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The present work deals with the optimization of the process parameters of in situ transesterification of dry spirogyra Algae–Jatropha powder along with engine efficiency and combustion analysis of the prepared biofuel. Three operational parameters, namely catalyst concentration (0–5 wt.%), methanol to dry algae–Jatropha curcas powder (v/v) (20–60%), and reaction time (60–180 min) at a constant reaction temperature of 50 °C, were selected. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments. The maximum biodiesel yield of 88.5% was obtained under the optimized conditions of a catalyst concentration of 3.396% (w/w), methanol/oil ratio of 19.86, and reaction time of 180 min. At varying loads, the performance and emissions of a diesel engine linked to a power source and fueled with various biodiesel mixes (Diesel, B5, B10, and B20) were tested. It was found that BSFC decreased as the applied load increased for all of the evaluated fuels. All of the biodiesel blends had greater BSFC than the diesel fuel. However, a substantial decrease in the emissions, including hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO), was observed with the increase in NOx emissions. This method of preparing biodiesel will be beneficial in order to cater to the needs of the transportation sector because it has a lower energy consumption and less engine emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the experiments of the transesterification process were carried out on jatropha-algae oil blend and the prediction of the synthesized biodiesel was investigated. The study was divided into two parts. In the first part, a series of experiments were employed practically and in the second part, the prediction is made with the artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm was trained with topology 4-10-1. The estimated results were compared with the experimental results. An ANN model was developed based on a back-propagation learning algorithm. An R-square value of the model from ANN was 0.9976. The results confirmed that the use of an ANN technique is quite suitable. The artificial neural network gave acceptable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel production from different feedstocks is an effective method of resolving problems related to the fuel crisis and environmental issues. In this study, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and the response surface methodology based Box-Behnken experimental design were used to model the parameters of biodiesel production for a jatropha-algae oil blend, including the molar ratio, temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. A significant regression model with an R2 value of 0.9867 was obtained under a molar ratio of 6-12, KOH of 0-2% w/w, time of 60-180 min, and temperature of 35-55°C using response surface methodology (RSM). The ANFIS model was used to individually correlate the output variable (biodiesel yield) with four input variables. An R2 value of 0.9998 was obtained in the training. The results demonstrated that the developed models adequately represented the processes they described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel production from different feedstocks is one of the effective ways to anticipate the problems related with fuel crisis and environmental issues. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM)-based Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) is used to optimize the parameters of biodiesel production for the blend of Jatropha–algae oil such as molar ratio, temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. A significant quadratic regression model (p < 0.0001) with R2of 0.9867 was achieved under the condition of molar ratio 6–12%, KOH 0–2%, reaction time 60–180 min, and temperature 35–55°C. The artificial neural network (ANN) with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was also trained in this study with the topology 4-10-1 with a predicted correlation coefficient of 0.9976. From the results, it is also found that the predicted values of yield are in good agreement with the results of RSM correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Stability of metal contaminated biodiesel blend has been checked. [•] Effectiveness of different antioxidants has also been checked. [•] Biodiesel blends with diesel have shown the better oxidation stability. [•] Effect of metals on the oxidation stability of biodiesel has found catalytic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Present paper reports the storage stability studies of Jatropha curcas biodiesel (JCB). [•] Various correlations were developed for storage stability. [•] These correlations can be used to predict the amount of antioxidants required for stabilizing the biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to investigate engine performance and the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using oxidatively stabilized biodiesel. Biodiesel fuel used in the study was prepared from Jatropha curcas oil. Different samples with various metal contaminants, generally available in the metallurgy of the containers are oxidatively stabilized with antioxidant (PY) according to EN 14112. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel fuel with and without antioxidant is more than that of petro-diesel fuel. The BSFC of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants is lesser than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidants, but no specific trends were detected according to the type of metal content and amount of antioxidants. The combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in diesel engine were not influenced very much by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. Also performance and emission characteristics of unstablized biodiesel and stabilized biodiesel (stabilized for 6months) are measured with respect to time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recently, world has been confronted with an energy crisis due to fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative fuels to meet these problems. However the oxidation stability and thermal stability are the problems which are faced while we are going for commercial application of biodiesel. There are standards available discussing the minimum specification of oxidation stability of biodiesel while using in IC engine but at the same time there is no specification is available for thermal stability. Specification for thermal stability can be developed if one can develop the relationship between oxidation and thermal stability. The present paper deals with the development of relation between the oxidation stability and thermal stability which will further be useful for the development of such specifications for thermal stability of biodiesel. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The vegetable oil, fats and their biodiesel suffer with the drawback of deterioration of its quality during long term storage unlike petroleum diesel because of large number of environmental and other factors making the fuel stability and quality questionable. There are various types of stabilities such as oxidation, storage and thermal, playing key roles in making the fuel unstable. In the present paper the thermal stability of Jatropha curcas biodiesel (JCB) as engine fuel was studied. The thermodynamic parameter of activation energy (E a) of the samples was determined by direct Arrhenius plot. The results show that the thermal degradation of all JCB samples can be treated as a first order reaction. It seems at this stage that the additives under study can offer a significant solution in inhibiting the degradation rate of biodiesel. The pyrogallol (PY) has been found to have more pronounced effect on the onset temperature (T on) as well as on the E a followed by propyl galate (PG)>tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ)>butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)>butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The results may have important applications in the development of JCB as engine fuel. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the impact of metal contaminants on thermal, oxidation and storage stability of Jatropha curcas biodiesel (JCB). It informs that copper (Cu) has greatest detrimental effect on the oxidation stability of JCB and fresh JCB without any metal contamination is also unstable. It further mentions that researchers used several methods for the study including the response surface methodology (RSM), the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods and the Rancimat method.

Abstract: Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of Indian economy-agriculture, industry transport, commercial and domestic needs input of energy. The economic development plans implemented since independence have necessarily required increasing amount of energy. As a result consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. This growing consumption of energy has also resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and potential shortage in future lead to concern about the security of energy supply needed to sustain our economic growth. Increased use of fossil fuels also causes environmental problems both locally and globally. In view of the fast depletion of fossil fuel, the search for alternative fuels has become inevitable, looking at huge demand of diesel for transportation sector, captive power generation and agricultural sector, the biodiesel is being viewed a substitute of diesel. The vegetable oils, fats, grease are the source of feed stocks for the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel is an engine fuel that is created by chemically reacting fatty acids and alcohol. This usually means combining vegetable oil with methanol in the presence of a catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide). Biodiesel is much more suitable for use as an engine fuel than straight vegetable oil for a number of reasons, the most notable one being its lower viscosity. The aim of the present paper is to focus on the work done in the area of biodiesel and also the impact analysis of biodiesel on engine performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Biodiesel, an ecofriendly and renewable fuel substitute for diesel has been receiving the attention of researchers around the world. Due to heavy import of edible oil, the production of biodiesel from edible oil resources in India is not advisable. Therefore it is necessary to explore non-edible seed oils, like Jatropha curcas (J. curcas) and Pongamia for biodiesel production. The oxidation stability of biodiesel from J. curcas oil (JCO) is very poor and therefore an idea is given to increase the oxidation stability of biodiesel by blending it with petro-diesel. J. curcas biodiesel (JCB), when blended with petro diesel leads to a composition having efficient and improved oxidation stability. The results have shown that blending of JCB with diesel with less than 20% (v/v) would not need any antioxidants but at the same time, need large storage space. Similarly, if the amount of diesel is decreased in the blend, it will require the addition of antioxidant but in lesser amount compared to pure JCB. For the purpose five antioxidants were used namely butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate (PG), and pyrogallol (PY). A B30 blend (30% JCB in the blend of JCB and petro-diesel) has been tested for the same purpose. PY is found to be the best antioxidant among all five antioxidants used. The optimum amount of antioxidant (PY) for pure biodiesel tested for the present experiment is around 100ppm while it is around 50ppm for B30 blend to maintain the international specification of oxidation stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present paper reports the results of the study of the effect of metal contaminants on the storage stability of Jatropha curcas biodiesel (JCB) with and without antioxidants. Taking 1,2,3 -Trihydroxybenzene/Pyrogallol (PY) as the most effective antioxidant based on the earlier work of the authors, JCB was mixed with different transition metals – Fe, Ni, Mn, Co and Cu in different concentrations. Induction period (IP) was measured using Rancimat method (EN 14112) as the stability parameter. Based on results, several correlations were developed for assessing the storage stability in terms of IP as a function of antioxidant, metal concentration and storage time. For the purpose of design of experiment, response surface methodology (RSM) has been used. From the experiments it is found that if metal concentration is 0 then, 200 g m−3 of PY is sufficient to make biodiesel stable for 6 months. If metal (Fe) concentration is 2 g m−3 or more, then 800 g m−3 PY is sufficient to make biodiesel stable for 5.5 months. The value of storage time for Ni, Mn, Co and Cu contaminated JCB is found as 3.62, 3.24, 2.76 and 2.07 months respectively if metal and antioxidants concentration is same in all the cases. The models developed by RSM shall be highly useful for predicting the optimum antioxidant concentration to achieve maximum storage stability of JCB as well as biodiesel from other resources under the conditions set for 3 factors (antioxidant concentration, metal concentration and time). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the long term storage stability of JCB (Jatropha curcas biodiesel). For the objective JCB was mixed with PY (Pyrogallol) and different metal contaminants. JCB samples were stored for 6 months in open air exposed to sunlight. Different properties were checked with respect to time. It was found that stability of fresh JCB was not acceptable as per EN 14214. When PY was mixed with JCB, it stability increased and 200 ppm of PY was sufficient to make fresh and pure JCB stable for almost 6 months. Viscosity (n), PV (peroxide value) and AV (acid value) increased with respect to time. Unsaturated fatty acid composition was also checked with respect to time. From the experiment it was clear that as oxidation deterioration advanced, linoleic and linolenic acid methyl esters decreased and the fraction of oleic acid methyl became relatively high with respect to storage time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Oxidative stability is an important parameter in the characterisation of fats and oils. The determination of this parameter with a Rancimat apparatus is very costly. The alternative modified Karl Fischer (KF) apparatus works on the same principle as the Rancimat, i.e., a conductivity based determination of volatile degradation products and automatic plotting of the conductivity against time. The apparatuses were compared by taking five different samples of methyl esters at different temperature ranges. The results indicate that the modified KF apparatus can be used for the determination of oxidation stability of biodiesel with comparable values of sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present paper deals with the study on the effect of metal contaminants on the oxidation stability of Jatropha curcas biodiesel (JCB). Taking pyrogallol as the most effective antioxidant based on the earlier work of the authors, JCB was mixed with different transition metals – Fe, Ni, Mn, Co and Cu in different concentrations. Induction period (IP) was measured using Rancimat method (EN 14112). Based on results, several correlations are developed for assessing the oxidation stability in terms of IP as a function of antioxidant and metal concentration. A comparison between the experimental IP values and those predicted by the correlation shows that about 95% of the predicted data points lie within ±10% deviation lines of the experimental results. This is the first study of its kind being reported showing the relationship of IP with antioxidant concentration and metal contaminants. The correlations developed can be used to predict the amount of antioxidants required to stabilize the JCB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Biodiesel production is undergoing rapid technological reforms in industries and academia. This has become more obvious and relevant since the recent increase in the petroleum prices and the growing awareness relating to the environmental consequences of the fuel overdependency. However, the possibilities of production of biodiesel from edible oil resources in India is almost impossible, as primary need is to first meet the demand of edible oil that is already imported therefore it is essential to explore non-edible seed oils, like Jatropha curcas and Pongamia as biodiesel raw materials. The oxidation stability of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil is very poor. Therefore the aim of the present paper is to study the oxidation stability of Jatropha curcas biodiesel/ diesel blend. Also the effectiveness of various antioxidants is checked with respect to various blends of biodiesel with diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The vegetable oil, fats and their biodiesel suffer with the drawback of deterioration of its quality during long term storage unlike petroleum diesel due to large number of environmental and other factors making the fuel stability and quality questionable. There are various types of stabilities like oxidation, storage and thermal, playing key roles in making the fuel unstable. The present paper is an attempt to review the work done so far on the thermal stability of biodiesel and their blends with diesel under different conditions. The mechanism of thermal deterioration of vegetable oils, various methods of stability measurement including a new proposed method based on Karl Fischer coulometer, an alternative to conventional Rancimat test has been discussed. No correlations have been found in the literature among the results of various methods used. The effect of antioxidants on the stability parameters has also been discussed. TGA/DTA has been found as an effective method to check the deterioration of oil with respect to temperature using activation energy and order of reaction as the parameter to monitor the deterioration of oil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In view of the fast depletion of fossil fuel, the search for alternative fuels has become inevitable, looking at huge demand of diesel for transportation sector, captive power generation and agricultural sector, the biodiesel is being viewed a substitute of diesel. The vegetable oils, fats, grease are the source of feedstocks for the production of biodiesel. Significant work has been reported on the kinetics of transesterification of edible vegetable oils but little work is reported on non-edible oils. Out of various non-edible oil resources, Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) is considered as future feedstocks for biodiesel production in India and limited work is reported on the kinetics of transesterification of high FFA containing oil. The present study reports a review of kinetics of biodiesel production. The paper also reveals the results of kinetics study of two-step acid–base catalyzed transesterification process carried out at pre-determined optimum temperature of 65 and 50°C for esterification and transesterification process, respectively, under the optimum condition of methanol to oil ratio of 3:7 (v/v), catalyst concentration 1% (w/w) for H2SO4 and NaOH and 400rpm of stirring. The yield of methyl ester (ME) has been used to study the effect of different parameters. The maximum yield of 21.2% of ME during esterification and 90.1% from transesterification of pretreated JCO has been obtained. This is the first study of its kind dealing with simplified kinetics of two-step acid–base catalyzed transesterification process carried at optimum temperature of both the steps which took about 6h for complete conversion of TG to ME. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Out of various non-edible oil resources, Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) is considered as future feedstock for biodiesel production in India. Limited work is reported on the kinetics of transesterification of high free fatty acids containing oil. The present study reports the results of kinetic study of two-step acid base catalyzed transesterification process carried out at an optimum temperature of 65 °C and 50 °C for esterification and transesterification respectively under the optimum methanol to oil ratio of 3:7 (v/v), catalyst concentration 1% (w/w) for H2SO4 and NaOH. The yield of methyl ester (ME) has been used to study the effect of different parameters. The results indicate that both esterification and transesterification reaction are of first order with reaction rate constant of 0.0031min−1 and 0.008min−1 respectively. The maximum yield of 21.2% of ME during esterification and 90.1% from transesterification of pretreated JCO has been obtained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The vegetable oil, fats and their biodiesel suffer with the drawback of deterioration of its quality when it is in contact with oxygen unlike petroleum diesel. There are various types of stabilities like oxidation, storage and thermal, playing key roles in making the fuel unstable. The present paper is an attempt to review all type of stability measuring test methods to find out the best method for stability measurement. From the review it is found that there are several methods to measure the stability of biodiesel but two test methods emerges the most likely choice for the purpose of measurement of oxidation stability of biodiesel. These are ASTM 2274 and 743 Rancimat test. A comparison between these two shows that these may be used alternatively. Most commonly used methods to investigate the thermal stability are Rancimat test, ASTM D 6408-08, D 5304-06 and TGA/DTA. Rancimat test has been suggested as an important method to measure the thermal stability of oils, fats and biodiesel fuels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The increasing industrialization and modernization of the world has to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum products. Economic development in developing countries has led to huge increase in the energy demand. In India, the energy demand is increasing at a rate of 6.5% per annum. The crude oil demand of the country is met by import of about 80%. Thus the energy security has become a key issue for the nation as a whole. Petroleum-based fuels are limited. The finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these reserves are facing foreign exchange crises, mainly due to the import of crude oil. Hence it is necessary to look forward for alternative fuels, which can be produced from feedstocks available within the country. Biodiesel, an ecofriendly and renewable fuel substitute for diesel has been getting the attention of researchers/scientists of all over the world. The R & D has indicated that up to B20, there is no need of modification and little work is available related to suitability and sustainability of biodiesel production from Jatropha as non-edible oil sources. In addition, the use of vegetable oil as fuel is less polluting than petroleum fuels. The basic problem with biodiesel is that it is more prone to oxidation resulting in the increase in viscosity of biodiesel with respect to time which in turn leads to piston sticking, gum formation and fuel atomization problems. The report is an attempt to present the prevailing fossil fuel scenario with respect to petroleum diesel, fuel properties of biodiesel resources for biodiesel production, processes for its production, purification, etc. Lastly, an introduction of stability of biodiesel will also be presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Biodiesel consists of long chain fatty acid esters derived from feed stocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats and used frying oil, etc. which may contain more or less unsaturated fatty acids which are prone to oxidation accelerated by exposure to air during storage and at high temperature may yield polymerized compounds. Auto oxidation of biodiesel can cause degradation of fuel quality by affecting the stability parameters. Biodiesel stability includes oxidation, storage and thermal stability. Oxidation instability can led to the formation of oxidation products like aldehydes, alcohols, shorter chain carboxylic acids, insolubles, gum and sediment in the biodiesel. Thermal instability is concerned with the increased rate of oxidation at higher temperature which in turn, increases the weight of oil and fat due to the formation of insolubles. Storage stability is the ability of liquid fuel to resist change in its physical and chemical characteristics brought about by its interaction with its environment and may be affected by interaction with contaminants, light, factors causing sediment formation, changes in color and other changes that reduce the clarity of the fuel. These fuel instabilities give rise to formation of undesirable substances in biodiesel and its blends beyond acceptable quantities as per specifications and when such fuel is used in engine, it impairs the engine performance due to fuel filter plugging, injector fouling, deposit formation in engine combustion chamber and various components of the fuel system. The present review attempts to cover the different types of fuel stabilities, mechanism of occurrence and correlations/equations developed to investigate the impact of various stability parameters on the stability of the fuel. A review of the use of different types of natural and synthetic antioxidants has also been presented which indicates that natural antioxidants, being very sensitive to biodiesel production techniques and the distillation processes have varying impacts on fuel stability and available literature is very much scarce. The work on the use of synthetic antioxidants on the stability of biodiesel (both distilled and undistilled) from various resources has indicated that out of various 8 synthetic antioxidants studied so far only 3 antioxidants have been found to increase the fuel stability significantly. However, effectiveness of these antioxidants is in the order of TBHQ>PY>PG. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils is one of the prominent research avenues being exploited in recent times to achieve energy and environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to model and optimise the production of biodiesel from the reaction of ethanol with Sapota (Manilkara Zapota L.) seed oil using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. A quadratic response surface model has been developed and validated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that the model is significant. The standard deviation is 3.76% and the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.8438. Numerical optimisation reveal that the optimal biodiesel yield of 89.57% can be achieved at an ethanol to oil molar ratio is 6.58, catalyst amount of 1.07 wt% and temperature of 64.77°C. Parametric studies reveal that the yield of biodiesel initially increases with increasing ethanol-oil ratio and catalyst amount but drops off gradually beyond the region of optimality. Temperature has a slight positive effect on the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the swelling of climatic and environmental hazards, Biodiesel is playing the most potential and significant role as the sustainable source of energy. As a substitute for diesel, biodiesel has been getting the attention of researchers/scientists of all over the world. The R & D have indicated sustainability of biodiesel production from non-edible oil sources such as Jatropha and algal oil. The objective of the present study was to optimize the process parameters for the transesterification of algal oil using CaO and 80% wt. CaO.Al 2 O 3 as catalysts. A low temperature transesterification process was selected. A biodiesel yield of 88.89% was achieved with methanol/oil volumetric ratio (3.2:10) using 80% wt. CaO.Al 2 O 3 as catalyst (1.56% w/w) in 125 min time at 50 °C temperature using Response Surface Methodology. It was observed that catalyst concentration, reaction time and methanol/oil volumetric ratio had a significant effect on yield. Also, this model involving heterogeneous catalyst can be used in the industry for efficient biodiesel production from algal oil, thereby saving time and cost of the process in optimizing the process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel, as a substitute for diesel has been getting the attention of researchers/scientists of all over the world. The R & D has indicated that up to B20, there is no need of modification and little work is available related to suitability and sustainability of biodiesel production from Jatropha and algae as non-edible oil sources. The objective of the present study was to optimize the process parameters for transesterification of low free fatty acid (FFA) Jatropha and algae oil blend. A low temperature transesterification process was selected to make the transesterification process more energy efficient. A model was developed to correlate the biodiesel yield with process parameters viz methanol/oil volumetric ratio, Catalyst concentration and reaction time. A biodiesel yield of 81.98% was achieved with methanol/oil volumetric ratio (3:5) using KOH as catalyst (0.9% w/w) in 180 min time at 50 °C temperature. It was observed that catalyst concentration, reaction time and methanol/oil volumetric ratio had a significant effect on blend yield. It is found out that this model can be used in the industry to improve the efficiency of biodiesel production from blend of Jatropha and algae oil thereby, saving time and cost of the process in optimizing the process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The use of additives in the biodiesel-diesel blend leads to a decrease in BSFC. • Lower Ignition delay and higher pressure and heat release rate affect the BTE. • Nanoparticles and waste polymers affect engine performance by increasing BTE, decreasing BSFC. Fossil fuel depletion led researchers to find alternative fuel to the Compression Ignition (CI) engines. Biodiesel has emerged as an eco-friendly, clean, and sustainable alternative which can be used directly as a fuel or as a blend with diesel. However, high viscosity, high NOx emission, and high brake specific fuel consumption are some disadvantages associated with it. To obviate these disadvantages various studies has been done on the addition of additives or properties enhancers, converting biodiesel into a more efficient and reliable fuel for end-use in the engine. This review article focuses on the effect of additives such as nanoparticles and antioxidants on engine performance, the concentration of exhaust gases and emission characteristics of biodiesel blend. The major finding of this research was that nanoparticles and waste polymers affect engine performance by increasing BTE, decreasing BSFC, and lowering the emission of certain pollutants such as CO, HC, NOx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to study the cold flow properties of JCB (Jatropha curcas biodiesel) and WCB (Waste cooking oil biodiesel). For the purpose two methods were examined experimentally viz. winterization and blending of biodiesel samples with petro diesel and kerosene. Winterization was found to be effective as it improved the cold flow properties of biodiesel samples but at the same time decreased the yield and stability due to partially removal of saturated fatty acids. Blending was found to be more favorable for improvement in cold flow properties of biodiesel without any effect on yield, however, the biodiesel become more stable after blending. The CP and PP (pour point) for JCB for B20 blends with petro diesel were reported as 14.9 °C and 14 °C respectively, however, for WCB it was 12 °C and 11.5 °C respectively. Kerosene K20 samples was showing best result as the reported CP and PP were −1 °C and −2.2 °C respectively for JCB. However in case of WCB blends with kerosene, the reported CP and PP for K20 blends are −10.5 °C and −12 °C respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]