Search

Microdochium sichuanense L.S. Dissan., J.C. Kang & Maharachch., sp. nov. (FIGUER 2) Index Fungorum Number: IF900348, Facesoffungi: 14277 Etymology:— Referring to the location “ Sichuan Province ” where the fungus was collected Holotype:—KUN-HKAS127240 Saprobic on dead leaves of Poaceae in terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata 100–180 μm high, 60–100 μm diam. (x̅ = 146.3 × 86.9 μm, n = 5), solitary, scattered, appear as black dots on the host surface, square to ellipsoidal, brown, immersed, apapillate, ostiolate. Peridium 10–20 μm wide, evenly thickened, comprising brown cells of textura angularis to textura prismatica, flattened and hyaline towards inner layers, fused with host tissues. Hamathecium comprising hyaline, cylindrical, guttulate, branched paraphyses (2–6 μm wide), arising from base of ascomata. Asci 90–140 × 15–20 μm (x̅ = 110 × 18 μm, n = 15), unitunicate, 8-spored, overlapping 1–2 seriate, clavate to oblong, with a minute J- apical ring or without an epical ring, with a short stipe. Ascospores 10–22 × 4–7 μm (x̅ = 16 × 5.5 μm, n = 15), hyaline, oval to fusiform, sometimes allantoid, straight or slightly curved, guttulate. Asexual morph: Undetermined Culture characteristics:— Colonies on PDA reaching 2 cm diam. after 2 weeks at 20–25 °C, medium dense, circular to slightly irregular, slightly raised, cottony surface smooth, at first white, becoming light yellow when mature, without any pigmentation; reverse yellowish-white. Material examined:— China, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology premises, on dead leaves of an unidentified poaceous host, September 2021, Q Wang W30 (KUN-HKAS127240, holotype), ex-type cultures KUNCC 23–13008 Known distribution:— Sichuan Province, China Notes:— Microdochium sichuanense morphologically resembles M. graminearum and M. shilinense in having solitary, scattered, immersed, apapillate, ostiolate ascomata, textura angularis to prismatica cells in peridium, 8- spored, biseriate with short stipe asci, and hyaline, guttulate, fusiform, straight or curved ascospores. Microdochium sichuanense differs from M. graminearum and M. shilinense in having clavate to oblong asci without an apical ring and aseptate ascospores, while M. graminearum and M. shilinense have fusiform asci with apical ring and 0–3 transversely septate ascospores. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (FIGURE 1) show that our collection forms a sister group with the isolates of M. hainanense (SAUCC 210781 and SAUCC 210782) with 60% ML and 0.96 BYPP. It is impossible to compare M. sichuanense and M.hainanense as they occur in different morphs (sexual and asexual). A pairwise nucleotide comparison between the two species showed that M. sichuanense differs from M. hainanense (SAUCC 210782) in 35/566 bp of ITS (6.18%) and 150/797 bp of rpb2 (18.82%). Interestingly, both species were collected from the same host family (Poaceae), but from different locations in China (M. sichuanense: Sichuan Province and M. hainanense: Hainan Province)., Published as part of Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Kang, Ji-Chuan & Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., 2023, Microdochium sichuanense sp. nov. (Microdochiaceae, Xylariales), from a Poaceae host in Sichuan, China, pp. 206-216 in Phytotaxa 600 (3) on pages 211-212, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/8080903

Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Kang, Ji-Chuan, Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S.N. (2023): Microdochium sichuanense sp. nov. (Microdochiaceae, Xylariales), from a Poaceae host in Sichuan, China. Phytotaxa 600 (3): 206-216, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.600.3.7

Neostagonosporella bambusicola L.S. Dissan. & J.C. Kang sp. nov. (FIGURE 2) Index Fungorum number: IF559874; Facesoffungi number: FoF09712 Etymology— Referring to the host “bamboo” from which the holotype was isolated. Holotype — HKAS115852 Saprobic on dead leaves of bamboo (Poaceae). Sexual morph: Ascostromata 180–220 × 140–180 μm (x = 201 × 163 μm, n = 10), ellipsoidal, globose to subglobose or irregular in shape, semi-immersed in host epidermis, coriaceous, solitary to gregarious, multiloculate, erumpent through host tissue, with dark brown to black, glabrous, with a centrally located ostiole. Peridium 12–20 μm wide (x = 15 μm, n = 10), thin at base, thick at sides towards apex, upper part fused with host tissue, composed of two layers; outer layer: pale to brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis, inner layer: hyaline, somewhat flattened cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of 1–3 μm (x = 2 μm, n = 10) wide, cellular, septate pseudoparaphyses, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous matrix. Asci 70–130 × 13.5–15 μm (x = 92 × 13 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, short pedicellate (up to 10 μm), apically rounded with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 30–36 × 5.5–7.2 μm (x = 33 × 6 μm, n = 20), partially overlapping uni- to bi-seriate, hyaline, cylindrical to fusiform or cylindric-clavate, with acute ends, narrower towards end cells, straight or slightly curved, 5-7-septate, slightly constricted at septa, nearly equidistant between septa, guttulate, smooth-walled, surrounded by a 10–14 μm (x = 11 μm, n = 10) thick mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics— Colonies on PDA, reaching 2 cm diam., after 2 weeks at 20°C, medium dense, circular to slightly irregular with uneven margin, slightly raised and cottony surface, colony from above: white at the margin, pale-grey at the center. From below: yellowish margin, yellow to brown at the center; mycelium pale-grey. Material examined— CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou University, on dead leaves of bamboo, 28 May 2019, L. S. Dissanayake (HKAS115852, holotype), ex-type culture (KUMCC 20-0031). Known distribution — Guizhou Province, China Notes: Neostagonosporella bambusicola shares similar morphology with N. sichuanensis showing multiloculate ascostromata and cylindrical to fusiform, transversely multi-septate, straight or curved ascospores, which are widest at the central cells. In the present phylogenetic analyses, N. bambusicola clusters sister to N. sichuanensis with relatively high statistical support (Figure 1). The two species are easily distinguishable since Neostagonosporella bambusicola has smaller ascomata (180–220 × 140–180 μm), cellular, septate pseudoparaphyses and ascospores with thick sheath (10–14 μm), whereas N. sichuanensis has large ascomata (1–2 mm × 230–340 μm), trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and ascospores with a thin sheath (5–9 μm)., Published as part of Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Marasinghe, Diana S., Thambugala, Kasun M. & Kang, Ji-Chuan, 2022, Neostagonosporella bambusicola sp. nov. (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) from bamboo in China, pp. 262-274 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 265-267, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7349978

Xylaria wuzhishanensis Y.P. Wu & Q.R. Li, sp. nov. (Fig. 5) MycoBank number: MB 842170 Type:— CHINA, Hainan Province, Wuzhishan City, Wuzhishan Nature Reserve (18.541805°N, 109.412245°E), elev. 892 m, on dead wood of a plant roots (Oleaceae sp.), November 2020, Youpeng Wu and Lili Liu, 2020WZS35 (GMB0074, holotype; KUN-HKAS 12634, isotype; ex-type living culture, GMBC0074). Etymology: Referring to its collection location, Wuzhishan Mountain from where the species was first isolated (China). Saprobic on dead wood roots, forming on the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata 0.3–0.8 cm long × 0.6–1.2 cm broad (x = 0.6 × 0.8 cm, n = 10), semiglobular or irregularly globose, whole stromata up to with flattened or slightly convex top. Surface of stromata black, with raised blackish dots. Perithecia 300–600 μm high × 200–400 μm diam. (x = 400 × 300 μm, n = 10), oval to spherical, embedded, closely arranged, interior white. Ostioles papillate, surrounded with white tissue. Asci 235–366 × 11–20 μm (x = 293 × 14.2 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, long-stipitate, apically rounded, with a J+, rectangular or urn-shaped, apical ring, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 6.7–10.5 μm (x = 8.7 μm, n = 30) high, 4.2–6.5 μm (x = 5.3 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 23–30.5 × 7–9 μm (x = 26.5 × 8 μm, n=30), brown to black, unicellular, ellipsoid to inequilateral, with broadly rounded ends, smooth, with a conspicuous slanted germ slit nearly one-third spore-length, lacking appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies on OA reaching 3–4 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C. White at first, white at first, upright, velvety with irregular outgrowths or furrows, with a peripheral fan-shaped extension spreading toward the edge; reverse light grey in the center, white marginal area. After 4 weeks, colonies on OA reaching 9 cm diam., white greyish, velvety or inflorescence, appressed with entire margins; reverse black, with brownish ring. No conidia were observed. Notes: Based on the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1), X. wuzhishanensis is most closely related to X. schweinitzii. Morphologically, X. wuzhishanensis differs from X. schweinitzii by its semi-globular or irregularly globose stromata. Xylaria wuzhishanensis shows similar traits of X. atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) Callan & J.D. Rogers, X. globosa (Spreng. ex Fr.: Fr.) Mont., and X. lepidota Y.M. Ju et al. with semiglobular or irregularly globose stromata. But, X. wuzhishanensis can distinguish from X. atrosphaerica by its larger ascospores (23–30.5 × 7–9 μm vs. 17–25 × 6–10 μm) with a shorter germ slit (Callan et al. 1990). The surface of stroma lacks crackle of X. wuzhishanensis, which can make a distinction between X. globosa and X. lepidota (Ju et al. 2009, Fournier et al. 2018)., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Liu, Li-Li, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qing-De, Lin, Yan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qi-Rui, 2022, Morphology and phylogeny reveal two novel Xylaria (Xylariaceae) species from China, pp. 130-146 in Phytotaxa 550 (2) on page 141, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6641065, {"references":["Callan, B. E. & Rogers, J. D. (1990) Teleomorph-anamorph connections and correlations in some Xylaria species. Mycotaxon 36: 343 - 369.","Ju, Y. M., Hsieh, H. M., Vasilyeva, L. & Akulov, A. (2009) Three new Xylaria species from Russian Far East. Mycologia 101: 548 - 553. http: // doi. org / 10.3852 / 08 - 188","Fournier, J., Lechat, C. & Courtecuisse, R. (2018) The genus Xylaria sensu lato (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies) I. Taxa with penzigioid stromata. Ascomycete. org 10 (4): 131 - 176. http: // doi. org / 10.25664 / ART- 0239"]}

Xylaria sylvatica Y.P. Wu & Q.R. Li, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) MycoBank number: MB 842171 Type:— CHINA. Guizhou Province: Guiyang City, Guiyang Forest Park (26.2329°N, 106.451958°E), elev. 1142 m, on dead wood of unidentified plant, June 2021, Youpeng Wu, 2021GYSLGY6 (GMB0076, holotype; KUN-HKAS 122632, isotype; ex-type living culture, GMBC0076). Etymology: Refers to a forest habitat for specimen collection. Saprobic on dead wood, forming on the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata 0.6–1.7 cm long × 0.2–0.5 cm broad (x = 1.2 × 0.4 cm, n = 10), upright, usually solitary, unbranched, cylindrical or clavate, fertile inflated at apex, texture soft, internally white. Surface of stromata gray to black, conspicuous cracked. Stalk well defined and easy to distinguish. Perithecia 500–700 μm high × 300–700 μm broad (x = 600 × 400 μm, n = 10), oval, sphaerical to subsphaerical, embedded, closely arranged, tissue between the perithecia is white. Ostioles inconspicuous. Asci 224–313 × 10.5–20.5 μm (x = 260 × 15 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, long-stipitate, apically rounded, with a J+, wedge-shaped apical ring, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 9–15 μm (x = 12.2 μm, n = 30) high, 4–7 μm (mean = 5.3 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm (x = 25 × 8 μm, n = 30), green grey, unicellular, ellipsoid to inequilateral, with broadly rounded ends, smooth, with a sigmoid germ slit nearly half spore-length, lacking appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies on OA reaching 3–4 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C. White at first, with regular margins, upright, velvety, with irregular outgrowths or furrows, with a peripheral fan-shaped extension spreading toward the edge; reverse blackish-brown in the center, white marginal area. After 4 weeks, Colonies on OA reaching 9 cm diam., white greyish, velvety or inflorescence, appressed with entire margins; reverse black, with brownish ring. No conidia were observed. Notes: Phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1) indicated that X. sylvatica was closely related to X. spinulosa and X. haemorrhoidalis but formed a distinct lineage. However, X. sylvatica is distinguish from X. spinulosa by its lacking long thorns on the stromatal surface, and larger ascospores (23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm vs. 19–23 × 6.5–8.5 μm) with a sigmoid germ slit. Xylaria sylvatica differs from X. haemorrhoidalis by its upright, solitary, unbranched, cylindrical or clavate stromata (Li et al. 2017). Morphologically, Xylaria sylvatica shows similar traits of X. martinicensis J. Fourn. & Lechat., and X. squamulosa F. San Martín & J.D. Rogers., with upright, long stipitate, cylindrical or clavate stromata with fertile inflated at apex, conspicuous cracked or wrinkled on the surface of stromata. But, X. martinicensis have smaller ascospores (13–16.5 × 6–7.5 μm vs. 23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm), with a narrow but conspicuous, straight, longitudinally oriented germ slit, which can make a distinction for X. sylvatica (Fournier et al. 2020). Xylaria squamulosa differs from X. sylvatica by larger ascospores (29–40 × 11–14 μm vs. 23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm) with a straight germ slit nearly spore-length (San Martín et al. 1989)., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Liu, Li-Li, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qing-De, Lin, Yan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qi-Rui, 2022, Morphology and phylogeny reveal two novel Xylaria (Xylariaceae) species from China, pp. 130-146 in Phytotaxa 550 (2) on pages 137-141, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6641065, {"references":["Li, Q. R., Liu, L. L., Zhang, X., Shen, X. C. & Kang, J. C. (2017) Xylaria spinulosa sp. nov. and X. atrosphaerica from southern China. Mycosphere 8 (8): 1070 - 1079. http: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 8 / 8 / 8","Fournier, J., Lechat, C. & Courtecuisse, R. (2020) The genus Xylaria sensu lato (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies) III. Taxa with slender upright stromata. Ascomycete. org 12 (3): 81 - 164. http: // doi. org / 10.25664 / ART- 0302","San Martin, G. F. & Rogers, J. D. (1989) A preliminary account of Xylaria of Mexico. Mycotaxon 34 (2): 368."]}

Xylaria atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) Callan & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 36 (2): 349 (1990) (Fig. 2) Synonymy: Hypoxylon atrosphaericum Cooke & Massee, Grevillea 22(no. 103): 68 (1894) Penzigia atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) J.N. Mill., Monograph Univ. Puerto Rico, Series B 2: 212 (1934) Kretzschmaria atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) P.M.D. Martin, Jl S. Afr. Bot. 36(2): 79 (1970) Kretzschmaria atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) P.M.D. Martin, Jl S. Afr. Bot. 42(1): 74 (1976) MycoBank number: MB 127393 Saprobic on dead wood, forming on the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata semiglobular or irregularly globose, pulvinate, 0.4‒1.8 mm high × 1.4‒3.2 mm broad (x = 1.4 × 2.3 mm, n = 10), with flattened or slightly convex top. Exterior grey dark to black, roughened by fine cracks and ostioles; interior whithish to light grey. Perithecia 0.3‒0.8 mm diam., completely immersed, sphaerical. Ostioles inconspicuous. Asci 182‒288 × 12.3‒20 μm (x = 237 × 16.1 μm, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, long-stipitate, apically rounded, with a J +, wedge-shaped apical ring, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 7–12 μm (x = 10 μm, n = 30) high, 3.5–7 μm (x = 5.4 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 20.5–25.5 × 6.5–10 μm (x = 22.7 × 7.8 μm, n = 30), brownish-black, unicellular, ellipsoid to inequilateral, with broadly rounded ends, smooth, with a sigmoid germ slit nearly half spore-length, lacking appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Specimens examined: CHINA, Guizhou Province, Duyun City, Doupengshan Nature Reserve (26.223062°N, 107.22846°E), elev. 1086 m, on dead wood of unidentified plant, June 2021, Youpeng Wu, 2021DPS13 (GMB0077, KUN-HKAS 122633; living culture, GMBC 0077). Culture characteristics: Colonies on OA reaching 4–5 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 ° C. White at first, with regular margins, becoming moderately radiating furrows spreading toward the edge, medium becoming black from central; reverse greyish black ring in the center, white marginal area. After 4 weeks, colonies on OA reaching 9 cm diam., white, velvety, appressed with entire margins; reverse dark black. No conidia were observed. Notes: Hypoxylon atrosphaericum Cooke & Massee collected from Queensland was described originally by Cooke (1894). Rogers et al. (1987) described the asexual morph of Penzigia atrosphaerica collected from Indonesia. However, based primarily on the nature of cultures, Callan & Rogers (1990) placed them in the genus Xylaria. Morphologically, our new collection (GMB0077) is congruent with X. atrosphaerica having semi-globular or irregularly globose stromata, grey dark to black, internally white; surface roughened by fine cracks and ostioles and perithecial mounds inconspicuous, brownish-black, ellipsoid-inequilateral, smooth ascospores (17–25 × 6–10 μm), with oblique to spiral germ slit, nearly 1/2 spore-length, lacking sheaths and appendages. Phylogenetic analyses showed that GMB0077 resembles with X. atrosphaerica (HAST 91111214) with high statistical support (100% ML, 1.00 BYPP; Fig. 1)., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Liu, Li-Li, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qing-De, Lin, Yan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qi-Rui, 2022, Morphology and phylogeny reveal two novel Xylaria (Xylariaceae) species from China, pp. 130-146 in Phytotaxa 550 (2) on page 134, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6641065, {"references":["Rogers, J. D., Callan, B. E. & Samuels, G. J. (1987) The Xylariaceae of the rain forests of north Sulawesi (Indonesia). Mycotaxon 29: 113 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00436682","Callan, B. E. & Rogers, J. D. (1990) Teleomorph-anamorph connections and correlations in some Xylaria species. Mycotaxon 36: 343 - 369."]}

Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fr., Nova Acta Regia Soc. Sci. Upsal. (Ser. 3) 1: 126. 1851; sensu Rogers (1984) (Fig. 3) Synonymy: Hypoxylon cubense Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 13: 345 (1840) MycoBank number: MB 179243 Saprobic on dead tree trunk, forming on the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata solitary, cylindric-clavate, usually unbranched, 2.2–5.8 cm long × 0.6–1.2. cm broad (x = 3.6 × 0.8 cm, n = 10), with short or long stipe from a pannose base, externally copper brown to brownish-black, internally white. Surface smooth to slightly rough with fine cracks. Perithecia ovoid, 0.4–0.8 mm diam., ostioles inconspicuous to conspicuous, prominent. Ostioles papillae. Asci 107– 162 × 5.3‒8.2 μm (x = 124 × 6.8 μm, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, long-stipitate, apically rounded, with a J +, rectangular, apical ring, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 1.5–2.5 μm (x = 2.2 μm, n = 30) high, 1.5–2 μm (x = 1.8 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 8–9.5 × 4–5 μm (x = 8.5 × 4.5 μm, n = 30), brown to dark brown, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with widely rounded ends, smooth, with a straight central germ slit along much less than sporelength, lacking appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Specimens examined: CHINA, Hainan Province, Haikou City, Huoshankou Geological Park (19.554365°N, 110.13203°E), elev. 152 m, on dead wood of unknown plant roots, November 2020, Youpeng Wu and Lili Liu, 2020HSK4 (GMB0075, KUN-HKAS 122631; living culture GMBC 0075). Culture characteristics: Colonies on OA reaching 4–5 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 ° C. White at first, with regular margins, then with a peripheral ring-shaped extension spreading toward the edge of the Petri dish; reverse milky white in the center, light white marginal area. After 4 weeks, colonies on OA reaching 9 cm, stromata arising from concentric zones, cylindrical, tapering upwards, flexuous, unbranched; reverse light grey, emerge black dots. No conidia were observed. Notes: Xylaria cubensis is a common species and was reported from Africa, North and South America, Asia, Oceania and China (Ma et al. 2012). Xylaria cubensis is mainly characterized by its smooth surface with papillate ostioles, copper-colored, brown or brownish-black clavate stromata with rounded fertile apices and small ascospores mostly with unclear germ slit (Rogers 1984), which has been reported from Taiwan (Ju et al. 1999) and Guizhou, Jilin, Yunnan provinces in China (Ma et al. 2012). Our specimens examined in this study display the same characters of X. cubensis described by Rogers (1984) and Ma et al. (2012), such as long stipe from a pannose base, with papillate ostioles of stromata surface, externally copper brown to brownish-black, internally white; ascospores with unclear germ slit less than spore-length, lacking appendages and sheaths. Phylogenetic analyses of a combined alignment of β-tubulin, rpb 2 and α-actin genes showed that the strain GMB0075 grouped with X. cubensis (HAST 515) with high statistical support (100% ML, 1.00 BYPP; Fig. 1). This is the first record of X. cubensis from Hainan province, China., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Liu, Li-Li, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qing-De, Lin, Yan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qi-Rui, 2022, Morphology and phylogeny reveal two novel Xylaria (Xylariaceae) species from China, pp. 130-146 in Phytotaxa 550 (2) on page 137, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6641065, {"references":["Rogers, J. D. (1984) Xylaria cubensis and its anamorph Xylocoremium flabelliforme, Xylaria allantoidea, and Xylaria poitei in continental United States. Mycologia 76: 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.1984.12023929","Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (1999) The Xylariaceae of Taiwan (excluding Anthostomella). Mycotaxon 73: 343 - 440."]}

Helminthosporium velutinum Link [as ‘Helmisporium’], Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2): 10, tab. 1:9 (1809) (FIGURE 4) Index Fungorum Number: IF250075 Description. Saprobic on dead twigs, dark brown, effuse, velvety. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Mycelium immersed, composed of branched, septate, thick-walled hyphae. Conidiophores mononematous, macronematous, mostly unbranched, proliferating, dark brown, 96–296 × 5–7 µm (x̅ = 153 × 6 µm, n = 10), 7–12 septate, erect or flexuous, tapering towards apex, bulbous at base with cells near apex of conidiophore guttulate and fertile. Conidiogenous cells polytretic integrated, intercalary and terminal. Conidia 99–131 × 20–36 µm (x̅ = 115 × 28 µm, n = 20)single, obclavate, pale brown to brown, 6–9 distoseptate, smooth, straight or curved, base slightly truncate, cicatrized and wider than apex, dark brown, apical cell paler than other cells, rounded at apex, guttulate when young, non-guttulate at maturity. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA, reaching 21 mm diam., after 2 weeks at 20–25 oC, medium dense, circular to slightly irregular, slightly raised and cottony surface, colony from above: at first white, becoming buff; from below: blackish white at the margin, black to ash at the center; mycelium blackish. Material examined: CHINA, Guizhou Province, Huaxi District, Guizhou university garden (South), on a dead branch of Platanus sp., 05 October 2019, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, NWGUP01 (HKAS 107064, new host record, a new record from Guizhou Province), ex-type living culture, KUMCC 20–0029 Known hosts and distribution: Guizhou province, China (this study), Yunnan Province, Dali, WanHua stream, China (Zhu et al. 2016). Known hosts: Platanus sp. (this study), saprobic on decaying wood submerged in stream (Zhu et al. 2016). GenBank Numbers: LSU: MW273148, SSU: MW273295, ITS: MW 273144 Notes: Helminthosporium velutinum, the type species of Helminthosporium was re-visited by Voglmayr & Jaklitsch (2017) and designated the epitype and the ex-epitype. The genus was reported with the sexual morph however, Helminthosporium velutinum lacks the sexual morph (Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2017). According to Voglmayr & Jaklitsch (2017), distribution of the species was reported as ‘Widespread and common in temperate Eurasia and America, probably almost cosmopolitan’. Zhu et al. (2016) reported Helminthosporium velutinum from submerged wood from Yunnan Province, China. In this study, we collected Helminthosporium velutinum on dead branches of Platanus sp. from Guizhou Province, China. According to Farr & Rossman (2021), a taxon named Helminthosporium spiciferum (Nicot 1953) (current name: Curvularia spicifera Index Fungorum 2021) was reported from Platanus occidentalis. Besides this record, as far as we know, Helminthosporium species have not been reported from Platanus species. Moreover, this is the first record of this genus from terrestrial habitats from China., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977, {"references":["Zhu, D., Luo, Z. L., Baht, D. J., Mckenzie, E. H. C., Bahkali, A. H., Zhou, D. Q., Su, H. Y. & Hyde, K. D. (2016) Helminthosporium velutinum and H. aquaticum sp. nov. from aquatic habitats in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 253: 179 - 190 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / PHYTOTAXA. 253.3.1","Voglmayr, H. & Jaklitsch, W. M. (2017) Corynespora, Exosporium and Helminthosporium revisited - new species and generic reclassification. Studies in Mycology 87: 43 - 76.","Farr, D. F. & Rossman, A. Y. (2021) Fungal Databases, U. S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Available from: https: // nt. ars-grin. gov / fungaldatabases / (Retrieved 8 April 2021)","Nicot, J. (1953) Un Helminthosporium saprophyte du sol: Helminthosporium spiciferum (Bain.) nov. comb. Osterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 100: 478 - 485.","Index Fungorum (2021) Available from: http: // www. indexfungorum. org / names / names. asp (accessed 20 May 2021)"]}

Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia, Kang, Yingqian (2021): Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot. Phytotaxa 523 (1): 1-31, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1

Immersidiscosia eucalypti (Pat.) Kaz. Tanaka, Okane & Hosoya, Persoonia 26: 94 (2011) (FIGURE 3) Index Fungorum Number: IF519747 Foliicolous, the host plant is Quercus palustris. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: coelomycetous. Conidiomata 354–522 μm (x = 427 μm, n = 5) diameter, 287 μm high, conspicuous, pycnidial, subglobose to sometimes lenticular in section view, semi-immersed, scattered, unilocular, with relatively thin stromatic base, black, glabrous. Beak of conidiomata long, 384 μm long, 13 – 61 μm wide. Peridium 18–42 μm wide (upper wall 25–42 μm (x = 33 μm, n = 7) wide; basal wall 18–26 μm (x = 27 μm, n = 7) wide), composed of 4 – 7 layers, with outer 3–5 layers light brown and inner layer hyaline, composed of thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Conidiophores up to 45 μm long, cylindrical, branched. Conidia 15.4 – 17 × 2.6 – 3.3 μm (x = 16.1 × 3 μm, n = 10), cylindrical to subcylindrical, slightly curved, 3-septate, hyaline, with an appendage at both ends; basal cell 2–2.8 μm long (x = 2.5 μm, n = 10), obconic, truncate at the base; 2 median cells 10.5–12.2 μm long (x = 11.3 μm, n = 10), cylindrical (second cell from the base 4.7–6.6 μm long (x = 5.6 μm, n = 10), third cell 4.6–6.7 μm long (x = 5.7 μm, n = 10)); apical cell 1.7–3.1 μm long (x = 2.7 μm, n = 10). Appendage single, cellular, unbranched, filiform, flexuous or straight appendage; apical appendage 7.9–9.1 × 0.8–1.1 μm (x = 8.7 × 1 μm, n = 6); basal appendage 7.8–9.3 × 0.7–1.1 μm (x = 8.5 × 0.9 μm, n = 6). Material examined:— CHINA, Yunnan Province, Dali; 25°43′27″N 100°6′54″E, 2260 m alt.; 11 August 2019; Hai-Xia Wu leg; collected on a fallen leaf of Quercus palustris (IFRD 500-20) (new country record) . Known hosts and distribution (based on molecular data):— Thailand, Yunnan China Notes:— The genus, Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka et al. (2011) was introduced by Tanaka et al. (2011) with I. eucalypti as the type species. The genus, morphologically resembles Discosia but phylogenetically distinct. Immersidiscosia eucalypti was reported from both temperate and tropical countries such as France, Italy, Japan and Tunisia (Tanaka et al. 2011; Hyde et al. 2017; Wijayawardene et al. 2017; Farr & Rossman 2021). This is the first report of I. eucalypti in China. Further collections are essentially required to study whether this taxon is pathogenic on Quercus species.

Mucispora hydei Wijayaw., Q.R. Li, Y.C. Deng, L.S. Dissan & D-Q Dai sp. nov. (FIGURE 1) Index Fungorum number: IF558463 Etymology:— Named in honour of British mycologist, K.D. Hyde for his immense contributions to mycology Holotype:— GMB0028 Saprobic on decaying wood. Asexual morph Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores 60–110 × 8–12 µm (x̅ = 78.6 × 9.8 µm, n = 30), macronematous, mononematous, erect, solitary or in small groups on compactly aggregated cells, simple, cylindrical, smooth, brown, straight or slightly flexuous, percurrently proliferate 2–3 times, 1–2-septate. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, cylindrical, smooth, pale brown. Conidia 35-50 × 20-30 µm (x̅ = 41.2 × 25.5 µm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, simple, smooth, ellipsoidal to obovoid, hyaline to subhyaline when young, dark brown when mature, with obvious septa in young conidia, paler at basal cell, truncate at base, sometimes covered by a hyaline mucilaginous sheath. Sexual morph Undetermined. Material examined:— CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Gaopo Township, Raorao village (106°48’6.54”E, 26°19’3.46”N), on decaying submerged wood, 9 th December 2019, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Q. R Li, (GMB0028, holotype, NNW56, isotype). LSU: MW797122, SSU MW 800164, ITS MW 797039 (Supplementary Table 1) Known distribution:— Guizhou Province, China Notes:— Yang et al. (2016) introduced the genus Mucispora Jing Yang et al. with M. obscuriseptata J. Yang et al. as the type species. Besides the type species, the genus comprises two species viz. M. phangngaensis J. Yang & K.D. Hyde (Yang et al. 2017) and M. infundibulata J. Yang & K.D. Hyde (Hyde et al. 2020). All these species have been reported from submerged plant materials in Southern Thailand (Prachuap Khiri Khan Province and Phang Nga Province). In morphology, Mucispora closely resembles Melanocephala but it is specific in its cupulate proliferating conidiogenous cells and its conidia bearing a central downwardly directed collar with a fimbriate margin’ (Hughes 1979; Yang et al. 2017). Our new collection did not germinate in different media (WA, PDA, MEA) and in different temperatures thus we extracted DNA directly from the fruiting body (Zeng et al. 2018). PCR amplification of ITS (ITS 4/ ITS 5), LSU (primers: LR5/ LROR) and SSU (primers: NS 1/ NS 4) were successful. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU and ITS genes (Fig. 2) that our new strain is distinct from other taxa. However, the separation value is medium (69% in ML) and PP value is low. Nevertheless, morphological characters, of our collection is well-distinct from other Mucispora species (Table 2). Hence, we introduce the fourth species of the genus, Mucispora hydei. This is the first record of the genus outside Thailand., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977, {"references":["Yang, J., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Bhat, D. J. Al-Sadi, A. M. & Lumyong, S. (2016) Fuscosporellales, a new order of aquatic and terrestrial Hypocreomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Cryptogamie Mycologie 37: 449 - 475.","Yang, J., Liu, J. K., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. B. G. & Liu, Z. Y. (2017) Two new species in Fuscosporellaceae from freshwater habitats in Thailand. Mycosphere 8: 1893 - 1903. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 8 / 10 / 12","Hyde, K. D., Dong, Y., Phookamsak, R., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D. J., Jones, E. B. G., Liu, N. G., Abeywickrama, P. D., Mapook, A., Wei, D. P., Perera, R. H., Manawasinghe, I. S., Pem, D., Bundhun, D., Karunarathna, A., Ekanayaka, A. H., Bao, D. F., Li, J. F., Samarakoon, M. C., Chaiwan, N., Lin, C. G., Phutthacharoen, K., Zhang, S. N., Senanayake, I. C., Goonasekara, I. D., Thambugala, K. M., Phukhamsakda, C., Tennakoon, D. S., Jiang, H. B., Yang, J., Zeng, M., Huanraluek, N., Liu, J. K., Wijesinghe, S. N., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Brahmanage, R. S., Boonmee, S., Huang, S. K., Thiyagaraja, V., Lu, Y. Z., Jayawardena, R. S., Dong, W., Yang, E. F., Singh, S. K., Singh, S. M., Rana, S., Lad, S. S., Anand, G., Devadatha, B., Niranjan, M., Sarma, VV., Liimatainen, K., Aguirre-Hudson, B., Niskanen, T., Overall, A., Alvarenga, R. L. M., Gibertoni, T. B., Pliegler, W. P., Horvath, E., Imre, A., Alves, A. L., Santos, A. C. S., Tiago, P. V., Bulgakov, T. S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Bahkali, A. H., Doilom, M., Elgorban, A. M., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Rajeshkumar, K. C., Haelewaters, D., Mortimer, P. E., Zhao, Q., Lumyong, S., Xu, J. C. & Sheng, J. (2020) Fungal diversity notes 1151 - 1276: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 96: 1 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 020 - 00439 - 5","Hughes, S. J. (1979) Relocation of species of Endophragmia auct. with notes on relevant generic names. New Zealand Journal of Botany 17: 139 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0028825 X. 1979.10426887","Zeng, X. Y., Jeewon, R., Wen, T. C., Hongsanan, S., Boonmee, S. & Hyde, K. D. (2018) Simplified and efficient DNA extraction protocol for Meliolaceae specimens. Mycological Progress 17: 403 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 018 - 1419 - 0"]}

Metarhizium guizhouense Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo, Acta Mycol. Sin. 5(3): 181 (1986) (FIGURE. 8) Index Fungorum Number: 130206 Specimen found on stick insects (Phasmatodea). Host’s internodes between abdominal segments were covered with white to pale green mycelium and sporulating conidiophores. Conidiophores arising from hyphae, smooth-walled. Phialides cylindrical, solitary, smooth-walled, 8–18 × 1–1.5 μm. Conidia smooth-walled, pale green to colorless (6.5– 9.5 × 2.5–3 μm), cylindrical, slightly constricted in the middle, round at both ends or tapered at one end. Bi-celled conidium was not observed. Culture characteristics:— Colonies on PDA were relatively slow-growing, fluffy, beginning to white, and the spores appear green, started to produce conidia after 3 days in culture at 25 °C in the laboratory, 17 mm diam. after 10 days. Mature conidia chains are often spread on the surface of the colony in small granular clumps. Hyphae hyaline, separated, branched, about 3 um wide. Material examined:— China, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, on dead stick insects, July 2019, Q.R. L, 2019GY03 (GMB0010), living cultures, GMBC0010 (new host record). Known hosts and distribution:— Guizhou Known hosts:— larvae of Noctuidae sp., stick insects GenBank Numbers:— ITS: MW881444, LSU: MW 881450, RPB2: MW 883344 Note:— Metarhizium guizhouense, isolated on Hepialus sp. in Guizhou China, was introduced by Guo et al. (1986). In 1991, Liang et al. reported a M. taii Z.Q. Liang & A.Y. Liu on larvae of Noctuidae sp. (Lepidoptera). Metacordyceps taii was recognized to be the sexual morph of M. guizhouense by Bischoff et al. (2009). Qu et al. also reported that M. taii should be treated as a synonym of M. guizhouense based on molecular data. This is the first report of M. guizhouense isolated on stick insects (Phasmatodea)., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977, {"references":["Guo, H. L., Ye, B. L., Yeu, Y. Y., Chen, Q. T.; Fu, C. S. (1986) Three new species of Metarhizium. Acta Mycologica Sinica 5: 177 - 184.","Bischoff, J. F., Rehner, J. A. & Humber, R. A. (2009) A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage. Mycologia 101: 512 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / 07 - 202"]}

Tolypocladium W. Gams, Persoonia 6(2): 185 (1971) Tolypocladium used to be known as an asexually genus since it was described (Gams 1971) until Hodge et al. (1996) linked one sexual species to this genus. This genus was transferred in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae based on phylogenetic analyses (Sung et al. 2007). Many species of Elaphocordyceps and Chaunopycnis have been transferred to Tolypocladium, which was protected in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plant (Kirk et al. 2013, Quandt et al. 2014)., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977, {"references":["Gams, W. (1971) Tolypocladium, eine Hyphomycetengattung mit geschwollenen Phialiden. Persoonia 6: 185 - 191.","Hodge, K. T., Krasnof, S. B. & Humber, R. A. (1996) Tolypocladium inflatum is the anamorph of Cordyceps subsessilis. Mycologia 88: 715 - 719. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3760965","Sung, G. H., Sung, J. M., Hywel-Jones, N. L. & Spatafora, J. W. (2007) A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): Identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 44: 1204 - 1223. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2007.03.011","Kirk, P. M., Stalpers, J. A., Braun, U., Crous, P. W., Hansen, K., Hawksworth, D. L., Hyde, K. D., Lucking, R., Lumbsch, T. H., Rossman, A. Y., Seifert, K. A. & Stadler, M. (2013) A without prejudice list of generic names of fungi for protection under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. IMA Fungus 4: 381 - 443. https: // doi. org / 10.5598 / imafungus. 2013.04.02.17","Quandt, C. A., Kepler, R. M., Gams, W., Araujo, J. P. M., Ban, S., Evans, H. C., Hughes, D., Humber, R., Jones, N. H., Li, Z., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Rehner, S. A., Sanjuan, T., Sato, H., Shrestha, B., Sung, G. H., Yao, Y. J., Zare, R. & Spatafora, J. W. (2014) Phylogenetic-based nomenclatural proposals for Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales) with new combinations in Tolypocladium. IMA fungus 5: 121 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5598 / imafungus. 2014.05.01.12"]}

Panus similis Berk. & Br. In Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14:43 (1873) (FIGURES 10, 11) Pileus (4.9B) 4–16 cm diameter, thin, deeply infundibuliform; surface brown to dark chestnut brown, finely velutinate at the centre, radially plicate-sulcate with the striae extending almost to the centre, margin curved downwards, ciliate. Lamellae decurrent, ochraceous buff, darkening at maturity, 1.5–3 mm broad, moderately spaced with lamellulae of five lengths; entire edge. Stipe central, 4–17 cm × 1.5–2 mm, solid, cylindric, slightly expanded at the base; surface concolorous with the pileus, uniformly velutinate and felt-like. Context 1–2 mm thick at the centre, coriaceous, white. Generative hyphae (4.7E) 2–4 μm diameter, very thin-walled, frequently branching with clamp connections. Skeletal hyphae (4.7E) 2–5 μm diameter, cylindric, sinuous with a thickened hyaline wall, unbranched. Basidiospores (4.7 A) (5.5–6.5 × 2.5–3.5 (5.5 ± 0.3 × 3 ± 0.2) μm, Q =1.83, hyaline, ellipsoid to oblong cylindric, thin-walled, with few contents. Basidia 17–29 × 4–5 μm, clavate, cylindric, bearing 4 sterigmata. Lamella-edge sterile, with small Cheilocystidia, soon collapsing. Cheilocystidia crowded, 17–26 × 3–6 μm, nodulose-clavate, hyaline, irregular, thinwalled. Sclerocystidia (4.7D) very abundant, very crowded, 19–41 × 4–9 μm, irregularly fusoid, elongate, with a thick, hyaline wall. Hymenophoral trama irregular of radiate construction, hyaline. Subhymenial layer slightly developed. Pileipellis on epicutis, up to 115 μm thick, of more or less repent hyaline, up to 160 μm long, 115 μm diameter, with a thickened wall of 1.5–3.5 μm. Stipitipellis similar to Pileipellis. Smell mushroomy, edible when it is young. Material examined:— CHINA, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, elevation 400 m, rainforest dominated by Castanopsis sp. and Dipterocarpus sp.; 4 June 2018, Samantha C. Karunarathna (HKAS 121668) (new country record). Notes: Panus similis has a palaeotropical Distribution and is most commonly found in south-east Asia and Australasia, but also extends westwards across equatorial Africa. It is recognized by the excellently velutinate to glabrescent pileus with noticeable radially sulcate striate, combined with the subdistant lamellae. Large basidiocarps are frequently encountered almost always associated with a prominent pseudosclerotium. This study reports P. similis for the first time from China, based on both morphological characteristics (Figs. 10, 11) and phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 12)., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977

Myrmecridium schulzeri (Sacc.) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 58: 84 (2007) (FIGURE. 9) Index Fungorum Number: IF504560 Saprobic on submerged decaying wood. Sexual morph undetermined. Asexual morph Colonies on natural substrata effuse, superficial, scattered, hairy, solitary or in small groups, black, with a mass of visible whitish to grayish conidia on middle to upper part of conidiophores. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, straight to slightly curve, unbranched, medium brown to brown at base part, pale towards top part, thin-walled, septate, 172–304 × 2–3 μm (= 212 × 2.6 μm, n = 15). Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, polyblastic, integrated, terminal and intercalary, cylindrical, subhyaline to pale brown, forming a rachis with scattered pimpleshaped denticles which are less than 1 µm long and approx. 0.5 µm in diameter. Conidia solitary, fusoid or ellipsoidal to obovoidal, rounded at the apex, obtuse and tapering towards base, hyaline, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, without guttule, some with a small protuberance, 5–6.5 × 2.3–3.6 μm (= 5.8 × 2.9 μm, n = 35). Culture characteristics:— Conidia germinating on PDA within 24h. Colonies grow on PDA attaining 38–48 mm diameter in 40d at 20–25°C in the condition of 12h-dark and 12h-light, with smooth, floccose, pale brown mycelium on the surface, reverse white, with filamentous, undulate margin. Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, small river of Puzhehei, on dead submerged decaying wood of unidentified plants, 23 June 2018, Hao Yang, P37 (IFRD500–012), living culture = KUMCC 20–0190 (new record from Yunnan, new habitat record). Known hosts and distribution: Soil (Germany, Papua New Guinea, Zaire), Homo sapiens (Netherlands), Wheat straw (South Africa), Triticum aestivum (Netherlands), Malus sylvestris (Switzerland), Cannomois virgate (South Africa) GenBank Numbers: ITS MT559103 Notes:— Myrmecridium was introduced by Arzanlou et al. (2007) with M. schulzeri as type species, which was described as Chloridium schulzerii (Sacc.) Sacc. and Rhinocladiella schulzeri (Sacc.) Matsush. Our isolate fits the characters of Myrmecridium well in having macronematous, unbranched, septate conidiophores, polyblastic conidiogenous cells with denticles, and hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, fusoid or ellipsoidal to obovoidal conidia (Arzanlou et al. 2007, Jie et al. 2013, Peintner et al. 2016, Réblová et al. 2016). The sequence data in ITS gene region of our isolate are identical to that of M. schulzeri. Thus, we identified our isolate as M. schulzeri. Our isolate is a new geographic record in China and a new habitat record from freshwater., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977, {"references":["Arzanlou, M., Groenewald, J. Z., Gams, W., Braun, U., Shin, H. D. & Crous, P. W. (2007) Phylogenetic and morphotaxonomic revision of Ramichloridium and allied genera. Studies in Mycology 58: 57 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.3114 / sim. 2007.58.03","Jie, C. Y., Zhoua, Q. X., Zhao, W. S. Lan, J. Y., Hyde, K. D., Mckenzie, E. H. C. & Yong, W. (2013) A new Myrmecridium species from Guizhou, China. Mycotaxon 124 (1): 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 124.1","Peintner, U., Knapp, M., Fleischer, V., Walch, G. & Dresch, P. (2016) Myrmecridium hiemale sp. now. From snow-covered alpine soil is the first eurypschrophile in this genus of anamorphic fungi. International. Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 66: 2592 - 2598. https: // doi. org / 10.1099 / ijsem. 0.001090","Reblova, M., Fournier, J. & Stepanek, V. (2016) Two new lineages of aquatic ascomycetes: Atractospora gen. nov. and Rubellisphaeria gen. et sp. nov., and a sexual morph of Myrmecridium montsegurinum sp. nov. Mycological Progress 15: 21 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 016 - 1166 - z"]}

Tolypocladium cucullae Y.P. Xiao & T.C. Wen sp. nov. (FIGURE 6) Index Fungorum Number: 558265 Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the feature of the capitate stromata. Holotype:— HKAS 55588 Parasitic in an unidentified host buried in the upper 1 cm of soil, forming brown to dark stromata. Sexual morph: Ascomata 8–13 cm long, 5–10 mm wide, stromatic, brown to olive when fresh, dark when dry, tough, capitate, mostly solitary, stipitate, inside hollow when mature. Stipe 8–12 × 0.5–0.7 cm, cylindrical, yellow to brown when fresh, dark brown when dry, with green scales on the surface when fresh, with dark furfuraceous when dry, fibrous, hollow, with stromata on the top. Fertile head 8-10 mm in diam, hemispherical, minutely mammilate, bracken green to dark olive when fresh, dark when dry, distinctly separated from the stipe, tough, solitary, with a cortex of closely interwoven hyaline hyphae pseudoparenchymatous in section. Perithecia 500–600 × 340–420 μm (x = 560 × 380 µm, n = 30), subglobose to ovoid, immersed in stroma with slightly protruding ostiolar papilla. Ostiole lined with paraphyses. Peridium 20–25 µm (x = 22 µm, n = 60) wide, of brown pigmented cells of textura porrecta to paler textura prismatica. Asci 320–400 × 10–15 um (x = 360 × 13 µm, n = 60), 8-spored, unitunicate, narrow cylindrical, hyaline, with thick apex. Apical cap 5.5–7.5 × 5–7.5μm (x = 6.5 × 6 µm, n = 60) μm diam, hyaline. Ascospores as long as asci, filiform, hyaline break into secondary spores. Secondary spores 25–35 × 3–4.5 μm (x = 30 × 3.8 µm, n = 60), cylindrical to fusoid with truncated ends, smooth, hyaline, with or without septa. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined:— CHINA, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, Laojun Mountain. 15 July 2008, Yun Ting Huang (HKAS 55588, holotype), (GZU A-77, i sotype). LSU: MW798786 MW 7987877, SSU MW 798784 MW 798785, ITS MW798788 MW 798789 (Supplementary Table 1) Notes:—We identified this species after we inspected the unidentified specimens in the Herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HKAS). According to morphology and phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 7), the new species Tolypocladium cucullae is close to T. capitatum, T. delicatistipitatum, T. fumosum and T. longisegmentatum. Tolypocladium cucullae is distinct from T. capitatum by producing hollow, furfuraceous stipe, smaller perithecia and smaller asci, while T. capitatum produces tough stipe, bigger perithecia and longer asci (Mains 1957, Table 3). Tolypocladium cucullae is distinct from T. fumosum in having larger and brown to olive when fresh, dark when dry stromata; larger, hemispherical and bracken green to dark olive when fresh, dark when dry fertile head; smaller perithecia; longer and cylindrical to fusoid secondary spores. Tolypocladium fumosum has smaller, pale chalcedony yellow at the base to dark gull grey at the apex stromata; ellipsoidal when young and capitate when mature fertile head; larger perithecia; shorter and cylindrical to cubic secondary spores. The phylogenetic tree also supports that T. cucullae is distinct from T. capitatum and T. fumosum (Fig. 7). The morpho-characters of T. cucullae are similar to T. delicatistipitatum, but the latter has no DNA sequence data. Both of them formed stipitate stromata, subglobose to ovoid perithecia, cylindrical asci and cylindrical secondary spores with truncate ends. Tolypocladium cucullae is different from Tolypocladium delicatistipitatum in producing stromata with a hemispherical, dark (when dry) fertile part, with a thinner (5.5–6 μm in diam) apical cap and longer (25–35 μm long) secondary spores, while T. delicatistipitatum produces stromata with a spherical or oval fertile part, a thicker (8 μm in diam) apical cap and shorter (18–28 μm long) secondary ascospores. Molecular data have been supplemented by four strains, including OSC 110992 (Sung et al. 2007), HMJAU6903 (Yan & Bau 2014), MHHNU 8699 (Chen & Zhang 2019) and 2731.S (Stensrud et al. 2005). Furthermore, HMJAU6903 (Yan & Bau 2014) and MHHNU 8699 (Chen & Zhang 2019) were reported molecular data with descriptions and illustrations among these four strains. Tolypocladium cucullae is distinct from T. longisegmentatum (DAOM 137162, Ginns 1988; HMJAU6903, Yan & Bau 2014; MHHNU 8699, Chen & Zhang 2019) in having a hemispherical fertile head, brown perithecia and shorter secondary spores (Table 3). Molecular data indicated that the new species has 31 bp in ITS that differ from HMJAU 6903, 36 bp in ITS that is different from MHHNU 8699, 38 bp in ITS is different from 2731.S, 26 bp in LSU that are different from OSC 110992. In conclusion, we propose T. cucullae as a new species., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977, {"references":["Mains, E. B. (1957) Species of Cordyceps Parasitic on Elaphomyces. Bull. Torrey Botanical Club 84: 243 - 251.","Sung, G. H., Sung, J. M., Hywel-Jones, N. L. & Spatafora, J. W. (2007) A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): Identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 44: 1204 - 1223. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2007.03.011","Yan, J. Q. & Bau, T. (2014) Elaphocordyceps longisegmentis, a new record species from China. Journal of Fungal Researc 12: 197 - 199.","Chen, Z. H. & Zhang, P. (2019) Atlas of Macrofungi in Hunan. Hunan Normal University Press, Changsha, pp 1 - 426.","Stensrud, O., Hywel-Jones, N. L. & Schumacher, T. (2005) Towards a phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps: ITS nrDNA sequence data confirm divergent lineages and paraphyly. Mycological research 109: 41 - 56.","Ginns, J. (1988) Typification of Cordyceps Canadensis and C. Capitata, and a New Species, C. Longisegmentis. Mycologia 80: 217 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3807796"]}

Roussoella pseudohysterioides D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 82: 37 (2016) (FIGURE 5) Index Fungorum Number: IF552026 Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Ascostromata forming under black area, including 3–5 locules, up to 3–5 mm long and 0.5–2 mm wide, slightly raised at maturity, irregular, black, coriaceous. Locules in vertical section 220–280 μm high, 180–330 μm diam., gregarious, subglobose to ellipsoidal, dark brown, with ostiolate opening. Peridium composed of dark brown cells comprising host and fungal tissues. Hamathecium comprising dense, 2–3.5 μm wide, cellular pseudoparaphyses, indistinctly septate, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 85–290 × 7.5–17.5 μm (x = 165×10.5 μm, n=30), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with a short furcate pedicel, with an apical ocular chamber. Ascospore s 11–19.5 × 4–6.5 μm (x = 16.5×5.5 μm, n=30), uniseriate, fusiform-ellipsoidal, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, narrow at both ends, with striate wall ornamentation, some with obvious verrucose. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined:— CHINA, Guizhou Province, Leigong Mountain National Nature Reserve, on dead culm of bamboo, July 2019, Q. R. Li 2019LGS13 (GMB0009), living cultures, GMBC0009 (new country record). Known hosts and distribution:— Guizhou, China, Thailand Known hosts:— Bamboo GenBank Numbers:— ITS: MW881445; LSU: MW 881451; RPB2: MW 883345 Notes:— Roussoella, typified by Roussoella nitidula Sacc. & Paol. was introduced by Saccardo & Paoletti (1888). Most species of Roussoella were observed from monocotyledon, such as bamboo and palms (Dai et al. 2017; Hyde et al. 2018). Roussoella pseudohysterioides was originally introduced by Dai et al. (2017) isolated from Thailand. This is the first report of Roussoella pseudohysterioides discovered from China., Published as part of Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Li, Qi-Rui, Dai, Dong-Qi, Xiao, Yuanpin, Wen, Ting-Chi, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Huang, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong, Shen, Xiang- Chun, Tang, Li-Zhou, Deng, Chun-Ying, Liu, Yanxia & Kang, Yingqian, 2021, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot, pp. 1-31 in Phytotaxa 523 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5571977, {"references":["Saccardo, P. A. & Paoletti, G. (1888) Mycetes Malacenses. Funghi della penisola di Malacca raccolti nel 1885 dell' Ab. Benedetto Scortechini 6: 387 - 428","Dai, D. Q., Phookamsak, R., Wijayawardene, N. N., Li, W. J., Bhat, D. J., Xu, J. C., Taylor, J. E., Hyde, K. D. & Chukeatirote (2017) Bambusicolous fungi. Fungal Diversity 82: 1 - 105.","Hyde, K. D., Norphanphoun, C., Abreu, V. P., Bazzicalupo, A., Chethana, K. W. T., Clericuzio, M., Dayarathne, M. C., Dissanayake, A. J., Ekanayaka, A. H., He, M. Q., Hongsanan, Q., Huang, S. K., Jayasiri, S. C., Jayawardena, R. S., Karunarathna, A., Konta, S., Kusan, I., Lee, H., Li, J., Lin, C. G., Liu, N. G., Lu, Y. J., Luo, Z. L., Manawasinghe, I. S., Mapook, A., Perera, R. H., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Siedlecki, I., Soares, A. M., Tennakoon, D. S., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Xiao, Y. P., Yang, J., Zeng, X. Y., Abdel-Aziz, F. A., Li, W. G., Senanayake, I. C., Shang, Q. J., Daranagama, D. A., Silva, N. D. I., Thambugala, K. M., Abdel- Wahab, M. A., Bahkali, A. H., Berbee, M. L., Boonmee, S., Bhat, D. J., Bulgakov, T. S., Buyck, B., Camporesi, E., Castaneda-Ruiz, R. F., Chomnunti, P., Doilom, M., Dovana, F., Gibertoni, T. B., Jadan, M., Jeewon, R., Jones, E. B. G., Kang, J. C., Karunarathna, S. C., Lim, Y. W., Liu, J. K., Liu, Z. Y., Plautz, H. L., Lumyong, S., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Matocec, N., McKenzie, E. H. C., Mesic, A., Miller, D., Pawlowska, J., Pereira, O. L., Promputtha, I., Romero, A. I., Ryvarden, L., Su, H. Y., Suetrong, S., Tkalcec, Z., Vizzini, A., Wen, T. C., Wisitrassameewong, K., Wrzosek, M., Xu, J. C., Zhao, Q., Zhao, R. L. & Mortimer, P. E. (2018) Thailand's amazing diversity: Up to 96 % of fungi in northern Thailand may be novel. Fungal Diversity 93: 215 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 018 - 0415 - 7"]}

Astrocystis multiloculata Y.P. Wu & Q.R. Li, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) MycoBank: MB839643 Type:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (24.51946°N, 99.415778°E), elev. 1747 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi2019LC129 (GMB0033, holotype; KUN-HKAS 112661, isotype; ex-type living culture, GMBC0033). Saprobic on the surface of dead bamboo culms, visible as black raised lump on the host. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent, effused lump with flat top, irregular in outline, with a discoid black base, containing many perithecia (mostly more than 8, with independent ostiole), gregarious or solitary, scattered, carbonaceous, embedded on the host surface, 0.6–3.0 mm diam., 0.6–2.4 mm high, smooth, tissue between perithecia woody. Perithecia spherical to obovate, without carbonaceous stromatal tissue surrounding the individual perithecia. Ostioles at the same level as stromatal surface, with slight papillate openings. Asci 120–142 × 7–12.5 μm (mean 131 × 9.5 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, persistent, apically rounded, with J+, square-shaped apical apparatus, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 3–5 μm (mean 3.5 μm, n = 30) high, 3.0–4.5 μm (mean 3.3 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 19–25 × 7–11 μm (mean 21.5 × 8.7 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, dark reddish brown, aseptate, equilateral ellipsoid, with rounded ends, smooth, with a straight germ slit slightly less than full-length, lacking appendages and sheath. Asexual morph: undetermined. Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours, 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, Yunnan Province, China. Etymology:— Refers to its stromata containing many ascomata. Other specimens examined:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (25.13409°N, 99.352676°E), elev. 2546 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi, collection number: 2019LC166 (GMB0032; living culture, GMBC0032). Notes:— Morphologically, A. multiloculata can be distinguished from other Astrocystis species by its superficial stromata, which contain many perithecia (mostly more than 8, with independent ostiole), and larger ascospores (19–25 × 7–11 μm). Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, RPB2, β-tubulin and α-actin dataset show that A. multiloculata formed a well-separated clade to A. cocoes with high bootstrap support (Fig. 1). Astrocystis multiloculata shows a close relationship with Kretzschmariella in terms of stromata. Both have stromata containing many perithecia, and ascospores with straight germ slit slightly less than spore-length, but K. culmorum (Cooke) Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers (Ju & Rogers 1994) and K. guaduae Viégas (Viégas 1994) usually bear a cellular appendage on immature ascospores which distinguish them from A. multiloculata. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree shows that it is more reasonable to place A. multiloculata in Astrocystis., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on page 276, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (1994) Kretzschmariella culmorum. Mycotaxon 51: 242.","Viegas, K. G. (1994) Kretzschmariella guaduae. Bragantia 4: 105."]}

Astrocystis cocoes (Henn.) Laessøe & Spooner, Kew Bull. 49(1): 27 (1994) (Fig. 6) ≡ Rosellinia cocoes Henn., Hedwigia 47(4): 256 (1908) MycoBank: MB580660 Saprobic on the surface of dead bamboo stalk, visible as black raised spots on the host. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent, solitary or gregarious, not or somewhat confluent, black, carbonaceous, containing 1 ascoma, almost conical with a round apex, 0.4–0.6 mm diam., 0.5–0.8 mm high, with an outer stellate layer; persistent pale squamules from host cuticle, apex smooth and sometimes almost annulate with a minutely papillate ostiole. Asci 118–129 × 6.6–8.5 μm (mean 123 × 7.6 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, spore bearing part cylindrical, stipe short and tapering, apically rounded, with a discoid, subapical, J+ apical apparatus, with sides tapering to the base, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 2.4–3.5 μm (mean 2.8 μm, n = 30) high, 2.0–3.2 μm (mean 2.8 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 18.1–22.8 × 5.5–6.0 μm (mean 19.8 × 6.2 μm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate, aseptate, dark reddish brown, inequilaterally fusiform, with one or both ends beaked, flattened side slightly convex, with a germ slit on flattened side, less than full spore-length, with thin mucilaginous sheath and pad-like polar appendages. Asexual morph: undetermined. Specimens examined:— CHINA. Hainan Province: Wuzhishan City, Wuzhishan Nature Reserve (18.541959°N, 109.405444°E), elev. 767 m, on dead bamboo culms, 11 October 2020, Q.R. Li 2020WZS64-3 (GMB0037; KUN-HKAS 112701; living culture, GMBC0037). Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours at 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, Brazil, China, India, Philippines. Notes:— Astrocystis cocoes was described on dead branches of Cocos nucifera (Laessøe & Spooner 1994) collected from Philippines. Our new collection (GMB0037) morphologically resembles A. cocoes. Astrocystis cocoes is distinct from A. sublimbata by its size of ascospores (15–19 × 6.5–8.5 μm vs 17–22 × 7.5–9.5 μm). Moreover, the ascospores of A. sublimbata do not possess a mucilaginous sheath and pad-like polar appendages (Smith & Hyde 2001). Phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS, RPB2, β-tubulin and α-actin genes show that GMBC0037 groups with A. cocoes with high support (100% ML, 1.00 BYPP; Fig. 1). This is the first report of A. cocoes from China., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on page 280, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Laessoe, T. & Spooner, B. M. (1994) Rosellinia & Astrocystis (Xylariaceae): new species and generic concepts. Kew Bulletin 49: 1 - 70. http: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4110199","Smith, G. & Hyde, K. D. (2001) Fungi from palms. XLIX. Astrocystis, Biscogniauxia, Cyanopulvis, Hypoxylon, Nemania, Guestia, Rosellinia and Stilbohypoxylon. Fungal Diversity 7: 89 - 127. http: // doi. org / 10.1002 / yea. 733"]}

Astrocystis bambusicola R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 87: 173 (2017) (Fig. 5) MycoBank: MB552219 Saprobic on the surface of dead bamboo stalk, visible as black raised spots on the host. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent, scattered, superficial, subglobose to dome-shaped, blackened, carbonaceous, with papillate ostioles, containing 1–3 ascomata, 0.20–0.73 mm diam., 0.13–0.20 mm high. Perithecia comprising black, fragile, carbonaceous tissue. Asci 119–132 × 8–11.5 μm (mean 124 × 9.6 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with a short pedicel, persistent, apically rounded, with J+, square-shaped apical apparatus, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 3–4.5 μm (mean 3.2 μm, n = 30) high, 2.0–3.5 μm (mean 2.8 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 18.0–26 × 6.5–11 μm (mean 20.8 × 8.0 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, ellipsoid, aseptate, brown to dark brown, guttulate, smooth-walled, with a germ slit slightly less than full spore-length, lacking appendages and sheath. Asexual morph: undetermined. Specimens examined:— CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve (27.544623°N, 108.454326°E), elev. 912 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2020, Q.R. Li 2020FJS35 (GMB0036, KUN-HKAS 112691; living culture, GMBC0036). Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours at 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, China, Thailand. Notes:— Morphologically, A. bambusicola differs from A. mirabilis and A. bambusae by its superficial stromata, larger ascospores and smaller asci. Phylogenetic analyses of a combined ITS, RPB2, β-tubulin and α-actin sequences dataset shows that our strain GMB0036 clades with the type strain of A. bambusicola (MFLUCC 17-0127) with high statistical support (99% ML, 0.99 BYPP; Fig. 1). The new collection morphologically resembles A. bambusicola. Thus, we identify it as A. bambusicola which has been reported in Thailand (Hyde et al. 2017) and Yunnan, China (Hyde et al. 2019)., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on pages 276-280, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Hyde, K. D., Norphanphoun, C., Abreu, V. P., Bazzicalupo, A. & Mortimer, P. E. (2017) Fungal diversity notes 603 - 708: taxonomic and phylogenetic notes on genera and species. Fungal Diversity 87: 1 - 235. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 017 - 0391 - 3","Daranagama, D. A., Camporesi, E., Tian, Q., Liu, X., Chamyuang, S., Stadler, M. & Hyde, K. D. (2015) Anthostomella is polyphyletic comprising several genera in Xylariaceae. Fungal Diversity 73: 203 - 238. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0329 - 6","Fournier, J., Lechat, C. & Courtecuisse, R. (2018) The genera Kretzschmariella and Nemania (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies). Ascomycete. org 10: 1 - 47. http: // doi. org / 10.25664 / ART- 0226","Hyde, K. D., Tennakoon, D. S., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D. J. & Doilom, M. (2019) Fungal diversity notes 1036 - 1150: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 96: 1 - 242. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 019 - 00429 - 2"]}

Collodiscula lancangjiangensis Y.P. Wu & Q.R. Li, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) MycoBank: MB839642 Type:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (28.72997°N, 99.361083°E), elev. 2674 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi 2019LC157 (GMB0030, holotype; KUN-HKAS 112663, isotype; ex-type living culture, GMBC0030). Saprobic on dead bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered or gregarious, solitary, superficial, black, hexagonal prism, 0.5–0.8 mm diam., 0.3–0.6 mm high, containing 1–2 ascomata, with a circle of black tissue at the bottom, with a papillary ostiole. External stromatal layer black, carbonaceous, easily chipped away to reveal the thin, black ascomata. Ostioles papillate in the centre, black. Perithecia subglobose to globose, 0.4–0.8 mm diam., 0.3–0.6 mm high. Asci 145–175 × 9–16 μm (mean 162 × 11.8 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, short-pedicellate, apically rounded with a J+, wedge-shaped apical apparatus, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 3.0–3.5 μm (mean 3.2 μm, n = 30) high, 1.5–2.0 μm (mean 1.7 μm, n = 30) broad. Ascospores 26–36.5 × 5–7.5 μm (mean 31 × 6.5 μm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate, fusiform, equilateral, 3-septate, not constricted at septa, yellowish brown, blunt at both ends, smooth-walled, lacking germ slits or appendages. Asexual morph: undetermined. ...continued on the next page Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours at 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA or oat agar (OA) media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, Yunnan Province, China. Etymology:— Refers to the location where the specimens were collected, Lancang River Nature Reserve. Other material examined:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (25.7880°N, 99.352864°E), elev. 2656 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi 2019LC352 (GMB0031, KUN-HKAS 112678; no culture was obtained; DNA was extracted directly from asci and ascospores); Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (25.033204°N, 99.361543°E), elev. 2676 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi 2019LC205 (GMB0038; KUN-HKAS 112669; no culture was obtained). Notes:— To date, six species of Collodiscula have been reported (Hino & Katumoto 1955, Li et al. 2015a, b, Hyde et al. 2017, Xie et al. 2020). Collodiscula lancangjiangensis has 3-septate ascospores as does C. fangjingshanensis and C. leigongshanensis, which were collected from China. However, C. lancangjiangensis has larger ascospores than C. fangjingshanensis (19–25.5 × 4.5–6 μm) and C. leigongshanensis (28–35 × 8–10.5 μm). Phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1) indicates that C. lancangjiangensis is closely related to C. japonica with high bootstrap support and PP values (92% ML, 0.99 BYPP; Fig. 1), but forms a distinct lineage., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on pages 268-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Hsieh, H. M., Lin, C. R., Fang, M. J., Rogers, J. D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. & Ju, Y. M. (2010) Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54: 957 - 969. http: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.12.015","Hyde, K. D., Norphanphoun, C., Abreu, V. P., Bazzicalupo, A. & Mortimer, P. E. (2017) Fungal diversity notes 603 - 708: taxonomic and phylogenetic notes on genera and species. Fungal Diversity 87: 1 - 235. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 017 - 0391 - 3","Bahl, J., Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K. D. (2005) Phylogeny of Rosellinia capetribulensis sp. nov. and its allies (Xylariaceae). Mycologia 97: 1102 - 1110. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / mycologia. 97.5.1102","Daranagama, D. A., Camporesi, E., Tian, Q., Liu, X., Chamyuang, S., Stadler, M. & Hyde, K. D. (2015) Anthostomella is polyphyletic comprising several genera in Xylariaceae. Fungal Diversity 73: 203 - 238. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0329 - 6","Dai, D. - Q., Phookamsak, R., Wijayawardene, N. N., Li, W. - J., Bhat, D. J., Xu, J. - C., Taylor, J. E., Hyde, K. D. & Chukeatirote, E. (2017) Bambusicolous fungi. Fungal Diversity 82: 1 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 016 - 0367 - 8","Hsieh, H. M., Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (2005) Molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon and closely related genera. Mycologia 97: 844 - 865. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / mycologia. 97.4.844","Wendt, L., Sir, E. B., Kuhnert, E., Lambert, C., Hladki, A. I., Remero, A. I., Luangsa-Ard, J. J., Srikitikulchai, P., Persoh, D. & Stadler, M. (2018) Resurrection and emendation of the Hypoxylaceae, recognised from a multigene phylogeny of the Xylariales. Mycological Progress 17: 115 - 154. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 017 - 1311 - 3","Li, Q. - R., Wen, T. - C., Kang, J. - C. & Hyde, K. D. (2015 b) A new species of Collodiscula (Xylariaceae) from China. Phytotaxa 205: 187 - 196. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 205.3.6","Li, Q. - R., Kang, J. - C. & Hyde, K. D. (2015 a) Two new species of the genus Collodiscula (Xylariaceae) from China. Mycological Progress 14: 52. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 015 - 1075 - 6","Jaklitsch, W. M. & Voglmayr, H. (2012) Phylogenetic relationships of five genera of Xylariales and Rosasphaeria gen. nov. (Hypocreales). Fungal Diversity 52: 75 - 98. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 011 - 0104 - 2","Xie, X., Liu, L. - L., Shen, X. - C., Kang, Y. - Q. & Li, Q. - R. (2020) Contributions to species of Xylariales in China - 3. Collodiscula tubulosa (Xylariaceae). Phytotaxa 428: 122 - 130. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 428.2.6","Han, J. & Ma, J. (2005) Molecular and morphological investigation of the genus Daldinia in Northern Europe. Trace Elements Science 104: 275 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0953756299001719","Pelaez, F., Gonzalez, V., Platas, G. & Sanchez-Ballesteros, J. (2008) Molecular phylogenetic studies within the family Xylariaceae based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Fungal Diversity 31: 111 - 134.","Kuhnert, E., Fournier, J., Peroh, D., Luangsa-Ard, J. J. D. & Stadler, M. (2014) New Hypoxylon species from Martinique and new evidence on the molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon based on ITS rDNA and β- tubulin data. Fungal Diversity 64: 181 - 203. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 013 - 0264 - 3","Stadler, M., Kuhnert, E., Persoh, D. & Fournier, J. (2013) The Xylariaceae as model example for a unified nomenclature following the \" one fungus-one name \" (1 F 1 N) concept. Mycology 4: 5 - 21.","Johnston, P. R., Rogers, J. D., Park, D. & Martin, N. A. (2016) Entalbostroma erumpens gen. et sp. nov. (Xylariaceae) from Phormium in New Zealand. Mycotaxon 131: 765 - 771. http: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 131.765","Senanayake, I. C., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Hyde, K. D., Bhat, D. J., Gareth Jones, E. B., McKenzie, E. H. C., Dai, D. - Q., Daranagama, D. A., Dayarathne, M., Goonasekara, I., Konta, S., Li, W. - J., Shang, Q. - J., Stadler, M., Wijayawardene, N. N., Xiao, Y. - P., Norphanphoun, C., Li, Q. - R., Liu, X. - Z., Bahkali, A., Kang, J. - C., Wang, Y., Wen, T. - C., Wendt, L., Xu, J. - C. & Erio, C. (2015) Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Fungal Diversity 73: 73 - 144. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0340 - y","Fournier, J., Flessa, F., Persoh, D. & Stadler, M. (2011) Three new Xylaria species from southwestern Europe. Mycological Progress 10: 33 - 52. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 010 - 0671 - 8","Sir, E. B., Lambert, C., Wendt, L., Hladki, A. I. & Stadler, M. (2016) A new species of Daldinia (Xylariaceae) from the Argentine subtropical montane forest. Mycosphere 7: 1378 - 1388. http: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 7 / 9 / 11","Hino, I. & Katumoto, K. (1955) Illustrationes fungorum bambusicolorum III. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University 6: 29 - 68."]}

Collodiscula japonica I. Hino & Katum., Bull. Faculty Agricult., Yamaguchi University 6: 55 (1955) (Fig. 3) ≡ Acanthodochium collodisculae Samuels, J.D. Rogers & Nagas., Mycotaxon 28(2): 457 (1987) MycoBank: MB295371 Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, arising from the center of the base and perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered, superficial, pulvinate, 0.8–1 mm diam., 0.3–0.6 mm high, containing 1(–3) ascomata, coronate with the outer stroma remaining as a ‘crown’ around the inner stroma, black, carbonaceous, the combined outer and inner stromal layers fused to form a single layer, easily stripped from the inner stroma. Perithecia semiglobose, 0.4–0.6 mm diam., 0.3–0.6 mm high. Asci 120–148 × 7.0–11.4 μm (mean 132 × 8.3 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, short-stipitate, apically rounded with a J+, funnel-shaped apical apparatus, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent. Ascospores 19–26 × 4.5–5.5 μm (mean 22.5 × 4.8 μm, n = 30), fusiform to narrowly fusiform, brown to dark brown, 1-septate, not or slightly constricted at septum, inaequilateral, with rounded ends, smooth- walled, lacking germ slits or appendages. Asexual morph: Acanthodochium collodisculae. Specimens examined: — CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve (27.533842°N, 108.454326°E), elev. 920 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2020, Q.R. Li 2020 FJS37 (GMB0035, KUN-HKAS 112692; living culture, GMBC0035). Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours at 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA and OA media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, China, Japan, Russia. Other specimens examined:— CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve (27.544283°N, 108.42908°E), elev. 1037 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2020, Q.R. Li, collection number: 2020 FJS29 (GMB0034, KUN-HKAS 112690; living culture, GMBC0034). Notes:— The genus Collodiscula was introduced and typified by C. japonica from bamboo culms in Japan. Subsequently, C. japonica has been reported from Russia (Vasilyeva 1998), Taiwan (Ju & Rogers 1999), and Zhejiang province, China (Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2012). Phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS, RPB 2, β-tubulin and α-actin sequences dataset shows that our strains, GMB0034 and GMB0035, clade with C. japonica (CBS124266) with high support (95% ML, 0.98 BYPP; Fig. 1). The new collections are morphologically the same as C. japonica. Interestingly, all collections of C. japonica were found on the surface of bamboo culms., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on page 273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Vasilyeva, L. N. (1998) Plantae non Vasculares, Fungi et Bryopsidae Orientis extremi Rossica. Fungi. Tomus 4. Pyrenomycetidae et Loculoascomycetidae. Nauka, Petropoli, pp. 418.","Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (1999) The Xylariaceae of Taiwan (excluding Anthostomella). Mycotaxon 73: 343 - 440.","Jaklitsch, W. M. & Voglmayr, H. (2012) Phylogenetic relationships of five genera of Xylariales and Rosasphaeria gen. nov. (Hypocreales). Fungal Diversity 52: 75 - 98. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 011 - 0104 - 2"]}

Neofusicoccum occulatum Sakalidis & T. Burgess (FIGURE. 2) Description:— Colony on PDA superficial, grey, fluffy, irregular edge; reverse dark brown to black, with concentric rings, growth rate: 2.5 mm /day. Colony on WA was similar to that on PDA. Vegetative mycelia 2–4.5 μm diam, hyaline to brown, septate, smooth. Conidiomata found under mycelia, black, aggregated, irregular. Conidia (15–) 17.5 – 22 (–23) × (5–) 5.5 – 6 (–6.5) μm (x = 20 × 6 μm, L:W = 3.3), fusiform to ellipsoidal with obtuse apex, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, septate, with minute guttules. Material examined:— CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary institute, endophytic in the stem of Dendrobium chrysanthum, 11 April 2016, S. X. Zhou & X. Y. Ma, living culture, MFLUCC 20-0234. Notes:— Blast results for MFLUCC 20-0234 hit Neofusicoccum ribis (ITS, 100% similarity), N. parvum ( TUB 2 , 100% similarity) and Neofusicoccum sp. (EF-1α, 99% similarity). All sequences of MFLUCC 20-0234 are identical with those of CBS 128008 (N. occulatum), which is the type. Morphological characteristics of MFLUCC 20-0234 are the same as the type strain CBS 128008 and those of pathogenic strains isolated from Eucalyptus spp. by Sakalidis et al (2011). Therefore, we identified our isolate as Neofusicoccum occulatum., Published as part of Ma, Xiao-Ya, Hyde, Kevin D., Phillips, Alan J. L., Kang, Ji-Chuan, Chomnunti, Putarak & Doilom, Mingkwan, 2021, Three new host records of endophytic Neofusicoccum species reported from Dendrobium orchids, pp. 193-207 in Phytotaxa 494 (2) on page 198, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.494.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5423392, {"references":["Sakalidis, M. L., Hardy, G. E. S. J. & Burgess, T. I. (2011) Use of the Genealogical Sorting Index (GSI) to delineate species boundaries in the Neofusicoccum parvum - Neofusicoccum ribis species complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 333 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.04.026"]}

Ma, Xiao-Ya, Hyde, Kevin D., Phillips, Alan J.L., Kang, Ji-Chuan, Chomnunti, Putarak, Doilom, Mingkwan (2021): Three new host records of endophytic Neofusicoccum species reported from Dendrobium orchids. Phytotaxa 494 (2): 193-207, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.494.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.494.2.2

Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Samarakoon, Milan C., Hyde, Kevin D., Kang, Ji-Chuan (2021): The taxonomy and phylogeny of Austropleospora ochracea sp. nov. (Didymosphaeriaceae) from Guizhou, China. Phytotaxa 491 (3): 217-229, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.491.3.2

Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S.N., Mortimer, Peter E., Hyde, Kevin D., Kang, Ji-Chuan (2021): Acrocordiella yunnanensis sp. nov. (Requienellaceae, Xylariales) from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 487 (2): 103-113, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.487.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.487.2.1

Key to species in Acrocordiella 1 Ascospores only transversely septate................................................................................................................................................ 2 1 Ascospores muriform................................................................................................................................................. A. yunnanensis 2 Clypeus present around the ostiole................................................................................................................................ A. omanensis 2 Clypeus absent around the ostiole....................................................................................................................................... A. occulta, Published as part of Dissanayake, Lakmali S., Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., Mortimer, Peter E., Hyde, Kevin D. & Kang, Ji-Chuan, 2021, Acrocordiella yunnanensis sp. nov. (Requienellaceae, Xylariales) from Yunnan, China, pp. 103-113 in Phytotaxa 487 (2) on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.487.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5754211

Nannophya koreana Bae, sp. nov. ḎĘ꼬ŔṜÑḨ(ljḏ) (Fig. 1) Nannophya pygmaea: Cho, 1958: 45 (male adult); Cho, 1969: 885 (adult, nymph); Bae et al., 1999: 288 (male and female adults, nymph); Lee, 2001: 123 (male & female adult figures); Jung, 2011: 285 (nymph), not Rambur (misidentification). Type material examined. Holotype: male adult (No. NIBR IN 0000618157, pinned), SOUTH KOREA, Jeollanam-do, Haenam-gun, Songji-myeon, Mabong-ri, 28 V 2012, J.A. Jeon, deposited at NIBR. Paratypes: 2 male adults (No. NIBR IN 0000618159, 0000618160, pinned), same data and deposition as holotype; 1 male adult (No. NIBR IN 0000482500, pinned), SOUTH KOREA, Incheon, Jung-gu, Muui-dong, Muui Is., 14 VIII 2006, K.G. Kim, NIBR; 1 female adult (No. NIBR IN 0000812695, pinned), SOUTH KOREA, Jeollanam-do, Hampyeong-gun, Haebo-myeon, Geumgye-ri, 20 VI 2016, H.C. Jeong, NIBR; 2 male adults (No. KUEM 0000003728, 0000003729, pinned) & 5 female adults (No. 0000003704, 0000003705, 0000003730 (Allotype), 0000003731, 0000003732, pinned), SOUTH KOREA, Gyeongsangbuk-do (mislabeled as Gyeongnam), Mungyeong-si, Nongam-myeon, Yulsu-ri, 7 VII 2006, D.G. Kim, J.M. Hwang & H.H. Song, KU; 12 male adults & 3 female adults (in 80% Ethanol), SOUTH KOREA, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Mungyeong-si, Nongam-myeon, Yulsu-ri, at abandoned paddy, 17 VI 2006, D.G. Kim, KU; 7 female adults (in 80% Ethanol), SOUTH KOREA, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Mungyeong-si, Nongam-myeon, Yulsu-ri, at abandoned peddy, 19 VI 2006, D.G. Kim, KU; 5 male adults & 4 female adults (pinned), SOUTH KOREA, Chungcheongnam-do, Buyeo-gun, Jangam-myeon, 14 VI 2007, D.G. Kim, KU. Other material examined. Nannophya koreana: SOUTH KOREA: 9 nymphs (small to large-sized, in 80% Ethanol), Incheon, Jung-gu, Muui-dong, Muui Is., at hill wetland, 7 V 2006, Y.J. Bae, T.J. Yoon, J.H. Yum & D.G. Kim, KU; 31 male adults (in 80% Ethanol), Chungcheongnam-do, Buyeo-gun, Jangam-myeon, behind Jangam Elementary School, 29 VI 2010, D.G. Kim, KU; 169 nymphs (mid- to large-sized, in 80% Ethanol), Gyeongsangbuk-do, Mungyeong-si, Nongam-myeon, Yulsu-ri, at abandoned paddy, 17 VI 2006, 3 VIII 2006, 20 X 2006, 16 III 2007, 17 IV 2007, 4 VI 2007, 19 VI 2007 & 29 VII 2007, D.G. Kim, KU; 1 nymph (large-sized, in 80% Ethanol), Jeollanam-do, Gokseong-gun, Wolbong-ri, at abandoned paddy, 28 X 1999, Y.J. Bae, KU. Nannophya pygmaea: SINGAPORE: 2 male adults (in 80% Ethanol), Sime Road, Sime Track, Central Catchment Nature Reserve, MacRitchie Reservoir, 14 VII 2009, Y.J. Bae & V. V. Nguyen, KU. CAMBODIA: 1 male adult (in 80% Ethanol) & 34 nymphs (mid- to large-sized, in 80% Ethanol), Kampong Tamon Province, Sam Tuk district, Okampop Amgyl, E105°28′34.7″ N12°39′01.7″, 15 XII 2009, KU; 1 male adult & 6 nymphs (in 80% Ethanol), Siem Reap Province, Siem Reap distract, Phum Angluag Thom village, Thma chruonh, alt. 332 m, E104°10′12.6″ N13°32′28.4″, 24 IV 2010, D.G. Kim, M.J. Baek, J.S. Kim, S. Polin & H. Narith, KU. Male adult (holotype). Dimensions. Body length 18.2 mm; forewing length 14.8 mm; forewing width 4.0 mm; hindwing length 14.0 mm; hindwing width 5.5 mm; abdomen length 11.7 mm; superior appendage 0.94 mm. Coloration. Body generally brownish red with light orange pigmentation basally in fore and hindwings (Fig. 1A, 1B). Head. Vertex, occiput, frons, postclypeus, and anteclypeus light orange, densely covered with reddish black hair-like setae; mouthparts reddish black, densely covered with reddish black hair-like setae. Compound eyes connected at medial line; upper part reddish brown; lower part reddish black. Ocelli reddish black with light yellow ring. Antennae reddish black. Thorax. Pronotum black, densely covered with reddish black hair-like setae. Synthorax generally brownish red with small black markings on upper part of humeral suture and metepisternal suture, covered with dense reddish black hair-like setae; lateral synthorax brownish red with 1 thick black stripe terminating at 1/2 height above spiracle (Fig. 1B); ventral synthorax black. Wings transparent, tinged with light orange pigmentation in basal area; veins black and venation reduced, with tiny black spines sparsely on longitudinal and cross veins and with rowed tiny black spines along wing margins; costa with 2 rows of tiny black spines. Forewings (Fig. 1A) with light orange pigmentation in basal 1/4 area reaching to basal area of triangle, with thickened nodus and black pterostigma; antenodals 5; postnodals 7; arculus slightly contorted and situated between 1st and 2nd antnodals; Rs and MA arising near posterior margin of arculus and merging distally; R 4 +5 situated along line of Rs; 1st radial cell with 1 crossvein; triangle somewhat quadrilateral with arched anterior margin; triangle, subtriangle, and supratriangle without divided cells. Hindwings (Fig. 1A) with light orange pigmentation in basal 1/3 area reaching to distal area of triangle, with thickened nodus and black pterostigma; antenodals 4; postnodals 7; supratriangle without crossvein; anal loop not developed. All legs black, with hair-like setae dorsally and ventrally, with row of long spines on anteroventral and posteroventral margins of apical femora, tibiae, and tarsi; claws paired; each claw bifurcate, with much smaller ventral branch. Abdomen. Abdominal segments I and anterior 1/3 of segment II reddish black, with dense reddish black hair-like setae; posterior 2/3 of segment II- segment X brownish red, dorsally with relatively sparse hair-like setae, ventrally with dense reddish black hair-like setae; each posterodorsal, lateral, and paired ventral margins with rowed black teeth. Accessory appendage black. Anal appendages light orange (Fig. 1B), covered with reddish black hair-like setae; superior appendages (Fig. 1E, 1F) almost straight laterally from dorsal view, slightly curved downward from lateral view, posteromedially with expanded round margin with 4-5 distinct black teeth on round margin, apically pointed with single black tooth; inferior appendage (Fig. 1E, 1F) reaching 0.85 × length of superior appendage, basally broadly lobed and apically bifurcate, terminally with paired black teeth. Female adult (allotype). Dimensions. Body length 17.8 mm; forewing length 16.0 mm; forewing width 4.5 mm; hindwing length 14.5 mm; hindwing width 6.0 mm; abdomen length 10.6 mm. Coloration. Body generally reddish brown, with black and light orange markings and stripes, with light orange pigmentation basally in fore and hindwings (Fig. 1C, 1D). Head. Vertex, occiput, and frons black, densely covered with black hair-like setae; postclypeus and anteclypeus light yellow, with reddish brown markings centrally, densely covered with black hair-like setae. Compound eyes reddish brown, connected at medial line. Ocelli reddish brown with light yellow ring. Antennae black. Mouthparts reddish black, densely covered with black hair-like setae. Thorax. Pronotum dark brown, covered with dense light yellow hair-like setae. Synthorax generally reddish black; anterior synthorax reddish black, with paired large triangular light yellow markings at mid-length, with paired transverse light yellow markings at wing base (Fig. 1C). Lateral synthorax light yellow with 1 thick black stripe completely connected to wing base (Fig. 1D), with small black marking near wing base, with sparse light yellow hair-like setae. Ventral synthorax black, with small light yellow markings diversely on suture, with dense light yellow hair-like setae. Wings transparent, tinged with light orange pigmentation in basal area (Fig. 1C); veins black and venation reduced; venation and coloration similar to male. Legs generally black; trochanter with light yellow markings. Abdomen. Abdominal segments (Fig. 1C, 1D) generally reddish brown with transverse light markings; posterior margins black, with row of black teeth; segments I and anterior 1/3 of segment II black, with dense light yellow hair-like setae; segment III reddish brown, with large anterolaterial light yellow areas, with relatively sparse hair-like setae; segment IV reddish brown with darker lateral areas; segments V- VIII reddish brown, with large anterolateral light yellow areas, with sparse light yellow hair-like setae; segments VIII- X reddish brown, with dense light yellow hair-like setae; segment VIII with small anterolateral light yellow markings. Ventral abdomen black, with dense light yellow hair-like setae. Abdominal appendages light yellow, covered with dense light yellow hair-like setae; cerci terminally pointed; paraproct ca. 0.5 × length of cerci. Mature nymph. Dimensions. Body length 8.6-9.8 mm; head width 2.9-3.1 mm; hind wing sheath length 3.5- 3.6 mm; hindfemur 2.3-2.5 mm; hindtibia 2.6-2.8 mm. Body (Fig. 3F) relatively small; body color pale brown to dark brown; body surface covered with tiny dark brown grains and sparse long hair-like setae. Head. Head ca. 1.5 × broader than pronotum, inverted trapezoidal, with prominent occipital lobes. Clypeus with dense stout hair-like setae. Compound eyes anterolaterally located. Antennae short, filamentous; flagella 5-segmented. Submentum short, slightly exceeding posterior margin of fore coxae; anterior margin of medial lobe prominent and pointed, with minute serrations and sparsely with ca. 5-6 short stout setae; mental setae 9 (outer 3-5 longest and others gradually shorter). Lateral lobe large, triangular, and fringed with short bristles, with a distinct movable hook and 6 long lateral setae; anterior margin with 10-12 short stout setae; lateral margin with row of short hair-like setae. Thorax. Pronotum with row of long hair-like setae on lateral margin. Mesosternal ridge with row of long hair-like setae. Hind wing sheath large, reaching mid-length of abdominal segment VII. Legs relatively short; hindfemora slightly shorter than head width; femora with sparse long hair-like setae on posterior margin; tibiae with long hair-like setae on posterior and anterior margins; tarsi 3-segmented, with row of short stout setae basally; claws double, without denticles. Abdomen. Abdomen short, broad, and oval (widest at segment VI); each abdominal dorsum with tiny denticles on posterior margin; segments VIII-IX with very acute lateral spines and long hair-like setae on lateral margins; segment IX posteroventrally with relatively dense long hair-like setae. Anal pyramid short and thick; epiproct triangular, apically sharply pointed; paraprocts slightly longer than epiproct; cerci slightly shorter than epiproct. Diagnosis. Male adults of N. koreana (Fig. 1A, 1B, 1E, 1F) can be easily distinguished from those of N. pygmaea (Fig. 2A, 2B, 2E-2G) by the presence of a thick, incomplete black stripe on the lateral synthorax that terminates at half-length (Fig. 1B) (vs. continuous to wing base; Fig. 2B), light orange (Fig. 1B) (vs. red; Fig. 2B) anal appendages, and 4-5 (Fig. 1F) (vs. 2-3; Fig. 2G) black teeth on the ventral superior appendages. Meanwhile, female adults of N. koreana (Fig. 1C, 1D) can be easily distinguished from those of N. pygmaea (Fig. 2C, 2D) by the presence of large, paired, triangular, light-yellow markings on the anterior synthorax (Fig. 1C) (vs. lacking such markings; Fig. 2C, 2D) and less prominent basal wing pigmentation (Fig. 1C, 1D) (vs. more prominent wing pigmentation; Fig. 2C, 2D). Furthermore, the body length of N. koreana specimens is generally larger (1.2-1.4 times) than those of N. pygmaea specimens, regardless of life stages (male adult, female adult, or nymph). Etymology. The species epithet ‘ koreana ’ refers to the country of origin. Distribution. Korea. Habitat and ecology. Nymphs of N. koreana inhabit shallow wetlands (5-15 cm in depth) with clean water and abundant macrophytes, such as Persicaria thunbergii and Juncus effusus var. decipiens, and seem to prefer abandoned rice fields in rural and remote hilly or mountainous areas (Fig. 3A-3E). Adults are found around wetlands (e.g., abandoned rice fields), where they move slowly above the wetland surface, and are found in other areas when the wetlands become dry. The habitat, ecology, life history, and behavior of this species have been well studied in Korea (Bae et al., 1999; Lee, 2005; Kim et al., 2010). The habitat of N. pygmaea (Fig. 4) is generally similar to that of N. koreana. Adults of N. pygmaea (Fig. 4C-4F) are often found around small streams in open areas of tropical forest (Fig. 4A, 4B).

Bae, Yeon Jae, Yum, Jin Hwa, Kim, Dong Gun, Suh, Kyong In, Kang, Ji Hyoun (2020): Nannophya koreana sp. nov. (Odonata: Libellulidae): A new dragonfly species previously recognized in Korea as the endangered pygmy dragonfly Nannophya pygmaea Rambur. Journal of Species Research 9 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2020.9.1.001

Zha, Ling-Sheng, Wen, Ting-Chi, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Hyde, Kevin D. (2015): The genus Thoradonta in Thailand (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Scelimeninae) with description of two new species. Journal of Natural History 50: 833-845, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091101

Genus Thoradonta Hancock, 1909 new for Thailand Hancock, 1909, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, p. 407; G��nther, 1938, Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 99: p. 121; Zheng and Liang, 1991, Acta Entomologica Sinica 34(4): p. 453; Liang and Zheng, 1998, Fauna Sinica, Insecta, vol. 12, Orth., Tetrigoidea, p. 56; Zheng, 2005, Fauna of Tetigoidea from western China, p. 59; Deng, Zheng and Wei, 2007, Fauna of the Tetrigoidea from Yunnan and Guangxi, p. 51. Type species Thoradonta dentata Hancock, 1909 Generic characteristics (updated) Body size small, vertex equal to or wider than one eye, frontal ridge distinctly protruding between antennae. Antennae filiform, inserted between or below lower anterior margins of eyes. Eyes globular and prominent, lateral ocellus situated in or slightly below middle of anterior margin of eye. Distal segments of maxillary palpus slightly compressed. Pronotal disc covered with many nodules; mid-keel undulate, partially lamellate and erected before shoulders; pronotum slightly uplifted between shoulders; a pair of abbreviated carinae present between shoulders; hind process of pronotum wedgeshaped, not reaching, reaching or surpassing beyond apex of hind femur; posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum distinctly laminate and expanded, apex spine-like or acute dentate and extending transversely or obliquely backward, but few species truncate or subtruncate. Tegmina ovate, hindwing present or absent (Thoradonta butlini). First segment of hind tarsus generally longer than third. Relationship to other genera The genus Thoradonta Hancock was placed in Scelimeninae (Tetrigidae) based on: (1) filiform antenna; (2) in profile frontal ridge protruding in arch-like manner between base of antennae; (3) posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum lamellate and expanded, apex generally spine-like. The genus Thoradonta is closely related to the genus Criotettix Bolivar, 1887, the former differs from the latter mainly by: (1) lateral margins of pronotum behind humeral angles distinctly folded upwards; (2) partial mid-keel lamellate and erected before shoulders. Key to species of the genus Thoradonta Hancock 1. Tegmen and wing absent. Distributed in Indonesia.. T. butlini Blackith and Blackith Tegmina and wings present.......................................................................................................... 2 2. Apex of posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum truncate or slightly convex, not spined..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Apex of posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum spined.......................................... 4 3. Body size large, hind process of pronotum surpassing far beyond apex of hind femur. Distributed in Nepal..................................................................... T. aspinosa Ingrisch Body size small, hind process of pronotum shorter, only reaching apex of hind femur. Distributed in China................................................................. T. obtusilobata Zheng 4. Hind process of pronotum shorter, not reaching or reaching apex of hind femur 5 Hind process of pronotum longer, surpassing beyond apex of hind femur............ 8 5. Hind process reaching apex of hind femur; lower lobe of posterior angle of pronotum distinct and acute. Distributed in India, Bengal. T. bengalensis Shishodia Hind process not reaching apex of hind femur; lower lobe of posterior angle of pronotum indistinct or obtuse...................................................................................................... 6 6. Wings shorter, not reaching apex of hind process; third pulvillus of first segment of hind tarsus longer than second. Distributed in: China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka..................................................................... T. nodulosa (St��l) Wings longer, reaching apex of hind process; third pulvillus of first segment of hind tarsus equal to second in length................................................................................................. 7 7. Lateral lobes of pronotum with posterior angles obliquely dentate. Distributed in Malaysia............................................................................................................. T. dentata Hancock Lateral lobes of pronotum with posterior angles acute spinose, spine transverse. Distributed in equinoctial Africa............................................................... T. spinata Hancock 8. Body size stout; hind process of pronotum surpassing slightly beyond apex of hind femur..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Body size slender; hind process of pronotum surpassing far beyond apex of hind femur..................................................................................................................................................... 12 9. Anterior margin of vertex nearly as wide as posterior margin; spine of posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum extending distinctly obliquely backward. Distributed in China...................................................................................... T. yunnana Zheng Anterior margin of vertex distinctly narrower than posterior margin; spine of posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum extending transversely or slightly obliquely backward....................................................................................................................... 10 10. Spine very long; wings reaching apex of hind process of pronotum. Distributed in China................................................................................................ T. longispina Zheng and Xie Spine shorter; wings not reaching apex of hind process of pronotum................... 11 11. Antenna inserted between lower margins of eyes, length of longest segment four times its width; first segment of hind tarsus 1.75 times as long as third. Distributed in China, India............................................................................................. T. spiculoba Hancock Antenna inserted decidedly below lower margins of eyes, length of longest segment six times its width; first segment of hind tarsus only 1.3���1.4 times as long as third. Distributed in Thailand;.................................................. T. spiculobaoides sp. nov. 12. Spine of posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum pointing laterally............... 13 Spine of posterior angle of lateral lobe of pronotum pointing obliquely backward............................................................................................................................................. 15 13. Vertex 2.0 times as wide as one eye; wings not reaching apex of hind process. Distributed in India, Vietnam................................................... T. centropleura Podgornaya Vertex not more than 1.5 times as wide as one eye; wings reaching or surpassing beyond apex of hind process..................................................................................................... 14 14. Spine slender; length of pronotum 2.4���3.0 times as long as length of hind process which is beyond hind femora; wings surpassing apex of hind process. Distributed in China.................................................................................... T. longipenna Zheng and Liang Spine shorter; length of pronotum 3.3���4.0 times as long as length of hind process which is beyond hind femora; wings reaching apex of hind process. Distributed in China............................................................................................................... T. transspicula Zheng 15. Vertex wider, 1.5���2.0 times as wide as one eye................................................................ 16 Vertex narrower, 1.18���1.35 times as wide as one eye.................................................... 20 16. Wings longer, surpassing far beyond apex of hind process; disc of pronotum black. Distributed in China........................................................ T. nigrodorsalis Zheng and Liang Wings shorter, not reaching or surpassing slightly beyond apex of hind process; pronotum and body in the same colour............................................................................. 17 17. Length of pronotum not less than 5.0 times as long as hind process which is beyond apex of hind femur...................................................................................................... 18 Length of pronotum not more than 4.0 times as long as hind process which is beyond apex of hind femur...................................................................................................... 19 18. Lateral keels parallel; wings not reaching apex of hind process. Distributed in China......................................................................................................................... T. lancangensis Zheng Lateral keels distinctly contracted backward; wings surpassing apex of hind process. Distributed in: China..................................... T. dianguiensis Deng, Zheng and Wei 19. Antenna inserted between lower margins of eyes; lateral keels parallel; mid-keel complete between two highest lamellate protrusions; humeral angle widely rounded. Distributed in China, India................................................... T. lativertex G��nther Antenna inserted decidedly below lower margins of eyes; lateral keels distinctly contracted backward; mid-keel interrupted between two highest lamellate protrusions; humeral angle obtuse angled. Distributed in Thailand............................................................................................................................................................ T. lativertexoides sp. nov. 20. Vertex 1.25���1.35 times as wide as one eye; body surface smooth; length of hind process which is beyond apex of hind femur 3.0��� 3.4 mm. Distributed in Philippines........................................................................................................................ T. palawanica G��nther Vertex nearly equal to one eye in width; body surface coarsely; length of hind process which is beyond apex of hind femur 1.5���2.0 mm. Distributed in India, China.............................................................................................................. T. apiculata Hancock Species of the genus Thoradonta Hancock in Thailand, Published as part of Zha, Ling-Sheng, Wen, Ting-Chi, Kang, Ji-Chuan & Hyde, Kevin D., 2015, The genus Thoradonta in Thailand (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Scelimeninae) with description of two new species, pp. 833-845 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 834-837, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091101, http://zenodo.org/record/3990463, {"references":["Hancock JL. 1909. Further studies of the Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum. Trans R Entomol Soc Lond. 56: 387 - 426.","Gunther K. 1938. Revision der Acrydiinae (Orthoptera) II, Scelimenae spuriae. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 99: 117 - 148.","Liang GQ, Zheng ZM. 1998. Fauna Sinica, Insecta, Volume 12, Orthoptera, Tetrigoidea. Beijing: Science Press; 278 pp.","Deng WA, Zheng ZM, Wei SZ. 2007. Fauna of the Tetrigoidea from Yunnan and Guangxi. Nanning: Guangxi Science & Technology Press; 458 pp.","Bolivar I. 1887. Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Ann Soc Entomol Belg. 31: 175 - 313."]}

Thoradonta spiculobaoides Zha and Kang sp. nov. (Figures 3A���C, 4A���F, 5A���D) Male Body size small, covered with numerous small granules and many nodules (Figure 3A���B). Head not protruding over level of pronotal surface; vertex 1.5���1.6 times as wide as one eye, anterior margin straight, protruding but not surpassing anterior margins of eyes, lateral margins folded upwards but not surpassing top of eyes (Figure 4A, C); median carina conspicuous and protruding in anterior half which is visible before eyes in profile, while obscure or absent in posterior half; vertex and frontal ridge roundly protruding, excessively concave between lateral ocelli, and then excessively archedly protruding between antennae, longitudinal furrow about as wide as first segment of antenna (Figure 4B). Antenna filiform, 15-segmented, inserted slightly below lower margins of eyes (Figure 4B), length of longest segment (segment IV) about six times its width. Eyes globose, protruding but not above level of pronotum; lateral ocellus situated slightly below middle of anterior margin of eye. Pronotum very coarse, covered with numerous small granules and many nodules; anterior margin straight, lateral keels erected, slightly contracted backward, sometimes interrupted in middle or distal part excessively contracted inward (Figure 4A). Mid-keel not reaching anterior margin of pronotum, otherwise nearly complete, in profile upper margin distinctly undulate with wave peaks becoming lower backward and disappearing in distal area. These sinusoidal waves lamellate and erected, first highest, with intumesced base, both sides of intumescence with a pair of big nodules at margins of pronotum; second lamella longest and undulate, on both sides pronotal disc distinctly concave followed by a pair of long oblique nodules, and lateral margins of pronotum distinctly folded upwards; the latter mid-keel with about seven or eight lamellae, no less than four are visible and they connect with nodules of both their sides respectively (Figure 3A, B). Humeral angle obtusely angled, with a pair of abbreviated carinae between shoulders, pronotum slightly uplifted between shoulders (Figure 3A, B); hind process of pronotum long cone-shaped, surpassing slightly beyond top hind femora, distal part slightly upcurved and apex truncate (Figure 3A, B); posterior angles of lateral lobes of pronotum extending outwards, distal part nearly transverse or slightly oblique backward, fore margin of posterior angle smooth while hind margin with small teeth, apex spine-like; posterior margin of each lateral lobe with two concavities. Tegmina ovate, 2.3 times as long as its width, apex rounded (Figure 5C). Hindwing not reaching top of hind process of pronotum but slightly surpassing beyond top of hind femur (Figure 3A). Upper and lower margins of fore and mid femora undulate, with fine teeth; mid femur wider than tegmen and fore femur, middle femur distinctly narrowed from basal to distal side, and basal part thicker than distal part (Figure 5A, C). Hind femur about 2.5 times as long as wide, upper and lower margins dentate, outer side and upper side with a series of nodules; upper margin with a triangular protrusion before antegenicular, antegenicular isolated and long triangular, its apex nearly right angled, genicular denticle fingered extending backward and apex nearly quadrate (Figure 5B). Hind tibia distally slightly wider than basally, outer side with five to seven spines, inner side with for or five spines; first segment of hind tarsus 1.3���1.4 times (variable in different specimens) longer than third, third pulvillus about as long as second and slightly longer than first pulvillus, apices of all pulvilli sharp (Figure 5D). Subgenital plate short cone-shaped, apex bifurcate and bidentate (Figure 4D). Body dark brown. Antenna brown and colour of distal segments darker; hindwings black; fore and mid femora and tibiae with three yellowish brown bands, bands of femora obscure; lower outside of hind femur black, centre of inner side of hind femur dark brown; hind tibia with two long yellowish brown bands. Female Slightly larger than male. Upper margin of fore femur arched, distinctly narrowed from basal to distal side; width of mid femur slightly narrower than width of tegmen, not narrowed or thicker from basal to distal area (Figure 3C). Ovipositor: length of upper valvulae about 4.0 times its width, outer margins of upper and lower valvulae with small saw-like teeth (Figure 4E). Posterior margin of subgenital plate: middle triangularly protruding, sometimes this protrusion folded inward, forming a basal concavity and a protrusion on both sides, and even the triangular protrusion invisible in ventral view (Figure 4F). Measurements Length of body (mm): ♂ 6.0���6.8, ♀ 6.8���7.8; length of pronotum: ♂ 6.0���6.9, ♀ 6.4���7.2; length of hind femur: ♂ 3.4���3.8, ♀ 3.7���4.5. Type material Holotype (No. 15-0644, MFLU): ♂, Thailand, Chiang Rai (20��19 ��� 43 ������ N, 99��51 ��� 48 ������ E, 402.3 m altitude), 25 November 2014, collected by ZHA Ling-Sheng. Paratypes: 1♂ 2♀ (No. 15-0645, 15-0646, 15-0647, MFLU) 3♂ 4♀ (HNU), same data as holotype. Diagnosis Thoradonta spiculobaoides sp. nov. is similar to T. spiculoba Hancock, 1912 (Zheng 2005) and T. dianguiensis Deng, Zheng and Wei 2006, It differs from the former by: (1) vertex only 1.5���1.6 times as wide as one eye (Figure 4A); (2) antenna inserted decidedly below lower margins of eyes (Figure 4B), length of longest segment six times its width; (3) upper margin of hind femur with a triangular protrusion before antegenicular, antegenicular isolated and long triangular (Figure 5B); (4) first segment of hind tarsus only 1.3���1.4 times as long as third, apices of all pulvilli sharp (Figure 5D); (5) female size distinctly smaller. It differs from the latter by: (1) body size decidedly smaller; (2) humeral angle obtusely angled (Figure 3B); (3) hind process of pronotum only slightly surpassing beyond top hind femora, never reaching one-third of hind tibia (Figure 3A���C); (4) upper margin of hind femur with a triangular protrusion before antegenicular, antegenicular isolated and long triangular (Figure 5B). Etymology The new species epithet is derived from Thoradonta spiculoba, which means it is similar to that species. Distribution Thailand (Chiang Rai)., Published as part of Zha, Ling-Sheng, Wen, Ting-Chi, Kang, Ji-Chuan & Hyde, Kevin D., 2015, The genus Thoradonta in Thailand (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Scelimeninae) with description of two new species, pp. 833-845 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 840-843, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091101, http://zenodo.org/record/3990463, {"references":["Hancock JL. 1912. Tetriginae (Acridiinae) in the Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, Bihar with the description of new species. India Department of Agriculture Memoirs - Entomological Series. 4 (2): 131 - 160.","Deng WA, Zheng ZM, Wei SZ. 2006. Two new species of Scelimenidae from Yunnan and Guangxi, China (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 31: 369 - 372."]}

Thoradonta lativertexoides Zha and Kang sp. nov. (Figures 1A, B, 2A���D) Male Body size small, covered with numerous small granules and many nodules (Figure 1A, B). Head not protruding over level of pronotal surface; vertex about 2.0 times one eye in width, anterior margin straight, protruding forwards to same level of anterior margins of eyes, lateral margins folded upwards but not surpassing beyond top of eyes (Figures 1B, 2B); median carina conspicuous and protruding in anterior half, which is visible before eyes in profile, while obscure or absent in posterior half; vertex and frontal ridge roundly protruding, excessively concave between lateral ocelli, and then excessively protruding in an arch-like manner between antennae, longitudinal furrow slightly wider than first segment of antenna in width (Figure 2A). Antenna filiform, 15-segmented, inserted slightly below lower margins of eyes, length of longest segment (segment IV) about six times its width. Eyes globose, protruding but not above level of pronotum (Figure 2B); lateral ocellus situated slightly below middle of anterior margin of eye (Figure 2A). Pronotum very coarse, covered with numerous small granules and many nodules; anterior margin straight, lateral keels erected, contracted backward, sometimes undulate in lateral view. Mid-keel not reaching anterior margin of pronotum, interrupted before shoulders, in profile upper margin distinctly undulate. These sinusoidal waves lamellate and erected, first highest, with intumesced base, both sides of intumescence with a pair of big nodules at margins of pronotum; second lamella very short and low; third lamella longest and undulate, its peak nearly of same height as first; on both sides pronotal disc distinctly concave followed by a pair of long oblique nodules, and lateral margins of pronotum distinctly folded upwards; the latter lamellae becoming lower backward and disappearing on distal part, three or four lamellae are visible and they connect with nodules of both their sides, respectively (Figure 1A, B). Humeral angle obtuse, with a pair of abbreviated carinae between shoulders, pronotum slightly uplifted between shoulders (Figure 1B); hind process of pronotum long cone-shaped, nearly reaching top of hind tibia, apex truncate (Figure 1A, B); posterior angles of lateral lobes of pronotum extending outwards, distal part slightly oblique backward, fore margin of posterior angle smooth while hind margin with small teeth, apex spine-like; posterior margin of each lateral lobe with two concavities. Tegmina ovate, 2.2 times as long as wide, apex rounded. Hindwing surpassing slightly beyond top of hind process of pronotum. Upper and lower margins of fore and mid femora undulate, with fine teeth; width of basal mid femur slightly wider than width of tegmen, middle femur distinctly narrowed from basal to distal side, and basal part thicker than distal part. Hind femur about 2.6 times as long as wide, upper and lower margins dentate, outer side and upper side with a series of nodules respectively; upper margin with a triangular protrusion before antegenicular, antegenicular isolated and long triangular, its apex nearly rightangled, genicular denticle fingered extending backward and apex triangular (Figure 2D). Width of distal hind tibia slightly wider than basal, outer side with four to six spines, inner side with four spines; first segment of hind tarsus about 1.3 times longer than third, third pulvillus longer than first and second, apices of all pulvilli sharp. Subgenital plate short cone-shaped (Figure 2C), apex bifurcate and bidentate. Body dark brown. Antenna brown and colour of distal segments darker; hindwings black; fore and mid femora and tibiae with three yellowish brown bands, bands of femora obscure; lower outside of hind femur black, centre of inner side of hind femur dark brown; hind tibia with two long yellowish brown bands. Female Unknown. Measurements Length of body (mm): ♂ 6.0���6.8; length of pronotum: ♂ 7.7���8.2; length of hind femur: ♂ 4.0���4.2. Type material Holotype (No. 15-0642, MFLU): ♂, Thailand, Chiang Rai, Doi Thong (19��47 ��� 58 ������ N, 99��33 ��� 13 ������ E, 1234.7 m altitude), 8 November 2014, collected by ZHA Ling-Sheng. Paratypes: 1♂ (No. 15-0643, MFLU) and 1♂ (HNU), same data as holotype. Diagnosis Thoradonta lativertexoides sp. nov. is similar to T. lativertex G��nther, 1938, but it differs in: (1) antenna inserted decidedly below lower margins of eyes (Figure 2A); (2) lateral keels distinctly contracted backward (Figure 1B); (3) a short and lower lamellate protrusion present between two highest lamellate protrusions on mid-keel, mid-keel interrupted before this short protrusion (Figure 1B); (4) humeral angle obtuse angled (Figure 1B); (5) upper margin of hind femur with a triangular protrusion before antegenicular, antegenicular isolated and long triangular (Figure 2D). Etymology The new species epithet is derived from Thoradonta lativertex, which means it is similar to that species. Distribution Thailand (Chiang Rai)., Published as part of Zha, Ling-Sheng, Wen, Ting-Chi, Kang, Ji-Chuan & Hyde, Kevin D., 2015, The genus Thoradonta in Thailand (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Scelimeninae) with description of two new species, pp. 833-845 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 837-839, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091101, http://zenodo.org/record/3990463, {"references":["Gunther K. 1938. Revision der Acrydiinae (Orthoptera) II, Scelimenae spuriae. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 99: 117 - 148."]}

Ariyawansa, Hiran A., Camporesi, Erio, Thambugala, Kasun M., Mapook, Ausana, Kang, Ji- Chuan, Alias, Siti A., Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Thines, Marco, Hyde, Kevin D. (2014): Confusion surrounding Didymosphaeria-phylogenetic and morphological evidence suggest Didymosphaeriaceae is not a distinct family. Phytotaxa 176 (1): 102-119, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.176.1.12, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.176.1.12

Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis T.C. Wen, R.C. Zhu, J.C. Kang & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) MycoBank MB803424 Type: ��� CHINA. Hunan Province: Dongkou County, Xuefeng Mountains, on Phassus nodus in root of living Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum, 20 October 2012, Ru-Cai Zhu 2012 HN 14 (GZUH 2012 HN 14, holotype!). Differs from related Ophiocordyceps species mainly by its long stromata, without a sterile apex, narrow asci, long ascospores and by its occurrence on Phassus nodus in living root or trunk of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum. Stromata 140���460 mm long, 2���7 mm wide, cylindrical, yellow-brown, 1���4 arising mainly from the head or other part of host; living on larvae of Phassus nodus (Hepialidae) in the trunk or upper root near the soil of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum (Verbenaceae). Stipe 40���260 mm long, 2���7 mm diam., and sometimes covered with beige, thick, dense, loosely woven mycelium. Fertile part 100���200 mm long �� 2���4 mm diam., cylindrical, yellow-brown. Cells of stromata thin-walled, globose, hyaline, becoming brown-walled towards the outside. Host 60���110 mm long, 7���12 mm wide, yellow-brown to black-brown, with white endosclerotia. Ascomata 416���625 �� 161���318 ��m (x = 520 �� 243, n = 20), superficial, long ovoid, with a basal stipe connected to the stromata. Peridium 20���74 ��m wide (x = 39, n = 20), comprising three layers; hamathecium of paraphyses. Asci 191���392 �� 4.5���8.9 ��m (x = 277 �� 7.5, n = 20), 8-spored, cylindrical, pedicellate not clear, with a 4.2���6.1 ��m wide �� 3.8���5.8 ��m high (x = 5.1 �� 4.7, n = 20) hemiglobose cap. Ascospores 130��� 380 �� 1.4���5.2 ��m (x = 256 �� 3.2, n = 20), fasciculate, thread-like, slender and long, with many septa, not breaking into secondary ascospores. Asexual state: ��� Hirsutella. Etymology: ���Refers to the type collecting site ���Xuefeng Mountains���. Distribution: ���Dongkou County, Hunan Province, China. Host: ���On larvae of Phassus nodus Chu & Wang living in the root or trunk of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz. Other material studied (paratypes): ��� CHINA. Hunan Province: Dongkou County, Xuefeng Mountains, on Phassus nodus in root of living Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum, 8 October 2011, Ru-Cai Zhu HN13 (GZUHHN13!); ex-paratype living culture GZUCCHN131!; Hunan Province: Dongkou County, Xuefeng Mountains, on Phassus nodus in root of living Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum, 20 October 2012, Ru-Cai Zhu 2012HN11 (GZUH2012HN11!); Hunan Province: Dongkou County, Xuefeng Mountains, on Phassus nodus in trunk of living Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum, 20 October 2012, Ru-Cai Zhu 2012HN13 (GZUH2012HN13!); Hunan Province: Dongkou County, Xuefeng Mountains, on Phassus nodus in root of living Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum, 20 October 2012, Ru-Cai Zhu 2012HN19 (GZUH2012HN19!)., Published as part of Wen, Ting-Chi, Zhu, Ru-Cai, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Huang, Ming-He, Tan, Dian-Bo, Ariyawansha, Hiran, Hyde, Kevin D. & Liu, Hao, 2013, Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis sp. nov. from larvae of Phassus nodus (Hepialidae) in Hunan Province, southern China, pp. 41-50 in Phytotaxa 123 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.123.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5085008

Pestalotiopsis coffeae-arabicae Y. Song, K. Geng, K.D. Hyde & Yong Wang bis, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) MycoBank MB 804967 Differs from related Pestalotiopsis species mainly by its smaller conidia and shorter apical appendages. Type: ��� CHINA. Hainan Province: Xinglong County, Tropical Botanical Garden, living leaves of Coffea arabica, 8 March 2012, K . Geng (HGUP4019, holotype!). Associated with red-brown leaf spots on living leaves of Coffea arabica. Conidiophores usually indistinct. Conidiogenous cells discrete, ampulliform to lageniform, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, with 2���3 proliferations. Conidia fusoid to ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, 16���20 �� 5���7 ��m (n=30, x =18.6 �� 6.4 ��m); basal cell short, conic to obconic, hyaline, thin-walled and verruculose; three median cells 11.8���13.5 ��m long (n=30, x = 12.8 ��m), dark brown, septa and periclinal walls darker than the rest of the cell, versicolorous; second cell from base pale brown, 3.5���4.5 ��m (n=30, x = 4.1 ��m); third cell darker brown, 3.5��� 5��m (n=30, x = 4.1��m); fourth cell darker, 3.7���4.5 ��m (n=30, x = 4 ��m); apical cell 2.4���3.1 ��m (n=30, x = 2.7��m), hyaline, obconic to subcylindrical, with 2���4 appendages (mostly 3); apical appendages 11���16 ��m long (n=30, x = 13.5 ��m), tubular, arising from the apex of the apical cell; basal appendage, 3���5 ��m long (n=30, x = 3.5 ��m), filiform. Colonies on PDA reaching 7 cm diam. after 8 days at 25�� C, with undulate edge, whitish, with aerial mycelium on surface; fruiting bodies black, gregarious; reverse of culture pale luteous. Habitat/ Distribution: ���Known to inhabit Coffea arabica, Hainan Province, China. Etymology: ���In reference to the host, Coffea arabica, from which this fungus was first isolated. Other material examined: ��� CHINA. Hainan Province: Xinglong County, Tropical Botanical Garden, living leaves of Coffea arabica, 8 March 2012, K . Geng (HGUP4015!)., Published as part of Song, Yu, Geng, Kun, Zhang, Bin, Hyde, Kevin D., Zhao, Wen-Sheng, Wei, Ji-Guang, Kang, Ji-Chuan & Wang, Yong, 2013, Two new species of Pestalotiopsis from Southern China, pp. 22-30 in Phytotaxa 126 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.126.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5085242

Song, Yu, Geng, Kun, Zhang, Bin, Hyde, Kevin D., Zhao, Wen-Sheng, Wei, Ji-Guang, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong (2013): Two new species of Pestalotiopsis from Southern China. Phytotaxa 126 (1): 22-30, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.126.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.126.1.2

Pestalotiopsis rhodomyrtus Y. Song, K. Geng, K.D. Hyde & Yong Wang bis, sp. nov. (Fig. 3) MycoBank MB 804968 Differs from Pestalotiopsis rosea and P. adusta by bigger conidia and its apical appendages, which are shorter than those of P. trachicarpicola and P. rosea. Type: ��� CHINA. Guangxi Province: Liangfeng River National Forest Park, isolated from leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, 2011, J.G. Wei (HGUP4230, holotype!). Conidiophores indistinct. Conidiogenous cells discrete, hyaline, simple, filiform. Conidia 19.7���26.3 �� 4.9���6.7 ��m (n=30, x =23.00 �� 5.76 ��m), fusoid, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate; basal cell conic to obconic, hyaline or pale brown, smooth, thin-walled, 3.6���6.4 ��m long (n=30, x = 4.79 ��m); three median cells 12.9��� 16.8 ��m long (n=30, x = 15.04 ��m), brown, septa and periclinal walls darker than the rest of the cell, concolorous, verruculous; second cell from base 4.3���5.8 ��m long (n=30, x = 5.12 ��m); third cell from base 3.5���5.7 ��m long (n=30, x = 4.73 ��m); fourth cell from base 4.3���5.6 ��m long (n=30, x = 4.88 ��m); apical cell hyaline, obconic to subcylindrical, 2.7���4.1 ��m long (n=30, x = 3.56 ��m); with 2���3 tubular appendages, arising from the apex of the apical cell, 7.5���14.9 ��m long (n=30, x = 10.54 ��m), unequal; one basal appendage present, 2.8���4.9 ��m long (n=30, x = 3.65 ��m), filiform. Colonies on PDA reaching 7 cm diam. after 8 days at 25��C, with edge crenate, whitish, aerial mycelia on surface, fruiting bodies black, gregarious; reverse of colony pale orange. Etymology: ���In reference to the host, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, from which this fungus was first isolated. Habitat/Distribution: ���Known to inhabit Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Guangxi Province, China., Published as part of Song, Yu, Geng, Kun, Zhang, Bin, Hyde, Kevin D., Zhao, Wen-Sheng, Wei, Ji-Guang, Kang, Ji-Chuan & Wang, Yong, 2013, Two new species of Pestalotiopsis from Southern China, pp. 22-30 in Phytotaxa 126 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.126.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5085242

Ariyawansa, Hiran A., Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S.N., Chukeatirote, Samantha C.Karunarathne Ekachai, Bahkali, Ali H., Kang, Ji-Chuan, Bhat, Jayarama D., Hyde, Kevin D. (2013): Deniquelata barringtoniae gen. et sp. nov., associated with leaf spots of Barringtonia asiatica. Phytotaxa 105 (1): 11-20, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.105.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.105.1.2

Geng, Kun, Zhang, Bin, Song, Yu, Hyde, Kevin D., Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wang, Yong (2013): A new species of Pestalotiopsis from leaf spots of Licuala grandis from Hainan, China. Phytotaxa 88 (3): 49-54, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.88.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.88.3.2

Background Type A influenza virus is one of important pathogens of various animals, including humans, pigs, horses, marine mammals and birds. Currently, the viral type has been classified into 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes, but the phylogenetic diversity and distribution within the viral type largely remain unclear from the whole view. Methodology/Principal Findings The panorama phylogenetic trees of influenza A viruses were calculated with representative sequences selected from approximately 23000 candidates available in GenBank using web servers in NCBI and the software MEGA 4.0. Lineages and sublineages were classified according to genetic distances, topology of the phylogenetic trees and distributions of the viruses in hosts, regions and time. Conclusions/Significance Here, two panorama phylogenetic trees of type A influenza virus covering all the 16 hemagglutinin subtypes and 9 neuraminidase subtypes, respectively, were generated. The trees provided us whole views and some novel information to recognize influenza A viruses including that some subtypes of avian influenza viruses are more complicated than Eurasian and North American lineages as we thought in the past. They also provide us a framework to generalize the history and explore the future of the viral circulation and evolution in different kinds of hosts. In addition, a simple and comprehensive nomenclature system for the dozens of lineages and sublineages identified within the viral type was proposed, which if universally accepted, will facilitate communications on the viral evolution, ecology and epidemiology.