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The Global Invertebrate Genomics Alliance (GIGA), a collaborative network of diverse scientists, marked its second anniversary with a workshop in Munich, Germany in 2015, where international attendees focused on discussing current progress, milestones and bioinformatics resources. The community determined the recruitment and training of talented researchers as one of the most pressing future needs and identified opportunities for network funding. GIGA also promotes future research efforts to prioritise taxonomic diversity and create new synergies. Here, we announce the generation of a central and simple data repository portal with a wide coverage of available sequence data, via the compagen platform, in parallel with more focused and specialised organism databases to globally advance invertebrate genomics. This article serves the objectives of GIGA by disseminating current progress and future prospects in the science of invertebrate genomics with the aim of promotion and facilitation of interdisciplinary and international research.

Megalanceoloides remipes (Barnard, 1932) (Figures 1���4) Lanceola remipes Barnard 1932; Megalanceola remipes Vinogradov 1964; Vinogradov et al. 1996. Material examined. Adult female, collected 8 March 2015 in in Farallon Basin (25o 27��� 109 o 51���N), southern Gulf of California, Eastern Pacific by ROV submersible, depth: 2,0 94 m. Remarks. This species was redescribed by Zeidler (2009) based on the holotype female from south���west Atlantic, but some of the appendages were missing in this specimen and were not described in the original work by Barnard (1932). Our morphological comments emphasize these appendages/characters in order to complement the description of the species. The specimen examined is an ovigerous female. Total length: 25 mm Some of the characters of previous descriptions (Barnard 1932, Vinogradov 1964, Zeidler 2009) can be clearly seen in the illustrations, like the relatively slender pereon, not laterally broadened; however, the specimen from the Gulf of California was carrying eggs and its body is dorsoventrally broadened (Fig. 3). Most appendages are identical to previous descriptions. Particularly, the complete second antenna was not seen before by any of the other authors. This appendage is much longer than the first antenna, ensiform, with a characteristic pointed lobe on S2 and a larger lobe on S3 (Fig. 2, 3 E, F), S4 elongated, S5 0.62X, S4 with 4 terminal segments (Fig. 3 D, G, H). Some doubts about the structure and segmentation of the maxillae 2 (Mx 2) were left in Zeidler (2009) and only a general view was provided by Vinogradov (1964). The bilobed Mx 2 is here illustrated showing the spinulation pattern and the reticulate surface (Fig. 3 K), the outer lobe has 9 spinules, 4 of which are terminal; the inner lobe has 7 spinules set in a terminal cluster. The basal segment has 6 long terminal spinules. In the specimen from the Gulf of California the basis of P VI and VII are not as abruptly narrowed proximally (Fig. 4 J, L) like in previous descriptions (Zeidler, 2009, fig. 28). Uropods1���3 with external margins denticulated as well as both sides of endopods and exopods. Differences from previous specimens. The size of our specimen (25 mm) is intermediate between the female collected from the Indian Ocean (19 mm) (Vinogradov, 1964) and the type specimen (40 mm) from the South Atlantic Ocean (Barnard, 1932). In our specimen the A1 has a reticulate surface, with three distal segments; Barnard (1932) reported no minute apical joints in the holotype, a character that was recently corrected by Zeidler (2009) by mentioning that these small segments are subequal in length. The Californian (Fig. 3 B,C) and the Indian Ocean (Vinogradov 1964, fig. 4) specimens clearly have three subequally long apical segments. The terminal segment has five setae in the Indian Ocean specimen (Vinogradov 1964, fig 4), but only two long setae in the California specimen (Fig. 3 B, C). Also, the penultimate A1 segment is unarmed in our specimen from California (Fig. 3 C) and has at least two setae in the Indian Ocean specimen (Vinogradov 1964, fig. 4). Mandible palp. The terminal segment of the palp represents about the 50% of the appendage (Zeidler 2009, fig. 28C), but some variation was found in the other specimens; it is slightly longer (55.1% of palp length) in the Indian Ocean specimen (Vinogradov 1964, fig. 4) and in the Pacific Ocean female (52.3%) (Fig. 3 I). Also, the second segment is hirsute in both the Indian (Vinogradov 1964, fig. 4) and Pacific specimens (Fig. 3 I), but appears to have a weaker ornamentation in the holotype (Zeidler 2009, fig. 28C). Based on the examination of the holotype specimen and with reference to the Indian Ocean specimen described by Vinogradov (1964), Zeidler (2009) stated that the second maxillae has four long apical setae and the inner lobe is armed with 3 setae (Zeidler 2009); in our specimen from California the outer lobe has also 4 subequally long apical setae plus other 4 subapical ones. Also, the inner lobe has 7 subequally long apical setae (Fig. 3 K), thus differing from the other specimens. The basis of pereopod 2 has two distal setae but these are relatively short, unequally long in the Indian Ocean specimen (Vinogradov 1964, fig. 4) whereas these elements are equally long and longer in the Californian specimen (Fig. 4 A). Pereopod 3 was not illustrated by Vinogradov (1964), but in the holotype the small apical dactylus arises from within a distal brush of short hair-like elements (Zeidler 2009, fig. 28); in the Pacific Ocean specimen the insertion area of the dactylus is naked (Fig. 4 F). In the Indian Ocean specimen the dactylus of pereopod 5 is very small, the terminal margin of the S6 is rounded (Vinogradov 1964, fig. 5); in the Californian specimen the dactylus is more prominent and the distal margin of the S6 is relatively acute, not rounded (Fig. 4 H,I). In the Indian Ocean specimen the dactylus of pereopod 6 is simple, claw-like (Vinogradov 1964, fig. 5), whereas it has also a small curved adjacent element in the specimen from California (Fig. 4 K). The dactylus of pereopod 7 has also some additional differences: in the holotype the small apical claw-like dactylus arises alone from a heavily hirsute surface (Zeidler 2009, fig. 28), but in the Pacific Ocean specimen the insertion area of the dactylus is naked and the dactylus has a few accompanying setae (Fig. 4 M). Symbiosis. The amphipod was found grasping a siphonophore of the physonect genus Apolemia (Eschscholtz, 1829) with the dactyls of P VI and VII. The siphonophore was not identified but could be one of the species recently described for the zone (Siebert et al., 2013). It was not collected because it was lost during the capture process as can be seen in the supplementary online video (http://w2.ecosur-qroo.mx/cna/rebeca/ D722%20D8%20Amphipod.mov). Digital photographs of M. remipes were taken when alive (Figs 1, 2). The in vivo color of the hyperiid was very similar to some parts of the siphonophore (i.e. gastrozoids). Distribution. This is the first record of this species from the Pacific Ocean. The only additional records are from the South Atlantic (41��43���S 42��20���W) and the Indian Ocean (03��11���N 67��02���E); in both cases it was found at depth samplings from 2000 m to surface (Zeidler 2009)., Published as part of Gasca, Rebeca & Haddock, Steven H. D., 2016, The rare deep-living hyperiid amphipod Megalanceoloides remipes (Barnard, 1932): complementary description and symbiosis, pp. 138-144 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on pages 139-143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/162382, {"references":["Barnard, K. H. (1932) Amphipoda. Discovery Reports, 5, 1 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 27664","Vinogradov, M. E. (1964) Hyperiidea Physosomata from the northern part of the Indian Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 65, 107 - 151. [In Russian]","Zeidler, W. (2009) A review of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Lanceoloidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Zootaxa, 2000,1 - 117.","Siebert, S., Pugh, P. R., Haddock, S. H. D. & Dunn, C. W. (2013) Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California. Zootaxa, 3702 (3), 201 - 232. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3702.3.1"]}

Archeterokrohnia docrickettsae n. sp. (Figs 1–4) Etymology. Named for the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute’s ROV Doc Ricketts, in turn named in honor of marine biologist Ed Ricketts, co-author of Sea of Cortez (Steinbeck & Ricketts 1941) and inspiration for the character “Doc” in the novel Cannery Row (Steinbeck 1945). Material examined. Holotype: The single specimen of this species is deposited in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH)—a mature individual, 28.5 mm total length captured at 3245 m depth, at the north end of Pescadero Basin in the Gulf of California, Mexico (24 ° 22 ’ 2.47 ” N, 109 ° 12 ’ 29.44 ” W), 24 February 2012 (SBMNH No. 235523). Description. Total body length excluding tail fin (TL) 28.5 mm. Tail section 55.2 % of TL. Head blunt when hooded, triangular after preservation, head width 3.5 mm. Hooks 15 / 15, slender brown, dorsalmost three hooks on each side smaller. Anterior teeth 11 / 10, with wide bases of uneven sizes. Posterior teeth 4 / 4, small, about 25 % length of anterior teeth, clustered together in front of a plate at posteriormost part of vestibular organ. Vestibular organ located laterally on both sides of anterior teeth, joining together in an extension below posterior teeth and ending in a plate with small denticles. No vestibular papillae observed. Apical organ triangular, protruding from hood while alive. Eyes absent. Corona ciliata horseshoe-shaped. Trunk section of fairly uniform width (4.0 mm); body begins to taper posteriorly at tail/trunk junction. Body with slight ventral bend at tail/trunk junction; trunk section bright orange throughout in life. Anterior part of gut forms red esophagus once preserved; gut ivorycoloured and opaque. Transverse musculature 80 % of trunk, 17 % of tail. Ventral ganglion beginning at midpoint of trunk section, embedded within alveolar tissue on posterior half of trunk section, robust and elongated. One pair of lateral fins, rayed, starting just anterior of tail/trunk junction extending to the seminal vesicles. Small extension of each lateral fin ending in a ciliary fence, slightly posterior of anus. Ovaries cob-like, with many ova of different sizes. Annex gland present; annex gland diverticulum not observed. The specimen had mated, and each seminal receptacle contained a sperm packet. Seminal vesicles with inner core clearly differentiated from outer section; both parts ‘hooked’ anteriorly. Tail fin reaching posterior part of seminal vesicles, its form spathulate with 6 prominent ciliary fence organs on both ventral and dorsal sides. Further diagnostic information is given in Table 1. Remarks. This species is placed in the genus Archeterokrohnia on the basis of its extensive transverse musculature (~ 80 % or more of the trunk section), a tail section that is 50 % or more of the total body length, transverse musculature present in the tail section, a single lateral fin, and apical head organs. At 28.5 mm in length, A. docrickettsae is the largest species in the genus. Comparisons with the other three species of Archeterokrohnia are given in Table 1 based on the information summarized in Kapp (1991), following her format. A short artificial key is presented below to readily distinguish the four species of Archeterokrohnia. ......continued on the next page

Order Phragmophora Tokioka, 1965, Published as part of Thuesen, Erik V. & Haddock, Steven H. D., 2013, Archeterokrohnia docrickettsae (Chaetognatha: Phragmophora: Heterokrohniidae), a new species of deep-sea arrow worm from the Gulf of California, pp. 320-328 in Zootaxa 3717 (3) on page 321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3717.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/222006

Family Heterokrohniidae Casanova, 1985, Published as part of Thuesen, Erik V. & Haddock, Steven H. D., 2013, Archeterokrohnia docrickettsae (Chaetognatha: Phragmophora: Heterokrohniidae), a new species of deep-sea arrow worm from the Gulf of California, pp. 320-328 in Zootaxa 3717 (3) on page 321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3717.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/222006

Apolemia rubriversa sp. nov. Material examined: Doc Ricketts Dive D 331 -D 4, 0 7 Dec 2011, 36�� 41.99 ���N, 122 �� 5.99 ���W, depth 650m. Doc Ricketts Dive D 195 -D 5, 0 7 Oct 2010, 36�� 35.97 ���N, 122 �� 8.928 ���W, depth 780m. Ventana Dive V 908, 20 June 1995, 36�� 42.34 ���N, 122 �� 02.24���W, depth 609m. Only the anterior parts of the colonies, including the pneumatophore, nectosome, and anterior siphosome were collected. In situ high-definition videos were recorded for both Doc Ricketts specimens (Supplementary video, for Doc Ricketts D 311 -D 4 specimen). The following observations were made on the holotype and on live tissue if not stated otherwise. Holotype: The specimen from Doc Ricketts dive D 311 -D 4 has been designated as the holotype. The specimens from Doc Ricketts dive D 195 -D 5 and Ventana Dive V 908 have been designated as paratypes. All three specimens have been deposited at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC (USNM 1207947, USNM 1207948 and USNM 1207949, respectively). Diagnosis. Nectophores, with upper and upper lateral surfaces densely covered in patches of nematocysts. Refractile cells sparsely scattered between, but not within, these patches. Lateral radial canals with up to three distinctive diverticula extending along the wall of the nectosac and not penetrating into the mesoglea. Two median patches of red pigmentation present on the lower surface; one in the vicinity of the thrust block and the other, more prominent, one in the ventral groove. Siphosomal growth zone with pronounced horn. Cormidia pedunculate. All siphosomal zooids borne on the peduncle of the gastrozooid, with naked stem between them. The cormidia with distinct biserial arrangement and peduncles attach left and right from the midline. Upper surface of bract entirely covered with patches of nematocysts, with refractile cells present outside of nematocyst patches predominately at the margins of the upper bract surface. Bracteal canal usually with distinct diverticula penetrating into the mesoglea. One type of palpon. General appearance: The overall appearance of the colony was brown-red in color. This was mainly caused by colored gastrovascular fluid within the gastric system (Fig. 2 B,D). The bracts were nearly transparent and gave the siphosome a ragged appearance rather than a well-defined outline (Fig. 2 B,D). Pneumatophore: The pneumatophore of the holotype was oval, approximately 3.3 mm in height and 1.7 mm as maximum diameter (Fig. 11 A). The gas-filled pneumatosaccus was covered with orange pigment. Nectosome: All but one of the mature nectophores of the holotype specimen became detached from the nectosome during the sampling procedure (Fig. 11 B) but were retained in the sampler. The youngest nectophores were each accompanied by a single palpon (Fig. 11 A). The nectophores were attached to the ventral side of the stem, i.e. on the same side that the siphosomal zooids were attached. Up to three palpons were associated with a single mature nectophore for the holotype and specimen D 195 (Fig. 11 B,C). The palpons in the nectosome were translucent white, and were up to two times the length of associated nectophores in relaxed state. The nectophoral palpons were attached to a protruding tissue fold at the posterior end and, in ventral view, left of the nectophoral lamella (Fig. 11 C). Nectophores: In the growth zone, the more developed nectophores were densely covered with opaque nematocysts (Fig. 11 A). In older nectophores these nematocysts were organized in distinct patches. The largest nectophore of the holotype had a length of 14 mm, and a width of 10 mm. Mature nectophores had large axial wings (Fig. 12). Whereas immature nectophores were widest at mid-height of the nectophore, mature ones were widest at the apical tips of the axial wings (Fig. 12 A,N). Patches of nematocysts covered the upper and upper-most lateral surfaces, including the axial wings (Fig. 12). There were no lateral nematocyst patches below the lateral furrows. Refractile cells were sparsely scattered between but not within these patches of nematocysts. Deep lateral grooves approached the upper side at approximately half the length of the nectophore, which resulted in indentations in the sides of the nectosac. On the upper side of live nectophores these grooves ran slightly in the ostial direction before they met in the mid-line (Fig. 12 A,D). In fixed nectophores, however, the grooves were even more pronounced (Fig. 12 G���N). On the upper side close to the midline they bent through almost 90 �� to turn in the ostial direction and ran around the axial wing margins before turning toward the mid-line and uniting with the opposite groove. Laterally the grooves continued along the lower lateral sides of the nectophore and ended below the ostium (Fig. 12 F). Nectophores had a wide ostium, and the nectosac was broad at the distal end of the nectophore, occupying most of its width. Slightly proximal to this region, the nectosac narrowed considerably, before expanding in width just before the lateral furrow. The nectosac was indented by the lateral furrows and expanded again to reach its maximum or equivalent width proximal to the lateral grooves (Fig. 12). In lower view, the inner margin of the axial wings of the nectophore gradually curved toward the mid line and tapered out well apart from each other before reaching the mid-length of the nectophore (Fig. 12 B,E). Some red pigmentation was present in the region of the thrust block (Fig. 12 B). The outer wing margins curved inwards at about the mid-length of the nectophore and met below the ostium. On the lower side of the nectophores the mesoglea formed pillows on either side of the median lower furrow. Where the furrow was deepest and narrowest, red pigmentation was present on its walls (Fig. 12 B). In living nectophores the distal part of the lower surface only slightly protruded below the ostium (Fig. 12 A,D). In fixed nectophores this protrusion was very pronounced (Fig. 12 J���N). This suggests a stabilizing or antagonistic function of the lower mesoglea pillows flanking the lower furrow. This structural element seems to be less affected by the fixation procedure, whereas other parts of the nectophore might have a greater tendency to shrink, causing the differences in appearance between fixed and living nectophores. The ascending pallial canal arose from the pedicular canal at about 1 / 4 the height of the nectosac and then ran toward the upper surface for a short distance to end half way up the thrust block (Fig. 12 F). The pedicular canal also gave rise to the upper and lower radial canals. The upper radial canal was fairly straight on the upper surface. Just distal to where the lateral furrows joined, the canal widened slightly, kept a larger diameter and ran down to the ostial ring canal (Fig. 12 D). Within the region where the lateral furrows joined small protuberances could be observed occasionally on the irregular wall of the upper radial canal. The lateral radial canals arose at the same level from the upper radial canal at mid-height of the nectosac (Fig. 12 F). They ran away from the midline and slightly up to reach the sides of the nectosac just above its widest point. In mature nectophores, in this region the lateral radial canals had up to three distinct diverticula. The outermost, on the proximal-lateral margin, was the longest and pointed towards the ostium (Fig. 12 E,F). The other two were shorter, if present at all, with the one closest to the junction of the lateral canals ascending and the next descending. Presence or absence of diverticula was not a solely function of ontogenetic stage. In the holotype specimen, medium-size nectophores could be found without a single diverticulum whereas diverticula were clearly present in smaller and larger nectophores. At the position where the outermost diverticulum branched off, the lateral radial canal turned upwards and curved over onto the upper surface of the nectosac and eventually, in a slightly undulating manner, down. The canal either descended along the base of the lateral furrow, or more usually crossed that furrow and then began to descend parallel with it (Fig. 12 F). Before reaching the lower margin of the nectosac the canal then curved upwards and ran obliquely to join the ostial ring canal (Fig. 12 F). In specimen V 908, only one mature nectophore was available. It had all three characteristic diverticula (not shown). Siphosome: The full length of the siphosome of the holotype prior to collection was about 1.2m in the state of relaxation as pictured in Fig. 2 B. After relaxation, the siphosome of the partial holotype fragment that was collected measured 1.8 cm in length (Fig. 2 D). Siphosomal growth zone and early zooid organization. The siphosomal growth zone of the holotype had a massive horn that bent, in ventral view, to the left side of the colony (Fig. 13). The horn was covered with a thin layer of orange-red pigment, which was easily detached when the horn was manipulated (Fig. 13 B,C). The anterior end of the horn was free of zooids (Fig. 13 C). The first observable buds became gastrozooids, which were alternately displaced to the left and right off the ventral midline resulting in a pronounced biserial organization (Fig. 13 A, B). Additional buds became visible on the peduncle of the fourth-youngest gastrozooid (Fig. 13 B). At the distal end of the peduncle, the diameter of the developing gastrozooid widened and its body had a cone-shaped appearance (gastrozooids 3���7, Fig. 13 B). Just distal to the base of the cone, a constriction became apparent in gastrozooid 6 which generated a ring-like structure (gastrozooid 7, Fig. 13 B). The opaque appearance of this structure indicated a site of nematogenesis and thereby the formation of the basigaster region. By gastrozooid 9, it was obvious that the buds on the peduncle of the gastrozooid gave rise to palpons. No tentacle formation could be observed in early gastrozooids. Bracts: Bracts were mottled with irregular shaped patches of nematocysts distributed across their upper surface (Fig. 14). These patches formed early in bract development and the distance between them increased as the bracts matured (Fig. 14 A). Refractile cells were scattered sparsely and predominantly on the periphery of the upper surface outside of the opaque nematocyst patches (Fig. 14 B,C). The bracteal canal ran close to lower surface throughout its length. At the distal end, however, it bent into the mesoglea (Fig. 14 D). The wall of the bracteal canal in young bracts was irregularly shaped, giving it a rough appearance (Fig. 14 B). Older bracts frequently, but not always, had diverticula penetrating into the mesoglea (Fig. 14 D). Mature bracts had a distinct keel (Fig. 14 E). Bracts were associated either with a palpon or a gastrozooid (see below). We found no morphological differences between the bracts attached at these different locations. Palpons and gastrozooids: The body column of gastrozooids was colored by a deep red pigment. This pigment gradually faded out close to the distal end so that the oral region was white. Multiple clusters of zooids were attached to the gastrozooid peduncle (Fig. 15 A). At the base of each gastrozooid peduncle a single curled lamella frequently could be observed, indicating the point of attachment of a single gastrozooidal bract (Fig. 15 A). The secondary branches themselves were branched. Palpons sat on and budded off these secondary branches. Each palpon had a palpacle and was accompanied by a bract. Mature palpons were translucent with a distinct white tip. The palpacle originated at the very base of the palpon (Fig. 15 B). A distinct basigaster region could not be observed. In the holotype, cells with red pigment were visible in live or freshly fixed tissue in the distal region where the obvious gastric cavity ended, and the proboscis region began (Fig. 15 C). A region with very large cells could be frequently observed along one side of the palpons (Fig. 15 B,C). Tentacles associated with gastrozooids could be found in fixed tissue, but these tentacles were difficult to distinguish in live tissue (Fig. 15 D). Gonodendra: Male gonodendra were found along the siphosomal stem of specimen V 908 (Fig. 16). The tissue was highly contracted and detailed studies of cormidial organization could not be conducted. However, branches exclusively bearing gonophores, attached by thin peduncles, could be removed from the colony. Young palpons at the base of these branches indicated palpon bearing secondary branches as the point of their attachment (Fig. 16 B). Nematocyst complement: Four different types of nematocysts were found on the different zooids of the colony (Fig. 17). Spherical isorhizas of two distinct sizes. Macroisorhizas, with a mean diameter of 21.0 ��m (Fig. 17 A) found exclusively in nematocyst patches on nectophores and bracts. Refractile cells were not observed within these patches. Microisorhizas, with a mean diameter of 5.8 ��m. These nematocysts were found predominantly at the distal ends of gastrozooids, palpons and nectophoral palpons and scattered along the body columns of these zooids and in very high densities at the tip of the nectophoral palpons (Fig. 17 G,H). b) Stenoteles, with a mean length of 14.1 ��m and a mean width of 11.2 ��m. These were regularly found interspersed between the macroisorhizas of the bracts and nectophores (Fig. 15 A). Stenoteles were also found predominantly at the distal ends of gastrozooids, palpons and nectophoral palpons and scattered along the body columns of these zooids (Fig. 17 B,E,G). c) Unknown type, with a mean length of 26.7 ��m and a mean width of 16.1 ��m. Microbasic mastigophores as described for Apolemia lanosa (Fig. 10 C,E) were not found. The unknown capsule type was, however, found in corresponding locations at the tips of gastrozooids and palpons (Fig. 17 C,E). It was smaller than the mastigophores of A. lanosa and was ovoid in shape. Unfortunately, no discharged capsules of this type were found. d) Capsules of tentacles and palpacles, mean length 15 ��m in length and mean width 9.1 ��m (Fig. 17 D,F). The ovoid capsules of the tentacles and palpacles were similar in appearance to the rhopaloids found on the palpacles and tentacles of Apolemia lanosa but, unfortunately, their true identity could not be established as no discharged capsules were found. For the palpons, the base of the palpacle was found to be a nematogenic region. No mature capsules were found there, whereas they could easily be identified more distally, but developing nematocysts were identified. Distribution. The holotype and paratype specimens all came from the vicinity of Monterey Bay, California. Several other specimens from the same region have either been collected or identified from in situ photographs, as listed below in Table 2. One specimen, however, was collected at the southern end of the Gulf of California, Mexico. The mean depth for all these specimens was 649 �� 151 m. Similar morphology has been reported for nectophores collected off Vancouver Island (Mapstone 2009, p. 83, Fig. 13) and described as ��� Apolemia sp.���, raising the possibility that they are the same species. Mapstone (2009) also reported more findings of this particular Apolemia sp. from Bahamian waters taken by manned submersibles JSL I and JSL II, which would extend the geographic distribution of A. rubriversa if they prove to belong to that species. There are, however, critical differences between the nectophores of these samples and those of A. rubriversa. The nectophores described by Mapstone (2009) did not have diverticula on the lateral canals or nematocyst patches. Thus it will be necessary to have more complete material in order to make a definitive statement about the identity of those samples. Etymology. The specific name rubriversa is derived from the Latin for red furrow, indicating the red pigmentation in the lower furrow of the nectophore., Published as part of Siebert, Stefan, Pugh, Phil R., Haddock, Steven H. D. & Dunn, Casey W., 2013, Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California, pp. 201-232 in Zootaxa 3702 (3) on pages 213-220, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/247697, {"references":["Mapstone, G. M. (2009) Siphonophora (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of Canadian Pacific Waters. National Research Council of Canada Research Press, 302 pp."]}

Genus Archeterokrohnia Casanova, 1986, Published as part of Thuesen, Erik V. & Haddock, Steven H. D., 2013, Archeterokrohnia docrickettsae (Chaetognatha: Phragmophora: Heterokrohniidae), a new species of deep-sea arrow worm from the Gulf of California, pp. 320-328 in Zootaxa 3717 (3) on page 321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3717.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/222006

Apolemia lanosa sp. nov. Material examined: Doc Ricketts Dive D 327 -D4, 4 Dec 2011, 35�� 56 'N, 122 �� 55 'W, depth 636 m. Doc Ricketts Dive D 329 -SS6, 6 Dec 2011, 36�� 6.99 'N, 122 �� 54.01 'W, depth 1030 m. Doc Ricketts Dive D 423 -D12, 1 Oct 2012, 36�� 15.02 'N, 123 �� 9.98 'W, depth 1325 m. Due to their lengths, only the anterior parts of the specimens D 327 -D 4 and D 329 -SS 6, including the pneumatophore, nectosome, and anterior siphosome, could be collected. A posterior part of the siphosomal stem bearing gonophores was collected for D 423 -D 12. In situ high definition (HD) videos were recorded for specimen D 327 -D 4 and D 329 -SS 6, and are provided as supplementary video (Supplementary video). Holotype: The specimen D 327 -D 4 has been designated as the holotype and specimens D 329 -SS 6 and D 423 - D 12 as paratypes. All three specimens have been deposited at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC (USNM 1207944, USNM 1207945, and USNM 1207946, respectively). All of the following observations were made on the holotype and on living tissue, unless explicitly stated otherwise. Diagnosis. Large nectophores with patches of nematocysts covering their upper and upper-lateral sides. Refractile cells scattered in and around these patches. No distinct diverticula on lateral radial canals. Number of nectosomal palpons per nectophore increasing in posterior direction, with an observed maximum of four. Bracts with similar patches and refractile cells on distal two-thirds of upper surface. Siphosomal growth zone with inconspicuous horn. Cormidia dispersed, each with one type of palpon. Cormidia with one primary gastrozooid and an increasing number of secondary gastrozooids in more posterior parts of the colony. General appearance: The orange-white tinge of the siphosome, with deep red gastrozooids, contrasted with the complete lack of color in the nectosome (Fig. 2 A,C). The zooids of the siphosome were densely packed, without any obvious bare stem between them. The bracts were conspicuous. Bracts, gastrozooids and numerous palpons gave the siphosome a relatively thick and well-defined fleece-like outline (Supplementary Video). Pneumatophore: The pneumatophore of the holotype specimen was ovoid, 2.2 mm in height and 1.4 mm in maximum diameter, with a silvery appearance and no obvious pigmentation (Fig. 3 A). Nectosome: The colorless nectosome of the holotype measured 6 cm in length after relaxation (Figs. 2 C, 3). The nectophores were attached, in a single line, on the ventral side of the stem. In vivo the nectosomal stem was twisted. A 180 �� turn of the stem between two adjacent nectophores resulted in a biserial arrangement of nectophores (Fig. 3 D). Fourteen attachment lamellae were found on the nectosome of the holotype, including the ones with nectophores still attached. The youngest nectophores, toward the anterior end of the nectosome, were each accompanied by a single nectosomal palpon (Fig. 3 B). Further to the posterior, with the increasing age of the nectophores, the number of palpons per nectophore increased, such that there were four associated with the oldest nectophore of the holotype (Fig. 3 C). The nectosomal palpons lacked a palpacle and were attached directly to the stem to the posterior end and, in ventral view, left of the nectophore lamella. In a relaxed state these palpons were about three times as long as the associated nectophore. Nematocysts, occurring as small opaque spots, were scattered over the surface of the palpon, but were mainly concentrated in its distal region. Nectophores: No sign of any pigmentation was seen on the nectophores (Figs. 2 C, 3 A, 4 A���C, 4 G���U). The largest nectophore of the holotype specimen had a length of 21.4 mm and a width of 17.6 mm (Fig. 4 P). Living and fixed nectophores differed in appearance. In general, furrows tended to be more pronounced in fixed tissue. The appearance of a fixed nectophore varied with the presentation in the dish (compare Figs. 4 R, 4 S). In vivo, the state of contraction influenced nectophore appearance, which in consequence might influence the resulting nectophore morphology at the time point of fixation (compare Figs. 4 T, 4 U). The youngest nectophores (n 1���2, Fig. 3 B) within the growth zone had very prominent canals and a translucent epidermis, while older ones (n 3) were slightly opaque. The upper and upper lateral surfaces of the latter were densely covered with nematocysts, which were organized into defined patches in older nectophores (Figs. 3 A, 4 A���C, 4 G���U). The distance between these patches was correlated with the size of the nectophore (Figs. 4 G���P). This suggests that the patches have a similar total area through the course of maturation, and that the patches become further separated as the nectophore grows. On the axial wings of more mature nectophores these patches tended to be more rounded, while those on the main body of the nectophore were more elongate (Figs. 4 A���C). In addition, refractile cells were sparsely scattered between and within these patches of nematocysts. The large, flared axial wings occupied about one third the total length of the younger nectophores and about one fourth of the mature ones (Figs. 4 G���P). The central thrust block was very narrow in early nectophore development and well developed in mature nectophores (Fig. 4 G���P). A broad, relatively shallow lateral furrow extended almost vertically up each side of the nectophore, from the lateral margins of the lower surface to the upper surface. In most of the nectophores it reached the inner, upper margins of the axial wings (Figs. 4 A,D, 4 G���P). On the lower surface of the nectophore, i.e. that which is closest to the stem, the lower margins of the axial wings began to approach each other from above the level of the proximal side of the nectosac, but each petered out well short of the mid-line (Fig. 4 B,E). There was a pair of small, slightly thickened cushions of mesoglea on the lower surface of the nectophore that delineated a shallow lower furrow, overlying the lower radial canal. The nectosac mostly filled the main body of the nectophore (Fig. 4). It was broadest just above the ostium and at about half of its length. No descending pallial canal was present. From its origin from the pedicular canal, the ascending pallial canal ascended towards the top of the thrust block and ended at about two thirds of the total height of the nectosac (Fig. 4 C,F). The lower radial canal was frequently torn in the region where it ran in close contact with the lower part of the muscular attachment lamella, after which it passed along the base of the lower groove to reach the ostial ring canal (Fig. 4 B,E). The upper radial canal gave rise symmetrically to the lateral radial canals close to the mid-height of the proximal side of the nectosac (Fig. 4 E,F). It then continued over onto the upper side of the nectosac and to the ostial ring canal. Although straight for the most part, just above the ostium it had a series of small bends (Fig. 4 D). The lateral radial canals, from their point of origin, curved away from the midline and upwards to the apico-lateral margins of the nectosac and passed, slightly undulating, over onto the upper surface before curving outwards to run obliquely downwards toward the lower surface of the nectosac, but curving upwards again before reaching that surface and then bending to run directly to the ostium, reaching it at about half its height (Fig. 4 D, F). No distinct diverticula could be observed on the lateral canals but occasionally small protrusions were observed. Siphosome: The full length of the siphosome prior to collection was about 2m in the state of relaxation as pictured in Fig. 2 A. After relaxation, the siphosome of the partial holotype fragment that was collected measured 12 cm in length (Fig. 2 C). The stem and the attached palpons were milky-white, while the basal region of the palpacles had a faint red tinge. The body columns of the gastrozooids were of deep red color. Siphosomal growth zone and early zooid development: The siphosomal growth zone had an inconspicuous horn that pointed in the anterior direction (Figs. 5, 6 A). Gastrozooid buds originated on the horn. Gastrozooid morphology, with a peduncle, ring-like basigaster, and proboscis was apparent at very early stages (Fig. 5 B). These primary gastrozooids were alternately displaced to the left and right slightly off the ventral midline resulting in a biserial organization that was most conspicuous in the youngest cormidia (Fig. 5 B). To the anterior of the gastrozooid peduncle, attached directly to the siphosomal stem, was a compound palpon bud. Each compound palpon bud gave rise to a palpon cluster. Key aspects of palpon morphology were in place by cormidium eight (Fig. 5 B). Developing palpacles had an opaque appearance (Fig. 6 B), first of a yellowish coloration, while older palpacles showed an intense orange at their proximal ends (Fig. 6 C, Fig. 8 A,E). In the case of the gastrozooids, no tentacle formation could be observed during early zooid development. Palpacle formation, therefore, preceded gastrozooidal tentacle formation. Bract formation was first observed in association with gastrozooids (Fig. 6 B). Each gastrozooid was accompanied by a single bract attached to the ventral midline just to the posterior of the gastrozooid (Fig. 6 B). This gastrozooidal bract marked the posterior end of each cormidium. A stem sphincter is located just posterior to the gastrozooidal bracts (Fig. 6 C). Removal of the gastrozooidal bract left a curled attachment lamella (Fig. 6 D,E). A second type of bract was associated with the palpons. These were located laterally. The first of these lateral bracts to form arose toward the posterior end of each palpon clusters. As the palpon clusters grew, more bracts were added in the anterior direction. In older parts of the colony new secondary gastrozooids formed in between primary gastrozooids (Fig. 6 F) indicating that the distance between the latter increased with the age of the cormidium. The addition of new zooids, therefore, occurred along the siphosomal stem and was not restricted to the siphosomal growth zone. Bracts: As the ROV approached, the colony rapidly began to autotomize its mature bracts, and so it was difficult to document their in vivo arrangement. In addition, a large fraction of the bracts were lost during the sampling procedure. Thus, by the time the colony was examined, few mature bracts remained attached directly to the siphosomal stem. Developing gastrozooid and palpon lateral bracts were very similar, though they became more distinct as they matured. Mature gastrozooid bracts were very elongate and straight without an obvious keel (Fig. 7 A). Mature palpon bracts tended to be more ovoid in shape and more curved, and they tapered to form a more rounded proximal end on the upper surface. In this case the mesoglea was generally thicker and, on the lower surface, it bulged out slightly to form a small, but distinct, keel. The bracteal canal arose from the proximal end of the bract. Nematocyst patches were scattered over the distal two-thirds of the upper side of the bracts (Fig. 7 A). As observed in the case of nectophores individual large refractile cells could be found scattered between and within these nematocyst patches (Fig. 7 B). In all bracts the bracteal canals extended distally along the lower surface in the mid-line. At their distal ends they bent into the mesoglea and then back towards the lower surface (Fig. 7 A,C). However, the distinctiveness of this arch varied considerably, and it was in many cases difficult to detect. Palpons: Only a single type of siphosomal palpon was observed. The maximum length of the palpon was 22 mm when fixed. In vivo, however, palpons could reach twice the length of gastrozooids (Fig. 2 C). Palpons were slightly opaque and of a milky-white color, with a more opaque, white region at their distal ends (Figs. 2 C, 6 F). In older cormidia, new palpon cluster formation was inferred at the anterior end of each cormidium (Fig. 8 A) based on differences in the sizes of palpons. The individual palpon clusters were clearly separated from each other on the siphosomal stem (Fig. 8 A) even though this separation was not obvious when the specimen was observed macroscopically. The very proximal part of the palpacle was tinged orange, while distally it was a translucent white (Fig. 8 A���D). Particularly in fixed material a ring-like basigaster region of the palpon became obvious just distal to the palpacle attachment point (Fig. 8 C). Developing nematocysts were discerned in this region. Proximally, nematocysts were densely packed on one side of the palpacle, but more distally they were separated into pairs and continued as such along the remainder of its length (Fig. 8 D). Gastrozooids: The maximum length of fixed gastrozooids was 18 mm. The peduncles of the mature gastrozooids were short, translucent and did not bear other zooids (Fig. 8 E). The proximal portion of the gastrozooid was deep red in live animals (Fig. 8 E). Gastrozooids had a ring-like basigaster just distal to the peduncle, where developing nematocysts were found. The distal end of the gastrozooid was milky-white. Stripes were visible in many cases, which were reflected by ectodermal grooves in the distal parts of the gastrozooids (Fig. 8 E). The diminutive gastrozooid tentacles were not conspicuous in macroscopic images, and were only apparent in fixed gastrozooids that were separated from the stem (Fig. 8 F). As in other apolemiids, they bore no tentilla. Gonodendra: Female gonophores were found along the siphosomal stem of specimen D 423 -D 12 (Fig. 9). Gonodendra inserted directly on the siphosomal stem laterally to palpon clusters. There were several gonophores in different stages of maturation per gonodendron. Each gonophore was attached to the stalk of the gonodendron via a peduncle (Fig. 9 B). The stalks of the gonodendra were small and inconspicuous. Each gonophore contained a single egg. Nematocyst complement: Four types of nematocysts were documented across the different zooids of the colony (Fig. 10). These were: a) Spherical isorhizas of two distinct sizes. Macroisorhizas, with a mean diameter of 22.2 ��m (Fig. 10 A). The evaginated tubule was isodiametric and holotrichous. These nematocysts formed the patches on nectophores and bracts. Spherical refractile spots (mean diameter 47.2 ��m, n= 12) present in between and within patches were cellular, as indicated by the presence of nuclei (Fig. 9 A). Microisorhizas, 7.2 ��m (mean) in diameter (Fig. 10 E,H) that were found at the distal ends of gastrozooids, palpons and nectophoral palpons, and were scattered along the body columns of these zooids in lower numbers. b) Stenoteles, with a mean length of 17.9 ��m and a mean width of 13.7 ��m (Fig. 10 B,E,G). These were found in the same locations as the microisorhizas and were highly abundant at the distal ends of the three types of zooid. c) Microbasic mastigophores (Fig. 10 C,E) could be found at the tips of gastrozooids, palpons and nectophoral palpons with densities being highest on gastrozooids and palpons. They were elongate (mean length 57.8 ��m, mean width 21.9 ��m) and slightly banana-shaped. d) The capsules of tentacles and palpacles were ovoid in shape with a mean length of 22 ��m and a mean width of 14.6 ��m (Fig. 10 I). They were found on the palpacles and gastrozooidal tentacles. The evaginated tubule was isodiametric and holotrichous with a single dilation at the end of the shaft close to the distal end of the capsule. This was in contrast to the two dilations in birhopaloids as described for Apolemia uvaria (Claus 1863; Totton 1965). Distribution. The holotype and paratype specimens, described above, both came from the vicinity of Monterey Bay, California. Several other specimens from the same region have either been collected or identified from in situ photographs, as listed in Table 1. The mean depth for all these specimens is 1193 �� 285.7 m. The species has also been pictured in Burton and Lundsten (2008) at the Davidson Seamount over a depth range 439��� 1159 m. Photographic material strongly suggests that A. lanosa has been collected off Japan (Lindsay 2005, 2006). The probability that there are further records is discussed below. Etymology. The specific name lanosa, derived from the Latin lana, meaning woolly, refers to the fleece-like appearance of the siphosome of the living colony., Published as part of Siebert, Stefan, Pugh, Phil R., Haddock, Steven H. D. & Dunn, Casey W., 2013, Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California, pp. 201-232 in Zootaxa 3702 (3) on pages 205-213, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/247697, {"references":["Claus, C. (1863) Neue Beobachtungen u? ber die Structur und Entwickelung der Siphonophoren. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 12, 536 - 563.","Totton, A. K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London, 230 pp., 20 Plates.","Burton, E. J. & Lundsten, L. (2008) Davidson Seamount Taxonomic Guide. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series ONMS- 08 - 0 8. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, Maryland, 145 pp.","Lindsay, D. J. (2005) Planktonic communities below 2000 m depth. Bulletin of the Plankton Society of Japan, 52, 113 - 118. [In Japanese].","Lindsay, D. J. (2006) A checklist of midwater cnidarians and ctenophores from Sagami Bay - species sampled during submersible surveys from 1993 - 2004. Bulletin of the Plankton Society of Japan, 53, 104 - 110. [In Japanese]."]}

Siebert, Stefan, Pugh, Phil R., Haddock, Steven H. D., Dunn, Casey W. (2013): Re-evaluation of characters in Apolemiidae (Siphonophora), with description of two new species from Monterey Bay, California. Zootaxa 3702 (3): 201-232, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3702.3.1

Thuesen, Erik V., Haddock, Steven H. D. (2013): Archeterokrohnia docrickettsae (Chaetognatha: Phragmophora: Heterokrohniidae), a new species of deep-sea arrow worm from the Gulf of California. Zootaxa 3717 (3): 320-328, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3717.3.2

Key to the four species of Archeterokrohnia 1 Tail section ~ 50 % total length, lateral fins beginning halfway between trunk-tail septum and ventral ganglion, ventral ganglion centered 2 / 3 distance from head to trunk-tail septum, corona ciliata shaped like an outside caliper, fins rayless........................................................................................... A. rubra Casanova, 1986 a - Tail section ~ 55 % of total length, lateral fins with rays and beginning at or near trunk-tail septum..................... 2 2 Head trapezoidal, anterior teeth replaced with plates bearing denticles, pair of palps with teeth-like processes located below vestibular organ................................................................ A. palpifera Casanova, 1986 b - Head triangular, both anterior and posterior teeth, well-developed vestibular organs................................. 3 3 Total length 12.9 mm, 6���8 anterior teeth, 1 posterior tooth, no vestibular plates or palps, head with apical gland-cell complex, triangular process on head absent.......................................... A. longicaudata (Hagen & Kapp, 1986) - Total length 28.5 mm, 10���11 anterior teeth, 4 posterior teeth clustered below a vestibular plate bearing denticles, ventral ganglion slightly posterior to midpoint between head and trunk-tail septum, anterior of head with a triangular process............................................................................................. A. docrickettsae n. sp., Published as part of Thuesen, Erik V. & Haddock, Steven H. D., 2013, Archeterokrohnia docrickettsae (Chaetognatha: Phragmophora: Heterokrohniidae), a new species of deep-sea arrow worm from the Gulf of California, pp. 320-328 in Zootaxa 3717 (3) on page 323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3717.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/222006

Osborn, Karen J., Haddock, Steven H. D., Rouse, Greg W. (2011): Swima (Annelida, Acrocirridae), holopelagic worms from the deep Pacific. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (3): 663-678, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00727.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00727.x