35 results on '"Poria"'
Search Results
2. Metabolites of gut microbiota fermenting Poria cocos polysaccharide alleviates chronic nonbacterial prostatitis in rats
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Juntong Yu, Qing Hu, Junsheng Liu, Jianming Luo, Liu Liu, and Xichun Peng
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Male ,Bacteria ,General Medicine ,Poria ,Biochemistry ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Prostatitis ,Rats ,Glucuronides ,Structural Biology ,Polysaccharides ,Dietary Carbohydrates ,Animals ,Haloperidol ,Humans ,Molecular Biology ,Wolfiporia - Abstract
Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (CNP) is a common urology disease. Our previous research found Poria cocos polysaccharides (PPs) alleviated CNP and suggested the effect was related to gut bacteria. We investigated the crucial bacteria and their metabolites responsible for the anti-CNP effect to discover possible mechanisms. The results showed that after the fermentation of PPs by human fecal microbiota, Parabacteroides, Fusicatenibacter, and Parasutterella were significantly enriched. Haloperidol glucuronide and 7-ketodeoxycholic acid generated by these bacteria could be responsible for the increased expression of Alox15 and Pla2g2f and the reduced expression of Cyp1a1 and Hsd17b7 in colon epithelium. The ratio of dihydrotestosterone to estradiol in serum was regulated, and CNP was alleviated. Our results suggested that Parabacteroides, Fusicatenibacter, and Parasutterella could be the essential bacteria in CNP alleviation and their metabolites of PPs 7-ketodeoxycholic acid and haloperidol glucuronide could be the signal molecules of the "gut-prostate axis".
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- 2022
3. The substance basis of Poria ameliorates hypothyroidism other than hyperthyroidism based on proteomics and metabolomics
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Deqiang Dou, Weiqun Xu, Jing Chen, Hang Xiao, and Xueying Han
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Proteomics ,endocrine system diseases ,Pentose phosphate pathway ,Biochemistry ,Hyperthyroidism ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Metabolomics ,Biosynthesis ,Hypothyroidism ,Genetics ,Oils, Volatile ,Animals ,Glycolysis ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Peroxisome ,Poria ,Triterpenes ,Amino acid ,Rats ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Gluconeogenesis ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Energy Metabolism ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Integrated metabolomics and proteomics analysis was carried out to study the effects of Poria and its split components (volatile oil, triterpenoid, oligosaccharide, amino acid, and crude polysaccharide) on rats of normal physiological model, hyperthyroidism model, and hypothyroidism model to explore the substance basis of Poria for hypothyroidism from the perspective of a holistic view in substance and energy metalism. The key pathways regulating substance and energy metabolism were screened, encompassing tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway, glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis pathways, biosynthesis of amino acid pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors pathway, etc Poria and its split components showed promoting effects on substance and energy metabolism in normal model, while showed amelioration effects on hypothyroidism model at different degrees, and had no significant improvement effects on hyperthyroidism in rats. Volatile oil, triterpenoid, and crude polysaccharide from Poria were regarded as substance basis of Poria ameliorating hypothyroidism other than hyperthyroidism. This work also revealed the feasibility of metabolomics and proteomics analysis to elucidate the effective substance basis of traditional Chinese medicine from a new viewpoint based on its effects on substance and energy metabolism.
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- 2020
4. A UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of eight triterpene compounds from Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf extract in rat plasma: Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study
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Qiao Wang, Pengcheng Qi, Xiyan Mu, Na Zhou, Qi Qian, Xiaowei Shi, and Yuqian Zhang
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Male ,Formic acid ,Electrospray ionization ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Triterpene ,Pharmacokinetics ,Limit of Detection ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Animals ,Radix ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,Plant Extracts ,010405 organic chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Selected reaction monitoring ,Reproducibility of Results ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Poria ,Triterpenes ,Rats ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Linear Models ,Ammonium acetate - Abstract
Poria cum Radix Pini (PRP), White Poria (WP), Rubra Poria (RP), and Poriae Cutis (PC), different parts of the dried sclerotium of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (PCW), have possessed various pharmacological effects and clinical application. In the present study, a novel ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of eight triterpene compounds in rat plasma and then was applied in the comparison of pharmacokinetic characteristics of PRP, WP, RP, and PC extracts. Chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase composed of aqueous solution (containing 0.5‰ formic acid and 0.5 mmol/L ammonium acetate) and acetonitrile in gradient elution. Mass spectrometric of the analytes and internal standard (IS) were conducted in negative electrospray ionization with high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRMHR) mode. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for the eight analytes were in the range of 2.00–20.16 ng/mL. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0.993). The inter- and intra-batch precision and accuracy for the eight triterpene compounds were acceptable. The results indicated that the eight triterpene compounds displayed different pharmacokinetic characteristics in PRP, WP, RP, and PC, and that poricoic acid B, poricoic acid A, pachymic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, dehydrotumulosic acid, polyporenic acid C and dehydropachymic acid may be the major bioactive compounds of PCW contributing to the diuretic effect.
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- 2018
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5. Antidepressant and immunosuppressive activities of two polysaccharides from Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf
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Lu Chen, Peng Li, Jinzhong Zhao, Wuxia Zhang, and Jinyou Duan
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,T cell ,Mannose ,Pharmacology ,Polysaccharide ,PC12 Cells ,Biochemistry ,Neuroprotection ,Fucose ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Structural Biology ,medicine ,Animals ,Lymphocytes ,Molecular Biology ,Cell Proliferation ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemistry ,Monosaccharides ,Fungal Polysaccharides ,Hydrogen Peroxide ,General Medicine ,Poria ,Antidepressive Agents ,Tail suspension test ,Rats ,Molecular Weight ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Antidepressant ,Immunosuppressive Agents ,Spleen ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Behavioural despair test - Abstract
Pursuit of novel effective antidepressants is an urgent task. Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (PCW) is a traditional herb with antidepressant effects. Polysaccharides designated PCWPW and PCWPS were purified from PCW by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography. Their structures were characterized using physicochemical and spectral methods. Chemical analysis indicated that PCWPW (37,154 Da) and PCWPS (186,209 Da) were mainly composed of mannose, glucose, galactose and fucose. Their antidepressant activities were evaluated by tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST) with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model mice. To investigate the antidepressant mechanism, the neuroprotective and immunomodulation effects were assessed by MTT method. Results showed that PCWPW and PCWPS possess obvious antidepressant effects and can suppress ConA-stimulated T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, PCWPS could protect the PC12 cells from H2O2-induced damage and suppress LPS-induced B cell proliferation. These findings implied that PCWPW and PCWPS might be a candidate for developing antidepressant or immunosuppressive agents in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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- 2018
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6. Structural identification of a fucose-containing 1,3-β-mannoglucan from Poria cocos and its anti-lung cancer CL1-5 cells migration via inhibition of TGFβR-mediated signaling
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Chia-Chuan Chang, Mei-Kuang Lu, and Tung Yi Lin
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Lung Neoplasms ,Slug ,Cell Survival ,Down-Regulation ,Antineoplastic Agents ,02 engineering and technology ,Adenocarcinoma ,Chemical Fractionation ,Polysaccharide ,Biochemistry ,Fucose ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Structural Biology ,Cell Movement ,Polysaccharides ,Transforming Growth Factor beta ,Cell Line, Tumor ,medicine ,Humans ,Phosphorylation ,Molecular Biology ,Protein kinase B ,030304 developmental biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Cancer ,Cell migration ,General Medicine ,Poria ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Molecular biology ,chemistry ,Cell culture ,Snail Family Transcription Factors ,0210 nano-technology ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Poria cocos (Polyporacea), is a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine. A study of the valuable sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) with the structure and pharmaceutical benefits from the mycelial culture conditions of P. cocos was attempted. The SPSs were fractionated by gel filtration chromatography to give a fucose-containing mannoglucan polysaccharide (denoted as FMGP): The main skeleton was a 1,4-α-Man-interlaced-1,3-β-glucan with interlaced 6-O-α-l-fucosyl 1,4-α-Glc and 1,4-α-Gal branches. FMGP dramatically inhibited cell migration in the highly metastatic human lung cancer cell line CL1-5 cells. Mechanistically, FMGP dramatically downregulated the expression of TGFβRI and inhibited phosphorylation of FAK and AKT. Moreover, FMGP reduced the metastasis-related protein, Slug, expression. This is the first paper reporting a branched 1,3-β-mannoglucan from P. cocos and its anti-lung cancer CL1-5 cells migration activities.
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- 2019
7. Polystyrene-divinylbenzene-glycidyl methacrylate stationary phase grafted with poly (amidoamine) dendrimers for ion chromatography
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Dandan Guo, Shuchao Wu, Yan Zhu, Chaoyan Lou, Jiajie Zhang, Nani Wang, and Peimin Zhang
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Dendrimers ,Glycidyl methacrylate ,Vinyl Compounds ,Diglycidyl ether ,Ion chromatography ,02 engineering and technology ,Methacrylate ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Limit of Detection ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,Particle Size ,Butylene Glycols ,Methyl acrylate ,Chromatography ,Ion exchange ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Reproducibility of Results ,Stereoisomerism ,Atractylodes ,General Medicine ,Poly(amidoamine) ,Plants ,Poria ,Chromatography, Ion Exchange ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Divinylbenzene ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ,Epoxy Compounds ,Methacrylates ,Polystyrenes ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
In this work, a novel ion exchange stationary phase based on different generations of poly (amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM) was developed for the determination of inorganic anions and carbohydrates. Synthesis of the PAMAM was carried out with the polymerization reaction of ethylenediamine and methyl acrylate. The synthesized PAMAM was then grafted to the polystyrene-divinylbenzene-glycidyl methacrylate (PS-GMA) to form PAMAM-based beads. These beads were finally modified with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) to generate the anion exchanger, which were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), brunauer-emmett-teller (BET), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and elemental analysis. Elemental analysis, breakthrough curves and capacity factors showed that more epoxy groups and higher PAMAM generations in stationary phase could result in higher anion exchange capacity. The efficiency, durability and stability of the proposed anion exchanger were investigated by using six inorganic anions (fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate and sulfate) and four carbohydrates (trehalose, glucose, maltotriose and galacturonic acid) as analytes, respectively. The reliability of the proposed ion chromatographic stationary phase was demonstrated by determining the content of galacturonic acid in polysaccharides from Poria cocos and Atractylodes macrocephala. The relative standard deviations of retention time, peak height, and peak area for galacturonic acid were 0.39%, 1.22%, and 2.02%, respectively. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 88.29%-100.51% for plant polysaccharides. Due to the good structural homogeneity, intense internal porosity, biological compatibility and high density of active groups in PAMAM, this grafted stationary phase showed good ion-exchange characteristics, especially in biological charged molecules.
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- 2016
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8. One-step separation of nine structural analogues from Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf. via tandem high-speed counter-current chromatography
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Jingang Yu, Meiling Wang, Hualiang Zeng, Xinyu Jiang, Qi Liu, Zhi-Liang Wu, Miao Chen, and Xiaoqing Chen
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Biological Products ,Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ,Chromatography ,Resolution (mass spectrometry) ,Tandem ,Chemistry ,Elution ,Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Clinical Biochemistry ,One-Step ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Poria ,Biochemistry ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Analytical Chemistry ,Terpene ,Countercurrent chromatography ,Proton NMR ,Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ,Countercurrent Distribution ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid - Abstract
A novel one-step separation strategy-tandem high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was developed with a six-port valve serving as the switch interface. Nine structural analogues including three isomers were successfully isolated from Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf. by one step. Compared with conventional HSCCC, peak resolution of target compounds was effectively improved in tandem one. Purities of isolated compounds were all over 90% as determined by HPLC. Their structures were then identified via UV, MS and (1)H NMR, and eventually assigned as poricoic acid B (1), poricoic acid A (2), 3β,16α-dihydroxylanosta-7, 9(11), 24-trien-21-oic acid (3), dehydrotumulosic acid (4), polyporenic acid C (5), 3-epi-dehydrotumulosic acid (6), 3-o-acetyl-16α-hydroxydehydrotrametenolic acid (7), dehydropachymic acid (8) and dehydrotrametenolic acid (9) respectively. The results indicated that tandem HSCCC can effectively improve peak resolution of target compounds, and can be a good candidate for HSCCC separation of structural analogues.
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- 2015
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9. Cloning and Characterization of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Gene Involved in Triterpenoids Biosynthesis from Poria cocos
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Yang-Yuan Li, Danni Liu, and Jian-Rong Wang
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Farnesyl pyrophosphate ,Acetates ,Pichia ,lcsh:Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ,Cloning, Molecular ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Peptide sequence ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Poria cocos ,Spectroscopy ,Phylogeny ,biology ,ATP synthase ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,Geranyltranstransferase ,General Medicine ,Poria ,Computer Science Applications ,Biochemistry ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ,farnesyl diphosphate synthase ,Chromatography, Gas ,Genes, Fungal ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Cyclopentanes ,Catalysis ,Article ,Pichia pastoris ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Farnesyl diphosphate synthase ,Biosynthesis ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Oxylipins ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Molecular Biology ,Base Sequence ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Organic Chemistry ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,methyl jasmonate ,triterpenoids ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Triterpenes ,Biosynthetic Pathways ,chemistry ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,biology.protein ,Biocatalysis ,Sequence Alignment - Abstract
Poria cocos (P. cocos) has long been used as traditional Chinese medicine and triterpenoids are the most important pharmacologically active constituents of this fungus. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme of triterpenoids biosynthesis. The gene encoding FPS was cloned from P. cocos by degenerate PCR, inverse PCR and cassette PCR. The open reading frame of the gene is 1086 bp in length, corresponding to a predicted polypeptide of 361 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 41.2 kDa. Comparison of the P. cocos FPS deduced amino acid sequence with other species showed the highest identity with Ganoderma lucidum (74%). The predicted P. cocos FPS shares at least four conserved regions involved in the enzymatic activity with the FPSs of varied species. The recombinant protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the recombinant FPS could catalyze the formation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) from geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). Furthermore, the expression profile of the FPS gene and content of total triterpenoids under different stages of development and methyl jasmonate treatments were determined. The results indicated that there is a positive correlation between the activity of FPS and the amount of total triterpenoids produced in P. cocos.
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- 2014
10. Antioxidant activity of carboxymethyl (1→3)-β-d-glucan (from the sclerotium of Poria cocos) sulfate (in vitro)
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Mengting Lian, Telieke Jiayinaguli, Yu Cao, Renqiang Sun, Lina Liu, Lin Han, Qing Wang, Sha Chen, and Zhili Wen
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Male ,Erythrocytes ,beta-Glucans ,Antioxidant ,Free Radicals ,DPPH ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Radical ,Mitochondria, Liver ,Polysaccharide ,Hemolysis ,Biochemistry ,Antioxidants ,Lipid peroxidation ,Mice ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Sulfation ,Structural Biology ,Malondialdehyde ,medicine ,Animals ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Mycelium ,Sulfates ,Chemistry ,Superoxide ,Hydrogen Peroxide ,General Medicine ,Poria ,Rats ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Oxidative Stress ,Lipid Peroxidation ,DNA Damage - Abstract
(1→3)-β-d-glucan derived from Poria cocos hardly exhibits bioactivities. To extend its use, three types of (1→3)-β-d-glucan derivatives, which were sulfated (1→3)-β-d-glucan (S-P), carboxymethyl (1→3)-β-d-glucan (CMP) and carboxylmethyl (1→3)-β-d-glucan sulfate (S-CMP), were synthesized. Potential antioxidant activities of S-P, CMP and S-CMP were evaluated in vitro. The experiments of scavenging abilities of free radicals were carried out, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion and hydroxyl. Deeply study of the derivatives' inhibitory effect for lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidative damage, erythrocyte hemolysis, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production were determined. And S-CMP significantly (P
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- 2014
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11. Biological activities and potential health benefits of polysaccharides from Poria cocos and their derivatives
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Yichun Sun
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Mushroom ,Traditional medicine ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents ,Antineoplastic Agents ,General Medicine ,Poria ,Biology ,Health benefits ,Polysaccharide ,Biochemistry ,Antioxidants ,chemistry ,Health ,Polysaccharides ,Structural Biology ,Botany ,Asian country ,Animals ,Humans ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
Poria cocos has a long history of medicinal use in Asian countries such as China, Japan, Korea and Thailand. It is a kind of edible and pharmaceutical mushroom. The chemical compositions of Poria cocos mainly include triterpenes, polysaccharides, steroids, amino acids, choline, histidine, etc. Great advances have been made in chemical and bioactive studies on Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCP) and their derivatives in recent decades. These PCP and their derivatives exhibit many beneficial biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral activities. Therefore, PCP and their derivatives have great potential for further development as therapy or adjuvant therapy for cancer, immune-modulatory and antiviral drugs. This paper presents an overview of biological activities and potential health benefits of PCP and their derivatives.
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- 2014
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12. Characterization and antioxidant activities of degraded polysaccharides from Poria cocos sclerotium
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Sun Qiao, Yonglian Zheng, Fang Ma, Jing Nie, Shaopeng Zhang, Wenjun Zhu, Jin Tang, Ping Chen, Song Jia, and Danping Li
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Arabinose ,Sclerotium ,Antioxidant ,Polymers and Plastics ,DNA damage ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Polysaccharide ,Antioxidants ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Polysaccharides ,Materials Chemistry ,medicine ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,ABTS ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular mass ,biology ,Organic Chemistry ,Free Radical Scavengers ,Poria ,biology.organism_classification ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Oxidation-Reduction ,DNA Damage - Abstract
Poria cocos F.A.Wolf is a Chinese traditional medicine used to treat chronic gastritis, edema, nephrosis, gastric atony, and acute gastroenteric catarrh. Polysaccharides are the main active component of P. cocos. We obtained polysaccharides PCP-1, PCP-2, and PCP-3 from the degradation of P. cocos polysaccharides (PCP) with different concentrations of H2O2 solution. Molecular weights were determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography. HPLC analysis of monosaccharide composition confirmed that PCP-1, PCP-2, and PCP-3 are heteropolysaccharides composed of glucose and arabinose. IR spectra indicated obvious characteristic peaks of polysaccharides. The antioxidant activities of these polysaccharides were evaluated by established in vitro systems, including scavenging activity of hydroxyl radicals, ABTS radicals, and ferrous ions. The degradation polysaccharides exhibited obvious and concentration-dependent antioxidant properties. In addition, DNA binding analysis showed that PCP-1 had a stronger capacity than other polysaccharides to interact with DNA. However, each polysaccharide had a certain capacity for DNA damage protection.
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- 2014
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13. Renal metabolic profiling of early renal injury and renoprotective effects of Poria cocos epidermis using UPLC Q-TOF/HSMS/MSE
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Xu Bai, Ya-Long Feng, Ping Lei, Ying-Yong Zhao, and Dan-Qian Chen
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Male ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Pharmaceutical Science ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Allantoin ,Drug Discovery ,Animals ,Metabolomics ,Least-Squares Analysis ,Medicine, Chinese Traditional ,Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ,Purine metabolism ,Spectroscopy ,Fatty acid metabolism ,Hippuric acid ,Poria ,Eicosapentaenoic acid ,Rats ,Disease Models, Animal ,Metabolic pathway ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Docosahexaenoic acid ,Disease Progression ,Biomarkers ,Chromatography, Liquid ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal - Abstract
Poria cocos epidermis is one of ancient traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), which is usually used for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for thousands of years in China. A metabonomic approach based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight high-sensitivity mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF/HSMS) and a mass spectrometry(Elevated Energy) (MS(E)) data collection technique was developed to obtained a systematic view of the development and progression of CKD and biochemistry mechanism of therapeutic effects of P. cocos epidermis (Fu-Ling-Pi, FLP). By partial least squares-discriminate analysis, 19 metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers of CKD. Among the 19 biomarkers, 10 biomarkers including eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, lysoPC(20:4), lysoPC(18:2), lysoPC(15:0), lysoPE(20:0/0:0), indoxyl sulfate, hippuric acid, p-cresol sulfate and allantoin were reversed to the control level in FLP-treated groups. The study indicates that FLP treatment can ameliorate CKD by intervening in some dominating metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, purine metabolism and tryptophan metabolism. This work was for the first time to investigate the FLP therapeutic effect based on metabonomics technology, which is a potentially powerful tool to study the TCMs.
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- 2013
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14. Urinary metabonomic study of the surface layer of Poria cocos as an effective treatment for chronic renal injury in rats
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Ying-Yong Zhao, Hai-Tao Li, Ya-Long Feng, Xu Bai, and Rui-Chao Lin
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Cocos ,Male ,Urination ,Urine ,Kidney ,Creatine ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Animals ,Edema ,Metabolomics ,Xanthurenic acid ,Medicine, Chinese Traditional ,Diuretics ,Acetylcarnitine ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Hypoxanthine ,Pharmacology ,Principal Component Analysis ,Methionine ,Adenine ,Kidney metabolism ,Poria ,Rats ,Metabolic pathway ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Kidney Failure, Chronic ,Plant Preparations ,Biomarkers ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal ,Wolfiporia ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae) is a well-known medicinal fungus. The epidermis of the sclerotia (“Fu-Ling-Pi” in Chinese) is used as a diuretic and traditionally used for promoting urination and reduce edema. Aim of the study Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) treat many diseases through multi-components, multi-ways and multi-targets. However, the molecular mechanisms of TCM are not yet well understood. In the present work, ultra performance liquid chromatography-based metabonomics analysis was applied to investigate the urinary metabolite profiling of the renoprotective effect of FLP on adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat model and involved possible mechanism. Material and methods A metabonomic approach based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight high-sensitivity mass spectrometry and a novel mass spectrometryElevated Energy data collection technique was developed. The resulting dataset was analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. The identification of all potential biomarkers was performed using reference standard by comparing their mass spectra, MSE fragments information, isotopic pattern and MassLynx i-FIT algorithm. Results By partial least squares-discriminate analysis, 15 biomarkers in rat urine were identified and 11 of them were related to the pathway of adenine metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Among these biomarkers, eight biomarkers like adenine, l -acetylcarnitine, 8-hydroxyadenine, hypoxanthine, creatine, methionine, phytosphingosine and phenylalanine were reversed to the control level in FLP-treated group and six biomarkers like 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, indole-3-carboxylic acid, 3-methyldioxyindole, ethyl-N2-acetyl- l -argininate, 3-O-methyldopa and xanthurenic acid were reversed to high control group by FLP, which indicates that the urinary metabolic pattern significantly changed after FLP treatment. Conclusions Our study indicates that FLP treatment can ameliorate CKD by intervening in some dominating metabolic pathways, such as adenine metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The metabonomic results not only supplied a systematic view of the development and progression of CKD and mechanism studies of FLP but also provided the theoretical basis for the prevention or treatment of CKD.
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- 2013
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15. Reversal of Multidrug Resistance of KBV200 Cells by Triterpenoids Isolated fromPoria cocos
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Han Yuan, Zhang Qinglin, Xiao Fengjun, Cheng Xiaochen, He Shan, and Lu Yuxin
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Cell Extracts ,Vincristine ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Apoptosis ,ATP-binding cassette transporter ,Drug resistance ,Pharmacology ,Rhodamine 123 ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Humans ,ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 ,Medicine, Chinese Traditional ,Cytotoxicity ,Molecular Structure ,Organic Chemistry ,Poria ,Drug Resistance, Multiple ,Triterpenes ,Multiple drug resistance ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Cell culture ,Molecular Medicine ,Biological Assay ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells is one of the major problems encountered during cancer chemotherapy. In this paper, we isolated eight triterpenoids from Poria cocos and evaluated their effects on reversing MDR of KBV200 cells. Eight triterpenoids increase significantly vincristine-induced cytotoxicity in drug-resistant KBV200 cells at the concentrations of 12.5 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL. Dehydrotumulosic acid showed the best reversal effect: it increased KBV200 apoptosis induced by vincristine and inhibited P-gp function through enhancing the accumulation and retention of fluorescent P-gp substrate rhodamine 123 in KBV200 cells but had no effect on P-gp expression.
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- 2012
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16. Inhibitory effects of Hoelen extract on melanogenesis in B16/F1 melanoma cells
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Moon Jung Choi, Mun Seog Chang, Seong Kyu Park, and Soo Yeon Park
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Cell Survival ,Tyrosinase ,Biology ,Pharmacology ,Melanin ,Mice ,Depigmentation ,Cell Line, Tumor ,medicine ,Animals ,Viability assay ,Melanoma ,Melanins ,Biological Products ,Membrane Glycoproteins ,Monophenol Monooxygenase ,Poria ,medicine.disease ,Hyperpigmentation ,In vitro ,Blot ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Biochemistry ,medicine.symptom ,Oxidoreductases - Abstract
Melanin synthesis is regulated by melanogenic proteins, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2. The effects of Hoelen extract on melanogenesis were investigated in B16Fl murine melanoma cells. Specifically, tyrosinase activity, cell viability and melanin content were assayed, and western blotting and RT-PCR for tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 conducted. The results show that Hoelen significantly inhibited melanin synthesis through inhibition of TRP-2 expression, while it did not affect tyrosinase activity or its expression. Taken together, RT-PCR results showed that the depigmentation effect of Hoelen may be due to inhibition of TRP-2 gene transcription. These results suggest that Hoelen may be a useful inhibitor for the attenuation of melanogenesis and hyperpigmentation in skin cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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- 2010
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17. Immunopotentiation and anti-tumor activity of carboxymethylated-sulfated β-(1→3)-d-glucan from Poria cocos
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Peter C.K. Cheung, Xiaoyu Chen, and Lina Zhang
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Male ,Erythrocytes ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,beta-Glucans ,Spectrophotometry, Infrared ,Phagocyte ,Immunology ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Spleen ,Thymus Gland ,Hemolysis ,Mice ,Adjuvants, Immunologic ,Phagocytosis ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,medicine ,Animals ,Scattering, Radiation ,Immunology and Allergy ,Hypersensitivity, Delayed ,Sarcoma 180 ,Cytotoxicity ,Receptor ,Glucan ,Pharmacology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Immunity, Cellular ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ,Sheep ,Macrophages ,Biological activity ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Poria ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Proteoglycans ,Neoplasm Transplantation - Abstract
A carboxymethylated-sulfated derivative of (1--3)-beta-d-glucan (PCS3-II) extracted from Poria cocos was synthesized and coded as CS-PCS3-II. Results of infrared (IR) and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C NMR) indicated that CS-PCS3-II contained carboxymethyl and sulfate groups with a degree of substitution (DS) of 1.05 and 0.36 respectively. By using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with laser light scatting (LLS), the dependence of radius of gyration (S(2)(z)(1/2)) on the molecular weight (M(w)) for CS-PCS3-II was established asS(2)(z)(1/2) = 6.92 x 10(-2)M(w)(0.59) in 0.15M NaCl solution at 25 degrees C, suggesting that CS-PCS3-II existed as an extended flexible chain. CS-PCS3-II exhibited significantly higher inhibition ratio to Sarcoma 180 tumor in BALB/c mice than PCS3-II. Histological examination of tumor cells treated with CS-PCS3-II had signs of necrosis and apoptosis. It is postulated that introduction of the carboxymethyl and sulfate groups to PCS3-II increased its possible contact with the receptors of immune cells through hydrogen binding and electrostatic attraction, leading to a stronger immunological responses that resulted in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Moreover, there were significant increases in phagocyte and thymus indexes, spleen index, hemolytic activity as well as spleen antibody production and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), suggesting that CS-PCS3-II could significantly enhance immunpotentiation in mice.
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- 2010
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18. Effects of triterpenoids from Poria cocos Wolf on the serotonin type 3A receptor-mediated ion current in Xenopus oocytes
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Minkyu Shin, Moochang Hong, Yoojin Lee, Joo Won Nam, Sung-Hoon Kim, Eun Kyoung Seo, Seung Yeol Nah, Hyunsu Bae, Jun Ho Lee, Jin Hyun Jeong, Jung Kyu Shin, and Yangseok Kim
- Subjects
Serotonin ,Patch-Clamp Techniques ,Microinjections ,Xenopus ,In Vitro Techniques ,Pharmacology ,Biology ,Membrane Potentials ,RNA, Complementary ,Lanosterol ,Xenopus laevis ,Triterpene ,Animals ,Humans ,Potency ,Patch clamp ,Receptor ,5-HT receptor ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular Structure ,Poria ,biology.organism_classification ,Triterpenes ,Dose–response relationship ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Receptors, Serotonin ,Oocytes ,Female ,Serotonin Antagonists ,Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3 ,Tropanes - Abstract
Poria cocos Wolf (P. cocos Wolf) is used to treat chronic gastritis, edema, nephrosis, gastric atony, acute gastroenteric catarrh, dizziness, emesis and vomiting. Triterpenoids are a class of natural compounds produced by P. cocos Wolf that contain acyclic 30-carbon precursors. In this study, we investigated the effect of triterpenoids (PA, Pachymic acid; DA, dehydroeburicoic acid; HA, 3beta-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-21-oic acid) on human 5-hydroxytryptamine 3A (5-HT(3A)) receptor channel activity, which is one of the ligand-gated ion channel families. The two-electrode voltage-clamp technique was used to examine the 5-HT3A mediated current. The inhibitory effect of triterpenoids on 5HT-induced inward current (I(5-HT)) occurred in a concentration dependent and reversible manner. Furthermore, the half-inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of PA, DA and HA were 3.2+/-0.2, 5.5+/-0.6 and 1.4+/-0.2 microM, respectively. This corresponded to an order of potency for the inhibition of I(5-HT) in oocytes expressing human 5-HT(3A) receptor of HA>PA>DA. Finally, inhibition of I(5HT) by triterpenoids occurred in a non-competitive manner, while inhibition by HA and PA showed more voltage-dependency. Taken together, these results indicate that triterpenoids may regulate the expressed 5-HT(3A) receptors in Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, this regulation of the ligand-gated ion channel activity by triterpenoids may be one of the pharmacological actions of P. cocos Wolf.
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- 2009
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19. Lipidomics Biomarkers of Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia and Its Treatment with Poria cocos
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Ying-Yong Zhao, Yu-Hui Zhao, Mehrdokht Tarbiat-Boldaji, Nosratola D. Vaziri, Leili Hatami, Han Chen, Hua Miao, Mahyar Khazaeli, Hua Chen, and Dan-Dan Tang
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hyperlipidemias ,Diet, High-Fat ,Palmitic acid ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Internal medicine ,Hyperlipidemia ,Lipidomics ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Triglycerides ,Hypolipidemic Agents ,Fatty acid metabolism ,Cholesterol ,Cholic acid ,General Chemistry ,Poria ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,Lipoproteins, LDL ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Hexadecenoic Acid ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Biomarkers ,Lipoprotein - Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Poria cocos (PC) is a medicinal product widely used in Asia. This study was undertaken to define the alterations of lipid metabolites in rats fed a high-fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia and to explore efficacy and mechanism of action of PC in the treatment of diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Plasma samples were then analyzed using UPLC-HDMS. The untreated rats fed a high-fat diet exhibited significant elevation of plasma triglyceride and total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. This was associated with marked changes in plasma concentrations of seven fatty acids (palmitic acid, hexadecenoic acid, hexanoylcarnitine, tetracosahexaenoic acid, cervonoyl ethanolamide, 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, and 5,6-DHET) and five sterols [cholesterol ester (18:2), cholesterol, hydroxytestosterone, 19-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, and cholic acid]. These changes represented disorders of biosynthesis and metabolism of the primary bile acids, steroids, and fatty acids and mitochondrial fatty acid elongation pathways in diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Treatment with PC resulted in significant improvements of hyperlipidemia and the associated abnormalities of the lipid metabolites.
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- 2016
20. Antioxidant property of water-soluble polysaccharides from Poria cocos Wolf using different extraction methods
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Dan Shou, Fei Ying, Xuping Wang, Yong Yu, Xiaowen Huang, Yang Zhang, and Nani Wang
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0301 basic medicine ,Antioxidant ,DPPH ,medicine.medical_treatment ,02 engineering and technology ,Uronic acid ,Chemical Fractionation ,Polysaccharide ,Biochemistry ,Antioxidants ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Structural Biology ,Polysaccharides ,medicine ,Organic chemistry ,Animals ,Ultrasonics ,Food science ,Sugar ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chemistry ,Hydroxyl Radical ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Temperature ,Water ,General Medicine ,Free Radical Scavengers ,Poria ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,respiratory tract diseases ,Hot water extraction ,030104 developmental biology ,Hydroxyl radical ,Medicine, Traditional ,0210 nano-technology ,Oxidation-Reduction ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal ,Wolfiporia - Abstract
Poria cocos Wolf is a popular traditional medicinal plant that has invigorating activity. Water-soluble polysaccharides (PCPs) are its main active components. In this study, four different methods were used to extract PCPs, which include hot water extraction (PCP-H), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (PCP-U), enzyme-assisted extraction (PCP-E) and microwave-assisted extraction (PCP-M). Their chemical compositions and structure characterizations were compared. In vitro antioxidant activities were studied on the basis of DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, reducing power and metal chelating ability. The results showed that PCPs were composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, and arabinose, and had typical IR spectra characteristics of polysaccharides. Compared with other PCPs, PCP-M had lower neutral sugar content, higher mannose content and higher uronic acid content. The molecular weight were determined as PCP-E
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- 2015
21. Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of Atractylenolide I, II and III in rat plasma after intragastric administration of Baizhufuling extract and Atractylodis extract by UPLC-MS/MS
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Yang Wang, Mingjing Yang, Qili Zhang, Xiaorui Wang, Zhiguo Yu, Yunli Zhao, Yuanyuan Sun, and Han Yan
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Atractylenolide I ,Male ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Ethyl acetate ,Schisandrin ,Mass spectrometry ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Lactones ,Pharmacokinetics ,Intragastric administration ,Limit of Detection ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Animals ,Acetonitrile ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Chromatography ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Plasma ,Atractylodes ,Poria ,Rats ,chemistry ,Sesquiterpenes ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal - Abstract
A simple and rapid ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Atractylenolide I, II and III in rat plasma. Plasma samples were processed by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, using schisandrin as internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a Thermo Hypersil GOLD C18 column (2.1mm×50mm, 1.9μm) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid-water (50:50, v/v). The detection was carried out by ESI-MS (positive ionization mode) and low-energy collision dissociation tandem mass spectrometric analyses using the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scan mode. The quantification was performed using the transitions of the protonated molecule→product ion at m/z 231.0→185.1 for Atractylenolide I, at m/z 233.1→187.1 for Atractylenolide II and at m/z 249.1→231.1 for Atractylenolide III, respectively. Method validation revealed excellent linearity over investigated range together with satisfactory intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, matrix effects and extraction recoveries. This method was successfully applied to the comparative pharmacokinetic study of Atractylenolide I, II and III in rat plasma after intragastric administration of Baizhufuling extract and Atractylodis extract.
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- 2014
22. Pachymic acid protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and apoptosis by inhibiting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 pathways
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Yuan Yuan, Rong Jiao, Fangfang Li, Qing-Qing Wu, Qi-Zhu Tang, Meng‑Qiao Zhou, Yuan Liu, and Zheng Yang
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MAPK/ERK pathway ,Lipopolysaccharides ,Cancer Research ,p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases ,Caspase 3 ,Apoptosis ,Biology ,Protective Agents ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Biochemistry ,p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ,Cell Line ,Genetics ,Animals ,Myocytes, Cardiac ,Molecular Biology ,Inflammation ,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ,Kinase ,Interleukin-6 ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Interleukin ,Poria ,Molecular biology ,Triterpenes ,Rats ,Oncology ,Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase ,Molecular Medicine ,Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,Interleukin-1 ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Pachymic acid (PA), a lanostane-type triterpenoid and the major component of Poria cocos alcoholic extracts, has various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic. However, few studies have investigated the effects of PA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis and inflammation, or identified the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. In the present study, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were stimulated by LPS and treated with or without PA. The increased mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 induced by LPS were attenuated following treatment with PA. PA also attenuated LPS-induced apoptosis, as determined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, and regulated the LPS-induced protein expression levels of caspase 3, 8 and 9. Furthermore, the phosphorylations of extracellular-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 and p38 in the LPS-treated H9c2 cells were inhibited by PA. These results suggested that treatment with PA prevented the LPS-induced inflammatory and apoptotic response in cardiomyocytes, which may be mediated by inhibition of the Erk1/2 and p38 pathways.
- Published
- 2014
23. Diuretic activity of some fractions of the epidermis of Poria cocos
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Ya-Long Feng, Qibing Mei, Ying-Yong Zhao, Rui-Chao Lin, Dan-Qian Chen, Ping Lei, Lu Yin, Ting Tian, and Hua Chen
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Male ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Ethyl acetate ,Urine ,Excretion ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Animals ,Petroleum ether ,Diuretics ,Polyporaceae ,Pharmacology ,Chromatography ,Ethanol ,biology ,Epidermis (botany) ,Chemistry ,Sodium ,Poria ,biology.organism_classification ,Rats ,Biochemistry ,Potassium ,Diuretic ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal ,Wolfiporia - Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae) is a well-known medicinal fungus, the epidermis (“Fu-Ling-Pi” in Chinese) of the sclerotia is used as a diuretic for treating oedema and promoting the diuretic process. In this paper we report on the diuretic activity in rats of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and the remaining fractions of the ethanol extract from the epidermis of Poria cocos . Materials and methods Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and the remaining fractions of the ethanol extract of Fu-Ling-Pi were orally administered to rats. The urinary excretion rate and the pH and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Results In this study, all the tested fractions of Fu-Ling-Pi increased the urinary excretion rate. The three doses of the ethyl acetate fraction all produced remarkable urinary output in 6 h, and all produced a remarkable increase in Na + excretion and Cl − excretion. The Na + /K + value in the experimental group was significantly enhanced compared with that of the control group, but the three doses of the ethyl acetate fraction had no effect on the K + excretion. The 25-mg/kg and 50-mg/kg doses of the n-butanol fraction showed notable urinary output and produced a remarkable increase of Na + excretion and Cl − excretion, but the two doses did not produce a remarkable effect on the Na + /K + value. The petroleum ether and remaining fractions did not show remarkable diuretic activities compared with the control group. Conclusions This study confirmed that the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions present a remarkable diuretic effect, showing that they are the diuretic bioactive fractions of Fu-Ling-Pi. This finding appears to indicate at least two mechanisms for the observed diuretic activity, and the K + -saving diuretic effect may be related to the triterpenoid components of intermediate polarity contained in this fungus, particularly the lanostanes tetracyclic triterpenoids.
- Published
- 2013
24. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Based Metabonomic Study of Therapeutic Effect of the Surface Layer of Poria cocos on Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Provides New Insight into Anti-Fibrosis Mechanism
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Ying-Yong Zhao, Xiao-Jie Tan, Xu Bai, Qibing Mei, Rui-Chao Lin, and Ya-Long Feng
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Male ,lcsh:Medicine ,Pharmacology ,Biochemistry ,Mass Spectrometry ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fibrosis ,Chronic Kidney Disease ,Pathology ,Medicine, Chinese Traditional ,lcsh:Science ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Multidisciplinary ,Chemistry ,Animal Models ,Poria ,Nephrology ,Medicine ,Research Article ,Drugs and Devices ,Context (language use) ,Metabolomics ,Model Organisms ,Diagnostic Medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ,Biology ,Creatinine ,Chromatography ,Adenine ,lcsh:R ,Reproducibility of Results ,Metabolism ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,Metabolic pathway ,Pharmacodynamics ,Tubulointerstitial Disease ,Ethnopharmacology ,Rat ,lcsh:Q ,Drug metabolism ,Biomarkers ,Kidney disease ,General Pathology - Abstract
The surface layer of Poria cocos (Fu-Ling-Pi, FLP) is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine and its diuretic effect was confirmed in rat. Ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight high-sensitivity mass spectrometry and a novel mass spectrometry(Elevated Energy) data collection technique was employed to investigate metabonomic characteristics of chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced from adenine excess and the protective effects of FLP. Multiple metabolites are detected in the CKD and are correlated with progressive renal injury. Among these biomarkers, lysoPC(18∶0), tetracosahexaenoic acid, lysoPC(18∶2), creatinine, lysoPC (16∶0) and lysoPE(22∶0/0∶0) in the FLP-treated group were completely reversed to levels in the control group which lacked CKD. Combined with biochemistry and histopathology results, the changes in serum metabolites indicate that the perturbations of phospholipids metabolism, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism are related to adenine-induced CKD and to the interventions of FLP on all the three metabolic pathways. FLP may regulate the metabolism of these biomarkers, especially their efficient utilization within the context of CKD. Furthermore, these biomarkers might serve as characteristics to explain the mechanisms of FLP.
- Published
- 2013
25. Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase gene from Poria cocos and its up-regulation by methyl jasmonate
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Jian-Rong Wang, Xian-Lu Zeng, Jun-Fang Lin, Lin-Feng You, Jia-Ming Wen, and Li-Qiong Guo
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Squalene ,Physiology ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Cyclopentanes ,Acetates ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Open Reading Frames ,Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ,Cluster Analysis ,Oxylipins ,RNA, Messenger ,Cloning, Molecular ,DNA, Fungal ,Gene ,Phylogeny ,Regulation of gene expression ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Methyl jasmonate ,ATP synthase ,biology ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Fungal genetics ,General Medicine ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Poria ,Amino acid ,Up-Regulation ,Open reading frame ,Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS) catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate to give presqualene diphosphate and the subsequent rearrangement to form squalene. The gene encoding squalene synthase was cloned from Poria cocos by degenerate PCR and inverse PCR. The open reading frame of the gene is 1,497 bp, which encodes 499 amino acid residues. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. cocos SQS belonged to the fungus group, and was more closely related to the SQS of Ganoderma lucidum than other fungi. The treatment of P. cocos with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) significantly enhanced the transcriptional level of P. cocos sqs gene and the content of squalene in P. cocos. The transcriptional level of sqs gene was approximately fourfold higher than the control sample and the squalene content reached 128.62 μg/g, when the concentration of MeJA was 300 μM after 72 h induction.
- Published
- 2013
26. Characterization of fungal sulfated polysaccharides and their synergistic anticancer effects with doxorubicin
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Chia-Chuan Chang, Mei-Kuang Lu, Chi-Hsein Chao, and Jing-Jy Cheng
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Polymers and Plastics ,health care facilities, manpower, and services ,education ,Mannose ,Angiogenesis Inhibitors ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Biology ,Pharmacology ,Fucose ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Sulfation ,Glucosamine ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Neoplasms ,Materials Chemistry ,Humans ,Cytotoxicity ,health care economics and organizations ,Tube formation ,Neovascularization, Pathologic ,Sulfates ,Organic Chemistry ,Drug Synergism ,Fungal Polysaccharides ,Poria ,In vitro ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Doxorubicin ,Antrodia ,population characteristics ,Antrodia cinnamomea ,geographic locations - Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides (SPSs) from two edible fungal species, including two strains of Antrodia cinnamomea and Poria cocos , were isolated. Fucose, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, and mannose were the major sugars in the SPSs, and these SPSs had a high sulfate content. The area percentage of low-molecular-weight SPSs (1–100 kDa) covered almost half of the SPS mixture of the A. cinnamomea strains. In contrast, high-molecular-weight SPSs (>1000 kDa) of P. cocos covered a large proportion of the area at 30.06%. SPSs from A. cinnamomea B86 showed stronger inhibition of endothelial cell (EC) tube formation in an in vitro assay of angiogenesis, than did A. cinnamomea 35396 or P. cocos . The degree of sulfation paralleled their antiangiogenic activity. When tumor cells were concurrently exposed to doxorubicin (DOX) and fungal SPSs, SPSs synergistically increased the cytotoxicity of DOX to different degree up to 50-fold. Fungal SPSs may offer new applications for combinational-therapy drugs.
- Published
- 2012
27. Triterpenes from the fungus Poria cocos and their inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages via blockade of activating protein-1 pathway
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Yu Cai and Tian-Ge Cai
- Subjects
Lipopolysaccharides ,Blotting, Western ,Cell Culture Techniques ,Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ,Bioengineering ,Nitric Oxide ,Biochemistry ,Nitric oxide ,Cell Line ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,Western blot ,medicine ,Animals ,Luciferase ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Molecular Structure ,Activator (genetics) ,Macrophages ,General Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Poria ,In vitro ,Triterpenes ,Blot ,Transcription Factor AP-1 ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Cell culture ,Molecular Medicine ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Two new triterpenes, 29-hydroxydehydrotumulosic acid (1) and 29-hydroxydehydropachymic acid (2), together with six known compounds, dehydropachymic acid (3), dehydrotumulosic acid (4), 29-hydroxypolyporenic acid C (5), polyporenic acid C (6), tumulosic acid (7), and pachymic acid (8), were isolated from the dried sclerotia of Poria cocos. In the in vitro bioassays, these isolated compounds reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, nitric oxide (NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells, with compounds 5 and 6, the IC(50) values of which were 16.8±2.7 and 18.2±3.3 μM, respectively, exhibiting the greatest inhibition activity. Further Western blot analysis conducted on cells pre-treated with compounds 5 and 6, and luciferase assays on activator protein 1-dependent gene expression revealed that the inhibited NO release was attributed to the reduced expression of iNOs (=inducible NO synthase) enzymes, which might be regulated via the blockade of activator protein-1 signaling pathway.
- Published
- 2011
28. Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activities of triterpene acids from Poria cocos
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Motohiko Ukiya, Emiko Uchiyama, Takashi Suzuki, Keiichi Tabata, Yumiko Kimura, Toshihiro Akihisa, and Takashi Kikuchi
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Male ,HL60 ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Antineoplastic Agents ,HL-60 Cells ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Inhibitory Concentration 50 ,DU145 ,Drug Discovery ,Cytotoxic T cell ,Humans ,Cytotoxicity ,Receptor ,Pharmacology ,A549 cell ,Molecular Structure ,Organic Chemistry ,Apoptosis Inducing Factor ,Poria ,Molecular biology ,Triterpenes ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Cell culture ,Apoptosis ,Caspases ,Molecular Medicine ,Female ,Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor - Abstract
Six lanostane-type triterpene acids (1a-6a), isolated from Poria cocos , and their methyl ester (1b-6b) and hydroxy derivatives (1c-6c) were prepared. Upon evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of these compounds against leukemia (HL60), lung (A549), melanoma (CRL1579), ovary (NIH:OVCAR-3), breast (SK-BR-3), prostate (DU145), stomach (AZ521), and pancreas (PANC-1) cancer cell lines, 11 compounds (5a, 6a, 2b-5b, 1c, and 3c-6c) exhibited activity with single-digit micromolar IC(50) values against one or more cell lines. Poricotriol A (1c), a hydroxy derivative of poricoic acid A (1a), exhibited potent cytotoxicities against six cell lines with IC(50) values of 1.2-5.5 μM. Poricotriol A induced typical apoptotic cell death in HL60 and A549 cells on evaluation of the apoptosis-inducing activity by flow cytometric analysis. Western blot analysis in HL60 cells showed that poricotriol A activated caspases-3, -8, and -9, while increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. This suggested that poricotriol A induced apoptosis via both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways in HL60. On the other hand, poricotriol A did not activate caspases-3, -8, and -9, but induced translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria and increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in A549. This suggested that poricotriol A induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway mostly by translocation of AIF, independent from the caspase pathway in A549. Furthermore, poricotriol A was shown to possess high selective toxicity in lung cancer cells since it exhibited only weak cytotoxicity against a normal lung cell line (WI-38).
- Published
- 2011
29. Anti-tumor-promoting effects of 25-methoxyporicoic acid A and other triterpene acids from Poria cocos
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Toshihiro Akihisa, Harukuni Tokuda, Takashi Kikuchi, Suzuki Takashi, Emiko Uchiyama, and Yumiko Kimura
- Subjects
HL60 ,Carboxylic acid ,Pharmaceutical Science ,DMBA ,HL-60 Cells ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Lanosterol ,Triterpene ,In vivo ,Drug Discovery ,Medicinal fungi ,Anticarcinogenic Agents ,Humans ,Antigens, Viral ,Pharmacology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Molecular Structure ,Chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Biological activity ,Poria ,Triterpenes ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,Biochemistry ,Molecular Medicine ,Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate ,Diterpene ,Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor - Abstract
Nine new (1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, and 18) and nine known (2, 4, 6, 7, 9-11, 14, and 16) lanostane-type triterpene acids and a known diterpene acid (19) were isolated from the epidermis of the sclerotia of Poria cocos. The structures of the new compounds were established as 16alpha,27-dihydroxydehyrotrametenoic acid (1), 25-hydroxy-3-epitumulosic acid (3), 16alpha,25-dihydroxyeburiconic acid (5), 25-methoxyporicoic acid A (8), 26-hydroxyporicoic acid DM (12), 25-hydroxyporicoic acid C (13), poricoic acid GM (15), poricoic acid HM (17), and 6,7-dehydroporicoic acid H (18), on the basis of spectroscopic methods. On evaluation of the nine new and two of the known compounds, 4 and 19, against the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, all of the compounds exhibited inhibitory effects, with IC(50) values in the range 187-348 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA. In addition, compound 8 exhibited an inhibitory effect on skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two-stage carcinogenesis test using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as an initiator and TPA as a promoter. Further, 17 compounds, 1-14, 16, 18, and 19, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against two human tumor cell lines, HL60 (leukemia) and CRL1579 (melanoma).
- Published
- 2009
30. Pachymic acid stimulates glucose uptake through enhanced GLUT4 expression and translocation
- Author
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Tsu-Chung Chang, Yu-Chuan Huang, Cheng-Yu Lin, Su-Fen Huang, Wen-Liang Chang, and Hang-Ching Lin
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Glucose uptake ,Lipolysis ,Carbohydrate metabolism ,Mice ,Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,Internal medicine ,Insulin receptor substrate ,3T3-L1 Cells ,medicine ,Adipocytes ,Animals ,Hypoglycemic Agents ,RNA, Messenger ,Protein kinase B ,Triglycerides ,Pharmacology ,Glucose Transporter Type 4 ,biology ,Adenylate Kinase ,Glucose transporter ,AMPK ,Cell Differentiation ,Poria ,Triterpenes ,Protein Transport ,Endocrinology ,Glucose ,Biochemistry ,Gene Expression Regulation ,biology.protein ,GLUT1 ,GLUT4 ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
In an effort to investigate the effect and mechanism of Poria cocos on glucose uptake, six lanostane-type triterpenoids were isolated and analyzed. Among them, pachymic acid displayed the most significant stimulating activity on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The effect of pachymic acid on the expression profile of glucose transporters in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes was also analyzed. Our results demonstrated that pachymic acid induced an increase in GLUT4, but not GLUT1, expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. The role of GLUT4 was further confirmed using the lentiviral vector-derived GLUT4 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). The stimulating activity of pachymic acid on glucose uptake was abolished when the endogenous GLUT4 expression was suppressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition to increased GLUT4 expression, pachymic acid stimulated GLUT4 redistribution from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane in adipocytes. Exposure of the differentiated adipocytes to pachymic acid increased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, AKT and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK). The involvement of PI3K and AMPK in the action of pachymic acid was further confirmed as PI3K and AMPK inhibitors completely blocked the pachymic acid-mediated activities in adipocytes. In addition, pachymic acid was shown to induce triglyceride accumulation and inhibit lipolysis in differentiated adipocytes. Taken together, we demonstrated the insulin-like activities of this compound in stimulating glucose uptake, GLUT4 gene expression and translocation, and promoting triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes. Our study provides important insights into the underlying mechanism of hypoglycemic activity of P. cocos.
- Published
- 2009
31. Exploring antagonistic metabolites of established biocontrol agent of marine origin
- Author
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S. B. Chincholkar, Bhushan L. Chaudhari, Prashant Sarode, and M. R. Rane
- Subjects
Siderophore ,Antifungal Agents ,Metabolite ,Hydrogen cyanide ,Siderophores ,Bioengineering ,Pythium ,medicine.disease_cause ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Biochemistry ,Microbiology ,Rhizoctonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pyocyanin ,Ascomycota ,medicine ,Molecular Biology ,Plant Diseases ,Trametes ,biology ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Pseudomonas ,General Medicine ,Poria ,biology.organism_classification ,Culture Media ,chemistry ,Pyocyanine ,Phenazines ,Salicylic acid ,Biotechnology ,Pseudomonadaceae - Abstract
Biocontrol ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ID 4365, a biocontrol agent of groundnut phytopathogens from marine origin, was previously attributed to the production of pyoverdin type of siderophores. However, pyoverdin-rich supernatants of this organism showed better antifungal activity compared to equivalent amount of purified pyoverdin indicating presence of undetected metabolite(s) in pyoverdin rich supernatants. On the basis of observation that antagonistic activity was iron-dependent and iron-independent, an attempt was made to detect the presence of additional metabolites. In addition to pyoverdin, strain produced additional siderophores, viz. pyochelin and salicylic acid. Two broad spectrum antifungal compounds, viz. pyocyanin and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, were detected, characterized, and activity against phytopathogens was demonstrated. Iron- and phosphate-dependent co-production of siderophores and phenazines was confirmed. Strain showed additional features like production of hydrogen cyanide, indol-3-acetic acid, and phosphate solubilization.
- Published
- 2007
32. On the mechanism of enzyme action. LXVIII. The cellobiase component of the cellulolytic enzyme system of Poria vaillantii
- Author
-
Bienvenido C. Sison and Walter J. Schubert
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Glycoside Hydrolases ,biology ,Chemistry ,beta-Glucosidase ,Fungi ,Biophysics ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Cellobiose ,Cellulase ,Poria ,Biochemistry ,Hydrolysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Enzyme ,Oxidizing agent ,biology.protein ,Thiol ,Organic chemistry ,Cellulose ,Molecular Biology ,Cobalt - Abstract
The cellobiase component of an isolated cellulolytic enzyme system of P. vaillantii is stable over the pH range 3.5-5.0 and has a pH optimum of 4.2. Cobalt and manganese ions have activating effects on the enzyme, but reducing and oxidizing agents, as well as thiol reagents, have no influence on the cellobiase activity. Unlike the cellulase component of this enzyme system, no essential thiol groups are present in the cellobiase. An enzyme preparation containing only the active cellulase yielded cellobiose as a hydrolytic product, while another preparation containing both cellulase and cellobiase produced only glucose as a product of the enzymic hydrolysis of a cellulose sol.
- Published
- 1958
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. On the mechanism of enzyme action. LXV. A cellulolytic enzyme from the mold Poria vaillantii
- Author
-
Bienvenido C. Sison, Walter J. Schubert, and F.F. Nord
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,biology ,Glycoside Hydrolases ,Reducing agent ,Metal ions in aqueous solution ,Biophysics ,Fungi ,Cellulase ,Poria ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Poria vaillantii ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Mold ,Oxidizing agent ,Thiol ,biology.protein ,medicine ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
A cellulolytic enzyme was isolated from the culture filtrate of the mold Poria vaillantii . The purified preparation consists of two electrophoretically separable components; the faster migrating component was identified as a cellulase, and the slower-moving as the β-glucosidase, cellobiase. The cellolytic enzyme is stable over the pH range of 4.0–6.0, and has a pH optimum of 3.2. The effects of certain metal ions and of oxidizing and reducing agents were studied. It was found that the presence of thiol groups are essential for the cellulolytic enzyme.
- Published
- 1958
34. Isolation of a cellulolytic enzyme from the mold Poria vaillantii
- Author
-
Bienvenido C. Sison, F.F. Nord, and Walter J. Schubert
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Glycoside Hydrolases ,Chemistry ,Biophysics ,Fungi ,Poria ,medicine.disease_cause ,Isolation (microbiology) ,Biochemistry ,Microbiology ,Poria vaillantii ,Enzyme ,Mold ,medicine ,Molecular Biology - Published
- 1957
35. Glycerol Metabolism of the Brown Rot Mould Poria vaillantii
- Author
-
Bienvenido C. Sison and Walter J. Schubert
- Subjects
Glycerol ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Multidisciplinary ,Fungi ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Poria ,Carbohydrate metabolism ,Glycerol metabolism ,complex mixtures ,Coleoptera ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Poria vaillantii ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Carbon source ,Animals ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Lignin ,Cellulose - Abstract
THE characterization of the chemically unchanged lignin of woody tissues requires the removal of the cellulose with which it is associated. The successful utilization of wood-destroying organisms for the isolation of large amounts of enzymically liberated lignin1 and for the elucidation of the mechanism of the biogenesis of lignin building stones2–5 prompted an attempt at the isolation of a cellulolytic enzyme from the wood-destroying mould Poria vaillantii 5. During studies of the cultivation of the mould, an attempt was made to use a medium containing glycerol instead of glucose as the sole carbon source, since glucose interferes in the assay of the cellulolytic enzyme which is obtained from the filtrates.
- Published
- 1958
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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