-ventrally below PO 2 (16 of 79 specimens, Fig. 12B) or just below PO 2 (45 of 79 specimens)]; all pores with membranous tube (Fig. 12). Coloration in life and fresh (Figs. 6B, 10): Body brownish yellow to red. Ventral surface of head slightly whitish. Black stripe on snout tip through eye to posterior region of head (occasionally indistinct: Fig., Published as part of Fujiwara, Kyoji & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2019, Validity of Lepadichthys misakius (Tanaka 1908) and redescription of Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904 (Gobiesocidae: Diademichthyinae), pp. 275-298 in Zootaxa 4551 (3) on pages 279-288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622881, {"references":["Tanaka, S. (1908) On a small collection of tide-pool fishes from Misaki, with descriptions of two new species. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 7 (1), 17 - 26.","Snyder, J. O. (1912 a) Japanese shore fishes collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer \" Albatross \" expedition of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 42 (1909), 399 - 450, pls. 51 - 61.","Snyder, J. O. (1912 b) The fishes of Okinawa, one of the Riu Kiu Islands. 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(1985) Two new records of gobiesocid fishes from Japan, and the morphological study of their key characters. Science Report of the Yokosuka City Museum, 33, 49 - 67.","Hayashi, M. (1993) Gobiesocidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 408 - 410 + 1281 - 1282.","Masuda, H. & Kobayashi, Y. (1994) Ground Atlas of Fish Life Modes. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 465 pp.","Lindberg, G. U., Fedorov, V. V. & Krasyukova, Z. V. (1997) Fishes of the Sea of Japan and the adjacent parts of the Sea of Okhotsk and Yellow Sea. Part 7. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Leningrad Oblast, 350 pp.","Okamura, O. (1997) Gobiesocidae. In: Okamura, O. & Amaoka, K. (Eds), Sea Fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers Co Ltd, Tokyo, pp. 572 - 573.","Hayashi, M. (2000) Gobiesocidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. 2 nd Edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 1121 - 1123 + 1604.","Hutchins, J. B. (2000) Gobiesociformes. In: Randall, J. E. & Lim, K. K. P. (Eds.), A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement, 8, 598.","Shinohara, G., Sato, Y. & Matsuura, K. (2000) Coastal fishes of Ishima Island, Tokushima, Japan. Monographs of the National Science Museum Tokyo, 33, 175 - 186.","Hayashi, M. (2002) Gobiesocidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. English edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 1121 - 1123, 1594.","Motomura, H., Kuriiwa, K., Katayama, E., Senou, H., Ogihara, G., Meguro, M., Matsunuma, M., Takata, Y., Yoshida, T., Yamashita, M., Kimura, S., Endo, H., Murase, A., Iwatsuki, Y., Sakurai, Y., Harazaki, S., Hidaka, K., Izumi, H. & Matsuura, K. (2010) Annotated checklist of marine and estuarine fishes of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima, southern Japan. In: Motomura, H. & Matsuura, K. (Eds.), Fishes of Yaku-shima Island-A World Heritage island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, pp. 65 - 248.","Takagi, M., Hirata, T., Hirata, S. & Nakata, T. (2010) Fishes of Ainan Ehime. Soufu Publishers Co Ltd, Matsuyama, 250 pp.","Wang, W. H. (2011) Fishes of Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pintung, 896 pp.","Hayashi, M. & Hagiwara, K. (2013) Gobiesocidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. 3 rd Edition. Tokai University Press, Hadano, pp. 1326 - 1329, 2105 - 2106.","Haraguchi, Y. (2014) Gobiesocidae. In: Motomura, H. & Matsuura, K. (Eds.), Filed guide to fishes of Yoron Island in the middle of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, pp. 485.","Kato, S. (2014) Marin Fishes Illustrated. Seibundo-shinkosya, Tokyo, 383 pp.","Murase, A. (2015) Ichthyofaunal diversity and vertical distribution patterns in the rockpools of the southwestern coast of Yakushima Island, southern Japan. Check List, 11 (1682), 1 - 21.","Iwatsubo, H., Kato, S. & Motomura, H. (2016) Filed guide to fishes of Ei in southern Kyusyu, Japan. Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Makurazaki, the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and Seahorse Ways, Minamikyusyu, 80 pp.","Motomura, H. & Harazaki, S. (2017) Annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Yaku-shima island in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 129 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum, 9, 1 - 183.","Conway, K. W., Kim, D. M., Ruber, L., Espinosa-Perez, H. & Hastings, P. A. (2017 b) Molecular phylogenetics of the New World clingfish genus Gobiesox (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) and the origin of a freshwater clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 112, 138 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.04.024","Kimura, Y., Hibino, Y., Miki, R., Minetoma, T. & Koeda, K. (2017) Filed guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 199 pp.","Motomura, H. & Aizawa, M. (2011) Illustrated list of additions to the ichthyofauna of Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan: 50 new records from the island. Check List, 7 (4), 448 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 7.4.448","Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H. (1845) Pisces. Parts 7 - 9. In: von Siebold, P. F. (Ed.), Fauna Japonica, sive descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam suscepto annis 1823 - 30 collegit, notis observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit P. F. de Siebold. J. Muller & Co., Amsterdam, pp. 113 - 172.","Jordan, D. S. & Fowler, H. W. (1902) A review of the cling-fishes (Gobiesocidae) of the waters of Japan. 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The clingfishes Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904 and Lepadichthys misakius (Tanaka 1908) are both redescribed as valid species, although the latter has previously been regarded as a junior synonym of the former. Lepadichthys frenatus and L. misakius are easily distinguished from their congeners by the following combination of characters: 14–19 dorsal-fin rays; 12–14 anal-fin rays; disc size moderate, its length 15.1–20.8 % of standard length (SL); and dorsal, anal and caudal fins connected by membranes. Lepadichthys misakius can be distinguished from L. frenatus by having 25–28 (modally 26 or 27) pectoral-fin rays [vs. 27–29 (29) in L. frenatus ]; the upper end of the gill membrane level with the 5th to 8th (usually 6th) pectoral-fin ray base in lateral view [vs. 6th to 8th (7th)]; the lower 8th to 11th (9th) pectoral-fin ray base attached to the disc base by membrane [vs. 10th to 12th (11th)]; 7–11 (9) gill rakers on each arch [vs. 11–14 (12)]; anterior, posterior and least interorbital widths 9.0–11.8 (mean 10.7), 13.4–16.9 (15.3) and 3.2–8.8 (6.2) % SL, respectively [vs. 8.4–10.2 (9.4), 12.1–14.7 (13.5) and 2.8–5.9 (4.8) % SL, respectively]; and NC2 (nasal canal pore) usually located between the anterior and posterior margins of the posterior nostril (vs. usually located before the posterior nostril anterior margin). Morphological changes with growth of the two species are described in detail and a lectotype designated for L. frenatus .

Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904 [English name: Bridled Clingfish] Figures 1, 2, 3A, B, 4 A���C, 5, 6A, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15I���P, 16, 17; Tables 1���2 Lepadogaster sp.: Kner 1868: 347 (Kanacea Island, Fiji). Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904: 180, pl. 24, fig. 2 (type locality: Lord Howe Island, Australia); McCulloch 1929: 360 (Lord Howe Island, Australia); Briggs 1955: 139 [in part; Capricorn Group, Australia (based on 2 specimens, BMNH 1933.1.25.216���17), Noum��a, New Caledonia (based on AMS IB. 2234) and Vila Harbour, Vanuatu (based on AMS IA. 4161)]; Whitley 1964: 54 (Australia); Hayashi & Hayashi 1985: 56 [in part; Heron Island and One Tree Island, Australia (based on 2 specimens, AMS I. 15484-010, 20463-015)]; Francis 1993: 158 (Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, Australia); Johnson 1999: 724, fig. 2A [South Solitary Island, Australia (based on AMS I. 22881-001)]; Randall 2005: 506, unnumbered fig. (Coral Sea); Hoese & Bray 2006: 1575 (Thursday Island and Coral Sea Islands); Conway et al. 2017a: 547 [New Caledonia (based on 2 specimens, ROM 65285, 65289)]; Conway et al. 2018a: 100 (based on AMS I. 27134-018). Lectotype. AMS I. 6103, 44.9 mm SL, Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, Australia, 31��52���S, 159��08���E, T. Icely. Paralectotype. AMS I. 3129, 42.8 mm SL, same data as lectotype. Non-type specimens. 35 specimens, 19.0��� 43.2 mm SL. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: AMS IB. 6164, 30.1 mm SL, Swain Reef; AMS IB. 6682, 21.5 mm SL, Heron Island, 23��25���48���S, 151��55���12���E, E. Slater; AMS I. 17445-076, 35.2 mm SL, One Tree Island, 23��30���00���S, 152��04���48���E, F. Talbot et al.; AMS I. 18271-004, 2, 32.1��� 33.3 mm SL, One Tree Island, 23��30���00���S, 152��04���48���E, H. Larson; AMS I. 20463-015, 3, 33.1���43.1 mm SL, One Tree Island, 23��30���00���S, 152��04���48���E; BMNH 1933.1.25.216���218, 3, 26.7���36.1 mm SL, Great Barrier Reef, G. Whitley; USNM 360250, 12, 32.0��� 39.4 mm SL, One Tree Island, 1 m, V. Springer, 27 Nov. 1966. New South Wales: AMS I. 17367-006, 2, 19.7���37.8 mm SL, Lord Howe Island, 31��31���48���S, 159��04���12���E, D. Hoese; AMS I. 20256-013, 3, 33.9���38.1 mm SL, Duncombe Bay, Norfolk Island, 29��00���00���S, 167��55���48���E; AMS I. 20268-026, 39.9 mm SL, Norfolk Island, 29��04���12���S, 167��57���00���E, D. Hoese et al.; AMS I. 27141-010, 43.2 mm SL, Middleton Reef, A. Gill et al.; AMS I. 27155-007, 30.8 mm SL, Elizabeth Reef, A. gill et al. NEW CALEDONIA: BMNH 2000.6.29.1, 34.0 mm SL, Noum��a, A. Gill et al., 5 Nov. 1997. FIJI: ROM 47021, 25.2 mm SL, Great Astrolabe Reef, 18��46���S, 178��28���W, hand net, R. Winterbottom et al., 5 Apr. 1983. TONGA: AMS I. 46751-033, 2, 19.0��� 22.6 mm SL, South Minerva Reef, 23��58���12���S, 178��54���00���W, T. Trnski et al. Diagnosis. A species of Lepadichthys characterized by the following combination of characters: 14���17 (modally 16) dorsal-fin rays; 12���14 (13) anal-fin rays; 27���29 (29) pectoral-fin rays; upper end of gill membrane level with 6th to 8th (usually 7th) pectoral-fin ray base in lateral view; lower 10th to 12th (11th) pectoral-fin ray base attached to disc base by membrane; 11���14 (12) gill rakers on each arch; head width moderate, 15.4���19.8 (mean 17.7) % SL; disc size moderate, its length 15.1���18.4 (16.8) % SL; anterior, posterior and least interorbital widths 8.4���10.2 (9.4), 12.1���14.7 (13.5) and 2.8���5.9 (4.8) % SL, respectively; dorsal, anal and caudal fins connected by membranes; NC2 (nasal canal pore) usually located before posterior nostril anterior margin; and black stripe from snout tip through eye to posterior region of head. Description. Measurements and counts are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Body slender, cylindrical, compressed at caudal peduncle (Fig. 1). Head of medium size, depressed anteriorly, its length and width 3.2 (2.6��� 3.3) and 6.2 (5.1���6.5) in SL, respectively. Snout moderate, its length 10.8 (8.7���11.7) in SL, tip slightly rounded (bluntly pointed) in lateral view, duck beak-shaped in dorsal view; dorsal profile of snout slightly concave anteriorly. Anterior and posterior nostrils similarly sized, both with a membranous tube, that of former much longer than latter; both visible in lateral view, former located between verticals through posterior point of upper jaw and anterior margin of eye, latter located directly above anterior margin of eye. Eye size moderate, diameter less than snout length, 16.0 (9.6���16.5) in SL. Interorbital region flattened. Anus closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior margin of disc. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw, upper-jaw length 12.9 (9.8���14.1) in SL. Anterior tip of upper jaw extending beyond that of lower jaw; posterior tips of both jaws horizontally level with lower margin of eye (slightly below horizontal level). Upper-jaw lip slightly thicker than lower-jaw lip. Single row of small similarly-sized teeth in both jaws; upper-jaw teeth incisiviform, tips strongly (almost 90 o) curved posteriorly; lower-jaw teeth with pointed conical tips. Premaxillae separated anteriorly by large circular gap in dorsal view (Fig. 2A, D). First to third gill arches with two rows of gill filaments [3 gills (sensu Briggs 1955)], 4th arch without filaments. Gill rakers slender, elongate, somewhat pointed. Gill membranes on each side united ventrally, attached to isthmus. Dorsal and anal fins long, located posteriorly, their lengths 3.7 (2.9���3.9) and 4.4 (3.4���4.7) in SL, respectively. Origin of dorsal fin slightly anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. First dorsal- and anal-fin rays very short, sometimes buried under skin. Post-dorsal-caudal length 5.2 (4.0���6.3) in dorsal-fin length. Dorsal- and anal-fin heights almost equal, except anteriorly. Pectoral- and caudal-fin margins rounded. Upper and lowermost pectoralfin rays minute; longest pectoral-fin ray extending beyond vertical through posterior margin of disc, its length 7.0 (5.5���8.6) in SL. All soft-fin rays unbranched. Principal caudal-fin rays segmented. Second preural centrum with one or two (lectotype condition not determined) neural spines (Fig. 3A, B). Pelvic fins and pectoral-girdle elements forming a circular ���single��� type disc, its length and width 6.1 (5.4���6.6) and 7.5 (5.8���7.6) in SL, respectively. Disc region B bell-shaped, same size as disc region A. No disc region C. Anterior and posterior margins of disc regions A and B, respectively, with fringe, latter much longer than former (lectotype damaged). Disc regions A and B with flattened papillae (lectotype damaged); anterior part of disc region A with 3���6 rows of papillae across center (center without papillae in 4 of 18 specimens), both sides of disc region A (except margins) covered with papillae, inner rows somewhat larger than outer rows; disc region B with 5���8 rows of papillae, inner rows somewhat larger than outer rows, anterior part of disc region B without papillae (Fig. 4 A���C). Head sensory canal pores well-developed, including 2 nasal, lacrimal and postorbital and 3 preopercular pores (Fig. 5); mandibular canal pores absent. All pores similarly sized; NC 1 located well before anterior margin of anterior nostril; NC 2 located before anterior margin (level with anterior margin or between anterior and posterior margins) of posterior nostril; LC 1 located in front of anterior margin of eye; LC 2 located antero-ventrally below LC 1 (14 of 37 specimens, Fig. 5B) [just below LC 1 (16 of 37 specimens, Fig. 5E) or postero-ventrally below LC 1 (7 of 37 specimens)]; PO 1 located just behind posterior margin of orbit; PO 2 on similar horizontal level as PO 1; PR 1 and PR 2 located on ventral surface and lateral to opercle, respectively; PR3 located just below PO 2 (13 of 33 specimens, Fig. 5E) [antero-ventrally below PO 2 (1 of 33 specimens) or postero-ventrally below PO 2 (19 of 33 specimens, Fig. 5B)]; all pores with membranous tube (Fig. 5). Coloration in life (Fig. 6A): Body generally faintly gray, with anterior and posterior parts slightly whitish and greenish, respectively. Black stripe on snout tip through eye to posterior region of head. Coloration when preserved: Uniformly yellowish or pale yellow. Distribution. Known from Thursday Island (Torres Strait Islands), Coral and Tasman seas (Australia, Vanuatu and New Caledonia), Fiji and Tonga (Fig. 7). The Thursday Island and Vanuatu records were taken from Hoese & Bray (2006) and Briggs (1955), respectively. Other records are based on voucher specimens examined in this study. Remarks. Lepadichthys frenatus was originally described by Waite (1904), based on 2 specimens from Lord Howe Island, Australia. Although Briggs (1955) and Hoese & Bray (2006) both treated AMS I. 3129 as the holotype of L. frenatus, Waite (1904) had not designated such, his specimens therefore being syntypes. Lepadichthys frenatus is very similar to L. misakius and the two species were previously considered as a single species. Because Waite���s (1904) figure of L. frenatus was based on a single specimen, the features illustrated (e.g., 16 dorsal-fin rays and 13 anal-fin rays) matching AMS I. 6103, we herein designate AMS I. 6103 as the lectotype, following ICZN (1999: article 74.7, recommendation 74B) to clarify the name L. frenatus and avoid further taxonomic confusion, the remaining syntype (AMS I. 3129) becoming a paralectotype. The left side of AMS I. 17367-006 (37.8 mm SL) from Lord Howe Island lacked a properly formed eye (trace only apparent) (Fig. 8A), an abnormal condition. The remainder of the specimen was normal (Fig. 8B). Two specimens of USNM 360250 were not measured because of their poor condition. Because Randall���s (1999) specimen of L. frenatus from the Pitcairn Islands had some diagnostic characters (e.g., gill raker counts) that differed from other specimens examined, the status of the former and distribution record are equivocal, pending further examination., Published as part of Fujiwara, Kyoji & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2019, Validity of Lepadichthys misakius (Tanaka 1908) and redescription of Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904 (Gobiesocidae: Diademichthyinae), pp. 275-298 in Zootaxa 4551 (3) on pages 276-279, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622881, {"references":["Waite, E. R. (1904) Additions to the fish fauna of Lord Howe Island, No. 4. Records of the Australian Museum, 5 (3), 135 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.5.1904.1053","Kner, R. (1868) Uber neue Fische aus dem Museum der Herren Johann Casar Godeffroy & Sohn in Hamburg. (IV. Folge). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 58, 293 - 356.","McCulloch, A. R. (1929) A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part III. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 5, 329 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.5.1929.475","Briggs, J. C. (1955) A monograph of the clingfishes (order Xenopterygii). Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin, 6, 1 - 244.","Whitley, G. P. (1964) Presidential address. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 89, 11 - 127.","Hayashi, M. & Hayashi, H. (1985) Two new records of gobiesocid fishes from Japan, and the morphological study of their key characters. Science Report of the Yokosuka City Museum, 33, 49 - 67.","Francis, M. P. (1993) Checklist of the coastal fishes of Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Island, southwest Pacific Ocean. Pacific Science, 47 (2), 136 - 170.","Johnson, J. W. (1999) Annotated checklist of the fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 709 - 762.","Randall, J. E. (2005) Reef and shore fishes of the South Pacific. New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, xii + 707 pp.","Hoese, D. F. & Bray, D. J. (2006) Gobiesocidae. In: Hoese, D. F., Bray, D. J., Paxton, J. R. & Allen, G. R. (Eds), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Fol. 35. Fishes. Part 3. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 1568 - 1576.","Conway, K. W., Stewart, A. L. & King, C. (2017 a) A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). Zootaxa, 4319 (3), 531 - 549. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4319.3.6","Conway, K. W., Stewart, A. L. & Summers, A. P. (2018 a). A new genus and species of clingfish from the Rangitahua Kermadec Islands of New Zealand (Teleostei, Gobiesocidae). ZooKeys, 786, 75 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 786.28539","ICZN (The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature, 4 th edition. Adopted by the General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.","Randall, J. E. (1999) Report on fish collections from the Pitcairn Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin, 461, 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00775630.461.1"]}

Lepadichthys frenatus: ROM 65285, 2, 12.9���30.8 mm SL; New Caledonia.��� ROM 65289, 2, 24.4���32.1 mm SL; New Caledonia., Published as part of King, Cragen, 2017, A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae), pp. 531-549 in Zootaxa 4319 (3) on page 547, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/890384

Lepadichthys erythraeus Briggs & Link 1963 Figures 2���4, Table 1 Lepadichthys erythraeus Briggs & Link 1963: 102 (Hurghada (Al-Ghardaqa), Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea). Holotype, SMF 5586, 36.6 mm SL (Fig. 2). Lepadichthys erythraeus: Dor 1984: 54 (Red Sea); Goren & Dor 1994: 13 (Red Sea); Golani & Bogorodsky 2010: 45 (Red Sea). Diagnosis. A species of Lepadichthys with a membrane joining dorsal and anal fins with the caudal fin; anus closer to anal fin than to disc, about two-thirds the distance from the rear margin of the disc to the origin of anal fin; upper attachment of gill membrane opposite ninth pectoral-fin ray; eight rakers on second gill arch; postdorsal-caudal distance 6.4���7.3 in dorsal-fin length. Dorsal-fin rays 15���16; anal-fin rays 13; pectoral-fin rays 26���28 (rarely 28); principle caudal-fin rays 12; total caudal-fin rays 20. Description. Count and proportion for holotype given in parentheses; data for each examined specimen are presented in Table 1. Dorsal-fin rays 15���16 (15); anal-fin rays 13 (13); pectoral-fin rays 26���27 (28); principle caudal-fin rays 12 (12); total caudal-fin rays 20 (20); gill rakers on second gill arch 8 (8); pre-anal vertebrae 21 (21); total vertebrae 34 (34). Body slender, compressed posteriorly, anterior portion being flattened dorsally; body depth 6.9���8.1 (6.9) in SL, body width 5.9���7.6 (6.4) in SL, body narrower in smaller specimens. Caudal peduncle very short, depth 0.5��� 0.6 (0.6) in its length. Head narrow and depressed, its length 2.8���3.2 (2.9) in SL, its width 5.4���6.2 (5.2) in SL. Snout relatively long, giving specimen a ���pointed��� appearance in lateral view, but rounded in dorsal outline, its length 2.8 ���4.0 (3.2) in HL, snout shorter in smaller specimens. Mouth slightly inferior, oblique, and moderately large, but not extending below anterior margin of eye, upper-jaw length 3.1���4.3 (4.1) in HL. A single row of teeth on each jaw, those on lower jaw exclusively conical in shape, and those on upper jaw are compressed and have reversed tips. Upper edge of eye slightly protruding above dorsal profile of head, eye diameter 5.0��� 6.4 (5.7) in HL; interorbital space moderately broad, flat, distance 3.3���5.3 (3.9) in HL, interorbital broader in larger specimens. Anterior nostril lacking dermal flap; posterior nostril located slightly behind anterior edge of orbit and contains pronounced dermal flap. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite ninth pectoral-fin ray. Both dorsal and anal fins joined to caudal fin by a thin membrane. Dorsal-fin origin behind vertical at anus and forward to anal-fin origin, predorsal length 1.4���1.7 (1.5) in SL. Postdorsal-caudal distance 6.4���7.3 in dorsal-fin length. Dorsal-caudal distance when brought forward reaches about middle of pectoral fin. Disc single and small, its length 6.6���7.6 (6.3) in SL. Disc region A with 1���2 rows of flattened papillae, disc region B with 8 rows of flattened papillae. Anus closer to anal fin than to disc, about two-thirds distance from rear margin of disc to origin of anal fin. Cephalic pores systems (Fig. 3): There are 2 pores in nasal canal, 2 pores in postorbital canal, 2 pores in lachrymal canal, and 3 pores in preopercular canal. Coloration in life (Figs. 4 A���B) generally reddish brown with small black flecks irregularly spaced on body and a distinct dark (black to brown) stripe running from tip of snout, through eye, and terminating about half the distance from rear margin of orbit to gill opening. Some individuals with a pale streak originating on tip of both jaws, running over head between the eyes, and terminating just posterior to them. Base of pectoral fin darker than body color, but not as dark as stripe running through eye. Pupil dark with a distinct yellow ring on its outer margin. Median fins dark with light margins. In preservative, all color fades and specimens are uniformly tan. Distribution. Lepadichthys erythraeus is presently known only from the Red Sea, from the Gulf of Aqaba and Gulf of Suez, south to Al Wajh (northeastern Saudi Arabia). Remarks. A specimen of Lepadichthys erythraeus (BPBM 40985) was collected by the second author in 2008 and is the first specimen of this species to be photographed in color (Fig. 4 C). The specimen was collected from the base of a coral block (about 1.5 m in diameter) on a reef flat with mixed sand and flat rock with patches of dead corals. The specimen was collected from within this live coral head in a depth of about 1 m in the sheltered Mangrove Bay (El Quseir, Egypt). Later, in 2011 one specimen was collected by the second author from Sharm el Moya area (Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt) from a fringing reef at a depth of 1���3 m and three specimens were collected at the entrance of Sharm el Moya Bay (Egypt) from an isolated coral block. All collected specimens were in close association with sea urchins of the genus Diadema, utilizing the long spines for shelter. During recent field work in Saudi Arabia in June of 2013 additional specimens were collected by the second author in the northern part of the Red Sea (Maqna, Al Khuraybah, and Al Wajh). There are several lots in USNM collected by V. G. Springer and team in the Gulf of Aqaba and Gulf of Suez in 1969, we examined one lot (USNM 314225) from the Gulf of Aqaba that contains 14 specimens. We noted two characters in our examination that differed from those reported in the original description, the first being the number of dorsal-fin rays. Briggs & Link (1963) did not use x-rays to count these elements (J. Briggs, pers. comm.), and this difference is readily explained by the difficulty in accurately counting the smallest of these rays, particularly at the origin of the dorsal fin. Second, the position of the anus was described as being ���much closer��� to the origin of the anal fin than to the rear margin of the disc. This subjective term makes interpretation difficult, and we herein report a semi-quantitative measure for the position of the anus as roughly two-thirds the distance from the anterior edge of the disc to the origin of the anal fin. The position and number of the sensory head pores in L. erythraeus matches well with other known species of Lepadichthys (Shiogaki & Dotsu 1983). We thus agree with Shiogaki & Dotsu (1983) that these canals may be well suited to identify clingfish genera. Lepadichthys erythraeus superficially resembles L. coccinotaenia Regan 1921 known from the Indian Ocean. Both species possess a dark band extending from the snout, through the eye, and terminating on the operculum. Lepadichthys erythraeus has more dorsal-fin and anal-fin rays, 15���16 and 13, respectively vs. 11���13 and 9���11 in L. coccinotaenia; the dorsal and anal fins joined with the caudal by a thin membrane vs. not joined in L. coccinotaenia; the postdorsal-caudal distance is shorter, 6.4���7.3 in dorsal-fin length vs. 2.7���2.8 in dorsal-fin length in L. coccinotaenia; and the caudal peduncle is shorter, 0.5���0.6 in its length vs. 0.7���0.8 in its length in L. coccinotaenia. Lepadichthys erythraeus is also similar in morphology to L. sandaracatus known from Western Australia, but L. erythraeus has the upper attachment of the gill membrane opposite the ninth pectoral-fin ray vs. opposite the fourth to seventh pectoral-fin ray in L. sandaracatus; and shorter postdorsal-caudal distance, 6.4���7.3 in dorsal-fin length vs. 3.4���3.8 in dorsal-fin length in L. sandaracatus. Only one congeneric species occurs in the Red Sea, L. lineatus, which clearly differs from L. erythraeus by its striped color pattern and close association with crinoids. Some authors have placed this species in the genus Discotrema, but Briggs (2001) and Craig & Randall (2008) retain it in Lepadichthys. Material examined. SMF 5586, holotype, 36.6 mm, Egypt, Hurghada (Al-Ghardaqa); USNM 314225, 28.5 mm, Israel, El Himeira, 19 July 1969; BPBM 40985, 19.1 mm, Egypt, El Quseir, 12 June 2008; uncatalogued, 1, 23.5 mm, Egypt, Sharm el Moya, 25 June 2011; uncatalogued, 3, 33.0���42.0 mm, Egypt, Sharm el Moya Bay, 13 July 2011; SMF 35410, 2, 26.6 ���36.0 mm, Saudi Arabia, south of Al Wajh, 14 June 2013; SMF 35411, 1, 37.9 mm, Saudi Arabia, Al Khuraybah, 24 June 2013; KAUMM 318, 2, 25.9���36.2 mm, Saudi Arabia, south of Al Wajh, 14 June 2013; KAUMM 319, 1, 35.3 mm, Saudi Arabia, Al Khuraybah, 24 June 2013., Published as part of Craig, Matthew T., Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Randall, John E. & Mal, Ahmad O., 2015, Lepadichthys bilineatus, a new species of clingfish from Oman (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae), with a redescription of Lepadichthys erythraeus Briggs and Link from the Red Sea, pp. 113-122 in Zootaxa 3990 (1) on pages 117-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3990.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/238553, {"references":["Briggs, J. C. & Link, G. (1963) New clingfishes of the genus Lepadichthys from the northern Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 44 (2), 101 - 105.","Dor, M. (1984) CLOFRES. Checklist of fishes of the Red Sea. The Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, xxii + 437 pp.","Goren, M. & Dor, M. (1994) An updated checklist of the fishes of the Red Sea. CLOFRES II. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, xiii + 120 pp.","Golani, D. & Bogorodsky, S. V. (2010) The fishes of the Red Sea - reappraisal and updated checklist. Zootaxa, 2463, 1 - 135.","Shiogaki, M. & Dotsu, Y. (1983) Two new genera and two new species of clingfishes from Japan, with comments on head sensory canals of the Gobiesocidae. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 30 (2), 111 - 121.","Regan, C. T. (1921) Three new fishes from South Africa, collected by Mr. H. W. Bell Marley. Annals of the Durban Museum, 3, 1 - 2.","Briggs, J. C. (2001) New species of Lepadichthys from the Philippine Islands. Copeia, 2001 (2), 499 - 500. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2001) 001 [0499: NSOLFT] 2.0. CO; 2","Craig, M. T. & Randall, J. E. (2008) Two new species of the Indo-Pacific clingfish genus Discotrema (Gobiesocidae). Copeia, 2008 (1), 68 - 74. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 07 - 025"]}

Key to the species of Lepadichthys 1 a. Dorsal-fin rays 14���17; anal-fin rays 11���15.................................................................. 2 1 b. Dorsal-fin rays 9���13; anal-fin rays 8���11.................................................................... 6 2 a. Dorsal and anal fins not joined to caudal fin; pectoral-fin rays 23; head not broad, head width 6.5 in SL; two oblique bluish white lines on postorbital head; top of snout with a broad white stripe........................ L. bilineatus n. sp. (Oman) 2 b. Both dorsal and anal fins, or dorsal fin only, joined to caudal fin; pectoral-fin rays 26���28; head moderately broad, head width 4.7���6.2 in SL; color not as above......................................................................... 3 3 a. Dorsal-fin rays 14; dorsal fin only joined to caudal fin; 6 gill rakers on second gill arch............................................................................................... L. ctenion Briggs & Link (NW Indian Ocean) 3 b. Dorsal-fin rays 15���17; both dorsal and anal fins joined to caudal fin; 8���14 gill rakers on second gill arch................ 4 4 a. Disc medium, its length 4.9���5.8 in SL; 10���14 gill rakers on second gill arch................ L. frenatus Waite (W. Pacific) 4 b. Disc moderately small, its length 6.0��� 7.6 in SL; 8���9 gill rakers on second gill arch.................................. 5 5 a. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite 4 th to 7 th pectoral-fin ray; head width 4.6 ���5.0 in SL; postdorsal-caudal distance 3.4���3.8 in dorsal-fin length............................................... L. sandaracatus Whitley (W. Australia) 5 b. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite 9 th pectoral-fin ray; head width 5.2���6.2 in SL; postdorsal-caudal distance 6.4���7.3 in dorsal-fin length...................................................... L. erythraeus Briggs & Link (Red Sea) 6 a. Pectoral-fin rays 16���17; disc very small, its length 9.0 in SL; head and body white with two longitudinal dark red stripes.......................................................................... L. akiko Allen & Erdmann (W. Papua) 6 b. Pectoral-fin rays 25���30; disc length 4.0��� 8.2 in SL; color not as above............................................ 7 7 a. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite 7 th to 9 th pectoral-fin ray........................................... 8 7 b. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite 10 th to 15 th pectoral-fin ray........................................ 10 8 a. Dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fin; postdorsal-caudal distance 4.0��� 4.5 in dorsal-fin length; disc length 4.0��� 5.3 in SL........................................................................ L. springeri Briggs (Philippines) 8 b. Dorsal and anal fins not joined to caudal fin; postdorsal-caudal distance 1.3���2.8 in dorsal-fin length; disc length 5.4 ���6.0 in SL.................................................................................................... 9 9 a. Postdorsal-caudal distance 2.7���2.8 in dorsal-fin length; 11���16 gill rakers on second gill arch............................................................................................. L. coccinotaenia Regan (W. Indian Ocean) 9 b. Postdorsal-caudal distance 1.3���1.8 in dorsal-fin length; 8 gill rakers on second gill arch.. L. caritus Briggs (W. Indian Ocean) 10 a. Dorsal-fin rays 12; anal-fin rays 10; disc length 8.2 in SL.......................... L. bolini Briggs (Indo-West Pacific) 10 b. Dorsal-fin rays 9���11; anal-fin rays 8���9; disc length 5.1���5.7 in SL.............................................. 11 11 a. Anus much closer to anal-fin origin than to rear margin of disc; disc length 5.5���5.7 in SL; 8 sharp gill rakers on second gill arch........................................................ L. lineatus Briggs (Red Sea and Indo-West Pacific) 11 b. Anus about halfway between anal-fin origin and rear margin of disc; disc length 5.1���5.3 in SL; 5 shallow gill rakers on second gill arch....................................................................... L. minor Briggs (W. Pacific), Published as part of Craig, Matthew T., Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Randall, John E. & Mal, Ahmad O., 2015, Lepadichthys bilineatus, a new species of clingfish from Oman (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae), with a redescription of Lepadichthys erythraeus Briggs and Link from the Red Sea, pp. 113-122 in Zootaxa 3990 (1) on pages 121-122, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3990.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/238553

Key to the species of Lepadichthys 1 a. Dorsal-fin rays 14–17; anal-fin rays 11–15.................................................................. 2 1 b. Dorsal-fin rays 9–13; anal-fin rays 8–11.................................................................... 6 2 a. Dorsal and anal fins not joined to caudal fin; pectoral-fin rays 23; head not broad, head width 6.5 in SL; two oblique bluish white lines on postorbital head; top of snout with a broad white stripe........................ L. bilineatus n. sp. (Oman) 2 b. Both dorsal and anal fins, or dorsal fin only, joined to caudal fin; pectoral-fin rays 26–28; head moderately broad, head width 4.7–6.2 in SL; color not as above......................................................................... 3 3 a. Dorsal-fin rays 14; dorsal fin only joined to caudal fin; 6 gill rakers on second gill arch............................................................................................... L. ctenion Briggs & Link (NW Indian Ocean) 3 b. Dorsal-fin rays 15–17; both dorsal and anal fins joined to caudal fin; 8–14 gill rakers on second gill arch................ 4 4 a. Disc medium, its length 4.9–5.8 in SL; 10–14 gill rakers on second gill arch................ L. frenatus Waite (W. Pacific) 4 b. Disc moderately small, its length 6.0– 7.6 in SL; 8–9 gill rakers on second gill arch.................................. 5 5 a. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite 4 th to 7 th pectoral-fin ray; head width 4.6 –5.0 in SL; postdorsal-caudal distance 3.4–3.8 in dorsal-fin length............................................... L. sandaracatus Whitley (W. Australia) 5 b. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite 9 th pectoral-fin ray; head width 5.2–6.2 in SL; postdorsal-caudal distance 6.4–7.3 in dorsal-fin length...................................................... L. erythraeus Briggs & Link (Red Sea) 6 a. Pectoral-fin rays 16–17; disc very small, its length 9.0 in SL; head and body white with two longitudinal dark red stripes.......................................................................... L. akiko Allen & Erdmann (W. Papua) 6 b. Pectoral-fin rays 25–30; disc length 4.0– 8.2 in SL; color not as above............................................ 7 7 a. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite 7 th to 9 th pectoral-fin ray........................................... 8 7 b. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite 10 th to 15 th pectoral-fin ray........................................ 10 8 a. Dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fin; postdorsal-caudal distance 4.0– 4.5 in dorsal-fin length; disc length 4.0– 5.3 in SL........................................................................ L. springeri Briggs (Philippines) 8 b. Dorsal and anal fins not joined to caudal fin; postdorsal-caudal distance 1.3–2.8 in dorsal-fin length; disc length 5.4 –6.0 in SL.................................................................................................... 9 9 a. Postdorsal-caudal distance 2.7–2.8 in dorsal-fin length; 11–16 gill rakers on second gill arch............................................................................................. L. coccinotaenia Regan (W. Indian Ocean) 9 b. Postdorsal-caudal distance 1.3–1.8 in dorsal-fin length; 8 gill rakers on second gill arch.. L. caritus Briggs (W. Indian Ocean) 10 a. Dorsal-fin rays 12; anal-fin rays 10; disc length 8.2 in SL.......................... L. bolini Briggs (Indo-West Pacific) 10 b. Dorsal-fin rays 9–11; anal-fin rays 8–9; disc length 5.1–5.7 in SL.............................................. 11 11 a. Anus much closer to anal-fin origin than to rear margin of disc; disc length 5.5–5.7 in SL; 8 sharp gill rakers on second gill arch........................................................ L. lineatus Briggs (Red Sea and Indo-West Pacific) 11 b. Anus about halfway between anal-fin origin and rear margin of disc; disc length 5.1–5.3 in SL; 5 shallow gill rakers on second gill arch....................................................................... L. minor Briggs (W. Pacific)

Lepadichthys bilineatus Craig, Bogorodsky and Randall, new species Figure 1; Table 1 Holotype: BPBM 36336, 23.5 mm SL, Oman, southeastern coast, Rahah Bay, 16 �� 57 ���N, 54 �� 49 ���E, tidal pool (0���1.5 m), rotenone, J.E. Randall and I. McLeish, 6 February 1993. Diagnosis. A species of Lepadichthys with origins of dorsal and anal fins posterior on body and lacking a membrane connecting them to caudal fin; dorsal-fin rays 16; anal-fin rays 13; pectoral-fin rays 23; principal caudal-fin rays 10, total caudal-fin rays 18; gill rakers 10; head large, its length 3.1 in SL; body depth 8.0 in SL; disc single; disc length 6.6 in SL; disc width 6.5 in SL; color when fresh as in Fig. 1 A, color in alcohol uniform tan (Fig. 1 B). Description. Dorsal-fin rays 16; anal-fin rays 13; pectoral-fin rays 23; principal caudal-fin rays 10; upper and lower procurrent caudal-fin rays 4; gill rakers 10 on second and third arches; vertebrae 34; body long and slender, its depth 8.0 in SL; head length 3.1 in SL; head width 6.5 in SL; snout length 3.4 in HL; eye diameter 5.1 in HL; caudal-peduncle depth 0.8 in its length. Disc simple, lacking fattened papillae characteristic of the genus (although may be a result of damage to the disc), single and small, length 6.6 in SL, and width 6.5 in SL; anus slightly nearer to origin of anal fin than posterior edge of disc. Mouth inferior, slightly oblique, and small; upper-jaw length 10.9 in SL; front of jaws with conical teeth. Upper attachment of gill membrane opposite eighth pectoral-fin ray. Origin of dorsal fin slightly anterior to origin of anal fin; predorsal distance 1.5 in SL; postdorsal-caudal distance 5.8 in dorsal-fin length; preanal-fin distance 1.4 in SL. Color of holotype when fresh (Fig. 1 A): body grayish blue, grading ventrally and posteriorly to brownish orange, and to brownish red on about posterior fourth of body; head dark brown dorsally, abruptly yellowish on ventral half, becoming bright yellow on chin; two bluish white lines extending posteriorly and angling slightly ventrally from eye, one dorsally and one ventrally from eye; pupil encircled by a distinct red ring, with a pale blue dash below; outer two-thirds of pectoral fins translucent yellowish, basal third of fin orangish brown, grading to red ventrally on chest; disc yellow; dorsal and anal fins reddish yellow with a narrow pale blue-green margin and a maroon submarginal band; caudal fin colored like body on basal fifth, followed by vertical zones of yellow and dark reddish brown, the reddish brown of rays extending anteriorly into yellow zone; outer two-fifths of fin translucent whitish. Color of holotype in alcohol uniform tan (Fig. 1 B). Etymology. The species name bilineatus (Latin for ���two lines���) is used in reference to the two parallel bluish white lines that extend posteriorly across the head. Remarks. The book Coastal fishes of Oman (Randall 1995) includes species accounts of two gobiesocid fishes, the distinctive long-snouted Diademichthys lineatus, usually found sheltering among the branches of coral or the spines of sea urchins, and Lepadichthys lineatus Briggs 1966, commensal in a crinoid (as Discotrema lineatum; see Craig & Randall (2008) for discussion of the nomenclatural history of this species). Fish collections for the book in 1993 also included single specimens of two unidentified clingfishes. One of these was described as the new genus and species, Briggsia hastingsi by Craig & Randall in 2009; the second specimen is described here as Lepadichthys bilineatus. We regret describing these two species from single specimens. We know of no plans for additional collections. The holotype of L. bilineatus is too desiccated to determine sensory pore number and arrangement, however we assume a similar arrangement and the same number of each pore sensu Shiogaki & Dotsu (1983). Lepadichthys bilineatus superficially resembles L. sandaracatus Whitley 1943 and L. frenatus, two species that Briggs (1955) considered as possibly conspecific. The three species share a relatively small disc, 16 dorsal-fin rays, and 13 anal-fin rays. Lepadichthys bilineatus differs in lacking a membrane connecting dorsal and anal fins to caudal fin (dorsal and anal fins joined by membrane to caudal fin in L. sandaracatus and L. frenatus), in having 23 pectoral-fin rays (27���28 in L. sandaracatus and L. frenatus), a smaller eye (4.2, 4.4 and 5.1 in HL in L. sandaracatus, L. frenatus and L. bilineatus, respectively, a narrower head (head width 6.5 in SL in L. bilineatus, 4.8 in SL in L. sandaracatus, and 4.7 in L. frenatus), and a more pointed snout. In addition, the color pattern of L. bilineatus is distinct in having two pale lines from the posterior orbit to the edge of the operculum. The closest geographic congener of L. bilineatus appears to be L. erythraeus. These two species are easily differentiated based on color pattern and morphological characteristics (see account of L. erythraeus below). The skin of the body of the holotype of Lepadichthys bilineatus is slightly wrinkled. We believe this may have resulted from the inadvertent partial drying of the specimen. This gives the faint impression of scales in the photograph (Fig. 1 A), however all clingfishes known at this time lack scales. The holotype of L. bilineatus is too desiccated to determine sensory pore number and arrangement, however we assume a similar arrangement and number of pores as seen in L. erythraeus (see description below). Recently, photographs of an unidentified clingfish taken at Musandam in the Strait of Hormuz (Oman) were presented to the second author by Mr. Patrick Louisy. The fish was seen at a depth of 15 m among spines of diadematid sea urchin. The individual photographed (Fig. 1, C���D) appears similar to L. bilineatus, and if it is indeed that species, would indicate that there is variation in the overall body color of the species and the prominence of the white lines extending along the head. Unfortunately it was not collected; we are unable to confirm that the individual is in fact L. bilineatus., Published as part of Craig, Matthew T., Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Randall, John E. & Mal, Ahmad O., 2015, Lepadichthys bilineatus, a new species of clingfish from Oman (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae), with a redescription of Lepadichthys erythraeus Briggs and Link from the Red Sea, pp. 113-122 in Zootaxa 3990 (1) on pages 114-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3990.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/238553, {"references":["Randall, J. E. (1995) Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, xiii + 432 pp.","Briggs, J. C. (1966) A new clingfish of the genus Lepadichthys from the Red Sea. (Contribution to the knowledge of the Red Sea, no. 35). Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, Sea Fisheries Research Station Haifa, 42, 37 - 40.","Craig, M. T. & Randall, J. E. (2008) Two new species of the Indo-Pacific clingfish genus Discotrema (Gobiesocidae). Copeia, 2008 (1), 68 - 74. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 07 - 025","Shiogaki, M. & Dotsu, Y. (1983) Two new genera and two new species of clingfishes from Japan, with comments on head sensory canals of the Gobiesocidae. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 30 (2), 111 - 121.","Whitley, G. P. (1943) Ichthyological descriptions and notes. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 68 (3 / 4), 114 - 144.","Briggs, J. C. (1955) A monograph of the clingfishes (Order Xenopterygii). Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin, 6, iv + 224 pp."]}