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The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world’s known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend be yond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still un equally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the coun try. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora. Fil: Gomes da Silva, Janaina. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Fil: Filardi, Fabiana L.R. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Barbosa, María Regina de V. Universidade Federal da Paraíba: Joao Pessoa; Brasil Fil: Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: de Mattos Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo. Instituto de Botânica. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Cavalcanti, Taciana. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasil Fil: Coelho, Marcus. Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas; Brasil Fil: Ferreira da Costa, Andrea. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Costa, Denise. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Dalcin, Eduardo C. Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute; Brasil Fil: Labiak, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Parana; Brasil Fil: Cavalcante de Lima, Haroldo. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Lohmann, Lucia. Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil Fil: Maia, Leonor. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil Fil: Mansano, Vidal de Freitas. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Menezes, Mariângela. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Morim, Marli. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Moura, Carlos Wallace do Nascimento. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Department of Biological Science; Brasil Fil: Lughadha, Eimear NIck. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Peralta, Denilson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brazil Fil: Prado, Jefferson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brasil Fil: Roque, Nádia. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil Fil: Stehmann, Joao. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: da Silva Sylvestre, Lana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina; Brasil Fil: Walter, Bruno Machado Teles. EMBRAPA Cenargen Brasília; Brasil Fil: Zimbrão, Geraldo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Forzza, Rafaela C. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Morales, Matías. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias; Argentina

Identification key for the Brazilian Stachytarpheta with atropurpureous to black corollas 1. Leaves glabrous..................................................................................................................................................................................2 1’. Leaves hairy........................................................................................................................................................................................5 2. Branches puberulous to pubescent; leaves 3-verticillate, blade obovate to rhomboid............................................... S. rhomboidalis 2’. Branches glabrous; leaves opposite, blade ovate, elliptic, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or subrotund.................................................3 3. Shrubs, densely branched; branches woody, resistant, smooth; calyx green throughout..................................................... S. glauca 3’. Subshrubs, unbranched to little branched; branches reed-like, easily flattened, striated; calyx green, atropurpureous at the apex..4 4. Leaves ovate, obovate to subrotund, base cuneate non-amplexicaul............................................................................ S. integrifolia 4’. Basal leaves oblong, the apical leaves oblong-lanceolate, base cordate and amplexicaul.......................................... S. oblongifolia 5. Leaf blade sparsely strigose; calyx puberulous................................................................................................................. S. puberula 5’. Leaf blade and calyx villose, sericeous, sericeous-strigose, or lanate................................................................................................6 6. Leaf base truncate to slightly cordate.................................................................................................................................................7 6’. Leaf base cuneate...............................................................................................................................................................................8 7. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, blade with apex obtuse to round; bracts and calyx lanose........................................... S. glazioviana 7’. Leaves elliptic to broadly elliptic, blade with apex acute to obtuse, apiculate; bracts and calyx sericeous....................... S. sericea 8. Leaf margins coarsely serrate at the apex; bracts ovate, apex acute; calyx green-grayish.............................................. S. salimenae 8’. Leaf margins crenate-serrate at the apex; bracts oval-triangular to narrowly triangular, apex acuminate to caudate; calyx yellowgreenish...............................................................................................................................................................................................9 9. Leaves ovate to rotund, petiolate, petiole 0.5–1 cm long, smaller leaves present in the same axil; bracts 0.6–0.8 cm long, abaxially puberulous with trichomes concentrated at the base................................................................................................ S. flavovirescens 9’. Leaves elliptic, sessile, smaller leaves absent in the same axil; bracts 0.9–1.2 cm long, abaxially villose.......................... S. mollis, Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Cabral, Andressa & Trovó, Marcelo, 2021, Taxonomic updates in Brazilian Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) with atropurpureous to black corollas: Two new species and a new synonym, pp. 167-178 in Phytotaxa 523 (2) on page 176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5585439

Stachytarpheta salimenae P.H.Cardoso & Menini sp. nov. (Fig. 4A–I, Fig. 5A–D). Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás, Mambaí, 7 June 2012, R. J. V . Alves 9035 (holotype CESJ 62878!; isotype R 227273!). Diagnosis:— The new species is similar to Stachytarpheta sericea S. Atkins (1991: 281), but differs by the ovate, broadly ovate to subrotund leaf blade (vs. elliptic to broadly elliptic leaf blade), obtuse to rounded apex (vs. acute to obtuse, and apiculate apex), cuneate base (vs. truncate base), margin entire near the base and coarsely serrate towards the apex (vs. margin entire up to the middle third and slightly serrate towards the apex), and ovate bracts (vs. narrowly triangular bracts). Shrubs 0.4–1.5 m tall, profusely branched, branches erect, woody, smooth, rounded to subtetragonous, densely sericeous, silvery hairs giving a silvery-green appearance when dry. Leaves spreading to suberect, opposite, slightly dicolorous, subsessile to petiolate, petiole to 0.6 cm long; leaf blade 1.8–5.7 × 1.6– 1.1 cm, smaller leaves in the same axil rarely present, ovate, broadly ovate to subrotund, coriaceous, apex obtuse to rounded, rare acute, base cuneate, decurrent into the petiole, margin entire near the base, coarsely serrate towards the apex, not revolute, adaxial surface densely sericeous, bullate, abaxial surface densely sericeous, silvery hairs giving a silvery-green appearance when dry, nectaries present in abaxial surface, veins strongly prominent. Inflorescences 2.3–7.5 × 1.8–2.2 cm, terminal, cylindric, congested, rachis not visible, becoming elongate in fruiting. Flowers sessile, spirally arranged; floral bract 0.4–0.6 cm long, appressed against the calyx, herbaceous, glaucous, ovate, apex acute, abaxial surface sericeous; calyx 1.6–2 cm long, herbaceous, glaucous, flattened-cylindrical, 5-toothed, teeth inconspicuously acute, externally sericeous, erect, not embedded in excavations in the rachis; corolla 1.8–2.2 cm long, a narrow tube and spreading lobes, atropurpureous to black with the base of the tube white, externally with glandular-pedicellate trichomes, throat entirely pubescent, with a dense ring of hairs just above the ovary; androecium included, stamens 2, thecae divergent, staminodes 2, inserted at the top of the corolla tube; ovary ca. 2 mm long, narrow oblong, style 1.9–2.3 cm long, filiform, exserted, stigma capitate. Fruit a schizocarp ca. 5 mm long, brown, outer surfaces reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded, with prominent attachment scar, with short stylopodium, covered by the persistent calyx, separating into two cluses. Paratypes:— BRAZIL: Bahia. Cocos, 6 July 2001, M. L . Fonseca et al. 2858 (IBGE, HUEFS!); Cocos, 6 July 2001, R. C . Mendonça et al. 4428 (CESJ!, IBGE); Correntina, na divisa com Goiás, April 1996, R. M . Harley & G. da Silva s.n. (HUEFS 204072!); São Desidério, 4 April 1984, J. E. R . Collares & M. M. Fernandes 134 (NY!, RB!); São Desidério, 25 May 2010, E . Melo et al. 8272 (HUEFS!). Goiás. São Domingos, 15 May 2000, G . Hatschbach et al. 71139 (ALCB!, BHCB!, ESA!, HUCS, HUEFS!, HUFU!, SP, UB); São Domingos a Posse, May 1840, G . Gardner 4339 (K!); Planalto do Brasil, Serra Geral de Goiás, Rio da Prata, ca. 6 Km of Posse, 6 April 1966, H. S . Irwin et al. 14455 (IAN, K!, MO, NY!, RB!, UB, US). Minas Gerais. Arinos, RPPN Veredas do Pacari, estrada para Chapada Gaúcha, 27 May 2004, M. L . Fonseca et al. 5498 (IBGE, HUEFS!); Chapada Gaúcha, Serra das Araras, June 1840, G . Gardner 5108 (K!). Tocantins. Mateiros, próximo à Serra da Garganta, 11 May 2012, J. S . Silva 1165 (CEN!). Distribution— Stachytarpheta salimenae occurs in the states of Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Tocantins. This species is endemic to the Cerrado domain, where it grows in campo cerrado and campo rupestre, in areno-argillaceous soils, at elevations between 700 and 840 m (Fig. 3). Phenology— This species was collected with flowers and fruits from April to July. Provisional conservation assessment— Stchytarpheta salimenae shows an AOO of 40 km ² and an EOO of approximately 45,400 km ², and is found in areas with native vegetation strongly anthropized, i.e., suppressed by agribusiness, mining, and anthropic fires (Klink & Machado 2005, Passos et al. 2010, Werneck et al. 2012). Because of the restricted AOO, the restricted number of known locations, the continuing decline of habitat quality, and the fact that this species does not occur within any protected area, it is provisionally classified as “EN” (Endangered) based on the criterion and sub-criteria B2ab (i, ii, iii, iv) of IUCN (2019). Etymology:— This species is dedicated to Dr. Fátima Regina Gonçalves Salimena, the former curator of the Leopoldo Krieger Herbarium (CESJ) and a distinguished researcher from the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, in honor of her important contributions to botany, especially for the taxonomy of Verbenaceae. Fátima Salimena has inspired many taxonomists with her enthusiasm and great devotion to botany. She was the former professor and advisor of both the first and second authors of this work. Taxonomic note:— The discovery of Stachytarpheta salimenae is related to the elucidation of a taxonomic confusion involving two other species of the genus: S. dawsonii Moldenke(1956:231) and S. mollis. The synonymization of these two taxa is further discussed below. Stachytarpheta mollis was described by Moldenke (1947) based on the collection Glaziou 2196 from Goiás state and was later treated as a synonym of S. villosa (Pohl) Chamisso (1832: 247) by Atkins (2005). However, Cardoso et al. (2020) re-established S. mollis based on various morphological features. This species is endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros, in the Brazilian state of Goiás. It can be distinguished from other Stachytarpheta species by the villous stems; sessile and elliptical leaves, with an acute to obtuse apex; narrowly triangular bracts longer than 0.9 cm, with a caudate apex; yellow-greenish calyces with five acute teeth; and, atropurpureous to black corollas (Moldenke 1947, Cardoso et al. 2020). Stachytarpheta dawsonii was described by Moldenke (1956) based on the collection Y. Dawson 14722 (holotype R, isotype TEX - fragment), from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás state. Atkins (2005) did not examine the type of this species, but was able to study a photograph of S. dawsonii presented in Dawson (1957). Atkins (2005) listed three other collections of S. dawsonii from Goiás and Bahia, namely: J.E.R. Collares & M.M. Fernandes 134, G. Gardner 4339, and H.S. Irwin et al. 14455. The original circumscription of S. dawsonii (Moldenke 1956) and that presented by Atkins (2005) are contrasting. While Atkins (2005) described the bracts of S. dawsonii as ovate, with approximately 4 mm long, Moldenke (1956) characterized the bracts as lanceolate, with 10–15 mm long. Stachytarpheta dawsonii was recognized by Cardoso & Salimena (2020) based solely on the three specimens listed by Atkins (2005). Nevertheless, during ongoing taxonomic studies of the Brazilian Stachytarpheta, we were able to access the holotype of S. dawsonii deposited at R. A comparative analysis of this specimen (Y. Dawson 14722) with the type and additional specimens of S. mollis, indicates that both names should be treated as conspecific. In addition to the morphological identity, the type of S. dawsonii and all specimens of S. mollis are found exclusively in the Chapada dos Veadeiros. Given the morphological similarity and geographical overlap, we synonymize S. dawsonii with S. mollis. It is now clear that none of the three specimens previously identified as Stachytarpheta dawsonii by Atkins (2005) correspond to S. dawsonii. These specimens actually represent a distinct taxon that is newly described here as S. salimenae. This species differs from other species of Stachytarpheta by a combination of the following characters: stems with sericeous indument; leaves petiolated, ovate, broadly ovate to subrotund, with margins entire near the base and coarsely serrate towards the apices, veins strongly prominent on the abaxial surface; bracts ovate; calyx glaucous; and, corolla atropurpureous to black. Stachytarpheta salimenae shares atropurpureous to black corollas and a dense indument with Stachytarpheta glazioviana S. Atkins (2005: 233), S. mollis, S. sericea, and S. flavovirescens. However, S. salimenae differs by several characteristics summarized in Table 1. This new species can be found in the region around the borders of Bahia (Northeastern Brazil), Goiás (Central-Western Brazil), Tocantins (Northern Brazil), and Minas Gerais (Southeastern Brazil). S. flavovirescens, S. glazioviana, and S. mollis are endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Goiás state), while S. sericea is common in the municipality of Cristalina (Serra dos Cristais, Goiás), and the Distrito Federal (Central-Western Brazil) (Atkins 2005). Stachytarpheta mollis Moldenke (1947: 370). Type:— BRAZIL, Goiás, November 1894, A. F. M. Glaziou 21906 (holotype S [S-R-5870]; isotypes NY fragment [NY00138092], US [US 00811289]). = Stachytarpheta dawsonii Moldenke (1956: 231). Type:— BRAZIL, Goiás, 5 km W of Veadeiros, 29 April 1956, Y. Dawson 14722 (holotype R [R000196647]; isotype LL fragment [LL00373689]). syn. nov.

Stachytarpheta flavovirescens P.H.Cardoso sp. nov. (Fig. 1 A–I, Fig. 2A–D). Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, estrada vicinal para Bona Espero, próximo à rodovia Alto Paraíso de Goiás, 17,1 km do trevo sul de Alto Paraíso de Goiás em direção à São Jorge, 14°04’43.5” S, 47”37’50.5” W, 4 September 2013, J. R . Pirani et al. 6431 (holotype SPF 207740!). Diagnosis: —The new species is similar to Stachytarpheta mollis Moldenke (1947: 370), but differs by the petiolate leaves (vs. sessile leaves), ovate to rotund leaf blade (vs. elliptic leaf blade), with smaller leaves in the same axil (vs. without smaller leaves in the same axil), bracts 0.6–0.8 cm long (vs. bracts 0.9–1.2 cm long), oval-triangular (vs. narrowly triangular), with puberulous abaxial surface and trichomes concentrated at the base (vs. entirely villous). Shrubs 0.5–2 m tall, profusely branched, branches erect, woody, smooth, rounded, villous when young, puberulous when adult. Leaves spreading, opposite, slightly discolorous, petiole 0.5–1 cm long, leaf blade 1.6–3.9 × 1.4–2.5 cm, with smaller leaves in the same axil, ovate to rotund, subcoriaceous, apex obtuse to rounded, base cuneate, decurrent into the petiole, margin entire near the base, crenate-serrate towards the apex, not revolute, adaxial surface sericeous, abaxial surface sericeous-canescent, more numerous white hairs near the petiole, veins prominent. Inflorescences 2–10 × 1.2–2 cm, terminal, cylindric, congested, rachis not visible, becoming elongate in fruiting. Flowers sessile, spirally arranged; floral bract 0.6–0.8 cm long, appressed against the calyx, herbaceous, yellow-greenish, oval-triangular, apex acuminate to caudate, abaxial surface puberulous with trichomes concentrated in the base, margin ciliate; calyx (1–) 1.2–1.4 cm long, herbaceous, yellow-greenish, flattened-cylindrical, 5-toothed, teeth conspicuously acute, externally sparsely sericeous-strigose, erect, not embedded in excavations in the rachis; corolla 1.4–2 cm long, a narrow tube and spreading lobes, atropurpureous to black, externally with glandular-pedicellate trichomes, throat entirely pubescent, with a dense ring of hairs just above the ovary; androecium included, stamens 2, thecae divergent, staminodes 2, inserted at the top of the corolla tube; ovary ca. 2 mm long, narrow oblong, style 1.4–2.2 cm long, filiform, stigma capitate. Fruit a schizocarp 3.4–5.5 mm long, brown, outer surface reticulate, with thin and flat commissure, apex rounded, with prominent attachment scar, with short stylopodium, covered by the persistent calyx, separating into two cluses. Paratypes:— BRAZIL: Goiás. Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, trilha para as Corredeiras, 24 January 2005, J . Paula-Souza et al. 4565.0 (ESA!); Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Rio das Cobras, rod. para Colinas do Sul, 14 June 1993, G . Hatschbach & E. Barbosa 59512 (ESA!, K!, MBM!, MO). Distribution— Stachytarpheta flavovirescens occurs in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, in the municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, in the Brazilian state of Goiás (Fig. 3). The species grows in campo rupestre and grasslands. Phenology— This species was collected with flowers and fruits in January, June, and September. Provisional conservation assessment— Although the Chapada dos Veadeiros is intensively studied, only three specimens of Stachytarpheta flavovirescens were collected to date in 1993, 2005, and 2013. It seems that the populations are small and narrowly distributed. This species is only known from three localities, and shows an EOO of 5.051 km 2 and an AOO of 12 km 2. Even though this species occurs within a protected area (i.e., Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros), it is under multiple threats, including tourism, the expansion of agricultural and livestock activities, increased frequency of anthropogenic fires, and invasive exotic species, especially grasses (Fiedler et al. 2006, Souza & Felfili 2006, Barbosa 2008, Silva 2018). These threats have contributed to a decline of the species EOO, AOO, and habitat quality. Based on the criterion and sub-criteria B1ab (i, ii, iii) of the IUCN (2019), this species is provisionally considered as “CR” (Critically Endangered). Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the yellow-greenish inflorescences. Taxonomic notes:— Among the Stachytarpheta species with atropurpureous to black corollas, S. flavovirescens is most similar to S. mollis, which is also endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Cardoso et al. 2020). Both species show hairy leaves, hairy bracts, hairy calyces, and congested, yellow-greenish inflorescences. However, they can be distinguished by the characters summarized in Table 1. Stachytarpheta flavovirescens can also be confused with S. longispicata var. longipedicellata (Pohl) S. Atkins (2005: 230) when fruiting due to the elongated inflorescences. Both species are found in the region of the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Atkins 2005), but can be separated by a series of morphological features. Namely, S. longispicata var. longipedicellata has pedicellate flowers laxly arranged along the rachis and salmon-colored corollas, while S. flavovirescens has sessile flowers in a congested arrangement along the rachis, and atropurpureous to black corollas. Table 1. Morphological comparison of Stachytarpheta flavovirescens, S. salimenae, S. glazioviana, S. mollis, and S. sericea., Published as part of Cardoso, Pedro Henrique, Neto, Luiz Menini, Cabral, Andressa & Trovó, Marcelo, 2021, Taxonomic updates in Brazilian Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) with atropurpureous to black corollas: Two new species and a new synonym, pp. 167-178 in Phytotaxa 523 (2) on pages 168-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.523.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5585439, {"references":["Moldenke, H. N. (1947) Notes on new or noteworthy plants III. Phytologia 2: 363 - 372.","Fiedler, N. C., Merlo, D. A. & Medeiros, M. B. D. (2006) Ocorrencia de incendios florestais no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goias. Ciencia Florestal 16: 153 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.5902 / 198050981896","Souza, C. D. D. & Felfili, J. M. (2006) The utilization of medicinal plants in the region of Alto Paraiso of Goias, GO, Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 20: 135 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0102 - 33062006000100013","Barbosa, A. G. (2008) As estrategias de conservacao da biodiversidade na Chapada dos Veadeiros: conflitos e oportunidades. Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, 128 pp.","Silva, M. S., Gurgel, H. Laques, A., Silveira, B. D. & Siqueira, R. V. (2018) 30 anos de dinamica espacotemporal (1984 - 2015) da regiao de influencia do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros Goias. Revista franco-brasilera de geografia 35: http: // journals. openedition. org / confins / 14851","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 17 May 2021)","Atkins, S. (2005) The genus Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in Brazil. Kew Bulletin 60 (2): 161 - 272."]}

Vellozia inselbergae Mello-Silva ex Andr.Cabral, sp. nov, (Fig 1, 2, 3 and 4). Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucuri, Fazenda das Pedras. Entrada a 13 km W de Argolo (distrito de Nova Venécia), grandes inselbergues em meio a pastos e capoeiras remanescentes da hileia baiana, 17°51’40.5”S 40°07’14.9”W, 190 m a.s.l., 18 Dec. 2016, fl. and fr., R. Mello-Silva 4040, J.C. Lopes & A. Cabral (holotype SPF!). Diagnosis: — Vellozia inselbergae resembles Vellozia armata, but differs mainly by the longer leaves (15.9–21.3 cm vs. 2.5–11 cm) and pedicels (12.3–18.5 cm vs. 1.5 cm); cylindrical-ellipsoid hypanthium vs. obconic hypanthium; predominantly white and larger tepals (6.9–10.51 cm × 19.7–33.7 mm) vs. violet tepals (1.5–2.3 cm × 5 mm); 24 stamens vs. 18 stamens and; larger capsules (20.3–28 × 15.3–17.7 mm vs. 10 × 6–9 mm). Subshrub or caespitose herb, 0.2–1 m tall. Stems 4.5–18.5 cm long. Leaves tristichous; leaf lamina 15.9–21.3 × 0.7– 1.39 cm, linear-triangular, caudate, arcuate, involute, sparsely serrate on margins and midrib on abaxial side, abscission line absent, the old laminae marcescent and reflexed. Flowers 1–2; pedicel 12.3–18.5 cm long, sparsely covered with subulate emergences, light green; hypanthium 0.98–1.45 × 0.46–0.76 cm, cylindrical-ellipsoid, trigonous in transverse section, densely covered with subulate emergences, light green. Perianth white, very slightly purplish at the apex, sometimes light green at the proximal region; sepals 7.05–10.51 × 1.97–2.6 cm, widely oblanceolate, apex, base and midrib sparsely covered with subulate emergences on abaxial side, adaxial smooth; petals 6.9–10.41 × 2.35–3.37 cm, obovate, apex sparsely covered with subulate emergences on abaxial side, adaxial smooth. Stamens 24, unequal, 3–4 grouped, appendages absent; filaments brached or not, 15.45–22.06 mm long, white; anthers 16.45–22.72 mm long, basifixed, yellow. Style 40.7–61 mm long, greenish-white, slightly yellow at the apex; stigma 7–10 mm diam., trilobate-peltate, yellow. Capsule loculicidal, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 2.03–2.8 × 1.53–1.77 cm, ochre-coloured. Seeds 1.13–2.5 mm long, trapezoidal, black. Leaf and pedicel anatomy (Cordeiro 3455, Queiroz 1083, Queiroz 3234, Queiroz 3825, Queiroz 6499, Rapini 1043, Mello-Silva 4040, Paula 1029): — Blades dorsiventral (Fig 3A). Abaxial furrows about one third to one fifth thickness of blade (Fig 3A, D–E). Cuticle slightly thickened on adaxial surface (Fig 3B). Adaxial epidermis 3-to 4- seriate (Fig 3A–B), abaxial epidermis uniseriate (Fig 3A,C). Stomata paracytic, confined to the furrows (Fig 3C, F). Clusters of rounded cells present in adaxial epidermis (Fig 3G, H).Aquiferous uniseriate hypodermis present on adaxial surface, extending adaxially to the bundle sheaths as aquiferous parenchyma (Fig 3A, D–E). Palisade mesophyll (3-)4 cell-layers thick (Fig 3A, D–E). Fibro-vascular bundles surrounded by a unique bundle sheath, 1–4 large vessels present in each fibro-vascular bundle (Fig 3A). Phloem strands 2, V-shaped (Fig 3A). Bundles of sclerified cells 2–5 cells thick present in the adaxial epidermis, spaced each 3–8 epidermal cells (Fig 3A, B), and 1 cell-layer thick in the abaxial one, between the furrows and the vascular bundle regions (Fig 3C). Blade borders with large and rounded fibro-vascular bundles, conduction tissues present (Fig 3E). Pedicel rounded-triangular in transverse section, fibrovascular bundles 18, belt of sclerified cells present (Fig 3I–J). Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BRAZIL. Bahia: Amargosa-Santa Teresinha, Serra do Gambá, 12 Apr. 2003, fl., Rapini 1043 (HUEFS [bc] HUEFS072446, SPF!); Castro Alves, Topo da Serra da Jibóia, ca. de 3 km da Pedra Branca, 25 Apr. 1994, fl., Queiroz 3825 (CEPEC, HUEFS [bc] HUEFS016739, K, SPF!); Idem, em torno da torre de televisão, 18 Jun. 1993, fl., Queiroz 3234 (HUEFS [bc] HUEFS013598, K, SPF!); Elísio Medrado, Serra da Jibóia, Fazenda Jequitibá, na estrada para Monte Cruzeiro, 12°52’20.6”S 39°27’34.5”W *, 435 m a.s.l., 4 Mar. 2001, fl., Queiroz 6499 (HUEFS [bc] HUEFS052024, SPF!); Mucuri, distrito de Argôlo, inselberg na Fazenda das Pedras, inselberg ao lado da sede da fazenda, 17°51’59”S 40°07’31”W, 134 m a.s.l., 4 Apr. 2016, fl., de Paula 1029 (RB, SPF!); Santa Terezinha, Serra da Jibóia, 1 Aug. 1998, fr., Forzza 938 (SPF!); Idem, próximo à torre da Embratel, 750 m a.s.l., 23 Sept. 1996, fr., Pereira-Silva 3673 (CEN [bc] CEN00030346, SPF!); Idem, Serra da Pioneira, 12°51’11”S 39°28’21”W, 14 Nov. 1986, fl., Queiroz 1083 (HUEFS [bc] HUEFS006783, SPF!); Idem, Serra da Pioneira, 3 km de P. Branca, 800 m a.s.l., 06 Jun. 1984, fl. and fr., Noblick 3301 (CEPEC, HUEFS [bc] HUEFS003456, MO, SPF!); Idem, distrito de Pedra Branca, 12°51’17”S 39°28’30”W, 750 m a.s.l., 17 Sept. 2013, fr., Cordeiro 3455 (SP, SPF!). Distribution and habitat: —Distributed through the lowland inselbergs in the Bahia state, at elevations from 134 to 800 m (Fig. 4). Phenology: —Flowering from March to June, November and December. Fruiting from June to September and December. Conservation status:— Vellozia inselbergae has Area of Occupancy of 12 km ² and Extent of Occurrence of approximately 600 km ² (Fig. 4). Although the species occur as large populations, none of the records falls in a conservation unit. Therefore, according to IUCN (2012) criteria, the species must be considered Endangered, EN B2ab(i). The criterion B2a was chosen because the species only occurs in Inselbergs, and these rocky outcrops are geographically apart from one another. The criterion B2b(i) was selected due to the continuing decline of the Atlantic Forest vegetation, a hotspot of biodiversity, that harbor the Inselbergs (Myers et al. 2000). Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the Atlantic Forest inselbergs located in the Bahia state, where the new species is endemic. Discussion: —Among the currently known species of Vellozia, V. inselbergae is morphologically similar to V. armata and V. luteola (group of Vellozia luteola), sharing with both the leaf without abscission line, with blade involute, margins sparsely serrate and apex caudate (Fig. 2B), hypanthium trigonous in transverse section and densely covered with subulate emergences (Fig. 1D, 2C), stamen without appendage (Fig. 1B, 2H–J), and capsule loculicidal. However, Vellozia inselbergae can be easily distinguished from its allies by the longer pedicel (Fig. 1C, 2B, 12.3– 18.5 cm), cylindrical-ellipsoid hypanthium (Fig. 1D, 2C), predominantly white and larger tepals (Fig. 1A–C, 2D–E, 6.9–10.51 cm × 19.7–33.7 mm), 24 stamens, longer anthers and style (Fig. 1B, 2J, 16.45–22.72 mm and 40.7–61 mm, respectively), and larger capsules (20.3–28 × 15.3–17.7 mm). Table 1 summarizes the differences among these species. Vellozia inselbergae presents five of the morphological synapomorphies reported for the group of Vellozia luteola, leaf blades persistent, involute and amphystomatic, with smooth subsidiary cells, and outer integument of empty cells vanishing in the seeds. Nevertheless, it differs from the group in two characters of the pedicel, it has rounded-triangular pedicel in transverse section (Fig 3I vs. circular pedicel in cross section) with 18 fibro-vascular bundles (Fig. 3I vs. nine fibro-vascular bundles)., Published as part of Cabral, Andressa, Magri, Renato Albuquerque & Lopes, Jenifer De Carvalho, 2021, Vellozia inselbergae (Velloziaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest inselbergs, pp. 138-146 in Phytotaxa 497 (2) on pages 139-144, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5423912, {"references":["IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, 32 pp.","Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Fonseca, G. A. B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 402: 853 - 858. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 35002501"]}

Cabral, Andressa, Magri, Renato Albuquerque, Lopes, Jenifer De Carvalho (2021): Vellozia inselbergae (Velloziaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest inselbergs. Phytotaxa 497 (2): 138-146, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.6

Resumo Apresenta-se um estudo taxonômico de Ericaceae no estado do Espírito Santo, Região Sudeste do Brasil, incluído nos domínios da Floresta Atlântica. Ericaceae está representada no Brasil por 12 gêneros e 98 espécies, com distribuição predominante nos campos rupestres e campos de altitude da Região Sudeste. No Espírito Santo, estão registradas 11 espécies pertencentes a três gêneros - Agarista (duas spp.), Gaultheria (duas spp.) e Gaylussacia (sete spp.), das quais são endêmicas da Floresta Atlântica Agarista revoluta, Gaultheria eriophylla var. eriophylla, Gaultheria serrata, Gaylussacia fasciculata e Gaylussacia caparoensis, esta última incluída na categoria "Em Perigo" (EN) no Livro Vermelho da Flora do Brasil. Chaves de identificação, descrições, ilustrações de caracteres diagnósticos e comentários de distribuição geográfica, ecológicos e taxonômicos das espécies são apresentadas. Abstract A taxonomic study of the Ericaceae the Espírito Santo state, Southeastern Brazil, Atlantic Forest domain, is presented. Ericaceae is represented by 12 genera and 98 species in the Brazil, with predominant distribution in the southeastern "campos rupestres" and "campos de altitude". In Espírito Santo, 11 species belonging to three genera are recorded - Agarista (two spp.), Gaultheria (two spp.) and Gaylussacia (seven spp.), of which Agarista revoluta, Gaultheria eriophylla var. eriophylla, Gaultheria serrata, Gaylussacia fasciculata and Gaylussacia caparoensis are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, latter is included in the category "Endangered" (EN) by "Livro Vermelho da Flora do Brasil". Identification keys, descriptions, illustrations of diagnostic characters, and comments of geographic distribution, ecological and taxonomic are provided.