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The knowledge of the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna continues to grow given the discovery of new taxa, the recognition of taxa resurrected from synonymy and the corroboration of new country records and new range extensions. Moreover, recent advances in the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and status of many supraspecific groups have led to numerous taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. Given this, the purpose of this paper is to update the known composition, distribution and clasification of the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna taking as reference the most recent list for the country published by Angulo et al. (2013). A total of 23 new country records (i.e., species; distributed in 17 families and 21 genera), 33 new range extensions (distributed in 20 families and 30 genera) and several nomenclatural changes are reported, illustrated and discussed here. An updated and annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of the country (including data for a total of 283 species, 13 of which are exotic, distributed in two classes, 27 orders, 55 families and 136 genera) is also provided.

Family Curimatidae Gill, 1858. Toothless Characiforms; Plateadas. 1 G, 1 S., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

Cyphocharax magdalenae (Steindachner, 1878). Carp Headstander; Sardina, Capani, Capaniz, Carpa, Plateada, Plateadita. Distribution: Global: Central and South America; from southern Costa Rica to western Colombia, Atlantic and Pacific drainages; Costa Rica: Co (Pacific), 5��� 100 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1966: 221, as Curimata magdalenae ���synonym; brief description and information on distribution), Bussing (1987: 97, as Curimata magdalenae ���synonym; 1998: 126; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2013: 991; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

Cyphocharax modestus (Fernández-Yépez, 1948) Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Iperó, Verde River; 23°26.35′S, 047°35.28′W; 570 m alt., 13.VI. 2017; W.S. Smith and L. Halcsik leg.; cast nets; MZUSP 115235 (7 spec., 155.0−180.0 mm SL). Identification. Body deep; mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary and maxilla without teeth. Lateral line with 35–37 pored scales; transversal series above lateral line with 6–6½ scale rows and below with 5–6½ scale rows. Dorsal fin with 10 rays, pectoral fin with 10–12, pelvic fin with 10, anal fin with 8–11 and caudal fin with 21 rays. Ground color silvery; dark brown inconspicuous longitudinal band along lateral line to distal margin of median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle; hyaline fins (Batista-Silva et al. 2018)., Published as part of Smith, Welber Senteio, Halcsik, Leticia, Biagioni, Renata Cassemiro, Pinheiro, Lúcio Antônio Stefani & Severino Stefani, Marta, 2021, An updated list of the ichthyofauna of Ipanema National Forest, São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 827-840 in Check List 17 (3) on page 836, DOI: 10.15560/17.3.827

Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948) Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Iperó, Ipanema River; 23°22.40′S, 049°38.51′W; 560 m alt.; 12.I.2012; W.S. Smith and L. Halcsik leg.; hand nets; MZUSP 115238 (6 spec., 80.0−90.0 mm SL). Identification. Body deep; mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary, and maxilla without teeth; lateral line with 33– 35 pored scales; transversal series above lateral line with 5–5½ scale rows and below with 4½–5½. Dorsal fin with 10 rays, pectoral fin with 12–14, pelvic fin with 13 rays, anal fin with 12–14, and caudal fin with 21 rays. Ground color silvery; black conspicuous longitudinal stripe along lateral line to distal margin of median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle; yellowish fins; dorsal-fin black blotch on the base of median rays, sometimes little conspicuous (Batista-Silva et al. 2018)., Published as part of Smith, Welber Senteio, Halcsik, Leticia, Biagioni, Renata Cassemiro, Pinheiro, Lúcio Antônio Stefani & Severino Stefani, Marta, 2021, An updated list of the ichthyofauna of Ipanema National Forest, São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 827-840 in Check List 17 (3) on page 836, DOI: 10.15560/17.3.827

A study on the nematode parasites of nine species of freshwater fishes from Peixe River São Paulo, State, Brazil. was conducted. Fish were collected between February 2010 and March 2011 and the following species were found: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus and Contracaecum sp. (larvae) in Astyanax altiparanae; Contracaecum sp. (larvae), Dioctophyma renale (larvae), Philometroides caudata, P. (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, P. (Spirocamallanus) neocaballeroi (larvae) and P. (Spirocamallanus) saofranciscensis in Acestrorhynchus lacustris; Contracaecum sp. (larvae), Guyanema sp., Hysterothylacium sp. (larvae) and Icthyouris sp. in Cyphocharax modestus; Contracaecum sp. (larvae), Cosmoxynemoides aguirrei and Pharyngodonidae gen. sp. in C. nagelii; Dioctophyma renale (larvae), Hysterothylacium sp. (larvae) and Rhabdochona sp. in Gymnotus sylvius; Capillariidae gen. sp. in Hoplosternum littorale; Cosmoxynema vianai, Guyanema sp., Ichthyouris sp. and Travnema travnema in Steindachnerina insculpta; Contracaecum sp. (larvae), Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) rebecae (larvae) in Triportheus angulatus and Rhabdochona acuminata in Triportheus nematurus. This is first study of nematode parasites from the Peixe River, therefore all the species found are new geographical records and 19 are new host records. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de los nematodos parásitos de nueve especies de peces de agua dulce del Río do Peixe, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Los peces fueron colectados entre febrero de 2010 y marzo de 2011 y las especies encontradas fueron: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus y Contracaecum sp. (larva) en Astyanax altiparanae; Contracaecum sp. (larva), Dioctophyma renale (larva), Philometroides caudata, P. (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, P. (Spirocamallanus) neocaballeroi (larva) y P. (Spirocamallanus) saofranciscensis en Acestrorhynchus lacustris; Contracaecum sp. (larva), Guyanema sp., Hysterothylacium sp. (larva) y Icthyouris sp. en Cyphocharax modestus; Contracaecum sp. (larva), Cosmoxynemoides aguirrei y Pharyngodonidae. gen. sp. en C. nagelii; Dioctophyma renale (larva), Hysterothylacium sp. (larva) y Rhabdochona sp. en Gymnotus sylvius; Capillariidae gen. sp. en Hoplosternum littorale; Cosmoxynema vianai, Guyanema sp., Ichthyouris sp. y Travnema travnema en Steindachnerina insculpta; Contracaecum sp. (larva), Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) rebecae (larva) en Triportheus angulatus y Rhabdochona acuminata en Triportheus nematurus. Este es el primer estudio de nemátodos parásitos de Río do Peixe, por lo tanto todas las especies son nuevos registros geográficos y 19 son nuevos registros de hospedadores.

Dagosta, Fernando C.P., Pinna, Mário De (2019): The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019 (431): 1-167, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.431.1.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-2019/issue-431/0003-0090.431.1.1/The-Fishes-of-the-Amazon--Distribution-and-Biogeographical-Patterns/10.1206/0003-0090.431.1.1.full

Steindachnerina nigrotaenia (Boulenger, 1902) Fig. 2, Tab. 2 Curimatus nigrotaenia Boulenger, 1902:2 [type-locality: Mato Grosso, rio Coxip��].- Eigenmann, 1910:421 [reference]. - Vari, 1989, tables 2, 3 [assignment to Steindachnerina]. - Tortonese, 1961:184 [Catalog: three syntypes]. - Litz & Koerber, 2014:9 [Check list; synonym of Steindachnerina brevipinna]. Curimata nigrotaenia.- Fern��ndez-Y��pez, 1948:73 [reference].- Fowler, 1950:288 [literature compilation].- Fowler, 1975:369 [reference].- Ringuelet, 1975:72 [Argentina, rio Paraguai system]. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia.- Britski, 1996:74 (previous resurrection).- Britski et al., 1999:72 [diagnose in key; shortened description; text-figure; Pantanal do Mato Grosso].- Britski et al., 2007: 96 [diagnose in key; shortened description; text figure; Pantanal do Mato Grosso].- Polaz et al., 2014:125 [list of species from Parque Nacional do Pantanal Matogrossense]. Steindachnerina insculpta.- Vari, 1991:71 [in part, material from rio Paraguai basin, not from upper rio Paran�� basin]. - Aguilera et al., 2018:1018 [Argentina: r��o San Francisco, Bermejo river basin, Jujuy, and Madrej��n El Divisadero, Bermejo river basin, Salta]. Steindachnerina brevipinna. - Vari, 1991:97 [in part, material from Mato Grosso, upper rio Paraguai]. ? Curimata nasa.- G��ry et al., 1987:425, fig. 41 [material from arroyo Trementina, rio Paraguai basin]. Diagnosis. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia can be distin- guished from all congeners, except S. binotata (Pearson, 1924), S. biornata, S. dobula (G��nther, 1868), S. hypostoma (Boulenger, 1887), S. insculpta, S. leucisca (G��nther, 1868), S. notograptos Lucinda & Vari, 2009, and S. varii G��ry, Planquette, Le Bail, 1991, by possessing an unpigmented dorsal fin (vs. a dorsal fin with a spot of dark pigmentation on the basal portion of the middle rays). Steindachnerina nigrotaenia has 43 to 48 perforated scales in the lateral line series running from the supracleithrum to the middle rays of the caudal fin, differing from S. binotata, S. leucisca and S. notograptos, which have 50 or more perforated scales in that series and from S. biornata and S. varii which have fewer than 40 perforated scales in the lateral line series. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia differs from S. hypostoma by possessing a relatively shallower body with greatest body depth 24-27% of SL (vs. 29-34% of SL). Steindachnerina nigrotaenia differs from S. dobula and S. varii by having a dark midlateral stripe extending from the rear of the opercle posteriorly onto middle rays of caudal fin (vs. dark midlateral stripe beginning posterior to a verti- cal line through the dorsal-fin origin, and continuing posteriorly to the middle rays of the caudal fin). Steindachnerina nigrotaenia differs from the very similar S. insculpta by the generally higher number of perforated scales along the lateral line series (43 to 48, 45 most frequent, vs. 40 to 45, 42 most frequent and 44 and 45 in only 1.3% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Fig. 3), by the total number of scale rows in the transverse series from the dorsal-fin origin to the pelvic-fin base (13 to 16, 14 most frequent, vs. 12 to 14, 12 most frequent and 13.5 and 14 in only 6.4% and 1.3% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Fig. 4). Steindachnerina nigrotaenia can also be discriminated from congeners by a combination of the following features: multiple lobulated fleshy processes on the roof of the oral cavity, absence of a wide, flattened prepelvic region of the body, possession of 43 to 48 perforated scales in the lateral line series, 13 to 16 scales in the transversal series, lack of a dark spot on the basal portions of the dorsal fin and the presence of a dark midlateral stripe along the lateral surface of the body. Description. Morphometric data of lectotype, paralecto- types and other specimens are summarized in Tab. 2. Body relatively elongate, somewhat compressed. Dorsal profile of head slightly convex anteriorly, straight from the line above orbit to rear of head. Dorsal profile of body straight or very slightly convex from rear of head to origin of dorsal fin; straight at dorsal-fin base; straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to caudal peduncle. Dorsal surface of body transversely rounded anteriorly, with indistinct median keel immediately anterior to dorsal fin, smoothly rounded transversely posterior to dorsal fin. Ventral profile of body gently curved from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle. Prepelvic region obtusely flattened, with median series of scales proximate to pelvic-fin origin, median series irregularly arranged anteriorly. Barely discernable median keel posterior to pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin margin rounded; anteriormost rays three to 3.5 times the length of ultimate ray. Pectoral-fin margin acute, extending one-half to two-third the distance to origin of pelvic fin in smaller adults, barely beyond that point in largest specimens examined. Pelvic-fin margin acute; pelvic fin extending about one half the distance to origin of anal fin. Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin well developed. Anal fin emarginate, anteriormost branched rays 2.5 to three times the length of ultimate ray. Head profile pointed; upper jaw distinctly longer, mouth inferior; buccopharyngeal complex on roof of the oral cavity in adults consisting of multiple lobulated fleshy bodies; nostrils very close, anterior circular, posterior crescent-shaped with aperture closed by thin flap of skin separating nares; adipose eyelid present, more developed anteriorly, with broad, vertically ovoid opening over center of eye. Pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to medial caudal-fin rays 43(1), 44(9), 45*(22), 46(10), 47(1) or 48(1), 2 to 3 over caudal-fin base; series of scales from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 6(8), 7*(31) or 8(5); series of scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin base 6*(39), 6.5(3) or 7(2); total series of scales from dorsal fin to base pelvic-fin base 13(4), 14*(36), 14.5(5), 15(3) or 16(1); series of scales from lateral line to first ray of anal fin 5*(6), 5.5(8) or 6(29); circumpeduncular scales 16*(36), 17(1), 18(3) or 20(3); predorsal scales 11*(13), 12(19) or 13(10); scales from dorsal fin to adipose fin 12*(7), 13(17), 14(16) or 15(3); scales from adipose fin to caudal fin 8(3), 9(10), 10(19), 11(8) or 12*(2); prepelvic scales 18(1), 19(8), 20*(10), 21(12), 22(5), 23(4) or 24(1); scales from pelvic fin to anus 8*(13), 9(21), 10(7) or 11(2); scales from anus to anterior margin of anal fin 2(4), 3(31) or 4*(9); scales from posterior margin of anal fin to anteroventral margin of caudal fin 8(1), 9(6), 10(16), 11*(16) or 12(2). All scales of lateral line pored with canals in scales straight. Dorsal-fin rays ii,8,ii*; pectoral-fin rays i,12(3), i,13(7), i,14*(20), i,15(9) or i,16(4); pelvic-fin rays i,8*(41) or i,9(3); anal-fin rays ii-iii,5,ii(2) or ii-iii,6,ii*(42); caudal- -fin rays i,8,9,i*(38). Total vertebrae 28(8) or 29 (2). Coloration in alcohol. Overall coloration of specimens re- taining guanine on scales silvery to silvery golden, darker on dorsal portions of head and body. Ground coloration of specimens lacking guanine on scales tan to yellow, darker dorsally, with irregular patch of dark pigmentation extending from rear of orbit across opercle; degree of intensity of dark pigmentation and extent of patch variable among individuals. Irregular, dark longitudinal stripe extending along lateral line from supracleithrum to base of middle caudal-fin rays. Stripe slightly wider posteriorly, continuous posteriorly with dusky stripe on middle caudal-fin rays. Stripe in adults continuous, about one scale wide; not as well developed in juveniles, consisting of discrete spots surrounding pores of lateral line. Caudal-fin with stripe more prominent on the anterior portion of rays. Anterior margin and distal portions of dorsal fin typically dusky in adults. Ventral lobe and dorsal rays of dorsal lobe of caudal fin dusky. All caudal-fin rays outlined by small chromatophores on membranes. Adipose fin dusky distally. Dorsal fin with dusky anterior region in many specimens, without any discrete spot on middle rays. Other fins hyaline. Sexual dimorphism. Secondary sexual characters were not found. Geographical distribution. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia is distributed along the rio Paraguai basin (Fig. 5). Material examined. All from Brazil, rio Paraguai basin. BMNH 1902.2.10.30, 43.5 mm SL, Mato Grosso, rio Coxip��, F. Silvestri. Lectotype of Curimatus nigrotaenia (designated herein). MSNG 14859, 3, 42.7, 51.2, 52.2 mm SL, same data as lectotype. Paralectotypes of Curimatus nigrotaenia (designated herein). MNRJ 11206, 3, 59.8 - 85.7 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Acorizal, rio Acorizal at bridge along road from Acorizal to Ba��s. MNRJ 11207, 1, 102.0 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Acorizal, ribeir��o Ba��s. MNRJ 11214, 1, not measured, Mato Grosso, Acorizal, ribeir��o Tangar��, along road from Acorizal to Cuiab��. MZUSP 4383, 3; MZUSP 4449, 1, 39.2 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Santo Antonio do Leverger, rio Cuiab��. MZUSP 21512, 16, Mato Grosso, Cuiab��, rio Coxip�� da Ponte, 15��38���S 56��03���W. MZUSP 21656, 6, Mato Grosso, Santo Antonio do Leverger, rio Cuiab��. MZUSP 21662, 2, Mato Grosso, Bar��o do Melga��o, rio Cuiab��, Boca do Croar��, 16��11���S 55��57���W. MZUSP 38015, 2, Mato Grosso, C��ceres, Porto Lim��o. MZUSP 38079, 1, Mato Grosso do Sul, Coxim, rio Taquari, Ilha da Goiaba, 18��30���00���S 54��45���00���W. MZUSP 40068, 4, Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, rio Aquidauana, Baia da On��a or Jatob��, Fazenda Alegrete, 20��28���00���S 55��48���00���W. MZUSP 45476, 9, Mato Grosso, rio Paraguai at C��ceres and vicinities. MZUSP 47762, 130, Mato Grosso, Bar��o de Melga��o, rio Cuiab��. MZUSP 54139, 1, rio Apa, small bay of the river. MZUSP 56234, 1, Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimar��es, rio Casca. MZUSP 59541, 41, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumb��, rio Vermelho, Fazenda Xaroes, 19��36���73���S 56��55���42���W. MZUSP 74361, 4, Mato Grosso, Santo Antonio do Leverger, rio Cuiab��, 3 km from the town. MZUSP 75480, 2, Mato Grosso, C��ceres, ribeir��o das Flexas, along road from C��ceres to Cuiab�� at about 69 km E of C��ceres. MZUSP 78750, 3, Mato Grosso, Porto Estrela, rio Saloba, along road at Esta����o Ecol��gica da Serra das Araras, 15��39���03���S 57��13���29���W. MZUSP 78845, 1, Mato Grosso, Diamantino, downstream of waterfall in the rio Paraguai, 14��28���32���S 56��23���32���W. MZUSP 78946, 1, Mato Grosso, Santo Antonio do Leverger, rio Cuiab��. MZUSP 87785, 2, Mato Grosso, Tangar�� da Serra, rio Sepotuba, salto Maciel, 15��55���59���S 57��39���00��� W. MZUSP 89954, 2, Mato Grosso, rio Sepotuba. MZUSP 90075, 8, Mato Grosso, Curvel��ndia, lower rio Sepotuba, 15��53���34���S 57��38���44���W. MZUSP 90181, 14, Mato Grosso, lower rio Sepotuba. MZUSP 90422, 27, Mato Grosso, Curvel��ndia, rio Sepotuba, 15��46���07���S 57��38���54���W. MZUSP 90702, 3, Lambari d���Oeste, rio Sepotuba, at mouth of a creek, 15��10���00���S 57��41���00���W. MZUSP 91014, 1, Barra do Bugres, rio Sepotuba, 15��06���52���S 57��39���57���W. MZUSP 91060, 2, C��ceres, rio Sepotuba, artificial lagoon downstream of the bridge, 15��14���08���S 57��41���46���W. LBP 5636, 1 (tissue 27395), Mato Grosso, Cuiab��, rio Coxip��, rio Paraguai. LBP 8573, 1 (tissue 43355), Mato Grosso, Barra do Bugres, rio Paraguai. LBP 9818, 6 (tissues 45230���45234, Mato Grosso do Sul, Miranda, rio Paraguai. LBP 9862, 1 (tissue 45408), Mato Grosso do Sul, Miranda, rio Paraguai., Published as part of Britski, Heraldo A., Melo, Bruno F., Vari, Richard P. & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revalidation and redescription of Steindachnerina nigrotaenia and redescription of S. insculpta (Characiformes: Curimatidae), pp. 1-14 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 5-9, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180076, http://zenodo.org/record/3650458, {"references":["Boulenger GA. Descriptions of new fishes and reptiles discovered by Dr. F. Silvestri in South America. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 1902; 9 (52): 284 - 88. (Series 7).","Eigenmann CH. Catalogue of the freshwater fishes of tropical and South Temperate America. In: Scott WB (editor). Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896 - 1899. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche. Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1910. p. 375 - 511. (Zoology, vol 3, part 4).","Vari RP. A Phylogenetic study of the tropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithson Contrib Zool. 1989; 47: 1 - 73.","Tortonese E. Catalogo del tipi de pesci del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. (Parte I). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria'. 1961; 72: 179 - 91.","Litz TO, Koerber S. Check list of the freshwater fishes of Uruguay (CLOFF-UY). Ichthyol Contrib Peces Criollos. 2014; 28: 1 - 40.","Fernandez-Yepez A. Los Curimatidos (peces fluviales de Sur America): Catalogo descriptivo con nuevas adiciones genericas y especificas. Boletin Taxonomica del Laboratorio de Pesqueria de Caiguire. 1948; 1: 1 - 86.","Fowler HW. Os peixes de agua doce do Brasil. Arq Zool Est Sao Paulo. 1950; 6: 205 - 404.","Fowler HW. A catalog of world fishes (XXII). Volume (III) Orders Mormyrida, Characida, Gymnotida, Silurida and Anguillida. Quat J Taiwan Mus. 1975; 28 (1 / 2): 1 - 124.","Ringuelet RA. Zoogeografia y ecologia de los peces de aguas conti- nentales de Argentina y consideraciones sobre las areas ictiologi- cas de America del Sur. Ecosur. 1975; 2 (3): 1 - 122.","Britski HA. Revalidacao de Steindachnerina nigrotaenia (Boulenger, 1902) (Pisces, Characiformes). In: 7 º Encontro de Biologos. Ribeirao Preto: CRB- 1 (SP, MT, MS); 1996. p. 03 - 21.","Britski HA, Silimon KZS, Lopes BS. Peixes do Pantanal: manual de identificacao. 1 st ed. Brasilia / Corumba: Embrapa; 1999.","Britski HA, Silimon KZS, Lopes BS. Peixes do Pantanal: manual de identificacao. 2 nd ed. Brasilia: Embrapa; 2007.","Polaz CNM, Melo BF, Britzke R, Resende EK, Machado FA, Lima JAF, Petrere Junior M. Fishes from the Parque Nacional do Pantanal Matogrossense, upper Paraguai River basin, Brazil. Check List [serial on the Internet]. 2014; 10 (1): 122 - 30. Available from: http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 10.1.122","Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithson Contrib Zool. 1991; 507: 1 - 118.","Aguilera G, Teran GE, Alonso F, Mirande JM. First record of Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernandez-Yepez, 1948) (Characiformes, Curimatidae) in Argentina. Check List [serial on the Internet]. 2018; 14 (6): 1017 - 20. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 14.6.1017","Gery J, Mahnert V, Dlouhy C. Poissons Characoides non Characidae du Paraguay (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Rev Suisse Zool. 1987; 94 (2): 357 - 464."]}

Steindachnerina insculpta (Fern��ndez-Y��pez, 1948) Fig. 6, Tab. 2 Cutimata elegans Amaral Campos, 1945:46 [Brazil: rio Mogi Gua��u].- Britski, 1972:83 [Brazil, S��o Paulo, rio Paran�� basin]. - Foresti et al., 1974:249 [karyotypes].- Nomura, 1977:727 [Brazil: rio Mogi-Gua��u; meristic].- Nomura, Taveira, 1979:331 [life history]. Cruxentina insculpta Fern��ndez-Y��pez, 1948:53, figs. 27, 28 [type-locality: Brazil: S��o Paulo, rio Tatuhy (= Tatu��); autorship cited as Amaral Campos].- Britski, 1969:200, 203 [correction of originally cited authorship, depositary and collector; meristic and morphometrics].- Fowler, 1975:368 [reference].- Vari, 1989, tables 2, 3 [assignment to Steindachnerina]. Curimata elegans.- Gomes, Monteiro, 1955:88, 103, 129 [S��o Paulo, Pirassununga; occurrence in flowing and still waters].- Oliveira et al., 1988:594 [in part, Brazil, S��o Paulo, rio Mogi-Gua��u and Botucatu; not Minas Gerais, Tr��s Marias; chromosome counts]. Pseudocurimata elegans elegans.- Godoy, 1975: 88, 103, 129, fig. 132A, 133 [Brazil: S��o Paulo, rio Mogi-Guassu; life history data; meristic and morphometrics; not cited occurrence in drainage basins other than upper rio Paran��]. Steindachnerina insculpta.- Venere, Galetti J��nior, 1989:18, 19, fig. 19 [upper rio Paran�� basin, rio Mogi-Gua��u and rio Passa- Cinco; karyotype information].- Vari, 1991:71 [in part Brazil, material from upper rio Paran�� basin above Sete Quedas; not from rio Paraguai system and from Goi��s]. - Koerber et al., 2017:16 [reference; type locality mistakenly referred to as being in Venezuela]. ? Curimata nasa.- G��ry et al., 1987:425, fig. 41 [material from arroyo Porooco and Itaipu Lake, rio Paran�� basin]. Diagnosis. Steindachnerina insculpta can be distinguished from congeners, except S. binotata, S. biornata, S. dobula, S. hypostoma, S leucisca, S. nigrotaenia, S. notograptos, and S. varii by possessing a plain dorsal fin (vs. dorsal fin with a spot of dark pigmentation on the basal portion of the middle rays). Steindachnerina insculpta has 40 to 45 scales in the lateral line series, differing from S. binotata, S. leucisca, S. hypostoma, S. notograptos, and S. gracilis which have 46 or more scales and from S. biornata which has 31 to 34 scales in the lateral line series. Steindachnerina insculpta differs from S. dobula and S. varii by having a dark midlateral stripe extending from rear of opercle posteriorly onto middle rays of caudal fin (vs. dark midlateral stripe beginning posterior to vertical line from dorsal-fin origin). Steindachnerina insculpta differs from the very similar S. nigrotaenia by the lower modal number of perforated scales in the lateral line series (40 to 45, 42 most frequent vs. 43 to 48, 45 most frequent and 43 in only 2.27% of specimens examined for this feature; Fig. 3), and by the total number of scale rows in the transverse series from the dorsal-fin origin to the pelvicfin base (12 to 14, 12.5 most frequent, 13.5 and 14 less frequent vs. 13 to 16, 14 most frequent; 13 in only 8.16% of specimens examined for this feature; Fig. 4). Steindachnerina insculpta can also be discriminated from its congeners by a combination of the following features: multiple lobulated fleshy processes on the roof of the oral cavity, absence of a wide, flattened prepelvic region of the body, 40 to 45 scales on the lateral line, 12 to 14 scales on the transversal series, lack of a dark spot on basal portions of the dorsal fin and the presence of a dark midlateral stripe along the body. Description. Morphometric data of Steindachnerina insculpta are summarized in Tab. 2. Body relatively elongate, somewhat compressed. Dorsal profile of head very slightly convex anteriorly, straight from above orbit to rear of head. Dorsal profile of body straight or very slightly convex from rear of head to origin of dorsal fin; straight at base of dorsal fin; straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to caudal peduncle. Dorsal surface of body transversely rounded anteriorly, with indistinct median keel immediately anterior to dorsal fin, smoothly rounded transversely posterior to dorsal fin. Ventral profile of body gently curved from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle. Prepelvic region obtusely flattened, with median series of scales proximate to pelvicfin origin, median series less regularly arranged anteriorly. Median keel barely discernable posterior to pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin margin rounded; anteriormost rays three to three and half times length of ultimate ray. Pectoral-fin margin acute, extending one-half to two-third distance to origin of pelvic fin in smaller adults, barely beyond that point in the largest examined specimens. Pelvic-fin margin acute; pelvic fin extending about one-half distance to origin of anal fin. Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin well developed. Anal fin emarginate, anteriormost branched rays two and one-half to three times the length of ultimate ray. Head pointed in profile; upper jaw distinctly longer, mouth inferior; buccopharyngeal complex on roof of oral cavity in adults consisting of multiple lobulated fleshy bodies; nostrils very close, anterior circular, posterior crescent-shaped with aperture closed by thin flap of skin separating nares; adipose eyelid present, more developed anteriorly, with broad, vertically ovoid opening over center of eye. Total pored lateral-line scales 40 (3), 41(13), 42(31), 43(28), 44(1) or 45(1); two to three scales over caudal fin. Longitudinal series of scales from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 6(51), 6.5(23) or 7(4); longitudinal series of scales from lateral line to base of pelvic fin 5(26), 5.5(49) or 6(3); total lateral series from dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin base 12(23), 12.5(29), 13(20), 13.5(5) or 14(1); longitudinal series of scales from lateral line to first ray of anal fin 4.5(9) or 5(69); circumpeduncular scales 16(77) or 17(1); predorsal scales 10(7), 11(38), 12(17) or 13(5); scales from end of dorsal fin to adipose fin 12(6), 13(34) or 14(37); scales from end of adipose fin to anteriormost dorsal caudal-fin ray 8(3), 9(14), 10(35), 11(16) or 12(4); prepelvic scales 19(3), 20(11), 21(26), 22(11), 23(15) or 24(4); scales from pelvic fin to anus 7(5), 8(23), 9(38), 10(10) or 11(1); scales from anus to anal-fin origin 2(8), 3(51) or 4(2); scales from end of anal fin to anteriormost ventral caudal-fin ray 9(13), 10(37), 11(19) or 12(4); all scales of lateral line pored, canals in scales of lateral line straight. Dorsal-fin rays ii-iii,8,ii(76); pectoral-fin rays i,12(2), i,13(17), i,14(40), i,15(18) or i,16(1); pelvic-fin rays i,7(1), i,8(76) or i,9(1); anal-fin rays ii-iii,6,ii(76) or iii5,ii(1); caudal-fin rays i,8,9,i(78). Total vertebrae 28(8) or 29(3). Coloration in alcohol. Overall coloration of specimens retaining guanine on scales silvery to silvery golden, darker on dorsal portions of head and body. Ground coloration of specimens lacking guanine on scales tan to yellow, darker dorsally, with irregular patch of dark pigmentation extending from rear of orbit across opercle; degree of intensity of dark pigmentation and extent of patch variable among individuals. Irregular, dark longitudinal stripe extending along lateral line from supracleithrum to base of middle caudal-fin rays. Stripe slightly wider posteriorly, continuous posteriorly with dusky stripe on middle caudal-fin rays. Stripe in adults continuous, about one scale wide; not as well developed in juveniles, consisting of discrete spots surrounding pores of lateral line. Caudal-fin stripe more prominent on anterior portion of rays. Anterior margin and distal portions of dorsal fin typically dusky in adults. Ventral lobe and dorsal rays of dorsal lobe of caudal fin dusky. All caudal-fin rays outlined by small chromatophores on membranes. Adipose fin dusky distally. Dorsal fin with dusky anterior region in many specimens, without any discrete spot on middle rays. Other fins hyaline. Sexual dimorphism. Secondary sexual characters were not found. Geographical distribution. Steindachnerina insculpta is restricted to the upper rio Paran�� basin (Fig. 5). Material examined. All from Brazil, upper rio Paran��. CAS 20312, holotype of Cruxentina insculpta, 95.3 mm SL, S��o Paulo, rio Tatuhy (= Tatu��, SP). MZUSP 1376, 1, paratype of Cruxentina insculpta, 105.6 mm SL, rio Tatuhy (= Tatu��). USNM 295275, 5, 76.3 ���104.0 mm SL; MZUSP 20381, 98, Alfredo de Castilho, c��rrego do Moinho. USNM 295272, 5 (4, 66.7-78.4 mm SL); MZUSP 21515, 26, Miguel��polis, Volta Grande reservoir. USNM 295271, 22 (5, 51.8-87.8); MNRJ 5669, 5 (3, 74.4-81.7); MZUSP 20700, 15; MZUSP 20704, 33; MZUSP 20739, 19; MZUSP 20741, 1; MZUSP 20744, 2; MZUSP 20750, 74 (10, 80.9-90.4); MZUSP 20791, 1; BMNH 1946.12.23:97-111, 11, 69.9-79.5 mm SL, rio Mogi-Gua��u, Emas. MZUSP 20672, 36; MZUSP 20691, 17, rio Mogi-Gua��u, Cachoeira de Emas. USNM 295274, 9; MZUSP 20711, 10, rio Mogi-Gua��u, Pirassununga. CAS 41729, 4 66.0- 91.9 mm SL; NWW 67002, 3; NMW 68914, 2, Piracicaba, rio Piracicaba. MZUSP 20755, 64; MZUSP 20758, 37; MZUSP 20768, 1, Corumbata��, rio Corumbata��. MZUSP 21317, 10, 88.7 - 101.4 mm SL; USNM 295266, 2, Borborema, rio Tiet��. MZUSP 21525, 1, Marimbondo, rio Grande. MZUSP 21429, 106, Ilha Solteira, rio Paran��. MZUSP 21603, 2, Pedreira, rio Jaguari. MZUSP 20865, 1, rio Pardo, usina de Limoeiro. MZUSP 21471, 1, Botucatu. Minas Gerais: MZUSP 21505, 2, Alfenas, rio Grande, Furnas reservoir. MZUSP 21502, 1, Boa Esperan��a, rio Grande. Mato Grosso do Sul: MZUSP 20683,15; MZUSP 20714, 84; MZUSP 20853, 18, Tr��s Lagoas, usina de Jupi��, rio Paran��. MZUSP 20824, 1; MZUSP 20894, 1, Tr��s Lagoas, rio Sucuri��. Paran��: MZUSP 21620, 103, rio Paran��, Gua��ra, above Sete Quedas. LBP 3192, 4 (tissues 19389��� 19390), S��o Paulo, Conchas, rio Tiet��; LBP 5207, 8 (tissue 26343), Paran��, Porto Rico, rio Paran��; LBP 6671, 1 (tissue 32081); LBP 19770, 1 (tissue 32158), Paran��, Marilena, rio Paran��; NUP 1424, 4; NUP 4576, 6, Gua��ra, rio Paran��, Itaipu reservoir. NUP 1753, 7, Santa Helena, rio Paran��, Itaipu reservoir. NUP 7513, 4, Foz do Igua��u, rio Paran��, Reservat��rio Itaipu., Published as part of Britski, Heraldo A., Melo, Bruno F., Vari, Richard P. & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revalidation and redescription of Steindachnerina nigrotaenia and redescription of S. insculpta (Characiformes: Curimatidae), pp. 1-14 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180076, http://zenodo.org/record/3650458, {"references":["Fernandez-Yepez A. Los Curimatidos (peces fluviales de Sur America): Catalogo descriptivo con nuevas adiciones genericas y especificas. Boletin Taxonomica del Laboratorio de Pesqueria de Caiguire. 1948; 1: 1 - 86.","Amaral Campos A. Sobre os caracideos do rio Mogi-Guacu (Estado de Sao Paulo). Arq Zool Est Sao Paulo. 1945; 4 (11): 431 - 66.","Britski HA. Peixes de agua-doce do estado de Sao Paulo: Sistematica. In: Comissao Interestadual da bacia do Parana- Uruguai. Poluicao e piscicultura. Sao Paulo: Faculdade de Saude Publica da USP. 1972; p. 83 - 108.","Foresti F, Oliveira LM, Angeleli WA. Caracterizacao cromossomica em peixes do genero Curimatus (Cypriniformes: Curimatidae). Cienc Cult. 1974; 26: 249.","Nomura H. Caracteres meristicos do saguiru, Curimatus elegans Steindachner, 1874 do rio Mogi Guacu, Sao Paulo (Osteichthyes, Curimatidae). Rev Bras Biol. 1977; 37 (4): 727 - 29.","Nomura H, Taveira ACD. Biologia do saguiru, Curimatus elegans Steindachner, 1874 do Mogi Guacu, Sao Paulo (Osteichthyes, Curimatidae). Rev Bras Biol. 1979; 39 (2): 331 - 39.","Britski HA. Lista dos tipos de peixes das colecoes do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de Sao Paulo. Pap Avulsos Zool. 1969; 22 (19): 197 - 215.","Fowler HW. A catalog of world fishes (XXII). Volume (III) Orders Mormyrida, Characida, Gymnotida, Silurida and Anguillida. Quat J Taiwan Mus. 1975; 28 (1 / 2): 1 - 124.","Vari RP. A Phylogenetic study of the tropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithson Contrib Zool. 1989; 47: 1 - 73.","Gomes AL, Monteiro FP. Estudo da populacao total de peixes da represa da Estacao Experimental de Biologia e Piscicultura, em Pirassununga, Sao Paulo. Rev Biol Marina Valpso. 1955; 6: 82 - 154.","Oliveira C, Almeida Toledo LF, Foresti F, Britski HA, Toledo Filho SA. Chromosome formulae of Neotropical freswater fishes. Rev Bras Genet. 1988; 11 (3): 577 - 624.","Godoy MP. Peixes do Brasil, subordem Characoidei; bacia do Rio Mogi Guassu. Piracicaba: Editora Franciscana; 1975.","Venere PC, Galetti Junior PM. Chromosome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of some neotropical Characiformes of the Family Curimatidae. Rev Bras Gen. 1989; 12 (1): 17 - 25.","Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithson Contrib Zool. 1991; 507: 1 - 118.","Koerber S, Vera-Alcaraz HS, Reis RE. Checklist of the Fishes of Paraguay (CLOFPY). Ichthyol Contrib Peces Criollos. 2017; 53: 1 - 99.","Gery J, Mahnert V, Dlouhy C. Poissons Characoides non Characidae du Paraguay (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Rev Suisse Zool. 1987; 94 (2): 357 - 464."]}

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:34:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252019000100207.pdf: 6483517 bytes, checksum: 939cb7a7efaa60e96283033676f384ea (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Steindachnerina nigrotaenia is resurrected from the synonym of S. brevipinna and considered a valid species. The previous designation of the lectotype of S. nigrotaenia is considered invalid and a new lectotype is designated herein. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia and S. insculpta are redescribed based on type specimens and on additional material from the rio Paraguai and the upper rio Parana basins, respectively. The two species can be separated by the number of scales of the lateral line and of the transverse series and by phylogenetic analyses of molecular data. Univ Sao Paulo, Museu Zool, Av Nazare 481, BR-04264000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, IBB UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, R Prof Dr Antonio CW Zanin 250, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Zool, Washington, DC 20560 USA Univ Estadual Paulista, IBB UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, R Prof Dr Antonio CW Zanin 250, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: 404991/2018-1 FAPESP: 16/11313-8 FAPESP: 14/26508-3

The book “Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes” represents the most cohesive data compilation for the rio Paraná floodplain. However, considering the dynamicity of the taxonomy of freshwater fishes, several new records and taxonomic changes occurred along the past years. Therefore, the results of that publication were revisited, providing an update of the species list, their taxonomic status, records and geographic distribution, and also new keys for genera and species. The species included were those recorded in the rio Paraná basin, from the mouth of the rio Paranapanema to the Itaipu Reservoir, following the general methodology presented in the book. A total of 10 orders, 41 families, 126 genera, and 211 species were registered, with an increase of one order, six families, 14 genera, and 29 species when compared to the book. Additionally, four new genera recently described, five synonymization proposals, 14 new identifications, four new combinations, 12 new species recently described, 34 new records, and nine misidentified species were recorded. These results are associated with the redirection of human and financial resources to that area, which enabled monitoring and intensive exploration of its watercourses; as well as training of taxonomists, and new taxonomic resolutions. RESUMO O livro “Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes” representa a compilação de dados mais coesa para esta área. No entanto, considerando a dinamicidade da taxonomia de peixes de água doce, vários novos registros e alterações taxonômicas ocorreram ao longo desses dez anos. Assim, os resultados daquela publicação foram revisitados, fornecendo uma atualização da lista, status taxonômico, registros e distribuição geográfica das espécies, além de novas chaves de identificação para espécies e gêneros. Foram incluídas as espécies registradas na bacia do rio Paraná, entre a foz do rio Paranapanema e o reservatório de Itaipu, seguindo a metodologia geral apresentada no livro. Foi registrado um total de 10 ordens, 41 famílias, 126 gêneros e 211 espécies, com um aumento de uma ordem, seis famílias, 13 gêneros e 29 espécies quando comparado à primeira versão. Além disso, quatro gêneros novos descritos recentemente, cinco sinonimizações, 14 novas propostas de identificação, quatro novas combinações, 12 espécies novas descritas recentemente, 34 novos registros e nove espécies identificadas erroneamente foram registradas. Estes resultados estão associados ao redirecionamento de recursos humanos e financeiros para esta área, o que permitiu o monitoramento e exploração intensiva de seus corpos d’água; bem como a formação de taxonomistas e novas resoluções taxonômicas.

Cyphocharax 1. Lateral line with 31 to 36 scales; transverse series above lateral line with 4½ to 7 scale rows.................... C. modestus 1’. Lateral line with 39 to 45 scales; transverse series above lateral line with 7½ to 9 scale rows............. C. nagelii, Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 43, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395

Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948) Fig. 12 Body elongated; greatest body depth contained 2.9 to 3.4 and caudal peduncle depth 7.7 to 9.1 times in SL; head length 3.2 to 3.7, predorsal distance 2.0 to 2.2 and caudal peduncle length 9.1 to 9.7 in SL; snout length 3.0 to 3.4, horizontal orbital diameter 3.0 to 3.4 and least interorbital width 2.4 to 2.6 in HL. Mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary and maxilla without teeth in adults. Lateral line with 34-40 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 6½- 7½ scale rows and below with 4½-5½ scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11, pectoral fin with 12-15, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 9 or 10 and caudal fin with 19 rays (Vari, 1991). Ground color silvery; black conspicuous longitudinal stripe along lateral line to distal margin of median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle. Yellowish fins; dorsal fin with few scattered black chromatophores (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 144.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Upper rio Paraná basin., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 45, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press; 1991. (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology; no. 507).","Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Steindachnerina brevipinna (Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1889) Fig. 12 Body elongated; greatest body depth contained 2.6 to 3.2 and caudal peduncle depth 6.6 to 8.3 times in SL; head length 3.1 to 3.7, predorsal distance 1.9 to 2.1 and caudal peduncle length 8.3 to 9.3 in SL; snout length 2.9 to 3.7, horizontal orbital diameter 2.8 to 3.6 and least interorbital width 2.2 to 2.6 in HL. Mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary and maxilla without teeth in adults. Lateral line with 33-37 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 5½- 6½ scale rows and below with 4½-5½ scale rows. Dorsal fin with 10-12, pectoral fin with 11-14, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 9 or 10 and caudal fin with 19 rays (Vari, 1991). Ground color silvery; black conspicuous longitudinal stripe along lateral line to distal margin of median caudalfin rays, larger on caudal peduncle. Yellowish fins; dorsal fin black blotch on the base of median rays, sometimes little conspicuous (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 160.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Río de la Plata basin. Remarks. Steindachnerina brevipinna is a non-native species from the upper rio Paraná, and its occurrence can be associated with the filling of the Itaipu Reservoir and the consequent inundation of the Sete Quedas Falls., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 45, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press; 1991. (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology; no. 507).","Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Cyphocharax modestus (Fernández-Yépez, 1948) Fig. 12 Body deep; greatest body depth contained 2.4 to 2.9 and caudal peduncle depth 6.6 to 7.7 times in SL; head length 3.2 to 3.7, predorsal distance 1.9 to 2.1 and caudal peduncle length 10.7 to 10.9 in SL; snout length 3.0 to 3.7, horizontal orbital diameter 3.1 to 3.8 and least interorbital width 2.2 to 2.5 in HL. Mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary and maxilla without teeth in adults. Lateral line with 31- 36 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 5½-7 scale rows and below with 4½-6 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11 or 12, pectoral fin with 14-16, pelvic fin with 9 or 10, anal fin with 8 or 9 and caudal fin with 19 rays (Vari, 1992). Ground color silvery; dark-brown inconspicuous longitudinal band along lateral line to distal margin of median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle. Hyaline fins (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 132.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Paraná-Paraguay system., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 43, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical characiform genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press; 1992. (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology; no. 529).","Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Cyphocharax nagelii (Steindachner, 1881) Fig. 12 Body elongated; greatest body depth contained 3.0 to 3.4 and caudal peduncle depth 7.7 to 8.3 times in SL; head length 3.3 to 3.7, predorsal distance 2.0 to 2.2 and caudal peduncle length 10.3 to 10.7 in SL; snout length 3.1 to 3.4, horizontal orbital diameter 3.3 to 4.0 and least interorbital width 2.6 to 2.8 in HL. Mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary and maxilla without teeth in adults. Lateral line with 39-45 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 7½-9 scale rows and below with 6½-7½ scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11 or 12, pectoral fin with 13-15, pelvic fin with 9 or 10, anal fin with 8 or 9 and caudal fin with 19 rays (Vari, 1992). Ground color silvery; dark-brown inconspicuous longitudinal band along lateral line to distal margin of median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle. Hyaline fins (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 165.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Upper rio Paraná basin., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 44, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical characiform genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press; 1992. (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology; no. 529).","Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Steindachnerina 1. Dorsal fin with a black blotch on the base of median rays, sometimes little conspicuous................... S. brevipinna 1’. Dorsal fin without black blotch on the base of median rays...................................................................... S. insculpta, Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 44, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395

Cyphocharax boiadeiro, new species (Figs. 1���2) Holotype. LIRP 14133, 42.9 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Alto Araguaia, c��rrego do Sapo, upriver Couto Magalh��es falls, rio Araguaia, 17��31���10.6���S 53��15���33.0���W, 7���8 Aug 2002, A.L.A. Melo & L.S.F. Martins. Paratypes. All from Brazil: LBP 1446, 3, 46.5���60.7 mm SL (tissues 12595 and 12596), Mato Grosso, Alto Araguaia, rio Boiadeiro, rio Araguaia basin, 17��19���19.4���S 53��14���25���W, 6 May 2003, C. Oliveira et al. LBP 22741, 3, 34.1���41.4 mm SL, same data as holotype. LIRP 4424, 13, 17.0��� 47.9 mm SL, same data as holotype. LIRP 4499, 6, 18.1���45.7 mm SL, same data as holotype. MZUSP 41841, 1, 49.2 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Alto Araguaia, swamp at c��rrego do Rancho, rio Araguaia basin, 17��15���00���S 53��23���00���W, 24 Sep 1988, L.P.S. Portugal & M.M.A. Oliveira. MZUSP 73319, 5, 24.0��� 53.4 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Alto Araguaia, c��rrego Sapinho, km 747.64 of the Ferronorte railroad, rio Araguaia basin, 17��25���55���S 53��14���34���W, 19 May 2001, C.R. Moreira & F.C. T. Lima. Diagnosis. Cyphocharax boiadeiro differs from all congeners, except C. saladensis, C. signatus and C. spilotus, by having a distinct longitudinal dark stripe running from supracleithrum to the caudal peduncle, stripe interrupted in some specimens, and with a gradual fading of that pigmentation at the vertical line through adiposefin insertion to anterior margin of the dark mark on the caudal peduncle (Figs. 1���2) (vs. absence of such pigmentation pattern). Cyphocharax boiadeiro can be distinguished from C. saladensis by having the dark patch of pigmentation restricted to the midlateral surface of the caudal peduncle in specimens longer than 40 mm SL (vs. dark patch of pigmentation on caudal peduncle more elongate and rounded, extending anteriorly to vertical line through or anterior to adipose fin in specimens longer than 40 mm SL). Cyphocharax boiadeiro differs from C. signatus by having 13���16 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 10���12), the non-prolongation of the anal-fin rays (vs. relatively elongate anal-fin rays) and the caudal peduncle not shortened (vs. caudal peduncle relatively short). It differs from C. spilotus by having nine branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 10���12 branched dorsal-fin rays). Cyphocharax boiadeiro differs from all congeners, except C. aninha, C. gangamon, C. punctatus, C. saladensis, C. signatus and C. vexillapinnus by the presence of a truncate laterosensory system that results in specimens with incomplete pored scales that increase in larger specimens (vs. laterosensory system developed with complete lateral line). Cyphocharax boiadeiro further differs from C. laticlavius, C. modestus and C. naegelii by the presence of a rounded to horizontally elongated patch of dark pigmentation restricted to the midlateral surface of the caudal peduncle (vs. prolongation of the dark stripe of the midlateral surface of body into the caudal peduncle). Cyphocharax boiadeiro further differs from C. helleri, C. multilineatus and C. pantostictus by the presence of a single dark stripe along the midlateral surface of the body (vs. multiple series of longitudinal dark stripes or spot rows running between scale rows in the midlateral surface of the body). It can be also distinguished from C. biocellatus, C. jagunco, C. lundi, C. punctatus, C. vanderi and C. voga by the well-defined dark stripe (vs. presence of two or more dark spots along the lateral surface of body). Description. Morphometric data is presented in Table 1. Body moderately elongate. Dorsal profile of head moderately convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin; slightly convex along dorsal-fin base; straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to adipose-fin origin and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost dorsal caudal-fin procurrent ray. Ventral profile of head convex from anterior margin of lower lip to isthmus. Ventral profile of body smoothly convex from isthmus to pelvic-fin origin, convex from that point to terminus of anal-fin base and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost ventral caudal-fin procurrent ray. Prepelvic region somewhat flattened transversely. Postpelvic region of body transversely rounded. TABLE 1. Morphometric data for holotype and 25 paratypes of Cyphocharax boiadeiro. Range includes holotype and all paratypes. SD = standard deviation. Head profile rounded anteriorly, overall profile of head pointed. Upper jaw longer than lower jaw. Mouth subterminal, horizontally aligned with ventral margin of orbits. Nostrils very close; anterior nostrils circular to ovoid, posterior nostrils crescent-shaped with aperture not closed by thin flap of skin separating nares. Adipose eyelid slightly developed anterior to orbit. Dorsal fin pointed, with distal margin straight and first and second branched rays longest. Distal margin of pectoral fin slightly rounded. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaches three or four scales short of vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin profile pointed. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaches three or four scales short of analfin origin. Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin present. Anal fin emarginate, anteriormost branched rays twice length of ultimate ray. Tip of adpressed anal fin reaches one scale short of origin of ventralmost caudal-fin ray. Lateral line longitudinal scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 27 (9), 28* (12) or 29 (3). Pored scales 6 (5), 7 (2), 8 (5), 9 (2), 11 (2), or 12 (1) in specimens smaller than 30 mm SL; pored scales 10 (2), 12* (1), 18 (1), 27 (2), or 28 (1) in specimens larger than 30 mm SL; number of pored scales increasing with standard length. Continuous series of scales posterior to hypural joint 2* (17) or 3 (7). Scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 4 (1) or 5* (23). Scales in transverse series from lateral line to anal-fin origin 4* (26). Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 1* (25). Middorsal series of scales from tip of supraoccipital to dorsal-fin origin 10 (17), 11* (5), or 12 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 14 (6), 15 (5), or 16* (12). Adherent scales present over basal portions of pelvic fin; scales primarily covering last unbranched fin-ray. Dorsal-fin rays iii,9* (26), first unbranched ray very short. Anal-fin rays iii,7* (23) or iii,8 (3), first ray very short. Pelvic-fin rays i,7 (2), i,8* (21), ii,8 (2) or i,9 (1). Pectoral-fin rays i,12 (2), i,13 (4), i,14* (12) or i,15 (3). Total vertebrae 28 (4) or 29 (1). Coloration in alcohol. Ground coloration of specimens fixed in alcohol brownish; those fixed in formalin yellowish. Overall coloration of larger specimens lacking guanine on scales. Upper lip, snout, and dorsal portion of head and opercle with small, dark chromatophores; lower jaw with field of dark chromatophores, more so along margin of lower lip. Margins of scales along lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal surface of body outlined by series of small dark chromatophores, forming reticulate patern; more difuse pattern of small chromatophores imparting darker coloration on dorsal and dorsolateral regions of body. Dark pigmentation absent on scales on lateral surface of body ventral to horizontal through base of pectoral fin and on abdominal region. Deep-lying dusky stripe resulted from concentration of dark chromatophores under the midlateral scale series that run along midlateral surface of body from supracleithrum to anterior margin of the dark mark on the caudal peduncle. Stripe most evident in central region under dorsal fin. Stripe fainter from point under adipose-fin origin to anterior margin of the dark mark on the caudal peduncle. Stripe interrupted in some specimens; juveniles with low concentration of chromatophores in that region (Fig. 2). Rays of dorsal, caudal, and anal fins distinctly outlined by small, dark chromatophores. Pectoral and pelvic fins scattered by small, dark chromatophores. Adipose fin dusky. Distribution. Cyphocharax boiadeiro is only known from headwaters of the rio Araguaia, Amazon basin (Fig. 3), at the municipality of Alto Araguaia, Goi��s / Mato Grosso state boundary in central Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet boiadeiro is in reference to the rio Boiadeiro, one of the paratype localities near municipality of Alto Araguaia, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The name also honors the boiadeiros (cowboys in English and vaqueros in Spanish), cattle handlers mounted on horseback who perform multiple ranch-related tasks. Boiadeiros from central Brazil preserve their classic traditions and influenced regional lifestyles, food and music. A noun in apposition. Remarks. No synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of Cyphocharax were identified in a broad intergeneric relationships study within the Curimatidae (Vari, 1989) and the anatomical study associated to the taxonomic revision of genus (Vari, 1992). In addition, these studies could not resolve interspecific phylogenetic relationships although morphological variations associated to body and fin pigmentation, laterosensory system, and modifications in the infraorbitals provided support to putative intrageneric subunits. One of them contains 26 species of Cyphocharax (C. aninha, C. biocellatus, C. gangamon, C. gilbert, C. gillii, C. gouldingi, C. helleri, C. jagunco, C. laticlavius, C. lundi, C. meniscaprorus, C. mestomyllon, C. modestus, C. naegelii, C. oenas, C. pantostictus, C. punctatus, C. saladensis, C. santacatarinae, C. sanctigabrielis, C. signatus, C. spilotus, C. spiluropsis, C. spilurus, C. vanderi, and C. voga) that possess a patch of dark pigmentation on the midlateral surface of the caudal peduncle (Vari, 1992, Vari et al., 2012; Wosiacki & Miranda, 2013; Melo & Vari, 2014; Dutra et al., 2016) despite in absence of a phylogenetic analysis. Cyphocharax boiadeiro also shares such putative synapomorphy. Truncation of the laterosensory canal system resulting in incomplete series of pored scales is another putative synapormorphy proposed to include Cyphocharax punctatus, C. saladensis and C. vexillapinnus (Vari, 1992) supplemented by C. signatus and C. aninha (Wosiacki & Miranda, 2013). Vari (1992) extensively discussed such feature as a derived condition and concluded that the incomplete poring but ontogenetically lengthened lateral line in C. punctatus (i.e. number of pored scales increases proportionally with the size of specimens) is not homologous with the constant truncated lateral line of C. saladensis, C. vexillapinnus (Vari, 1992), C. signatus and C. aninha (Wosiacki & Miranda, 2013). The pattern observed in C. boiadeiro follows the ontogenetic lengthening as that observed in C. punctatus, and in fact in C. gangamon as well, which points to a close relationship among these species. Cyphocharax gangamon possesses incomplete lateral line in specimens of about 25 mm SL, increasing to a complete series in specimens greater than 32 mm SL (Vari, 1992), pattern comparable to C. punctatus and C. boiadeiro. Interestingly, members of this broader group (C. aninha, C. boiadeiro, C. gangamon, C. punctatus, C. saladensis, C. signatus, C. vanderi and C. vexillapinnus) contain fewer scales along the longitudinal series from supracleithrum to hypural joint (27���30, rarely 31 in C. vexillapinnus), with sole exception of C. aninha (29���35). Thus, such morphological features shared among them might support a putative monophyletic lineage., Published as part of Melo, Bruno F., 2017, Cyphocharax boiadeiro, a new species from the upper rio Araguaia, Amazon basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Curimatidae), pp. 114-120 in Zootaxa 4247 (2) on pages 115-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/438213, {"references":["Vari, R. P. (1989) A Phylogenetic Study of the Neotropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 471, 1 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.471","Vari, R. P. (1992) Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform Genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 529, 1 - 137. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.529","Vari, R. P., Sidlauskas, B. L. & Le Bail, P. - Y. (2012) New species of Cyphocharax (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from Suriname and French Guiana and a discussion of curimatid diversity on the Guiana Shield. Cybium, 36, 63 - 69.","Wosiacki, W. B. & Miranda, D. P. S. M. (2013) Description of a new small species of the genus Cyphocharax (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from the lower Amazon basin. Copeia, 2013, 627 - 633.","Melo, B. F. & Vari, R. P. (2014) New species of Cyphocharax (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from the upper rio Negro, Amazon basin. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12, 327 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20130153","Dutra, G. M., Penido, I. S., Mello, G. C. G. & Pessali, T. C. (2016) Two new species of Cyphocharax (Teleostei: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from headwaters of the Jequitinhonha and Sao Francisco river basins, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4103 (2), 154 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.2.5"]}

Curimatus albula L��tken 1874 was described from the Ribeir��o da Mata at Lagoa Santa, a tributary of Rio das Velhas, Rio S��o Francisco basin. The species validity was questioned by L��tken (1875) himself, who suggested that the species could be a synonym of Curimatus gilbert Quoy & Gaimard, a species described from the Rio Macacu, a coastal river tributary of Guanabara bay, Rio de Janeiro. That synonymy was only formally proposed by Eigenmann (1910), and followed by most subsequent authors (e. g. Nielsen, 1974; Vari, 1992), except for Fowler (1975), who erroneously listed C. albula as the senior synonym of C. gilbert. Vari (1989) posteriorly removed both nominal species from Curimatus Oken (= Curimata Bosch) reallocating them in Cyphocharax Fowler, based on the lack of synapomorphic conditions present in other valid curimatid genera. Vari (1989) considered that those nominal species belonged to a major group within Cyphocharax also including C. grandocule Fern��ndez-Y��pez, C. modestus Fern��ndez-Y��pez, C. santacatarinae Fern��ndez-Y��pez, and C. voga Hensel, based on the presence of a rhomboidal caudal pigmentation and ���random body spotting���. Later, Vari (1992) included C. grandocule along with C. albula in the synonymy of C. gilbert, and listed several characters allowing further distinction of that species from the remaining species of the group (i.e., number of vertebrae, scales in transverse series, and pigmentation characters). Among the characters involving the pigmentation pattern, Vari (1992) stressed the lack of randomly arranged dark spots on the lateral and dorsolateral surfaces of the body in C. gilbert (versus present in C. voga). Contradicting Vari (1992), the examination of type specimens of Curimatus albula revealed the presence of a series of dark blotches along the mid-lateral portion of the body (Fig. 1A���B). Although fainted, the presence of such character in C. albula was reported in the redescription of the species, and also reported in Reinhardt���s field notes (L��tken, 1875, 2010). Subsequent authors (e. g. Eigenmann, 1910; Nielsen, 1974; Vari, 1992) failed to recognize such distinguishing character from C. gilbert, which lacks those pigmentation elements on the lateral and dorsolateral surfaces of the body as diagnosed by Vari (1992). Indeed, those pigment elements are absent in specimens of C. gilbert from its type locality and throughout its distribution range along the Brazilian coastal drainages. Moreover, C. albula also differs from C. gilbert by the inconspicuous longitudinal stripe, the presence of light brown spots on the dorsal portion of flanks and the narrow, horizontally ovate caudal blotch. These findings are considered herein a refutation of the traditional synonymy between Curimatus albula and Cyphocharax gilbert, and we consider that the former should be recognized distinct from the latter, keeping the combination proposed by Vari (1989) as Cyphocharax albula. Additionally to the recognition of Cyphocharax albula as a valid species, lies the fact that C. lundi Dutra, Penido, Mello & Pessali (Fig. 1C) was also described from a tributary of the Rio das Velhas (Dutra et al., 2016). Meristic, morphometric (Table 1), and coloration pattern comparisons between type specimens of both species completely overlapped not allowing the recognition of C. lundi as a valid species. Therefore, C. albula should be kept as the valid name given its priority (ICZN Article 23). In addition to the nomenclatural changes proposed above, it is also suggested herein that the diagnosis of C. albula should be the same as that proposed by Dutra et al. (2016) to distinct its junior synonym from all congeners: the presence of 7���11 midlateral blotches along the lateral line, the presence of light brown spots on the dorsal portion of flanks; the presence of 1���2 pored scales posterior to the hypural joint; the complete lateral line; and the presence of 5���6 scales rows above lateral line. Examined material. In addition to the material examined in Dutra et al. (2016), the following specimens were examnined in the present study: Cyphocharax albula: MCNIP 807, holotype of Cyphocharax lundi, 73.7 mm SL. MCNIP 1611, paratype of Cyphocharax lundi, 1, 84.6 mm SL. MNHN 9588, paralectotypes of Curimatus albula, 2, 56.2-64.2 mm SL. MNRJ 49066, 1, 125.7 mm SL. MPEG 33715, paratype of Cyphocharax lundi, 1, 69.9 mm SL. MZUSP 73728, 1, 71.2 mm SL. MZUSP 73732, 1, 90.1 mm SL. ZMUC P241361 (formelly ZMUC 52), lectotype of Curimatus albula (only photos and X-ray), 81.7 mm SL. Cyphocharax gilbert: CAS 20352, holotype of Pseudocurimata grandocule (only photos and X-ray), 80.6 mm SL. MNHN 5430, holotype of Curimatus gilbert, 83.2 mm SL. MZUSP 1958, paratype of Pseudocurimata grandocule, 1, 121.7 mm SL., Published as part of Dutra, Guilherme Moreira, Penido, Iago De Souza, Pessali, Tiago Casarim & Netto-Ferreira, Andre Luiz, 2017, Ressurrection of Curimatus albula L��tken (Characiformes: Curimatidae), a senior synonym of Cyphocharax lundi Dutra, Penido, Mello & Pessali in Zootaxa 4344 (3) on pages 597-598, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4344.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1043815, {"references":["Lutken, C. F. (1874) Characinae novae Brasiliae centralis a clarissimo J. Reinhardt in provincia Minas-Geraes circa oppidulum Lagoa Santa in lacu ejusdem nominis, flumine Rio das Velhas et rivulis affluentibus collectae, secundum characteres essentiales breviter descriptae. Oversigl over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 3, 127 - 143.","Lutken, C. F. (1875) Velhas-Flodens Fiske et bidrag til Brasiliens ichthyologi. Danske Vidensksbernes Selskab Skrifler, Copenhagen, 12 (2), 122 - 254.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1910) Catalogue of the Freshwater Fishes of Tropical and South Temperate America. Report of the Princeton University Expedition to Patagonia, 1896 - 1899, 3 (4), 375 - 511.","Nielsen, J. G. (1974) Fish Types in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 115 pp.","Vari, R. P. (1992) Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform Genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 529, 1 - 137.","Fowler, H. W. (1975) A Catalogue of World Fishes (XXIII). Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 28 (3), 277 - 402.","Vari, R. P. (1989) A Phylogenetic Study of the Neotropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 471, 1 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.471","Lutken, C. F. (2010) PeiXes do Rio das Velhas: Uma contribuicao para a Ictiologia do Brasil. In: Alves C. B. M. & Pompeu, P. S. (Org.), Peixes do Rio das Velhas: passado e presente. Belo Horizonte, Argvmentvum, pp. 25 - 166.","Dutra, G. M., Penido, I. S., Mello, G. C. G. & Pessali, T. C. (2016) Two new species of Cyphocharax (Teleostei: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from headwaters of the Jequitinhonha and Sao Francisco river basins, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4103 (2), 154 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaXa. 4103.2.5"]}

A new species of Curimatopsis is described from the Rio Nhamunda, Amazon basin in northern Brazil. The new species is distinguished from congeners by the presence of a distinctive concentration of dark pigmentation over the entire lower lobe of the caudal fin, reticulate pattern of body pigmentation, lower jaw longer than and overlapping the anterior portion of the upper jaw, crescent-shaped posterior nostril and by morphometric and meristic data. Comments on the phylogenetic position of the new species within Curimatopsis are also provided.

Cyphocharax boiadeiro, new species, is described from the upper rio Araguaia, a tributary of the Amazon basin in central Brazil. The new species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a distinct longitudinal dark stripe from supracleithrum to the caudal peduncle and by a combination of morphometric, meristic, and pigmentation features. Morphological characters supporting putative subunits of Cyphocharax are also discussed.

Chilodontidae is a small family of eight described characiform species popularly known as headstanders. These small to moderately sized fishes are well known to aquarists, who prize their striking spotted pigmentation and unusual behaviors, and to systematists, who have revised both chilodontid genera in recent memory and studied their phylogenetic relationships using a comprehensive morphological dataset. However, no molecular phylogeny for the family has ever been proposed. Here, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for all eight known chilodontid species using three mitochondrial and two nuclear loci. Results largely agree with the previous morphological hypothesis, and confirm the monophyly of the family as well as its included genera, Caenotropus and Chilodus. The molecular topology differs slightly from the morphological hypothesis by placing Caenotropus maculosus rather than C. mestomorgmatos as the sister to the remaining three congeners, and by reconstructing the Curimatidae as the closest outgroup family, rather than the Anostomidae. However, the topologies supported by the morphological data were only slightly less likely and could not be rejected via Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests. Within Chilodus, two described species with distinctive pigmentation (C. fritillus and C. zunevei) appear embedded within the broad distributed C. punctatus clade, suggesting the presence of cryptic taxa with polymorphic pigmentation within the present concept of C. punctatus. Future work should combine morphological and molecular data to revisit the taxonomy and systematics of Chilodus and determine species limits within the C. punctatus-group sensu lato.

Dutra, Guilherme Moreira, Penido, Iago De Souza, Mello, Gabriel Caetano Guimarães De, Pessali, Tiago Casarim (2016): Two new species of Cyphocharax (Teleostei: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from headwaters of the Jequitinhonha and São Francisco river basins, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zootaxa 4103 (2): 154-164, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4103.2.5

Cyphocharax jagunco, new species (Fig. 1) Holotype. MCNIP 1612, 48.5 mm SL, Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Município Olhos D´água, Vereda Volta da Capoeira, tributary of Ribeirão da Areia, Rio Jequitinhonha drainage, 17 ° 15 ' 25.98 "S 43 ° 43 ' 35.91 "W, 0 2 Jan 2015, T. C. Pessali, I. S. Penido and J. C. Oliveira. Paratypes. All collected with the holotype. MCNIP 1613, 2, 42.7–50.8 mm SL. MPEG 33714, 1, 51.9 mm SL. Diagnosis. Cyphocharax jagunco is distinguished from congeners, except C. lundi, C. punctatus, and C. vanderi, by the presence of a midlateral series of irregular patches of dark pigmentation along the lateral line (vs. presence of a series of dark stripes or spots running between most scale rows in C. helleri, C. multilineatus, and C. pantostictus; a patch of dark pigmentation on the dorsal fin in C. notatus and C. vexillapinnus; a single midlateral stripe in C. laticlavius; a patch of dark pigmentation on the caudal peduncle in C. aninha, C. biocellatus, C. gilbert, C. gangamon, C. gillii, C. gouldingi, C. meniscaprorus, C. mestomyllon, C. modestus, C. nagelii, C. oenas, C. saladensis, C. sanctigabrieli, C. santacatarinae, C. signatus, C. spilotus, C. spiluropsis, C. spilurus and C. voga; or no pronounced pigmentation pattern on body in C. abramoides, C. aspilos, C. derhami, C. festivus, C. leucostictus, C. magdalenae, C. microcephalus, C. nigripinnis, C. platanus, C. pinnilepis, C. plumbeus and C. stilbolepis). Cyphocharax jagunco differs from C. punctatus and C. vanderi by possessing 10–17 irregular patches of dark pigmentation along lateral line, including one on the caudal peduncle (vs. 4–5 in C. punctatus and 4–6 in C. vanderi); and the 1 or 2 pored scales posterior to the hypural joint (vs. 3 or 4). Cyphocharax jagunco also differs from C. punctatus by the complete lateral line (vs. incomplete). Cyphocharax jagunco can also be distinguished from C. lundi by the absence of light brown spots above lateral line (vs. presence); the number of scales in the lateral line, 29–30 (vs. 36); and the number of scales rows above lateral line, 4 ½ or 5 (vs. 5 ½– 6 ½). Description. Morphometric data given in Table 1. Body robust. Dorsal profile of head convex from margin of upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril, nearly straight from that point to supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; slightly convex on base of dorsal fin; nearly straight from last dorsal-fin ray to adipose-fin origin and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray. Ventral profile of body convex to base of last anal-fin ray; and then concave to origin of anteriormost ventral procurrent ray. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Head compressed, greatest depth at nape. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw. Nostrils close together and separated by thin flap of skin. Anterior nostril circular, near midpoint between snout tip and anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril crescent-shaped, closer to anterior margin of eye than snout. Adipose eyelid restricted to anterior margin of eye. Eye on anterior one-half of head length. Branchial membranes joined at isthmus. Percent of head length All scales of lateral line pored with primary laterosensory canal straight. Pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 29 *(3) or 30 (1). Pored scales on basal portions of caudal fin posterior to hypural joint 1 (2) or 2 *(2). Scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 4 ½ (2) or 5 *(2). Scales in transverse series from anal-fin origin to lateral line 5 *(4). Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 1 (2) or 2 *(2). Middorsal series of scales from rear of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin 10 *(1), 11 (2) or 12 (1). Scales covering proximal portion of caudal-fin rays. Caudal-fin scales similar in size to those on posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Pectoral fin pointed, i, 12 (1), i, 13 *(2) or i, 14 (1) rays; tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching vertical through eighth scale of lateral line. Dorsal-fin pointed, ii, 9 *(4) rays; first unbranched ray about one-half length of second unbranched ray, first and second branched ray larger than others, branched rays gradually decreasing in size posteriorly. Pelvic fin emarginate, i, 8 *(4) rays. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through fourth unbranched ray of dorsal fin. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaching anus. Anal fin emarginate, ii, 7 *(4) rays; first unbranched ray about onethird length of second unbranched ray, first branched ray larger than others, subsequent branched rays gradually decreasing in size. Adipose fin present. Caudal fin forked with lobes somewhat pointed, i, 9 / 8,i*(4) rays. Coloration in alcohol. Ground color of body dark brown, becoming progressively yellowish ventrally. Dorsum densely covered by dark chromatophores. Ventrum with only scarce chromatophores. Lateral surface of body with series of 10 to 17 irregular dark blotches. Blotch on caudal peduncle horizontally elongated forming a large ovoid spot sometimes extending to base of middle caudal-fin rays. Centers of dark blotches dorsal to lateral line anterior of vertical through last dorsal-fin ray. Posterior to that point, centers of dark blotches on lateral line. Ground color of head dark brown becoming progressively yellower ventrally. Neurocranium densely covered by dark chromatophores from upper lip to horizontal through ventral margin of fourth infraorbital bone. Dark chromatophores concentrated on anterior-middle portion of operculum and becoming scarce at margins of bone. All fins overall hyaline. Dorsal and caudal fin with scattered dark chromatophores increasing in density at fin bases. Adipose fin with concentration of dark chromatophores at borders. Coloration in life. Based on a photograph of the paratype (MCNIP 1613), taken immediately after fixation (Fig. 1 b). Ground coloration of body and head golden, progressively white silvery ventrally. Scales of two or three dorsalmost rows iridescent blue. All fins overall hyaline. Distribution and habitat. Known from Vereda Volta da Capoeira, tributary of Ribeirão da Areia, Rio Jequitinhonha drainage (Fig. 2). The Vereda Volta da Capoeira is a small stream of clear water 0.4 to 0.7 meters wide and maximum depth of 0.5 meters. Its water flow slowly over a hydromorphic soil with lots of organic matter. The bed is completely shaded by herbaceous vegetation (Fig. 3). Small swampy pools can be found along its margins. The new species was collected near the headwaters, 800 m above sea level. It occurs syntopically with Astyanax aff. fasciatus, Characidium spp. and Corydoras sp. Etymology. The species name “ jagunco ” is in reference to the Portuguese term “ jagunço ”, a noun that probably derived of “jagun-jagun” from Yoruba (Africa), which means warrior. In Brazil, “ jagunço ” is equivalent to "roughneck". The species name is also an honor to the modernist Brazilian masterpiece by João Guimarães Rosa “Grande Sertão: Veredas”. The story, which is narrated and starred by a “ jagunço ”, occurs in the northern portion of Minas Gerais state, a region that includes the type locality of the species. A noun in apposition.

Cyphocharax lundi, new species (Fig. 4) Holotype. MCNIP 807, 73.7 mm SL, Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Município Confins, Karst of Lagoa Santa, Córrego Capão de Santana, tributary of Córrego do Jaques, itself a tributary of the Rio das Velhas, Rio São Francisco drainage, 19 ° 36 ’ 55.61 ”S 43 ° 57 ’ 20.46 ”W, 0 6 Nov 2012, G. C. G. Mello and A. A. Rodrigues. Paratype. All from Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Karst of Lagoa Santa, Córrego Capão de Santana, tributary of Córrego do Jaques, itself a tributary of the Rio das Velhas, Rio São Francisco drainage. MCNIP 1611, 1, 84.6 mm SL, Município Lagoa Santa, 19 ° 36 ’ 10.8 ”S 43 ° 56 ’ 22.54 ”W, 30 Oct 2011, G. C. G. Mello and J. S. Saliba. MPEG 33715, 1, 69.9 mm SL, Município Confins, 19 ° 36 ’ 55.61 ”S 43 ° 57 ’ 20.46 ”W, 12 Apr 2012, G. C. G. Mello and A. A. Rodrigues. Diagnosis. Cyphocharax lundi is distinguished from congeners, except C. jagunco, C. punctatus, and C. vanderi by the presence of a midlateral series of irregular patches of dark pigmentation along the lateral line (vs. presence of a series of dark stripes or spots running between most scale rows in C. helleri, C. multilineatus, and C. pantostictus; a patch of dark pigmentation on the dorsal fin in C. notatus and C. vexillapinnus; a single midlateral stripe in C. laticlavius; a patch of dark pigmentation on caudal peduncle in C. aninha, C. biocellatus, C. gilbert, C. gangamon, C. gillii, C. gouldingi, C. meniscaprorus, C. mestomyllon, C. modestus, C. nagelii, C. oenas, C. saladensis, C. sanctigabrieli, C. santacatarinae, C. signatus, C. spilotus, C. spiluropsis, C. spilurus and C. voga; or no pronounced pigmentation pattern on body in C. abramoides, C. aspilos, C. derhami, C. festivus, C. leucostictus, C. magdalenae, C. microcephalus, C. nigripinnis, C. platanus, C. pinnilepis, C. plumbeus and C. stilbolepis). Cyphocharax lundi differs from C. jagunco, C. punctatus and C. vanderi by the presence of light brown spots above lateral line (vs. absence); and the number of scales in the lateral line, 36 (vs. 29–30 in C. jagunco, 27–30 in C. punctatus, and 27–29 in C. vanderi). It is further distinguished from C. punctatus and C. vanderi by possessing 7–11 irregular patches of dark pigmentation along the lateral line, including the caudal-peduncle spot (vs. 4–5 in C. punctatus and 4–6 in C. vanderi); the 1–2 pored scales posterior to the hypural joint (vs. 3 or 4). Cyphocharax lundi also differs from C. punctatus by the presence of lateral line complete (vs. incomplete). It is further distinguished from C. vanderi by the number of scales rows above lateral line, 5 ½– 6 ½ (vs. 4 ½). Cyphocharax lundi also distinguished from C. jagunco by the number of scales rows above lateral line, 5 ½– 6 ½ (vs. 4 ½ or 5). Description. Morphometric data given in Table 1. Body elongate. Dorsal profile of head convex from margin of upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril, nearly straight from that point to supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to base of last dorsal-fin ray; nearly straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to adipose-fin origin and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray. Ventral profile of body convex to base of last anal-fin ray; and then concave to origin of anteriormost ventral procurrent ray. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Head compressed, greatest depth at nape. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw very slightly longer than lower jaw. Nostrils place close together and separated by thin flap of skin. Anterior nostril circular, closer to snout tip than to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril crescent-shaped; near midpoint between snout tip and anterior margin of eye. Nostrils separated by thin flap of skin. Adipose eyelid restricted to anterior margin of eye. Eye on middle of head length, laterally oriented. Branchial membranes joined at isthmus. All scales of lateral line pored with primary laterosensory canal straight. Pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 35 (1) or 36 *(2). Pored scales on basal portions of caudal fin posterior to hypural joint 1 (1) or 2 *(1). Scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 5 ½(2) or 6 ½*(1). Scales in transverse series from anal-fin origin to lateral line 4 (1), 5 *(1) or 5 ½(1). Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 1 *(2) or 2 (1). Middorsal series of scales from rear of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin 12 (1) or 13 *(2). Scales covering proximal portion of caudal-fin rays. Caudal fin scales similar in size to those on posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Pectoral fin pointed, i, 13 *(1), i, 14 (1) or i, 15 (1) rays; tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin pointed, ii, 9 *(3) rays; first unbranched ray about one-half length of second unbranched ray, second unbranched ray and first branched ray larger than others, branched rays gradually decreasing in size. Pelvic fin emarginated, i, 8 *(3) rays. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through fifth branched ray of dorsal fin. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaching one scale short of anus. Anal fin emarginated, ii, 7 *(3) rays; first unbranched ray about one-third length of second unbranched ray, first branched ray larger than others, subsequent branched rays gradually decreasing in size. Adipose fin present. Caudal fin forked, lobes somewhat pointed, i, 9 / 8,i*(3) rays. Coloration in alcohol. Ground color of body light brown, becoming progressively white silvery ventrally. Body overall covered by dark chromatofores from dorsum becoming scarcely ventrally. Laterodorsal region of body with small light brown spots, irregular in shape, from point immediately posterior of head to caudal peduncle. Lateral surface of body with series of 7 to 11 irregular dark blotches. Last blotch on caudal peduncle horizontally elongated forming a large ovoid spot sometimes extending to base of middle caudal-fin rays. Centers of blotches typically near or slightly above lateral line. Ground color of head light brown becoming progressively lighter ventrally. Neurocranium covered by chromatophores from upper lip to fourth or fifth infraorbitals bone and middle of operculum. Infraorbitals, operculum and suboperculum silvery retaining guanine. All fins overall hyaline. Dorsal and caudal fin scattered dark chromatophores increasing in density at fin base. Adipose fin with concentration of dark chromatophores at borders. Coloration in life. Based on a photograph of the paratype (MCNIP 1611), taken immediately after fixation (Fig. 4 B). Ground coloration of body and head yellowish silver. All fins overall hyaline. Distribution and habitat. Known from Karst of Lagoa Santa, Córrego Capão de Santana, tributary of Córrego do Jaques, itself a tributary of the Rio das Velhas, Rio São Francisco drainage (Fig. 2). The Córrego Capão de Santana is a surface drainage of the karst area of Lagoa Santa with approximately 5.0 meters wide and maximum depth of 1.6 meters. It is characterized by murky waters of moderate flow, sandy substrate with small size pebbles, and vegetation on its margins (Fig. 5). Cyphocharax lundi occurs syntopically with 18 other species, among them: Astyanax cf. bockmanni, Astyanax fasciatus, Hyphessobrycon santae, Lepidocharax burnsi, Piabina argentea, Poecilia reticulata, Rhamdia aff. quelen and Rhamdiopsis microcephala. Etymology. The specific epithet “ lundi ” is in honor to the Danish naturalist Peter W. Lund (1801–1880), in recognition to his contributions in paleontology, archeology, zoology and speleology. Lund made his major scientific discoveries in the karst area of Lagoa Santa, which includes the type locality of this species. A noun in the genitive case.

Dutra, Guilherme Moreira, Penido, Iago De Souza, Pessali, Tiago Casarim, Netto-Ferreira, Andre Luiz (2017): Ressurrection of Curimatus albula Lütken (Characiformes: Curimatidae), a senior synonym of Cyphocharax lundi Dutra, Penido, Mello & Pessali. Zootaxa 4344 (3): 597-600, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1043815, {"references":["Dutra, G.M., Penido, I.S., Mello, G.C.G. & Pessali, T.C. (2016) Two new species of Cyphocharax (Teleostei: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from headwaters of the Jequitinhonha and Sao Francisco river basins, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4103 (2), 154-164.","https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaXa.4103.2.5","Eigenmann, C.H. (1910) Catalogue of the Freshwater Fishes of Tropical and South Temperate America. Report of the Princeton University Expedition to Patagonia, 1896-1899, 3 (4), 375-511.","Lutken, C.F. (1874) Characinae novae Brasiliae centralis a clarissimo J. Reinhardt in provincia Minas-Geraes circa oppidulum Lagoa Santa in lacu ejusdem nominis, flumine Rio das Velhas et rivulis affluentibus collectae, secundum characteres essentiales breviter descriptae. Oversigl over det Kongelige Danske Fidenskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 3, 127-143.","Lutken, C.F. (1875) Velhas-Flodens Fiske et bidrag til Brasiliens ichthyologi. Danske Fidensksbernes Selskab Skrifler, Copenhagen, 12 (2), 122-254.","Lutken, C.F. (2010) PeiXes do Rio das Velhas: Uma contribuicao para a Ictiologia do Brasil. In: Alves C.B.M. & Pompeu, P.S. (Org.), Peixes do Rio das Felhas: passado e presente. Belo Horizonte, Argvmentvum, pp. 25-166.","Fowler, H.W. (1975) A Catalogue of World Fishes (XXIII). Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 28 (3), 277-402.","Nielsen, J.G. (1974) Fish Types in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 115 pp.","Vari, R.P. (1989) A Phylogenetic Study of the Neotropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 471, 1-71.","https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.471","Vari, R.P. (1992) Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform Genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 529, 1-137."]}

The ultrastructure and histology of teeth of members of the order Characiformes, in conjunction with the examination of cleared and stained sections and teeth, revealed characters pertinent to understanding the relationships among the Anostomoidea (Curimatidae, Prochilodontidae, Anostomidae, and Chilodontidae), Hemiodontidae, and Parodontidae. The superimposition of these characters onto cladograms of Characiform phylogeny based on morphological and molecular characters confirmed the monophyly of the Anostomoidea, but resulted in conflicting interpretations concerning the relationships of the Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae.

Cyphocharax gilbert shows parasitic castration when infested by the crustacean Riggia paranensis, being unable to reproduce. Fish were sampled in the middle rio Itabapoana, Brazil, to study the prevalence of parasitism, growth, and sex steroid concentrations, considering the body size, sex, and reproductive condition of specimens. Most of the fish analyzed were infested (56.0%). The presence of two lines on the scales was more frequent among infested fish (22.0%) than among fish without parasites (12.0% for females and 10.0% for males). The occurrence of three lines on the scales was rare (3.5% among infested and 2.0% among females without parasites). These results suggest that growth of the host is faster than that of non infested fish. The serum concentrations of sex steroids from fish without parasites varied at different gonadal development stages (17 beta-estradiol: 60.0 to 976.7 pg/ml; total testosterone: 220.0 to 3,887.7 pg/ml). All infested fish had lower levels of the two sex steroids and undeveloped gonads. Sex steroids levels in infested females were close to those in females at post-spawning stages. Total testosterone concentrations of infested males were below those of males at early gonadal maturation stage. These results suggest that R. paranensis reduces the reproductive capacity of C. gilbert by affecting the host endocrine system. Cyphocharax gilbert exibe castração parasitária quando está infestado pelo crustáceo Riggia paranensis, estando impossibilitado de reproduzir. Os peixes foram coletados no trecho médio do rio Itabapoana, Brasil, para analisar a prevalência do parasitismo, quantificar crescimento e as concentrações de esteróides sexuais, considerando o tamanho do corpo, o sexo e a condição reprodutiva dos espécimes. A maioria dos peixes analisados estava infestada (56,0%). A presença de duas linhas em escamas foi mais freqüente entre os peixes infestados (22,0%) que entre os peixes não infestados (12,0% para as fêmeas e 10,0% para os machos). A presença de três linhas na escama foi rara (3,5% entre os peixes infestados e 2,0% entre as fêmeas não infestadas). Estes resultados sugerem que o crescimento no hospeideiro pode ser mais rapido que no peixes não parasitados. As concentrações de esteróides sexuais no soro dos peixes não infestados variaram entre os diferentes estágios reprodutivos (17 beta-estradiol: 60,0 a 976,7 pg/ml; total testosterona: 220,0 a 3.887,7 pg/ml). Todos os peixes infestados apresentaram baixos níveis dos dois hormônios esteroidais e ausência de desenvolvimento gonadal. Os níveis de esteróides sexuais nas fêmeas infestadas foram próximos aos níveis encontrados nas fêmeas pós-desovadas. A concentração de testosterona encontrada nos machos infestados foi inferior àquela obtida nos machos que estavam iniciando o desenvolvimento gonadal. Estes resultados sugerem que R. paranensis impede a reprodução de C. gilbert, afetando o sistema endócrino do hospedeiro.

Laan, Richard Van Der, Eschmeyer, William N., Fricke, Ronald (2014): Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa 3882 (2): 1-230, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1

The overall most parsimonious hypothesis of relationships based on 200 characters indicates that the Alestidae is the closest relative of Chalceus, a genus previously assigned to the Neotropical Characidae. Chalceus is shifted into the Alestidae, which becomes the only trans-Atlantic family level group within the Characiformes. Various previously proposed suprageneric assemblages within the Alestidae (e.g. Petersiini) failed to delimit monophyletic groups under the intrafamilial phylogenetic analysis. The evaluation of fossil alestids within the context of the phylogeny indicates that the ancestors of Alestes, Arnoldichthys, Brycinus, Bryconaethiops and Hydrocynus evolved prior to the early Eocene (Cuisian of Upper Ypresian), 49–54.8 million years ago, with the fossil Alestoides most closely related to Alestes. The phylogenetic information further indicates a minimum age of 90–112 million years for the Alestidae. Contrary to previous hypotheses, the fossil African Sindacharax was found to be most similar to the clade including the alestid genus Bryconaethiops rather than most closely related to the South American subfamily Serrasalminae. Evaluation of the fossil Mahengecharax carrolli fails to support its hypothesized placement as the sister group to all Recent members of the Alestidae. Two separate episodes of miniaturization and one episode of gigantism occurred within the evolution of the Alestidae. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 145, 1−144. No claim to original US government works.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-02T12:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-04-01Bitstream added on 2015-02-02T13:08:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252014000200327.pdf: 463403 bytes, checksum: 28513caa36a714be0776cc48617be20e (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Uma espécie nova de Cyphocharax, Curimatidae, aparentemente endêmica das águas escuras do rio Negro, bacia amazônica no norte do Brasil, é descrita. A espécie nova é prontamente distinguida de suas congêneres pela presença de uma mancha escura distintamente alongada longitudinalmente e posteriormente expandida na vertical ao longo da superfície lateral do pedúnculo caudal, sendo estendida da base dos raios medianos da nadadeira caudal até a linha vertical do término da nadadeira adiposa. Adicionalmente, a espécie nova difere de todas as congêneres nos detalhes do corpo, pigmentação das nadadeiras e nas proporções merísticas e morfométricas. As evidências para alocação da espécie no gênero Cyphocharax e a ocorrência de outras espécies de Curimatidae aparentemente endêmicas do alto rio Negro são discutidas. A new species of Cyphocharax, Curimatidae, apparently endemic to the blackwater upper rio Negro of the Amazon basin in northern Brazil, is described. The new species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a distinctly longitudinally elongate, posteriorly vertically expanding patch of dark pigmentation along the midlateral surface of the caudal peduncle, with the patch extending from the base of the middle caudal-fin rays anteriorly past the vertical through the posterior terminus of the adipose fin. The new species additionally differs from all congeners in details of body and fin pigmentation and meristic and morphometric ratios. Evidence for the assignment of the species to Cyphocharax and the occurrence of other species of the Curimatidae apparently endemic to the upper rio Negro catchment is discussed. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Department of Vertebrate Zoology Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes

Cyphocharax sanctigabrielis, new species Fig. 1 Holotype. MZUSP 115004, 60.7 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas, S��o Gabriel da Cachoeira, Igarap�� Nouba Uba, near BR-307 road, upper rio Negro, Amazon basin, 00��00.321���N 66��55.357���W, 9 Aug 2008, C. Oliveira, M. I. Taylor, M. A. Alexandrou & J. I. R. Porto. Paratypes. LBP 6963, 6, 44.3-67.0 mm SL (tissues 33399 and 33400); collected with holotype. Diagnosis. Cyphocharax sanctigabrielis is distinguished from all other species of Cyphocharax by the presence on the lateral surface of the caudal peduncle of a distinct, longitudinally elongate, posteriorly often vertically expanded, darkly pigmented mark extending anteriorly from the base of the median caudal-fin rays to the vertical through the posterior limit of the base of the adipose fin. Dark pigmentation on the caudal peduncle is absent in C. abramoides, C. aspilos, C. derhami, C. festivus, C. leucostictus, C. magdalenae, C. microcephalus, C. multilineatus, C. nigripinnis, C. notatus, C. pinnilepis, C. plumbeus, C. stilbolepis, and C. vexillapinnus. When present, the dark pigmentation in that region in other congeners can alternatively be rotund (C. gangamon, C. gillii, C. gouldingi, C. helleri, C. mestomyllon, C. oenas, C. punctatus, C. spiluropsis, and C. vanderi), somewhat triangular with its posterior border darker (C. meniscaprorus), a vertically oriented ellipsoid (C. aninha), in the form of an elongate stripe (C. laticlavius, C. modestus, C. nagelii, and C. pantostictus) or longitudinally ovoid but terminating anteriorly distinctly posterior to the vertical through the posterior limit of the base of the adipose fin (C. biocellatus, C. gilbert, C. saladensis, C. santacatarinae, C. signatus, C. spilotus, C. spilurus, and C. voga). Cyphocharax sanctigabrielis can be further diagnosed from various congeners by the absence of a series of dark stripes or spots running between the scale rows (vs. the presence of such dark pigmentation in C. helleri, C. multilineatus, and C. pantostictus), the absence of two to eight dark spots distributed along the midlateral surface of the body (vs. the presence of such pigmentation in C. biocellatus, C. punctatus, and C. vanderi), the absence of a patch of dark pigmentation on the dorsal or adipose fins (vs. the presence of such pigmentation in C. nigripinnis, C. notatus and C. vexillapinnus) and a non-fleshy upper lip (vs. lip very fleshy in C. mestomyllon). Cyphocharax sanctigabrielis can be meristically further distinguished from various other congeners by the possession of 31 pored scales along the lateral line from the supracleithrum to the hypural joint (vs. four to nine pored scales in C. aninha, C. saladensis and C. signatus, 27 in C. vanderi, 27 or 28 in C. gangamon and in sum 32 to 97 in C. abramoides, C. aspilos, C. gilbert, C. leucostictus, C. magdalenae, C. nagelii, C. nigripinnis, C. pinnilepis, C. platanus, C. santacatarinae, C. stilbolepis, and C. voga), the presence of 9 branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 10 to 12 in C. spilotus), and the possession of 30 or 31 vertebrae (vs. 28 or 29 in C. vanderi and 32 to 37 in C. abramoides, C. aspilos, C. gilbert, C. modestus, C. nagelii, C. notatus, C. platanus, C. santacatarinae, C. stilbolepis, and C. voga). Morphometric ratios and counts serve to further discriminate C. sanctigabrielis from various congeners (for comparative data see Vari, 1992a; Vari & Blackledge, 1996; Vari & Chang, 2006; Vari et al., 2010, 2012). Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Body moderately elongate; elongation more pronounced in larger specimens. Dorsal profile of head convex from margin of upper lip to vertical through anterior nares, nearly straight from that point to posterior terminus of head. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight to slightly convex and posteroventrally-slanted from base of last dorsal-fin ray to adipose-fin origin and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray. Dorsal surface of body with barely apparent median ridge anterior to dorsal-fin base and transversely rounded posterior to fin base. Ventral profile of head very slightly convex to nearly straight from margin of lower lip to isthmus. Ventral profile of body smoothly convex from isthmus to pelvic-fin origin, convex from that point to rear of anal-fin base and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost ventral procurrent ray. Prepelvic region smoothly flattened transversely, with midventral series of scales comparable in size to those on adjoining portions of body. Postpelvic region of body transversely rounded. Dorsal fin pointed, with distal margin straight and first and second branched rays longest. Pectoral-fin profile pointed. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin falls four or five scales short of vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin profile pointed. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin falls one or two scales short of anus. Caudal fin forked with tips of lobes somewhat pointed. Adipose fin well developed. Anal fin emarginate with first branched ray longest and about three times length of ultimate ray. Tip of adpressed anal fin falls five or six scales short of point of origin of ventral most caudal-fin ray. Head profile anteriorly pointed overall from lateral view, but rounded in region of mouth and snout. Upper jaw very slightly longer than lower jaw with mouth slightly subterminal or jaws equal. Nostrils very close; anterior circular to ovoid, posterior crescent-shaped with aperture closed by thin flap of skin separating nostrils. Adipose eyelid well developed and extending posteriorly onto anterodorsal portion of opercle. Smaller specimens with central aperture in adipose eyelid round and approximately corresponding to limits of pupil. Opening in larger individuals vertically-ovoid with eyelid overlapping anterior and posterior portions of pupil. All scales of lateral line pored with primary laterosensory canal straight. Pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 31* (7). Pored scales on basal portions of caudal fin posterior to hypural joint 2* (5) or 3 (2). Scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 5* (6) or 5�� (1). Scales in transverse series from anal-fin origin to lateral line 4*(3), 4�� (3) or 5 (1). Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 2* (6) or 3 (1). Middorsal series of scales from rear of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin 9* (6) or 10 (1). Smaller individuals lacking scales over caudal-fin lobes. Midsized and larger specimens with field of adherent scales continuing posteriorly onto basal portion of each caudal-fin lobe. Anterior scales similar in size to those on posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Adherent scales present over basal portions of pelvic fin; scales primarily covering last unbranched fin-ray. Dorsal-fin rays iii,9* (7), with first unbranched ray very short. Anal-fin rays ii,7* (3) or iii,7 (4), with first ray very short when three unbranched rays present. Pelvic-fin rays ii, 9* (7). Pectoral-fin rays 14 (1) or 15* (6). Total vertebrae 30 (1) or 31* (6). Coloration in alcohol. Ground coloration of specimens fixed in alcohol brownish; those fixed in formalin yellowish. Overall coloration of larger specimens retaining guanine on scales silvery or silvery golden. Dusky surface coloration darker on dorsal portion of head; head dusky dorsolaterally and light colored ventrally. Chromatophores on postorbital region of head slightly larger than those on snout other than in area posterior of orbit overlapped by adipose eyelid. Overall pigmentation of that portion of postorbital region consequently somewhat lighter than that of adjoining areas. Dusky surface coloration darker on dorsal and dorsolateral regions of body. Ground coloration of body more yellowish ventrally. Dusky surface coloration darker on dorsal and dorsolateral regions of body. Ground coloration of body more yellowish ventrally. Deep-lying, dark chromatophores forming faint, dusky midlateral stripe on body. Stripe most evident posterior of vertical through base of ultimate dorsal-fin ray and with posterior section of stripe slightly expanded vertically. Stripe continues to anterior margin of patch of dark pigmentation on midlateral surface of caudal peduncle. Middorsal region of body with series of small dark chromatophores running from tip of supraoccipital spine to anterior border of adipose fin, darker than adjoining areas. Scales on dorsal and dorsolateral regions of body with dark central regions. Light versus dark regions cumulatively forming overall reticulate pattern on those portions of body. Dark chromatophores sparsely distributed over central portion of exposed region of scales but more concentrated anteriorly. Dark pigmentation absent on scales on lateral surface of body ventral to horizontal through base of pectoral fin and also on abdomen. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins somewhat dusky, with ray margins outlined by small, dark chromatophores. Dark pigmentation most developed distally on caudal-fin lobes, dorsal fin, and anterior rays of anal fin. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline overall, but with rays outlined by small, dark chromatophores. Adipose fin speckled with small dark chromatophores. Distribution. Cyphocharax sanctigabrielis is presently known from the upper rio Negro, Amazon basin (Fig. 2). The type locality, Igarap�� Nouba Uba (Fig. 3) empties into the rio Negro upriver of the city of S��o Gabriel da Cachoeira. Habitat notes. The Igarap�� Nouba Uba (Fig. 3) is a shallow (30-50 cm), slow-flowing stream over fine and sand substrate within a well-preserved forested setting with the stream borders lined with grasses and rushes. Etymology. The species name, sanctigabrielis, is in reference to the munic��pio de S��o Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas State, within which the new species was discovered. Generic placement. As presently defined, Cyphocharax is delimited by the combination of the possession of the synapomorphies for a quadritomy formed by that genus, Curimatella, Pseudocurimata and Steindachnerina in conjunction with the absence of the synapomorphies diagnostic for each of those three other genera (Vari, 1989a, 1989c, 1991, 1992a, 1992b). The absence of identified derived features common to the species of Cyphocharax leaves open the possibility that the closest relatives of Cyphocharax sanctigabrielis (and likely some other species in Cyphocharax) lie with one of Curimatella, Pseudocurimata, and Steindachnerina rather than with their nominal congeners. That possibility notwithstanding, Cyphocharax sanctigabrielis lacks the externally obvious synapomorphies present in Curimatella (Vari, 1989a: 58, 1992b: 4), Pseudocurimata (Vari, 1989c: 3) and Steindachnerina (Vari, 1989: 58; 1991: 23). In the absence of such derived features, the new species is assigned to Cyphocharax under the present definition of that genus., Published as part of Melo, Bruno F. & Vari, Richard P., 2014, New species of Cyphocharax (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from the upper rio Negro, Amazon basin, pp. 327-332 in Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2) on pages 328-331, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130153, http://zenodo.org/record/4551205, {"references":["Vari, R. P. 1989 a. A phylogenetic study of the Neotropical characiform family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 471: 1 - 71."]}

The Itupararanga Reservoir is located at the Sorocaba River Basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. Five cities use the waters of this reservoir for human consumption. Despite this intensive use of the water resource, no study has been undertaken on the ichthyofauna of this reservoir. Collections were performed in nine sampling stations, where each three were located in the riverine, transitional and lacustrine zones. Fish specimens were collected using eight monofilament gillnets of 10 m length each, with varied mesh sizes, in the rainy and dry seasons, which corresponded to our spatial scale of analysis. Overall, 14 species of fish were identified, with the highest contribution from Characidae and Curimatidae. The most abundant species were: the "lambari", Astyanax fasciatus, the "saguiru", Cyphocharax modestus, the "lambari bocarra", Oligosarcus paranaensis, and the "mandi", Iheringichthys labrosus. Diversity tended to be higher during the dry season, although the difference was not statistically significant. Cluster analysis identified four season sampling groups differentiated by within-season distribution of species. Mantel’s test showed that this distribution was little affected by environmental factors, suggesting that biotic factors were more important in determining the species distribution within the reservoir. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 2005-2020. Epub 2008 December 12.El embalse Itupararanga está localizado en la cuenca del río Sorocaba, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, donde cinco ciudades usan sus aguas para consumo humano. A pesar del uso intensivo del recurso agua, ningún estudio se ha llevado a cabo para investigar la ictiofauna de este embalse. Recolectamos los peces en estación seca y lluviosa, en nueve estaciones de muestreo, tres estaciones en cada zona (riverina, transicional y lacustrina). los peces se recolectaron con ocho atarrayas de un filamento de 10 m cada una. En total, hallamos 14 especies de peces, con la contribución más alta de Characidae y Curimatidae. las especies más abundantes fueron: el "lambari", Astyanax fasciatus, el "saguiru", Cyphocharax modestus, el "lambari bocarra", Oligosarcus paranaensis, y el "mandi", Iheringichthys labrosus. la diversidad tendió a ser mayor durante la estación seca, aunque la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. El análisis identificó cuatro grupos de estaciones de muestreo diferenciadas con base en la distribución de especies dentro de cada estación. la prueba de Mantel mostró que esta distribución fue poco afectada por factores ambientales, lo que sugiere que los factores bióticos fueron más importantes al determinar la distribución de especies dentro del embalse.

Family Curimatidae Curimatorbis platanus (Günther) Dolichorchis bonariensis Ostrowski de Núñez, 1970

Cremonte, Florencia, Drago, Fabiana B. (2007): Checklist of digenean parasites of birds from Argentina. Zootaxa 1403: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273687

One hundred and seventy-six determined species and 39 undetermined species of copepods associated with 179 marine and freshwater fish species from Brazil are listed, including information about the site of infection, host habitat, localities and references. Also, a host-parasite list is included herein.

Cyphocharax gilbert infested by Riggia paranensis shows parasitic castration. The prevalence of parasitism in C. gilbert varied among different environments, being higher in the middle rio Itabapoana. Fish were collected monthly using two cast nets (thrown 30 times during the day) and gillnets kept in the river during 12 hour, from sunset to sunrise, between September 1997 and August 2000. Infestation pattern was investigated on 1358 specimens. Most of them were infested (57.9%), with one or two parasites; the majority (62.9%) was collected during the rainy season (spring-summer). The parasite did not show preference for sex or size of hosts. A total of 91.5% of the 511 examined parasites had a body size that represented 10.1% to 20% of host standard length. The reproductive condition of 311 specimens of R. paranensis was analyzed checking the presence of oocytes in the ovarian and eggs or embryos in the marsupium. Nearly 73% of them were at reproductive phase, and had a body size that represented 5.1% to 20% of host standard length. The size of the immature parasites varied from 0.1% to 5% of the host size. The results suggest that R. paranensis may adopt a fast growth rate strategy and increase the investment in reproduction when they occupy most of the host's pericardial space. Cyphocharax gilbert infestado por Riggia paranensis apresenta castração parasitária. A prevalência do parasito varia entre diferentes ambientes, sendo maior no trecho médio do rio Itabapoana. Os peixes foram coletados mensalmente neste rio usando duas tarrafas (lançadas por 30 vezes durante o dia) e redes de espera por 12 horas, do crepúsculo ao amanhecer, entre setembro de 1997 e agosto de 2000. O padrão de infestação foi investigado em 1358 peixes. Peixes infestados apresentaram um ou dois parasitos, representando 57,9% da população e a maioria deles (62,9%) foi coletada no período de maior precipitação (primavera-verão). O parasito não apresentou preferência por sexo ou tamanho do hospedeiro. No total, 91,5% de 511 parasitos examinados apresentaram um tamanho corpóreo que representou de 10,1% a 20% do comprimento padrão do hospedeiro. A condição reprodutiva em 311 espécimes R. paranensis foi analisada através da presença de oócitos no ovário e ovos ou embriões no marsúpio, sendo que cerca de 73% estavam em fase de reprodução, apresentando um tamanho corporal que variou entre 5,1% a 20% do comprimento padrão do hospedeiro. O tamanho dos parasitos imaturos variou de 0,1% a 5% do tamanho do hospedeiro. Os resultados sugerem que R. paranensis pode adotar uma estratégia de rápido crescimento e deve aumentar o investimento em reprodução quando ocupa grande parte do espaço disponível na cavidade pericardial do hospedeiro.

The fish community of the Solimões floodplain lakes was studied by bimonthly samples taken from May 2001 to April 2002. These were carried out at lakes Maracá (03º51'33"S, 62º35'08,6"W), Samaúma (03º50'42,1"S, 61º39'49,3"W), and Sumaúma and Sacambú (03º17'11,6"S and 60º04'31,4"W), located between the town of Coari and the confluence of the Solimões and Negro rivers. Collections were done with 15 gillnets of standardized dimensions with several mesh sizes. We collected 1,313 animals distributed in 77 species, belonging to 55 genera of 20 families and 5 orders. Characiformes was the most abundant Order, with a larger number of representatives in the Serrasalmidae and Curimatidae. The most abundant species in the samplings were Psectrogaster rutiloides (132 individuals), Pigocentrus nattereri (115 individuals), and Serrasalmus elongatus (109 individuals). Lakes Samaúma, Sacambú, and Sumaúma were adjusted to logarithmic and lognormal series. The diversity exhibited an inverse gradient to the river flow, showing the highest diversity at Lake Sumaúma, followed by Samaúma, Sacambú, and Maracá. Species richness estimated through the jackknife technique ranged from 78 to 107 species. O estudo das comunidades de peixes dos lagos de várzea do Rio Solimões foi realizado no trecho compreendido entre o município de Coari e a confluência com o Rio Negro, nos Lagos Maracá (03º51'33"S e 62º35'08,6"W), Samaúma (03º50'42,1"S e 61º39'49,3"W), Sumaúma e Sacambú (03º17'11,6"S e 60º04'31,4"W), no período de maio de 2001 a abril de 2002, por meio de coletas bimensais realizadas com 15 redes de espera de dimensões padronizadas, com diversos tamanhos de malhas. Foram capturados 1.313 indivíduos distribuídos em 77 espécies, pertencentes a 55 gêneros de 20 famílias e 5 ordens. Characiformes foi a ordem mais abundante, com maior número de representantes nas famílias Serrasalmidae e Curimatidae. As espécies mais freqüentes foram: branquinha Psectrogaster rutiloides, com 132 indivíduos, piranhas Pigocentrus nattereri, com 115 indivíduos, e Serrasalmus elongatus, com 109 indivíduos. Os Lagos Samaúma, Sacambú e Sumaúma ajustaram-se aos modelos Série Logarítmica e Lognormal. O Lago Sumaúma apresentou maior diversidade, seguido de Samaúma, Sacambú e Maracá. A riqueza de espécies estimada oscila entre 78 e 107 espécies.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:43:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252003000100004.pdf: 700900 bytes, checksum: f2ea0d18314a855229cbb444dd228605 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:43:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252003000100004.pdf: 700900 bytes, checksum: f2ea0d18314a855229cbb444dd228605 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1679-62252003000100004.pdf: 700900 bytes, checksum: f2ea0d18314a855229cbb444dd228605 (MD5) S1679-62252003000100004.pdf.txt: 41791 bytes, checksum: 49b9c42305b1034cd87016d8bc869690 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:51:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1679-62252003000100004.pdf: 700900 bytes, checksum: f2ea0d18314a855229cbb444dd228605 (MD5) S1679-62252003000100004.pdf.txt: 41791 bytes, checksum: 49b9c42305b1034cd87016d8bc869690 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:51:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1679-62252003000100004.pdf: 700900 bytes, checksum: f2ea0d18314a855229cbb444dd228605 (MD5) S1679-62252003000100004.pdf.txt: 41791 bytes, checksum: 49b9c42305b1034cd87016d8bc869690 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-01 A espermiogênese nas espécies Steindachnerina insculpta, Cyphocharax gillii, C. modestus, C. spilotus e Potamorhina altamazonica de Curimatidae é caracterizada pelo desenvolvimento lateral do flagelo, rotação do núcleo, formação excêntrica da fossa nuclear e cromatina compactada em fibras espessas. Estes espermatozóides exibem uma cabeça esférica contendo um núcleo com cromatina altamente condensada em fibras espessas com pequenas áreas eletronlúcidas, e sem acrossoma. A fossa nuclear é do tipo moderado e excêntrico, penetrada pelo complexo centriolar. A peça média é pequena, tem muitas vesículas alongadas e um curto canal citoplasmático. Mitocôndrias podem ser alongadas, ramificadas ou em forma de C, e são separadas do segmento inicial do axonema pelo canal citoplasmático. O flagelo contém a estrutura clássica do axonema (9+2) e tem um compartimento membranoso na região inicial; não possui expansões laterais (fins). Somente pequenas diferenças foram observadas entre as espécies e gêneros analisados de Curimatidae. A espermiogênese e os espermatozóides de Curimatidae têm muitas das características encontradas em quase todas as outras espécies de Characiformes. Por outro lado, a presença de um compartimento membranoso na região inicial do flagelo dos curimatídeos, uma estrutura comum nos espermatozóides de muitos cipriniformes, é desconhecida em outros characiformes. Discute-se sobre a espermiogênese e espermatozóides de Characiformes. Spermiogenesis in the curimatid species, Steindachnerina insculpta, Cyphocharax gillii, C. modestus, C. spilotus, and Potamorhina altamazonica, is characterized by lateral development of the flagellum, nuclear rotation, eccentric nuclear fossa formation, and chromatin compacted into thick fibers. These spermatozoa exhibit a spherical head containing a nucleus with the chromatin highly condensed into thick fibers with small electron-lucent areas, and no acrosome. The nuclear fossa is of the moderate type and eccentric and penetrated by the centriolar complex. The midpiece is small, has many elongate vesicles, and a short cytoplasmic channel. Mitochondria may be elongate, branched or C-shaped, and are separated from the initial segment of the axoneme by the cytoplasmic channel. The flagellum contains the classical axoneme structure (9+2) and has a membranous compartment in the initial region; it does not have lateral fins. Only small differences were observed among the analyzed species and genera of the Curimatidae. Spermiogenesis and spermatozoa in the Curimatidae have many of the characteristics found in almost all other characiform species. on the other hand, the presence of a membranous compartment in the initial region of curimatid flagella, a structure common in many Cypriniformes spermatozoa, is unknown in other characiforms. Spermiogenesis and the spermatozoa of the Characiformes are discussed. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Morfologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) IB Departamento de Zoologia PUCRS Museu de Ciêncìas e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Morfologia

Fish parasites can accumulate heavy metals reaching higher concentrations than the host and may affect the host's bioaccumulation. The present study compared total mercury concentration in the liver and muscle of Cyphocharax gilbert and in the parasite Riggia paranensis sampled in the middle Itabapoana River, Brazil, also considering the reproductive stages of both fish and parasite. Mean concentrations of mercury in muscle of fish varied from 20.8 ng.g-1 in mature females to 38.1 ng.g-1 in post-spawning females. The mean concentrations in fish liver varied from 60.9 ng/g in post-spawning females to 110.4 ng.g-1 in infested males. The mean concentration of mercury in parasites varied from 26.2 ng.g-1 in specimens carrying early embryo to 39.5 ng.g-1 in specimens with eggs. Positive and significant associations (P