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Rhinocypha frontalis sulselensis ssp. nov. (Figs 34, 35, 37, 84) Material studied Holotype ♂. » Borong Rapoa. 800 m. 20–23 Aug. 1949. Leg. A. Diakonoff « (JvT 22887; in RMNH) (Fig. 34). Paratypes (7♂ 4♀) Sulawesi Selatan 1♀, Boeloedoea (Barroe). 670 m. June 1935. Leg. C. Veen; 1♀, Boeloedoea (Bar- roe). Brooklet in forest. CdR XXXIII. 27 Apr. 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 6♂ 1♀, Borong Rapoa. 800 m. 20–23 Aug. 1949 [some handwritten labels with erroneous year ‘1948’]. Leg. A. Diakonoff (same data as holotype); 1♀, Mangkoso, stream emerging from forest. Alt. at least 400 m. July 2013. Leg. R.A. Dow; 1♂, 20 km E of Padaelo: mountain stream crossing Jl. Poros Barru-Soppeng (4.51082°S, 119.78648°E). Alt. 698 m. 20 July 2013. Leg. H. Cahilog. Etymology Sulselensis, an adjective based on the frequently used abbreviation ‘SulSel’, for the province of Sulawesi Selatan, or ‘South Sulawesi’. Diagnosis Largely agrees with specimens assigned to the nominotypical subspecies of R. frontalis, but is distinguished by its significantly larger size, and a more extensive black area in the wing space between the Costa and Subcosta, i.e., from 8 Ax anterior to the nodus in the fore wing and 6 Ax anterior to the nodus in the hind wing (Fig. 34, compare with Figs 3, 24); opaque marking in wings wedge-shaped, and base reaching to distal side of q. The female is distinctly different from the nominotypical subspecies, particularly in the wing marking, although the nominotypical subspecies shows significant variation in these characters as well. In R. frontalis sulselensis the wings are nearly fully brown (Fig. 37, compare with Fig. 36): the base is very darkly enfumed, approximately to the level of the nodus, merging to the opaque part of the wing distal to nodus; apex of wings distal to middle of pterostigma paler, the tip opaque white. The females are thus rather similar to sympatric females of R. monochroa (Fig. 6). However, the latter species usually with fore wing transparent distal to ca 14 Px anterior to pterostigma, and also has a fully (brownish) black frons; its pronotum has an oblong spot on the median lobe; the lateral lobe has only a small spot. Description Male (holotype, JvT 22887) Head — Labium, labrum and anteclypeus glossy brownish black; mandi- bles blue, except for a narrow black stripe bordering labrum; dorsal side of head velvet black; frons with a paired blue spot, large and squarish, tapering abaxiad; very small creamish spots behind lateral ocelli; spots on post-ocu- lar lobe sub-oval, larger than those on vertex; gena with large blue marking, somewhat extending along eye. Thorax — Pronotum velvet black; anterior lobe with relative large oval, creamy, paired spot; lateral lobe fully covered by large creamy marking, and an oblong creamy stripe along margin below lateral lobe. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum creamish. Synthorax black, with pale markings as follows: a short pale stripe on dorsal carina in mesothoracic triangle; ante-humeral stripe about ⅔ the length of mesepisternum, taper- ing posteriad; mesepimeron posteriorly with short and narrow stripe; stripe over lower side of synthorax from mesokatepisternum to posterior corner of metepimeron, dorso-posterior projection on metepisternum not reaching posterior margin; coxa of all legs with narrow stripe along posterior margin. Legs —Black; tibiae of mid and hind legs white in distal ⁴/₅. Wings — Base of wings transparent, somewhat enfumed; both wings with opaque brown band distal to Ax8 in costal and subcostal space, wedge- shaped and reaching to first fork in Rs; quadrangle transparent; pterostigma of fore and hind wings dark brown. Abdomen — Dorsum black, with lateral blue markings similar to nomino- typical form. Female Larger than nominotypical form; coloration very similar to that form, except for the coloration of the wings: fully brown, with base enfumed very dark, subtly merging towards the fully opaque distal part of the wing, distal to ca level of nodus; apex distal to middle of pterostigma paler, the tip opaque white. Variation in paratypes Measurements of male specimens [mm] — Hind wing length length (n =4) x= 27.5 (27.0–27.5), hind wing width (n = 4) x =7.0 (6.5–7.0); abdomen (in- cluding appendages) x =22.5 (22.0–22.5). Measurements of female specimens [mm] —Hind wing length (n =3) x= 30.0 (29.0–31.0); hind wing width (n = 3) x =6.5 (6.5–7.0); abdomen (in- cluding appendages) (n = 3) x =21.5 (20.0–22.5). Distribution and habitat South-western Sulawesi. The limited number of observations suggests that this species occurs above ca 400 m a.s.l. However, we also have records of the sympatric R. monochroa from altitudes up to 1 0 0 0 m. Remarks We identified this taxon from a series in RMNH, collected in 1949 (the year 1948 on some labels is incorrect) at Borong Rapoa, a village on the flank of the Mt. Lompobatang, east of Makassar, by A. Diakonoff. Other specimens in RMNH included a female with label »C. S. Celebes, 670 m / S. Bone, Bu- ludua / vi.1935 / C. Veen« (in RMNH, JvT 22891), and one female from the same site, collected by L. Coomans de Ruiter on 27-iv-1941 (JvT 22890), which both agree with a female from the Borong Rapoa series. The Buludua site presumably is at a distance of about 10 km WNW of Bulu Bulu (ca 4°51’32”S, 120°09’43”E; Buludua is just another spelling of the same place), since there is no place of more than 600 m altitude closer to that village. Recently, we have received two specimens collected about 20 km east of Padaelo (about 4°30’S, 119°47’E) at ca 700 m a.s.l., agreeing with the specimens mentioned above. The status of these populations needs to be studied more in detail. We de- scribe these specimens as a separate subspecies, since we are unaware of any populations with characters intermediate between those from northern and those from southwest Sulawesi. Fortunately, we were able to compare molecular characters (CO1) of these specimens with those of specimens collected near Manado (northern pe- ninsula, near the type locality). The results are equivocal. Nearly all specimens from the Minahassa agree to a large extend in molecular characters, and the specimens from SW Sulawesi differ in these characters. However, one specimen from the Minahassa is sister to the clade of the other Mina- hassa specimens plus the South-western population. These results are too preliminary to draw firm conclusions.

Rhinocypha sangihensis sp. nov. (Figs 66–70) Material studied Holotype ♂. » INDONESIA / Sangihe Islands: Manganitu. Riverine gar- dens, coconut plantations, secondary forest. 25 May 1985. 3°35’N, 125°32’E. Leg. F.G. Rozendaal « (JvT 5310, in RMNH; Fig. 66). Paratypes (5♂ 1♀) [Sulawesi Utara province] 2♂ 1♀, »Sangihe Islands. Manganitu. 3°35’N, 125°32’E. Riverine gardens, coconut plantations, secondary forest. 10–25 May 1985. Leg. F.G. Rozendaal«; 3♂, »Sangihe Islands. SSW of Liwung. NW slope of Gn Sahendaruman. [Alt.] 600–650 m a.s.l. 3°32’N, 125°32’E. Primary forest and forest edge, water trickle and small stream. 12–19 May 1985. Leg. F.G. Rozendaal«. Etymology Sangihensis, an adjective based on the type locality Sangihe. Diagnosis Small and slender species with narrow wings. Only Rhinocypha known from the Sangihe Islands. The males share the following characters with R. frontalis from northern Sulawesi: head with paired spot on frons (but crescent- shaped and very small in R. sangihensis), a paired pale spot on the anterior lobe of the pronotum, extensive and multiple spots on lateral lobe of pro- notum, synthorax with both ante-humeral stripe on mesepisternum and a short stripe posteriorly on mesepimeron, band on synthorax with dorsoposterior projection, which is, however, distinctly shorter in R. sangihensis; white areas on tibiae of mid and hind legs short, approximately ⅔ length of tibiae; abdomen with large blue marking on S9. Rhinocypha sangihensis males differ from R. frontalis by the following characters: smaller size, white base of labium, mid lobe of pronotum with small triangular spot in latero- anterior corner (but no pale marking in lateral corner of anterior lobe), blue markings of S4–S8 extended dorso-anteriorly and running along anterior margin to dorsum, wings with narrower opaque patches, although there is much variation in R. frontalis. Diagnostic characters of females difficult to define due to insufficient material, but R. frontalis seems to have a larger opaque brown band on the wings, frequently have no pale markings on the frons, or on mid lobe of the pronotum. Description Male (holotype; JvT 5310; head separate and crushed; Fig. 66) Head (Fig. 67) — Labium with extensive pale coloration; base and basal half of (divided) middle lobe creamy yellow; base of lateral lobes creamy yellow; remainder black. Labrum glossy brownish black. Mandibles with large bluish white spot in basal part, covering nearly entire base; anteclypeus brownish black, shiny; postclypeus, frons, vertex, occiput and post-ocular lobe velvet black with a paired, irregular spot at base of frons ca the diameter of distance between spot an antennal base (these markings much smaller than in R. frontalis); spots behind lateral ocelli yellow, somewhat larger than ocelli, and a paired oval yellow spot on post-ocular lobe close to occiput; ge- nae with extensive bluish white markings, being almost completely covered at level of base of mandibles with separate oval spot just above it; marking on gena not extending dorsally along eye. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 68): anterior lobe with paired oval marking, well removed from lateral margin, median lobe with a small bluish-white mark- ing in latero-anterior corner, pointed posteriorly; lateral lobe with large creamy white spot covering most of this lobe, extending on ventral margin of pronotum as pale stripe. Synthorax (Fig. 69). Mesopreepisternum yellowish white. Black with bluish or creamy white markings. Mesepisternum anteriorly with triangu- lar marking, widest anteriorly; mesepimeron black with short pale stripe in dorso-posterior corner; wide blue stripe from mesokatepisternum over mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron; stripe dorsally very ir- regular, ventrally more or less straight; mesokatepisternum with trian- gular spot in posterior corner against coxa, continuing on mesepimeron and metepisternum, widening dorsally at level of metathoracic spiracle, halfway the height of mesepimeron; posterior side on metepisternum with posterior projection, continuing posteriorly towards, but not touching hind margin. Legs — Hind margin of coxae of all legs with triangular pale blue markings. Legs black, but white innerside in distal ⁵/₇ of mid tibiae, and distal ³/₅ of hind leg; posterior side of coxae with sub-triangular spots. Wings — Dark opaque patch posterior to nodus or Px1, hind wing with indistinct pattern of metallic sheen on ventral side, purplish or posteriorly more brownish; base of wings transparent with brownish tinge; pterostigma of fore and hind wings brownish black, covering only five underlying cells (usually 7 in R. frontalis, and 8 or more in R. monochroa). Abdomen (Fig. 70) — Dorsum black; side of tergites with extensive blue markings as follows: on segment 1 sub-triangular spot, anteriorly tapering; on S2 and S3 rectangular markings, S2 with distinct and S3 with small ven- tro-anterior emargination; S4–S9 with progressively smaller spots, tapered posteriorly, especially on dorsal side, those on S6–S9 not reaching posterior end of segment; blue markings on S4–S8 dorso-anteriorly projected run- ning dorsad along the anterior border of segment; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm] —Hind wing length 21.0 mm, hind wing width 5.0 mm; abdomen (including appendages) 17.5. Female [JvT 5353] A teneral, crushed and incomplete specimen (S5–S10 missing). Head — Dark, base of labium pale coloured; mandibles with large creamy spot, with a small triangular pale spot on lowest part of gena next to man- dible; another pale spot of irregular shape more dorsal on gena, with a ven- tral extension along the eye; a short and narrow stripe along the eye at level of antenna; frons between antennae with irregular creamy paired spot, ap- proximately the diameter of post-ocular spot; somewhat smaller paired spot behind lateral ocelli; remainder of head velvet black. Thorax — Pronotum with anterior lobe with paired oval pale spot; lateral lobe with large pale spots, whitish with bluish tones. Synthorax. Brownish black with yellowish or creamish markings.Long ante- humeral stripe reaching from anterior side or mesepisternum beyond level of short stripe on mesepimeron; last stripe ca ⅓ the length of metepimeron; pale stripe over synthorax from mesokatepisternum to posterior corner of metepimeron, somewhat irregular, but straight. Legs — Brownish black. Wings (colours not fully developed) — Opaque brown transverse band from Px 15 to distal side of pterostigma; tip opaque white, base of wing transparent with brown fume. Abdomen — S1 with sub-triangular spot,pointed anteriad;S2 with three spots, one sub-oval against anterior border of segment, one sub-triangular against hind margin, and a smaller oblong spot against ventral margin of tergite; S3 with L-shaped marking extending along anterior and dorsal margin of side of tergite; shorter rectangular spot ventro-posteriorly, sub-quadrangular spot against posterior border; S4 too crushed to evaluate, rest of abdomen missing. Variation in paratypes Mesurements [mm]. Males (n = 5). Hind wing length: x= 21.5 (20.5–23.0); hind wing width: x= 5.0 (5.0–5.0), abdomen (n =4): x= 18.0 (17.0–18.5). Distribution and habitat This species is only known from a small series collected by F.G. Rozendaal on Manganitu (Sangihe Islands) in 1985. The habitat indicated on the labels includes »riverine gardens, coconut plantations and secondary forest«. A recent promotion film on the internet on Manganitu suggests that the hills above the town are still covered with remnants of forest, interspersed with gardens and plantations. Some parts of the island are set apart to protect endemic bird species. We presume that the streams will still be inhabited by this and other endemic odonate species, including Celebophlebia carolinae van Tol, 1987, Protosticta rozendalorum van Tol, 2000 and Libellago manganitu van Tol, 2007 (VAN TOL 1987b, 2000, 2007). These were all taken by the same collector during the same field trip., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 361-366, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha virgulata sp. nov. (Figs 10, 11, 77–82, 87) Rhinocypha monochroa Form b. — RIS (1916): 312. Rhinocypha sp. A. — GÜNTHER (2008a): 48, 89–94. Material studied Holotype ♂. » Indonesia. C. Sulawesi. 45 km NE Malili: stream connecting Danau Matana and D. Mahalona, at easternmost part of D. Matana, just after outlet. At bridge. Fast flowing, clear water. 2°32’15”S, 121°28’45” E. 450 m. 15 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol « (JvT 1375, in RMNH; Fig. 77). Paratypes (32♂ 14♀) Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) 5♂ 4♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 21–22 Mar. 1993, leg. A. Günther; 2♂, Same site, 24 Jul. 1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow; 1♂, NW shore of Danau Poso, Siuri, small stream (1°48’S, 120°32’E), 6 Aug. 1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow; 1♂, NW shore of Danau Poso, Sungai Kamba (1°52’S, 120°30’E), 8 Aug. 1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow; 2♂ 2♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 23–24 Feb. 1997, leg. A. Günther; 1♂, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Tumonda (1°47’S, 120°31’E), 1 Mar. 1997, leg. A. Günther; 7♂ 3♀, N of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 5 Mar. 1997, leg. A. Günther; 1♂, N shore of Danau Poso, Tonusu, Sungai Wera (1°45’S, 120°33’E), 2 Sep. 1999, leg. A. Günther. Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi) 3♂ 2♀, »Süd Celebes. Takala Gebirge. [Before 1916]. D[urch] Rolle« (in SMFD); 4♂ 2♀, Outlet of lake Matano near Salura. At temporary bridge, 300 m E of lake. (Local- ity 28). Fast running stream, width=10m; depth=2.5m (?); colour of water light blue; shore with trees and shrubs; disturbed primary forest. 26 Sep. 1993. Leg. M.T. Wass- cher; 7♂ 1♀, Sungai Patea. River from Danau Matana to Danau Mahalona, outlet of Danau Matana. 480 m. 2°32’13”S, 121°28’38”E. 15 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol; 1♂, Sungai Patea. Stream from Danau Matana to Lake Mahalona at bridge close to out- let of Lake Matana. 2°32’15”S, 121°28’45”E. 390 m asl. 19 Oct 1993. Leg. J. van Tol. Etymology Virgulatus, an adjective, meaning ‘banded’. Diagnosis The male of R. virgulata is characterized by the series of blue rings (annu- lae) anteriorly on S4–S8 of the abdomen, which may also be present on S9 (Fig. 10). It is otherwise rather similar to R. flavipoda, but the opaque part of the wings is less extensive; the blue stripe over the synthorax is rather similar in both species, with a posterior projection on the mesepisternum, but there is quite some individual variation; R. flavipoda is further charac- terized by its creamy yellow tibiae of mid and hind legs (white in R. virgulata and all other Sulawesi Rhinocypha species). R. virgulata differs from the R. frontalis -complex particularly by the absence of a paired marking on the frons, and the absence of a paired spot on the anterior lobe of the pronotum (R. virgulata has a short stripe in lateral corner of anterior lobe, continu- ing on median lobe); from R. monochroa by the marking on the head, and the shape of the stripe over the synthorax (lacking the projection along the metakatepisternum); from R. phantasma by the coloration of the dorsum of the abdomen; from R. togeanensis by the markings on the pronotum (absent in R. togeanensis) and the synthorax (narrow and straight in R. togeanensis). Description Male (holotype; JvT 1375; Fig. 77) Head (Fig. 78) — Labium base pale, divided median lobe and palps brownish black. Labrum semi-glossy, brownish black. Mandibles squarish, brownish black without pale markings. Gena with large, triangular spot, with longest side against eye; a very narrow pale stripe along eye margin approximately at level of antenna. Anteclypeus semiglossy, dark brown, margins somewhat paler. Postclypeus, frons, vertex, occiput and post-ocular lobe velvet black, with paired pale spot behind lateral ocelli, and a somewhat larger spot on post-ocular lobe against occiput. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 79) with anterior lobe black except for a small triangular blue spot in latero-posterior corner; this spot continues onto me- dian lobe, anteriorly wider and tapering posteriorly into an acute tip ending just above lateral lobe; lateral lobe with large bluish white median marking, and small pale spot on propleuron; posterior lobe black. Synthorax (Fig. 80). Mesopreepisternum pale blue. Mesepisternum black; mesepimeron, mesokatepisternum, metepisternum and metepimeron black, with a conspicuous blue stripe running from lower posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, ventral side irregular, continuing just below meta- thoracic spiracle towards ventro-posterior corner of metepimeron; dorsal side also irregular, with a significant projection on metepisternum (not reaching hind margin of metepisternum), then over metepimeron bending sharply ventrally and meeting hind margin at ca ⅓ from posterior margin of metepimeron. Legs — Fore leg black; mid and hind legs black with inner side of tibiae white, ca 75 % of tibia in mid leg, and 85 % of hind leg; base of coxae of mid and hind legs posteriorly with short pale blue spot. Wings — Hind wing basal to nodus transparent, remainder opaque, dark metallic in distal part of wing, dark parts of wing extending more basal in middle of wing, underside iridescent coppery bronze, tending to blue along distal margin; fore wing with similar coloration, but opaque patch distal to Px1 in costal space, in middle of wing extending to level of 3 Ax proximal to nodus; iridescence of patch inconspicuous; pterostigma of fore and hind wings dark brown. Abdomen (Fig. 81) — Dorsum black, but lateral markings extending dis- tinctly over dorsum along anterior margins of S4–S9 (see below). Side of tergites with series of blue markings on S1–S9; S1 large, blue, extending dor- sally further then on other segments, ventral side wider than dorsally; S2 rectangular except for a small triangular emargination in ventro-anterior corner; S3 and S4 more or less rectangular, small paired pale anterior spot on dorsum S3; lateral marking of S4 extending dorso-anteriorly in a narrow blue line, not touching medially on segment; S5–S8 with blue markings tapering increasingly more ventro-posteriorly, all extending dorso-anteriorly over dorsum of segment and about the width of intersegmental annulae, also not touching on dorsum; S9 with small spot medially near ventral mar- gin, and a narrow blue ring dorso-anteriorly, again not touching on dorsum; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm]: Hind wing length 23.0, hind wing width 6.0, abdomen (including appendages) 20.0. Female [JvT 16773] Head (Fig. 82) — Labium brownish, black; dorsal side of head velvet black; mandibles with cream spot relatively small (distinctly smaller than in R. monochroa), and only touching lower margin; gena with pale marking along eye yellowish, ventrally narrow, dorsal half much wider; very narrow pale band along eyes dorsally of marking on gena; small pale spots on dorsal part of head beside lateral ocelli, and on post-ocular lobe. Thorax — Black, with pale marking creamy yellow, compared to R. monochroa well developed; pronotum with short longitudinal marking from ex- treme lateral side of anterior lobe, continuing on median lobe, where it is widest anteriorly; lateral lobe with roughly circular spot. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum creamy yellow. Synthorax black with some metallic sheen, and pale markings as follows: mesepimeron with short pale stripe in posterior half against humeral suture, ca 1/₆ the length of humeral suture; an even shorter marking; ventral longitudinal stripe more or less straight from ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, lower side over metathoracic spiracle, dorsal side straight and ending halfway poste- rior side of metepimeron. Legs — Black. Wings — Base enfumed, brownish transparent; fore wing with pale brown transverse band from Px2 to ca Px10 anterior to proximal side of ptero- stigma; pterostigma bicolorous; hind wing with transverse band darker than in fore wing, from level of nodus to distal side of pterostigma, just the tip transparent, the most distal series of cells white and more opaque. Abdomen — Black with creamy pale markings; S1 with triangular spot, widest part against posterior margin; S2 with medio-anteriorly a short stripe about ⅓ of length of segment, posteriorly with a larger triangular spot, medioventrally a triangular spot, anteriorly tapered, approximately ¼ length of segment; S3 anteriorly with L-shaped marking, approximately ½ length of segment, the shorter arm against anterior margin, ventrally on S3 an oblong triangular spot; S4 with pale stripe against anterior margin with short hook medially, and ventrally a narrow stripe about ²/₅ the length of segment, small spots medially and posteriorly; S5 with short stripes against anterior and ventral margin; S6 and S7 with similar, but smaller markings; S8–S10 black. Variation in paratypes Males: Measurements of specimens collected near Lake Poso [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 22.5 (22.0–23.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x= 6.0 (5.5– 6.0); abdomen length (including appendages) (n = 5) x= 19.5 (19.0–19.5). Specimens collected near Malili [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 4) x= 25.0 (24.5–26.5); hind wing width (n = 4) x= 6.5 (6.0–7.0); abdomen length (in- cluding appendages) (n = 4) x= 21.0 (20.0–22.0). Females: Measurements of specimens collected near Lake Poso [mm] — Hind wing length (n =5) x= 27.5 (26.5–28.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x = 7.5 (6.5–8.0); abdomen length (including appendages) (n =5) x= 20.5 (19.5– 20.5). Distribution and habitat Probably restricted to streams running into or from Lake Poso or the Malili lakes (Fig. 87); specimens collected in 1915 (in SMFD) were collected in the Takala Mountains. In the Lake Poso area R. virgulata was found in four different streams that flowed directly into Lake Poso at an altitude between 510 m and 750 m a.s.l. (Fig. 17). The fast flowing, clear streams ranged from 2 to 10 m in width. The substrates were sandy-gravelly, rarely slightly muddy. The species was found in forested habitats or at least streams with dense gallery forests in- cluding half-shaded streams within plantations but not in sections that were more affected by paddy fields. Probably at this time the original habitats in the open lower stream sections no longer met the habitat requirements as a result of land clearing and preparing paddy fields. The highest abundance of about 15–20 males per 100 m stream was observed in areas of slightly disturbed primary forests and well-developed secondary forests. At Sun- gai Wera the colonised section ended below the Saluopa falls. In the undis- turbed rain forest section above the falls only R. phantasma was found. In the 1990s, the species probably spread further into the headwaters due to progressive deforestation. Current Google EarthTM images suggest all locali- ties are heavily deforested. Behaviour The reproductive behaviour was studied by GÜNTHER (2008a) in the Lake Poso area, and designated as » Rhinocypha sp. A«. The behaviour of the males, including threat and courtship display, was basically similar to R. frontalis. Males occupied their territories in the early morning. The streams, only partly shaded for most of the day, already had sunny sections at this time. Unlike other Rhinocypha species, some females were observed at the stream in the morning hours. Matings were occasionally recorded from 09:00 h solar time, but most females did not arrive until late morning. On overcast days and after rain showers, the females were not receptive. Oviposition took place in rotten timber and driftwood at the level of the water surface. Generally, females could be observed quite often far from the streams inside the forests, e.g., along small tracks. Adult males remained at the stream from early morning until early evening. The highest intensity of threat flights in males was observed at the time of the first matings in the late morning hours, as well as in the late afternoon. Most of the males defended small distinct territories over many days, sometimes for several weeks.

Rhinocypha togeanensis sp. nov. (Figs 9, 71–76, 83) Rhinocypha sp. B. — GÜNTHER (2008a): 49, 86, 89–94. Material studied Holotype ♂ (AG no. Indon 11/1999, JvT 33391). » Indonesia, Sulawesi. To- gian Is., Batudaka, Wakai, Sg. Tanimpo, S 0°26’ S / E 121°52’), 27.08.1999, leg. A. Günther « (in RMNH) [with identification Rhinocypha sp. B] (Fig. 71). Paratypes (11♂ 6♀) Sulawesi Tengah 7♂ 4♀, Togian Is., Batudaka, Wakai, Sungai Tanimpo (0°26’S, 121°52’E), 13–14- -viii-1994, leg. A. Günther & F. Randow (in AGPC); 4♂ 1♀, Togian Is., Batudaka, Wakai, Sungai Tanimpo (0°26’S, 121°52’E), 24–27-viii-1999, leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 1♀, same data as holotype (in RMNH). Etymology Togeanensis, an adjective based on the type locality Kepulauan Togean (also: Togian Islands). Diagnosis Male with head and pronotum very dark, mandibles entirely black, head with only small sub-quadrangular blue spot on gena and minute creamy spots beside lateral ocelli and on post-ocular lobe; pronotum and mesopreepisternum black; synthorax with irregular narrow blue stripe; opaque brownish black parts, with blue metallic sheen, in hind wing from Rs (some- what more distal at hind margin); abdomen dorsum black; sides with large blue markings, decreasing in size on S6–S8. Males can be distinguished from the R. frontalis -complex by the absence of blue markings on the frons, absence of an ante-humeral stripe, and shape of band on synthorax; from R. monochroa by the fully black mandibles and the absence of a ventral pro- jection along the metapleural suture; from R. phantasma and R. virgulata by a fully black dorsum of the abdomen (no pruinescence or blue rings anteri- orly on segments), from R. flavipoda by the black pronotum, and the white tibiae of mid and hind legs, and from R. pelengensis by the black mandibles, the completely black pronotum, the more extensive opaque patches on the wings and the larger blue spots on the abdomen. Females of R. togeanensis can be recognized by the absence of any pale marks on the pronotum; it is most similar to the female of R. monochroa, with which it shares the extensive black coloration and the markings on syn- thorax and abdomen. However, R. monochroa has large blue spots on the mandibles (small and creamish in R. togeanensis), and usually distinct pale markings on the pronotum (may be obscured in some specimens); the transparent distal part of the fore wing is usually distinctly larger in R. monochroa. Description Male (holotype) [note: the type was previously pinned through the mid- dle of the thorax; some parts bearing diagnostic characters were damaged] (Fig. 71) Head (Fig. 72) — Black, anteriorly weakly lustrous, dorsally velvet black; gena with small, sub-oval blue marking, touching eyes and with short ven- tral projection; minute oblong creamy spots behind lateral ocelli, and about size of ocelli; spots on post-ocular lobe smaller, just discernable. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 73) entirely velvet black, without any trace of pale markings. Synthorax (Fig. 74). Mesopreepisternum glossy black. Synthorax dull black with irregular blue band from ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum to ventro-posterior corner of metepimeron; anterior side on metepisternum with narrow black interruption to mesokatepisternum; dor- sal side of band irregular, ventrally running just below metathoracic spira- cle, metakatepisternum black; stripe over metepimeron bent ventrad distal to metakatepisternum, leaving a narrow black border ventrally; irregular dorsal side of stripe without dorso-posteriorly directed projection. Legs (right mid leg missing) — Black, with distal ⁵/₆ of inner sides of tibiae of mid and hind legs white. Wings — Dark brownish black with blue metallic sheen from around the nodus in fore wing, and Ax5 in hind wing to the wing tip; opaque part me- dially extended approximately to level of Ax10 in fore wing, and to fork of Rs in hind wing, but leaving the quadrangle transparent; transparent base of wings enfumed dark brown; pterostigma of fore and hind wings brown. Abdomen (Fig. 75) — Dorsum black; sides with extensive blue markings; marking on segment 1 sub-quadrangular, ventrally somewhat irregular; that on S2 covering most of side and leaving only a small black triangle in ventro-anterior corner; markings on S3–S5 covering sides nearly completely, except the intersegmental annulae; marking on S6 ventrally over full length of segment, dorsally tapered posteriorly; markings on S7–S8 similar to S6, but increasingly smaller; S9 with just a very small pale marking at an- terior margin; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm] — Hind wing length 22.0, hind wing width 5.5; abdomen (including appendages) 19.0. Female (AG Indon 13/1999, JvT 33392) Head (Fig. 76) — Black; pale parts more extensive than in the male; man- dibles medially with small, oblong creamish spot; gena with creamish, rec- tangular spot touching eye margins, ventrally somewhat extended along eye margin; narrow stripe along eye margin at level of antennae, not connected with marking on gena; dorsum of head velvet black with creamy spots near lateral ocelli and on post-ocular lobe as in male. Thorax — Pronotum black without any pale marks. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum black. Base colour of synthorax black, semimatt with some metallic sheen; mesepisternum black without markings; mesepimeron with short and narrow cream stripe posteriorly, about the length of this stripe from hind margin; band over metepisternum and met- epimeron narrow, creamy white with some blue tones; band consists anteri- orly of small spot in ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, continues over metepisternum and metepimeron with short black interruption on suture between mesokatepisternum and metepisternum; ventral and dorsal sides of band subtly irregular, dorsally ending against hind margin halfway metepimeron, ventrally running under metathoracic spiracle, continuing posteriad well from the lower margin of metepimeron, and ending against hind margin. Legs — Black, somewhat shiny. Wings — Very dark. Base of fore wing transparent approximately to level of Arculus, but costal space transparent to level of nodus; tip of fore wing transparent distal to Px24, tip subtly opaque white; hind wing semi-transparent basal to Arculus, strongly enfumed dark brown, rest of wing opaque dark brown, but tip distal to distal side of pterostigma transparent and clear; pterostigma of fore and hind wings with basal half brown, anteriorly nar- rower, distal part opaque white. Abdomen — Dark brown with relatively small pale (cream) markings: S1 with sub-oval spot against hind margin, covering approximately ¼ of segment; S2 and S3 with a short pale stripe close to lower margin of segment, about ⅓ of the segment length; small sub-triangular or sub-oval spots lat- ero-posteriorly on segment; S3–S7 with a minute oblong spot medioante- riorly on each segment; S4–S7 with a short stripe close to lower margin of tergite, length of this stripe about ⅓ of length of segment; S8–S10 black. Measurements Measurements of male specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 21.5 (20.5–22.0), hind wing width (n = 5) x= 6.0 (5.5–6.0), abdomen length (in- cluding appendages) (n = 5) x= 18.5 (17.5–19.5). Measurements of female specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 3) x = 23.0 (22.0–24.0), hind wing width (n= 3) x=6.0 (6.0–6.5), abdomen length (including appendages) (n = 3) x= 17.5 (17.5–18.0). Distribution and habitat Known from only one river on the island of Batudaka, one of the Togian Islands (Fig. 83). On Batudaka it was found only on Sungai Tanimpo south of Wakai village (Fig. 14). In 1994 and 1999 the habitat was a fast-flowing shallow stream of about 3–4 m in width within undisturbed evergreen lowland rainforest. Important habitat requirements were apparently large broken logs stand- ing in the water. Above a small waterfall (‘Air terjun Wakai’, 0°26’10.1”S, 121°51’36.1”E) the stream was characterized by small cascades, pools and shallow, but still flowing sections with a bed of gravel. Below the water- fall, the character changed increasingly to a sandy lowland stream. Rhinocypha togeanensis was absent in lower (sandy) reaches of the still fast flow- ing Sungai Tanimpo within disturbed primary forest, secondary forests and plantations.Current Google EarthTM images show that the site has now been largely deforested. Behaviour Detailed observations of the reproductive behaviour were recorded by GÜNTHER (2001, 2008a) on Batudaka (Togian islands) sub » Rhinocypha sp. B«. The behaviour of the males was basically similar to R. frontalis. They maintained small territories around driftwood and twigs lying in the water, but mostly around large logs in the stream. The agonistic display consisted mainly of threat flights with synchronous stroking wing beats. In contrast to R. frontalis, the flight pattern includes an additional vertical component when males alternately or simultaneously ascend and descend while facing each other. Due to the highly visible blue iridescent patches on the hind wings, pairs of fighting males were very conspicuous, their sparkling wing colours visible from some distance. During courtship males led the females into their territories.After mating, the females left the male territories.All recorded oviposition took place unguarded on the large logs well above the water surface. Aggregations of females at these oviposition sites were regularly observed., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 366-371, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha monochroa (Selys, 1873) (Figs 5, 6, 38–53) Libellago (Rhinocypha) monochroa. — SELYS (1873b): 614–615 (sep. 61–62) (origi- nal description, type locality Celebes). Rhinocypha monochroa. — KIRBY (1890): 114 (catalogue, distribution Celebes); SELYS (1891): 215 (distribution Ceylon [lapsus], relationships); RIS (1916): 311– 312 (pro parte) (key species Celebes, material); LIEFTINCK (1935): 177 (compared with R. frontalis, distribution); COWLEY (1937): 6 (penis structure in group A); KIMMINS (1969): 309 (lectotype designated, in BMNH). Diagnosis Stripe over synthorax with a ventral projection on metepimeron against metakatepisternum (Figs 41–42), which is diagnostic among the Sulawe- si Rhinocypha species. Males have more extensive brownish black opaque markings on the wings than other species on Sulawesi, leaving only the area anterior to the Arculus, or just distal to the Arculus, transparent. Frons black without blue markings. Mesopreepisternum black, not blue or pale yellow as in other species on Sulawesi (except R. togeanensis), although in some females this plate has a very small and indistinct pale marking. Synthorax (Fig. 41) with upperside of transverse blue stripe more or less straight, usu- ally without conspicuous projection. Some specimens, however, may have such a projection (Fig. 42). Abdomen black on dorsum, without pruinosity. Description Male Head (Fig. 39) — Labium brownish black, median lobe black; labrum swol- len, black; mandibles black, with a large blue mark, its base distinctly wider than near labrum, its lower side running parallel to border of mandible, leaving a narrow black margin; clypeus projected as in other Chlorocyphi- dae; anteclypeus shining black; postclypeus, frons, vertex, occiput and post- ocular lobe velvet-black, a paired cream spot behind lateral ocelli, and small cream post-ocular spots close to occiput; genae with large blue spot just above mandibles, extending dorsally with a narrow blue line along the eyes up to the level of the median ocellus. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 40) black, with pale-blue markings as follows:an- terior lobe with small spot in latero-posterior corner, continuing onto me- dian lobe, where it is wider anteriorly and tapers in a sharp point, reaching just the posterior half of the median lobe; spots on lateral lobe very variable, some large as in Fig. 40, in other specimens small or even hardly visible; posterior lobe black, unmarked. Synthorax (Fig. 41). Mesopreepisternum black, Mesepisternum black, umarked; a wide, rather straight, blue stripe in lower half of synthorax, run- ning anteriorly from ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, continuing on ventro-anterior part of mesepimeron; dorsal side of stripe irregular, but usually without conspicuous projection, ending well before posterior border of mesepimeron; lower side of stripe runs from mesokatepisternum just under metathoracic spiracle to metepimeron, where it begins sharply in ventro-anterior corner, continuing at some distance from lower margin of metepimeron, reaching its posterior margin; dorsal side of stripe poste- riorly leaving metapleural suture and meeting the posterior margin of met- epimeron in the middle; metakatepisternum black. Legs — Black, but distal ¾ on innerside of mid and hind tibiae white. Wings — Black with metallic sheen; basal part to the level of Arculus transparent, posteriorly also to level of distal side of quadrangle; metallic blue iridescence on underside of hind wing to level of Px10, distal part of wing with deep, golden copper iridescence; pterostigma of fore and hind wings dark brown, nearly black against veins. There are remarkable differences in the coloration of the wings between the males of different populations of R. monochroa (Figs 45–53). This applies particularly to the iridescent colours of the undersides of the hind wings. Also, being strongly iridescent structural colour, both the colours and the extent of the coloured zones perceived are affected by the angle of reflection, with shallow viewing angles resulting in shorter wavelength reflected light (cf. Figs 46 and 47). The best overall colour impression is seen on photographs of living individuals. Reflective patterns of newly preserved specimens are fairly stable. However, the colours on the wings of pinned specimens can change or fade with time, especially in younger specimens. The populations in the southern part of south-western Sulawesi and on Sa- layar Island show a metallic light blue to deep blue sheen in the proximal half of the underside of the hind wing (‘blue triangle’), distally followed by a narrow yellow band and a golden brown distal part (Figs 5 and 45). Such coloration is also shown in the lectotype (Fig. 38). In specimens from Palopo (Fig. 47) and Madjene (Fig. 48) the reflection of the basal ‘blue triangle’ is, depending on the angle of examination, more deep blue to blue violet, while the reflection of the distal parts is golden coppery brown, at slightly altered angle of incidence changing to green. Specimens from Malino and Watampone (Fig. 46) have an intermediate coloration. The tripartite reflec- tion pattern with a basal ‘blue triangle’ is characteristic of populations from the south-western peninsula. Specimens of the south-eastern peninsula lack this clear zoning in the reflection patterns; the underside of the hind wings reflect bronzy brown with slightly golden sheen (Kolaka, Fig. 49), purple- brown to purple (Kendari, Fig. 50) or green to bluish with a greenish distal part of the wing (Moramo (Fig. 51). A distinctly different reflection pat- tern is shown by specimens from Kabaena Island, off south-eastern Sulawesi (Fig. 52). The main area of the wings reflects green, and towards the distal end one finds a colour gradient from gold to blue violet. The space between C and R1 reflects, depending on the view angle, steel blue to purple, and the space between R1 and R2 purple (see also the conclusions below). Abdomen (Fig. 43) — Dorsum black; side of tergites with extensive blue markings as follows: S1 large, sub-quadrangular, S2 rectangular, but ventro- anterior corner emarginate, S3–S8 with progressively smaller markings, that on S3 large and rectangular, those on S6–S7 tapering dorso-posteriorly, S8 with oblong triangular marking, pointed posteriorly, ending before poste- rior margin of segment; S9–S10 and anal appendages black. Female Head (Fig. 44) — Mandible with squarish pale bluish-white marking in ba- sal part, distal part shining black; gena with similar marking to R. frontalis, extending along the eyes as a very narrow stripe up to the level of vertex; frons black without pale marking; a paired spot beyond the lateral ocelli, about the size of the ocelli; post-ocular spots of similar size. Thorax — Pronotum velvet black with just a small irregular bluish white marking from the extreme lateral corner of anterior lobe to middle of me- dian lobe; marking widest in the middle. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum black.Synthorax velvet black with a longi- tudinal bluish white stripe from ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepister- num, over ventro-anterior part of mesepimeron, continuing over meta- thoracic spiracle on metepisternum, and over middle of metepimeron. Legs — Black. Wings — Basal part of fore wing opaque dark brown up to level of Px24; posterior part transparent white, the extreme tip opaque white; pterostigma white, basal corner brown; hind wing dark brown, with tip posterior to posterior side of pterostigma opaque white; pterostigma with significant variation in both fore and hind wings, from basal half dark brown and rest creamy white, to nearly fully dirty white. Abdomen — Black, with small bluish white markings as follows: S1 with small oblong spot mediolaterally; S2 with longitudinal marking about length of segment mediolaterally, with sub-cylindrical spot in same line against posterior margin, ventrally a spot of ca ¼ of segment length, half as high as long; a series of similar spots at same level on S3–S7, large on S3–S5, smaller on S6–S7; anterior margin of S3–S6 with narrow stripe, very small on S7; rest of abdomen black. Measurements Males: Measurements of specimens from south-western Sulawesi [mm] — Hind wing length (n=5) x=24.5 (23.0–26.0); hind wing width (n=5) x= 6.0 (5.5–6.5); abdomen length (including appendages) (n=5) x=20.5 (19.5–22.0). Females: Measurements of specimens from south-western Sulawesi [mm] — Hind wing length (n =5) x= 26.0 (25.5–29.5); hind wing width (n =5) x=6.5 (6.0–7.0); abdomen length (including appendages) (n =5) x= 20.5 (19.0–21.5). Specimens from Salayar [mm] — Hind wing length (n =3) 24.0–25.0; hind wing width (n= 3) 5.5–6.0; abdomen length (including appendages) (n= 3) 18.0–20.0. Material studied (290♂ 196♀) Sulawesi (Celebes, without further locality) 1♂ (lectotype), Celebes. Before 1873 (in BMNH); 1♂ 3♀, Celebes, [before 1916] (ded. R. Martin; in SMFD); 1♂ 1♀, Celebes, [before 1916]. Leg. C. Ribbe (in SMFD). Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi, including present-day Sulawesi Barat, West Su- lawesi) 28♂ 13♀, Celebes mer[idional]. 1896. Leg. H. Fruhstorfer, (in SMFD); 1♂, Lompa-Battau. 3000’. Mar. 1896. Leg. H. Fruhstorfer; 6♂ 1♀, Bonthain, 1897. Leg. H. Fruhstorfer; 1♀, Maros, 3–4 Sep. 1904. Leg. E. Lorenz Meyer; 2♂ 1♀, Maros. 28 Apr. 1914. Leg. L. Martin; 4♀, Surroundings Makassar, June 1929. Leg. G. Overdijkink; 1♂ 5♀, Bantimoeroeng, 3 Oct. 1930. Leg. J. van der Vecht; 1♂ 1♀, Bantimoe- roeng. Aug. 1931. Leg. G. Heinrich; 7♂ 6♀, Watampone. Lonrong. 150 m asl. 25 June 1936. Leg. L.J. Toxopeus; Maros; 1♂, Bantimoerong. 200 m. 27 June 1936. Leg. L.J. Toxopeus; 1♂ 1♀, Bonthain. Makassar-Malino Rd. – pl. 47 and pl. 46. 200 m. 24 July 1936. Leg. L.J. Toxopeus; 2♂, Maros. Bantimoerong. 24 July 1936. Leg. L.J. Toxopeus; 1♀, Bonthain, July 1938. J.P. Kalis; 23♂ 15♀, Eiland Saleier [Salayer Is- land]. Pariangan. 100 m. Oct–Nov 1938. Leg. J.P.A. Kalis; 6♂, Paloppo. 1939. Leg. M.E. Walsh-Held; 3♂ 2♀, Madjene. 8–10 Nov. 1939. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 9♂ 2♀, Maros n/b M’sar [near Makassar]. 13–19 Nov. 1939. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂ 2♀, Madjene. 30 Nov. 1939. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂, Masimboe [Masimbu]. 18 Mar. 1940. 500 m. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♀, Madjene, 20 Mar.1940. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂ 1♀, Loewoe. Masamba. S. [Sungai] Baeboenta [appr. 8 km W of Masamba]. 22–23 June 1940. Leg. L.L.A. Maurenbrecher; 1♀, Masimboe [Ma- simbu]. 20 Aug. 1940. Leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂ 1♀, Bantimoeroeng. CdR XXX. 11 Apr. 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 2♀, Maros. Bantimoeroeng. Omgeving waterval [Surroundings waterfall] CdR XXX. 22 May 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 1♂, Loewoe. Masamba. S. Baebunta. 25 May 1941. Leg. L.L.A. Maurenbre- cher; 2♂ 3♀, Maros. Bantimoeroeng. Omgeving waterval. CdR XXX. 11–12 June 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 1♀, Luwu distr. Masamba. Lamasi. 12 June 1941. Leg. L.L.A. Maurenbrecher; 1♂, Maros. Bantimoeroeng. CdR XXX. 17 Aug. 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 5♂ 1♀, km 47 road to Malino [from Makassar], CdR 36. 23 Aug. 1941. Leg. L. Coomans de Ruiter; 2♀, Maros. Bantimurung. 6 July 1949. Leg. W.A. van der Noordaa; 4♂ 2♀, Bantimurung. 10–18 Aug. 1949. Leg. A. Diakonoff; 6♂, Bantimurung area. Pattunuang Asue. 200 m. 29–31 May 1982. Leg. M.A. Lieftinck; 1♂, Mt. Lompobatang area. Malino. 1100 m. 5°15’S, 119°51’E. 2–10 Jun 1982. Leg. M.A. Lieftinck; 3♂ 2♀, Mt. Lompobatang area. Affl. Berang river. 400 m. 3–7 June 1982. Leg. M.A. Lieftinck; 8♂ 2♀, E of Maros. Bantimu- rung area. Surroundings of Bantimurung waterfall. QK94. 18 Sep–14 Oct 1983. Leg. S.S. Pariwono; 2♂ 1♀, E of Maros. Bantimurung area. QK94. Biseang Labboro. 275 m. 4–11 October 1983. Leg. S.S. Pariwono; 13♂ 4♀, E of Maros. Bantimurung area. QK 94. Pattunuang Asue. 250 m. 21 Sep–10 Oct 1983. Leg. S.S. Pariwono; 3♂ 3♀, E of Maros: rivulet in Bantimurung area. 5°02’S, 119°40’E. 16–23 June 1985. Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂ 3♀, E of Maros. 5°02’S, 119°40’E. Rivulet in Bantimurung area. Semi-cultivated. 23 June 1985. Sample A. Leg. J. van Tol; 4♂ 4♀, E of Maros: Ban- timurung area, Sg. Pattunuang Asue. 5°03’S, 119°41’E. Fast flowing stream through disturbed forest on limestone. Large boulders, ponded areas, clear water. Sample 91JvT07. 19 Apr. 1991. Leg. J. van Tol; 11♂ 2♀, Circa 10 km E of Maros: surround- ings of Bantimurung waterfall. River through disturbed forest on limestone, and ponds in semi-cultivated area, c. 200 m asl. 19–23 Apr. 1991 (91JvT09). Leg. J. van Tol; 6♂ 2♀, Bantimurung, Sungai Bantimurung (5°01’S, 119°41’E), 29–30 Mar. 1993. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 2♀, Bantimurung, Sungai Bantimurung (5°01’S, 119°41’E), 21 Aug. 1993. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 9♂ 2♀, Pattunuang Asue, Sungai Pattunuang Asue (5°04’S, 119°43’E), 23 Aug. 1994. Leg. A. Günther & F. Randow (in AGPC); 3♂ 3♀, Pattunuang Asue, Sungai Pattunuang Asue (5°04’S, 119°43’E), 12 Mar. 1997. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 1♂, Pattunuang Asue, Sungai Pattunuang Asue (5°04’S, 119°43’E), 14 Sep. 2010. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC); 1♂ 1♀, Sulawesi Selatan, Pattunuang Asue, Sungai Pattunuang Asue (5°04’S, 119°43’E), 31 July–1 Aug. 2011. Leg. A. Günther (in AGPC). Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) 1♂, Palu: Pekawa, 15 Sep. 1912. Leg. L. Martin; 1♂, Palu: Soeroemana, Feb. 1913. Leg. L. Martin. Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi) 9♂ 17♀, Toli Toli [locality considered a lapsus, not on the map], [ca. 1897]. Leg. H. Fruhstorfer (in SMFD). Sulawesi Tenggara (South-eastern Sulawesi) 1♂, Kolaka. T. Elbert. Ovt. 1909. [Partly handwritten] (in SMFD); 11♂ 2♀, 30 km WSW Kendari: Sg Amoito. Small stream and trickles through disturbed forest N of Pegunungan Boroboro. Clear water. Alt. 100 m. 5 Feb. 1989. Sample 89JvT09. Leg. J. van Tol; 5♂ 2♀, 18 km ENE Kolaka: Sg. Koloimba near crossing with road. Black- water stream with vegetation. 4°02’S, 121°47’E. Sample 89JvT11. 7 Feb. 1989. Leg. J. van Tol; 2♂, Pulau Kabaena. Tangkeno. 2–3 Nov. 1989. Leg. C. Lepelaar; 1♀, Pulau Kabaena. 4 km S of Tangkeno. Cave camp. S8928R. Open riverine forest along Sg. Lakambula. 5–8 Nov. 1989. Leg. R. de Jong & J. Huisman; 1♀, Pulau Kabaena. 1 km S of Tangkeno. Riverine forest, bamboo, grassy slopes (S8931). 550 m. 8–9 Nov. 1989. Leg. R. de Jong; 7♂, Pulau Kabaena. Batuawu. Cultivations, mainly coconut (S8933). Sea level. 11 Nov. 1989. Leg. R. de Jong; 1♀, Moramo. Sg. Sena. Forest with dense undergrowth along stream. 50 m. S 8938. Leg. R. de Jong. Distribution and habitat Widespread in south-western Sulawesi below about 400 m, northward up to Palopo. Some specimens were collected along the coast near Palu by L. Mar- tin (in SMFD); these records need confirmation.More local in other parts of Sulawesi (Fig. 85). The locality of specimens in RMNH labelled Gorontalo / Minahasa (northern arm of Sulawesi) is considered doubtful and as such in- cluded on the map. In south-eastern Sulawesi it is much rarer than R. frontalis. Although they occur in the same regions, R. monochroa has not been observed at the same sites as R. frontalis or R. phantasma. It is the only spe- cies of Rhinocypha recorded from the islands of Salayar and Kabaena, while it is not known from Buton, where both R. frontalis and R. phantasma occur. Little has been recorded about the habitat requirements of this species, with the exception of the frequently visited streams at Bantimurung and Pattunuang Asue near Maros in SW Sulawesi (Fig. 15). Our observations indicate that R. monochroa frequents more open streams than R. frontalis. The species was found in clear and fast flowing streams, mostly in areas of lowland primary or secondary forests. The species seems to be absent from muddy watercourses, e.g., near larger forest clearings and below paddy field or settlements. The streams in south-western Sulawesi have partially very large fluctuations in flow, caused by seasonal influences. Behaviour The behaviour was studied by GÜNTHER (2008a) in south-western Sulawesi. Oviposition sites were dead rotting logs, driftwood or other plant substrates lying in the water. Males defend territories around these sites with long- lasting threat displays. The patterns of these threat flights are unique among all Rhinocypha species described here. The synchronous wing beat is signifi- cantly modified. Single hind wings are presented forward and laterally to the rival male. During this display the wing beat of these wings pauses over 2–3 strokes. The strongly banded, contrasting colours of the hind wings, described above for the males, probably intensifies the signal effect in this style of presentation. The presentation of the hind wings is of obvious importance during male courtship displays to females.It is conceivable that what we describe as Rhinocypha monochroa, actually consists of several genetically distinct populations that do not interbreed since they are isolated by their behaviour and male colour patterns, and should therefore be treated as separate species. Further behavioural and genetic studies are needed to help clarify this matter. Remarks As already mentioned above, RIS (1916: 310 ff.) treated the Rhinocypha specimens available at the time, now preserved in SMFD. Ris distinguished two forms of R. monochroa. ‘Form a’ (»typisch«) was mentioned from »Süd- Celebes«, Toli-Toli, Lombok [considered erroneous], and Maros. ‘Form b’ was mentioned from the Takala Mts and Suramana and Pekawa, both near Palu. From Suramana and Pekawa, also R. frontalis was reported. We have examined these specimens in SMFD, and conclude the following: all specimens of R. monochroa ‘Form a’ indeed belong to R. monochroa, al- though we have strong doubts whether the locality Toli-Toli is correct (not included on the map). There is a male specimen of a Euphaea (ex UMMZ) with a similar label in RMNH. It was identified as Euphaea lara Krüger by M. Hämäläinen (with question mark), and previously as Euphaea brunnea Selys by F. Förster. It may actually represent a specimen of the type series of Euphaea lara var. lombockensis McLachlan. No other specimen of the family Euphaeidae is known from Sulawesi., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 338-349, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha pelengensis sp. nov. (Figs 54–59, 83) Material studied Holotype ♂. [Sulawesi Tengah], Banggai Archipel, Peleng, 31-vii –05 - - viii-1941, leg. J.J. van der Starre (JvT 22905, in RMNH; Fig. 54). Paratypes (4♂ 3♀) Sulawesi Tengah 3♂ 2♀, Banggai Archipel, Peleng, 31-vii–05-viii-1941, leg. J.J. van der Starre; 1♂ 1♀, Peleng Island, Luksaq [= Desa Luk Sagu], 25-ii–03-iii-1986, leg. S. Nagai (in NSMT). Etymology Pelengensis, an adjective based on the name of the island of the type locality. Diagnosis The male is characterized by a largely black head with small blue patch- es only on the mandibles and genae (Fig. 55); there is no paired spot on the frons, as present in R. frontalis. The pronotum is black, with just a very small pale marking on the lateral lobe; synthorax (Fig. 57) with the blue stripe straight, without the characteristic projection on the dorsal side as in R. frontalis, or the ventral projection as in R. monochroa. Dorsum of abdomen fully black, not pruinose or with narrow dorsal transverse stripes as in R. phantasma or R. virgulata, respectively. It differs from R. flavipoda by having smaller blue or yellowish markings on the head (not extending from gena dorsad along the eyes), the absence of blue markings in the latero-ante- rior corner of the median lobe of the pronotum (extending in lateral corner of anterior lobe), and the absence of a distinct pale marking on the lateral lobe of the pronotum. The tibiae of mid and hind legs are white, rather than creamy white to yellow in R. flavipoda; the opaque part of the wings of R. pelengensis is much smaller than in R. flavipoda, but the abdominal markings are similar. It seems to be closely related to R. togeanensis; which, however, has fully black mandibles and pronotum, and a more irregular blue stripe over the synthorax. Dorsum of the head of females of R. pelengensis with a paired spot on the frons, while this structure is fully black in R. togeanensis. Male (Holotype; JvT 22905, Fig. 54) Head (Fig. 55) — Black. Labium glossy black; labrum distinctly swollen, shiny but with fine transverse striae; mandibles black with triangular spot along outer distal margin; anteclypeus brownish black; remainder of dorsal side of head velvet black; genae with large, triangular blue spots below an- tennae; no stripe along the eye margins dorsad of antennae; very small oval spots behind lateral ocelli and in post-ocular area. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 56) predominantly black, anterior lobe with- out pale markings; median lobe with a very small crescent-shaped mark in latero-anterior corner; lateral lobe with oblong, irregular, creamy white spot; posterior lobe black. Synthorax (Fig. 57) rather glossy with some purple sheen, with a longitudinal pale blue stripe starting anteriorly in ven- tro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, continuing on anterior side of mesosternum, running dorsad of metakatepisternum, over metasternum towards ventro-posterior corner of metepimeron; dorsal side of stripe rath- er irregular, but without dorsal projection. Legs — Black; inner side of mid and hind tibiae almost completely white, including predominantly pruinose parts. Wings — Opaque brown patches in costal and subcostal space distal to Px2, wedge-shaped with inner margin medially reaching level of nodus; ptero- stigma of fore and hind wings brown Abdomen (Fig. 58) — Dorsum black with purple sheen, no transverse blue rings anteriorly in any segment; sides of tergites with extensive blue mark- ings as follows: S1 largely blue, but blue marking dorso-anteriorly emar- ginate, with a small ventro-posterior projection; lateral part of tergite 2 blue, with small, ventro-anterior emargination; S3 blue; S4 largely blue with small, subterminal ventro-posterior emargination; S5–S8 with increasingly smaller blue markings, anteriorly broad, tapering caudad more strongly on successive; S9 with small, crescent-shaped blue marking along anterior mar- gin, S10 black. Measurements [mm] — Hind wing length 23.0; hind wing width 6.0; abdomen (including appendages) 20.0. Female (JvT 17077) Head (Fig. 59) — Black. Labium glossy black; labrum distinctly swollen; mandible with squarish yellow spot against lower (distal) margin, sur- rounded by black margin on other sides; gena with triangular creamy yel- low spot below antenna; narrow pale line along eye margins, not connected with spot below antenna; small irregular paired marking on frons; small spots lateral of lateral ocelli and in post-ocular space; all markings creamy yellow. Thorax — Pronotum black, somewhat glossy, without pale markings. Syn- thorax rather glossy black with some metallic sheen; mesepimeron with inconspicuous short and narrow pale stripe in distal half along humeral suture; stripe over metathoracic spiracle narrow (as compared with other Rhinocypha of Sulawesi), more or less straight, starting in ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, continuing over metathoracic spiracle to- wards posterior corner of metepimeron, not covering metakatepisternum, shortly interrupted on metepimeron. Legs — Black. Wings — With distinct brown opaque transverse band, in fore wing from nodus to ca four Px basal to pterostigma, in hind wing basal to pterostigma, but extending to halfway pterostigma in space below R2; wings basal to transverse bands enfumed, but transparent; hind wing tip distal to ptero- stigma opaque white; pterostigma of fore and hind wings basal ²/₅ brown, rest grey-white, darker against veins. Abdomen — Dorsum black, tergites with pale, creamy yellow markings rather similar to R. frontalis: S1 with small triangular spot medio-posteri- orly; S2 anteriorly with sub-triangular spot with short ventral projection, sub-oval spot medioventrally, ca three times as long as high, covering ca 60 % of segment length, and triangular spot medio-posteriorly against seg- ment margin; S3–S7 each with two longitudinal markings, one along ante- rior border of each segment, just above lateral margin of tergite, about 50% of the height of tergite in lateral view, the other spot medially against ventral margin of each segment, about 50% of segment length of S3, decreasing in length to ca 25 % on S7; S8 with a short marking along anterior margin, S9–S10 black. Variation in paratypes Measurements of male specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n = 4) x= 23.5 (23.0–24.0); hind wing width (n = 4) x= 6.0 (5.5–6.0); abdomen length (in- cluding appendages) (n = 3) x= 20.0 (19.5–20.0). Measurements of female specimens [mm] — Hind wing length (n= 2) 24.5–25.0; hind wing width (n= 2) 5.5–6.0; abdomen length (n= 2) 18.5–19.0. Distribution and habitat Rhinocypha pelengensis has only been recorded from Peleng Island in the Banggai archipelago (Fig. 83). We have no further data on the locality ‘Luksaq’. According to data and photographs on internet, a small waterfall is located close to the village of Luk Sagu. These specimens were entrusted by the late Dr S. Asahina to JvT in 1993, when JvT had the opportunity to study parts of the Asahina collection., Published as part of Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), pp. 299-386 in Odonatologica 47 (3) on pages 349-354, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1481114

Rhinocypha flavipoda sp. nov. (Figs 18–23, 83) Rhinocypha monochroa Form b (pro parte). — RIS (1916): 312 (one specimen [Ris no. 1443] from »Takala-Gebirge«) Rhinocypha tincta semitincta [nec Selys]. — VAN TOL & GASSMANN (2007): 66 (in- cluded Sulawesi in range) Material studied Holotype ♂. » Indonesia. Sulawesi Selatan. E. of Malili, Crocodile river, 2°38’09’’S, 121°12’18’’E, Alt. 150 m, 21 Oct 1993, Leg. J. van Tol « (JvT 0 1461, in RMNH) (Fig. 18). Paratypes (30♂ 1♀) Sulawesi Selatan 5♂, »Central Celebes. Luwu, [Kali] Lamangke, 17-viii-1932, leg. R. Woltereck«; 1♂, »Indonesia. Sulawesi. 4–5 km NW of Malili, Sg. Mahulu, 2°36’S, 121°05’E, 0–50 m asl., 30 Apr–1 May 1991, Leg. J. van Tol (Slowly flowing stream, width 4–6 m. Mainly through cultivated area, but bordered by a strip of disturbed forest. Bot- tom coarse sand, pebbles, some boulders. Half-shaded. Some small falls)«; 16♂, »Indonesia. Sulawesi, c. 15 km NNE Malili. 150 m asl. 2°38’[09”]S, 121°12’[18”]E. 2 May 1991 (sample 91JvT28). Leg. J. van Tol. Rivulet through disturbed tropical rain forest (tributary of Sg. Malili), Fast flowing clear water. Coarse pebbles, ponded sites with fine sand. Half shaded. Overhanging vegetation. Rapids. Crocodile«; 2♂, »Indonesia, Sulawesi Selatan. Timampu: Lamapu river near outlet Danau Towuti, 2°40’32”S, 121°24’53”E. 17 Oct. 1993. Leg. J. van Tol«; 2♂ 1♀, »Indonesia. Sulawesi Selatan. 45 km ENE of Malili, near Salura in easternmost part of Danau Matana, just N of outlet (2°31’47”S, 121°28’59”E), Alt 450 m. 19 Oct.1993. Leg. J. van Tol. Stream through disturbed primary forest. w[idth]=2–3 m, d[epth]=0.1 m. Clear water, boulders, shade«; 4♂, Same data as holotype. Other material studied (excluded from type series; 6♂) 1♂, »Takala-Gebirge / Süd Celebes / d[urch] Rolle« (in SMFD) [Ris no. 1443]; 5♂, »Celebes. Luwu distr., Masamba, Zuid Tomoni, 12.vi.1940, Leg. L. L. A. Mauren- brecher«. Etymology Flavipoda, a noun in apposition, meaning ‘those with yellow feet’. Diagnosis Among the Rhinocypha species of Sulawesi the males can be recognized from the pale-yellow tibiae of the mid and hind legs. However, this char- acter is not always clearly visible in museum specimens, in which the tibiae may be faded to white. Males have a small triangular marking on the man- dibles, and a black frons lacking a blue spot; the anterior lobe of the prono- tum has distinct pale oblong spots in the lateral corners, extending on the median lobe (Fig. 20); the synthorax has no ante-humeral stripe, and the long pale stripe over the synthorax is dorsally somewhat irregular in some specimens, but lacks the distinct projection running posteriad over the met- episternum found in R. frontalis (Fig. 21); abdomen with a small triangular spot anteriorly on S9 (Fig. 22); dorsum of abdomen black. The yellowish white tibiae are similar to R. semitincta from Halmahera (Moluccas); see also the remarks below. However, the head of R. semitincta, including the genae, is entirely black, except for very small paired spots on the post-ocular lobe behind the lateral ocelli. Rhinocypha flavipoda also dif- fers from R. semitincta by (i) the anterior lobe of the pronotum, which lacks the paired median spot, (ii) the blue marking of median lobe of pronotum, which extends on the lateral corners of the anterior lobe, (iii) the shape of the blue stripe over metepisternum and metepimeron, which lacks the dor- sal projection, and (iv) the size of the blue markings on the abdomen, which are small, particularly visible on S9. Description Male (holotype, Fig. 18) [JvT 01461] Head (Fig. 19) — Labium with mentum pale, median and lateral lobes brownish black; labrum shiny brownish black; mandibles with pale trian- gular marking with its base at lower basal side; anteclypeus shiny brown- ish black; postclypeus and rest of dorsum of head, including post-ocular lobes velvet black; frons with long setae; small pale spots behind later- al ocelli and a similar paired spot on post-ocular lobe; gena with bluish white marking, widest at eye margins, continuing as a narrow cream line along eye margins to the level of anterior ocellus; post-ocular area with oval pruinose spot. Thorax — Pronotum (Fig. 20) dull black with more developed pale mark- ings than R. frontalis: anterior lobe with narrow lateral markings (a paired spot in R. frontalis), continuing onto median lobe and running above lateral lobes, not reaching posterior margin; lateral lobes with pale median spots. Synthorax (Fig. 21). Mesopreepisternum blue. Mesepisternum black; remainder black with large bluish stripe, starting anteriorly in posterior cor- ner of mesokatepisternum, dorsally irregular, ending at two-thirds of length of suture between metepisternum and metepimeron, continuing onto met- epimeron, running posteriorly, but bent ventrally just before hind margin, where it ends ca halfway of posterior margin of metepimeron; ventral mar- gin also irregular, from lower anterior corner of metepisternum running just under metathoracic spiracle, continuing towards posterior border, but not touching ventral side of synthorax. Legs — Black, with inner side of mid and hind tibiae and femora entirely pale; pale coloration creamy yellow in live, faded to nearly white after treatment in acetone. Wings — Transverse opaque brownish black patch distal to nodus anteri- orly, at level of nodus at posterior margin, extending further basad in mid- dle of wing, especially below Rs. Metallic sheen on underside of hind wing bluish from base of opaque band to level of Px14 bluish, golden brown from Px14 to wing tip; pterostigma of fore and hind wings brownish black. Abdomen (Fig. 22) — Dorsum velvet black with very small paired, pale spots anteriorly on S4–S8; S1 with large sub-quadrangular blue mark, anteriorly rounded; S2 with similar broad mark obliquely truncated ventro-anterior- ly; S3–S8 with large blue oblong marks, more or less rectangular in S3–S4, on other segments more strongly tapered posteriorly, ventrally more or less complete, although leaving a narrow black ventral line on all segments; S9 with a small, bluish white anterior marking; S10 and anal appendages black. Measurements [mm]. Hind wing length 24.0; hind wing width 6.5; abdomen (including appendages) 20.0. Female [JvT 0 1403, supposition] Head (Fig. 23) — Labium shiny black. Labrum swollen, black with a few short stout setae. Mandibles mainly black, but triangular cream spot along outer margin. Anteclypeus black, shiny, with transverse striae. Postclypeus and remainder of dorsum of head velvet black; genae with sub-triangular cream spot, the widest part bordering the eyes; narrow stripe along the eye margin to level of lateral ocelli, separate from triangular spot on genae; very small cream spots beside lateral ocelli,and similar spots on post-ocular lobes. Thorax — Pronotum with anterior lobe black, except for very small pale spot in lateral corners; this spot connected with a short cream spot in an- terior part of median lobe; remainder of median lobe and posterior lobe black; lateral lobe with small, irregular, pale median spot. Synthorax. Mesopreepisternum with cream triangular spot. Synthorax predominantly black with purple sheen; the longitudinal cream stripe rath- er straight, starting in ventro-posterior corner of mesokatepisternum, con- tinuing (after a narrow interruption) over ventral side of the mesepimeron, running dorsad of metakatepisternum, over metathoracic spiracle towards posterior corner of metepimeron, where it is narrow and interrupted. Legs — Dull black, without pale markings. Wings — Base and anterior part of fore wings transparent, enfumed with brown; hind wing basal to Arculus transparent with brown tint; remainder of fore wing to the level of Px16 opaque dark brown; wingtip clear, ptero- stigma brown with white centre; hind wing opaque dark brown between Arculus and distal side of pterostigma, distal part transparent; pterostigma as in fore wing. Abdomen — Black with subtle purple sheen; pale cream markings on sides of tergites as follows: S1 with sub-quadrangular medioposterior spot, not touch- ing hind margin of segment; S2 with very small anterior spot, a short stripe nearly touching ventral margin of tergite, ca half the length of tergite, and an irregular medioposterior spot, approximately the size of the spot on S1; S3–S7 each with a thin stripe against the anterior border, and a ventral stripe medi- ally against ventral border of segment, that on S3 distinctly more robust and also longer than on other segments; small subcircular spots on S3 and S4, dis- tinctly smaller than similar spot on S2. S8–S10 black without pale markings. Measurements [mm]. Hind wing length 24.0; hind wing width 6.0; abdomen length 23.5. Variation in paratypes Males Measurements [mm]. Hind wing length (n = 5) x= 23.5 (23.0–24.0); hind wing width (n = 5) x= 6.0 (6.0–6.0); abdomen (including appendages) (n =5) x= 20.0 (19.0–20.0). Distribution and habitat Only known from the area around and just west of the so-called Malili lakes of Central Sulawesi (Matana, Mahalona and Towuti; Fig. 83), where it oc- curs in small, rather open streams (Fig. 12). The soil in this region is poor in nutrients and frequently has high levels of toxic minerals hence only well- adapted plants can survive, e.g., Nepenthes species. The banks of the streams are overgrown with impoverished kerangas (heath forest). Five specimens collected in ‘South Tomoni’ in 1940 seem to have white, rather than yellowish tibiae, but agree with the other specimens in other characters. They are provisionally assigned to this taxon, but we have not included them in the type series. We have also excluded from the type series one male from the Takala Mountains (in SMFD), apparently collected to- gether with a small series of R. virgulata sp. nov. Remarks This species initially confused us. The yellowish tibiae of the mid and hind legs were very conspicuous in the field, and appeared very similar to R. semitincta from Halmahera (northern Moluccas); hence we identified these specimens as R. semitincta (see VAN TOL & GASSMANN 2007). How- ever, after careful re-evaluation of all material, we concluded that these populations represent an undescribed species. We have not studied molecular characters, but the coloration of head and pronotum suggests a closer rela- tionship with R. monochroa than with R. frontalis. 19 20 22 21 23

Drepanosticta seramensis sp. nov. (holotype ♂: Indonesia, Moluccas, Seram Island, 36 km SW of Wahai, S 2.9768, E 129.2269; 2-xii-1996; deposited in RMNH, Leiden), is described as new to science. It is closely related to D. moluccana Lieftinck, 1938 from Buru and D. amboinensis van Tol, 2007 from Ambon.

Tropical mountains are hot spots of biodiversity and endemism,but the evolutionary origins of their unique biotas are poorlyunderstood. In varying degrees, local and regional extinction,long-distance colonization, and local recruitment may all contribute to the exceptional character of these communities. Also, it isdebated whether mountain endemics mostly originate from locallowland taxa, or from lineages that reach the mountain by long-range dispersal from cool localities elsewhere. Here we investigatethe evolutionary routes to endemism by sampling an entire tropical mountain biota on the 4,095-metre-high Mount Kinabalu inSabah, East Malaysia. We discover that most of its unique biodiversity is younger than the mountain itself (6 million years), andcomprises a mix of immigrant pre-adapted lineages and descendants from local lowland ancestors, although substantial shiftsfrom lower to higher vegetation zones in this latter group wererare. These insights could improve forecasts of the likelihood ofextinction and ‘evolutionary rescue in montane biodiversity hotspots under climate change scenarios.

The number of described species on the planet is about 1.9 million, with ca. 17,000 new species described annually, mostly from the tropics. However, taxonomy is usually described as a science in crisis, lacking manpower and funding, a politically acknowledged problem known as the Taxonomic Impediment. Using data from the Fauna Europaea database and the Zoological Record, we show that contrary to general belief, developed and heavily-studied parts of the world are important reservoirs of unknown species. In Europe, new species of multicellular terrestrial and freshwater animals are being discovered and named at an unprecedented rate: since the 1950s, more than 770 new species are on average described each year from Europe, which add to the 125,000 terrestrial and freshwater multicellular species already known in this region. There is no sign of having reached a plateau that would allow for the assessment of the magnitude of European biodiversity. More remarkably, over 60% of these new species are described by non-professional taxonomists. Amateurs are recognized as an essential part of the workforce in ecology and astronomy, but the magnitude of non-professional taxonomist contributions to alpha-taxonomy has not been fully realized until now. Our results stress the importance of developing a system that better supports and guides this formidable workforce, as we seek to overcome the Taxonomic Impediment and speed up the process of describing the planetary biodiversity before it is too late. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036881

19 páginas, 8 figuras, 3 tables et al.., The European Union has adopted the ambitious target of halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010. Several indicators have been proposed to assess progress towards the 2010 target, two of them addressing directly the issue of species decline. In Europe, the Fauna Europaea database gives an insight into the patterns of distribution of a total dataset of 130,000 terrestrial and freshwater species without taxonomic bias, and provide a unique opportunity to assess the feasibility of the 2010 target. It shows that the vast majority of European species are rare, in the sense that they have a restricted range. Considering this, the paper discusses whether the 2010 target indicators really cover the species most at risk of extinction. The analysis of a list of 62 globally extinct European taxa shows that most contemporary extinctions have affected narrow-range taxa or taxa with strict ecological requirements. Indeed, most European species listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List are narrow-range species. Conversely, there are as many wide-range species as narrow-range endemics in the list of protected species in Europe (Bird and Habitat Directives). The subset of biodiversity captured by the 2010 target indicators should be representative of the whole., We thank Melina Verbeek, Fedor Steeman and Claire Basire (Fauna Europaea Project Bureau), and Anastasios Legakis, Trudy Brannan and Alfonso Navas Sanchez (Fauna Europaea Steering Committee) for their assistance in the implementation of the Fauna Europaea project. Grateful acknowledgements to Gregoire Lois (MNHN) who helped with the listing of protected species, and to Maurice Kottelat who provided invaluable data on extinct and threatened fish.

Little is known about the diversity of tropical animal communities in recently fireaffected environments. Here we assessed species richness, evenness, and community similarity of butterflies and odonates in landscapes located in unburned isolates and burned areas in a habitat mosaic that was severely affected by the 1997/98 ENSO (El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation) event in east Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. In addition related community similarity to variation in geographic distance between sampling sites and the habitat/vegetation structure Species richness and evenness differed significantly among landscapes but there was no congruence between both taxa. The species richness of butterflies was, for example, highest in sites located in a very large unburned isolate whereas odonate species richness was highest in sites located in a small unburned isolate and once-burned forest. We also found substantial variation in the habitat/vegetation structure among landscapes but this was mainly due to variation between unburned and burned landscapes and variation among burned landscapes. Both distance and environment (habitat/vegetation) contributed substantially to explaining variation in the community similarity (beta diversity) of both taxa. The contribution of the environment was, however, mainly due to variation between unburned and burned landscapes, which contained very different assemblages of both taxa. Sites located in the burned forest contained assemblages that were intermediate between assemblages from sites in unburned forest and sites from a highly degraded slash-and-burn area indicating that the burned forest was probably recolonised by species from these disparate environments. We, furthermore, note that in contrast to species richness (alpha diversity) the patterns of community similarity (beta diversity) were highly congruent between both taxa. These results indicate that community-wide multivariate measures of beta diversity are more consistent among taxa and more reliable indicators of disturbance, such as ENSO-induced burning, than univariate measures.

Biodiversity informatics plays a central enabling role in the research community's efforts to address scientific\ud conservation and sustainability issues. Great strides have been made in the past decade establishing a framework\ud for sharing data, where taxonomy and systematics has been perceived as the most prominent discipline involved.\ud To some extent this is inevitable, given the use of species names as the pivot around which information is\ud organised. To address the urgent questions around conservation, land-use, environmental change, sustainability,\ud food security and ecosystem services that are facing Governments worldwide, we need to understand how the\ud ecosystem works. So, we need a systems approach to understanding biodiversity that moves significantly beyond\ud taxonomy and species observations. Such an approach needs to look at the whole system to address species\ud interactions, both with their environment and with other species.\ud It is clear that some barriers to progress are sociological, basically persuading people to use the technological\ud solutions that are already available. This is best addressed by developing more effective systems that deliver\ud immediate benefit to the user, hiding the majority of the technology behind simple user interfaces. An\ud infrastructure should be a space in which activities take place and, as such, should be effectively invisible.\ud This community consultation paper positions the role of biodiversity informatics, for the next decade, presenting\ud the actions needed to link the various biodiversity infrastructures invisibly and to facilitate understanding that can\ud support both business and policy-makers. The community considers the goal in biodiversity informatics to be full\ud integration of the biodiversity research community, including citizens’ science, through a commonly-shared,\ud sustainable e-infrastructure across all sub-disciplines that reliably serves science and society alike.