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International audience; Some bioactive compounds found in pulses (phytates, saponins, tannins) display antinutritional properties and interfere with fat-soluble vitamin bioavailability (i.e., bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake). As canned chickpeas are consumed widely, our aim was to optimize the chickpea canning process and assess whether this optimization influences fat-soluble vitamin bioavailability. Different conditions during soaking and blanching were studied, as was a step involving prior germination. Proteins, lipids, fibers, vitamin E, lutein, 5-methyl-tetrahydro-folate, magnesium, iron, phytates, saponins and tannins were quantified. Bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake of vitamin D and K were assessed using in vitro digestion and Caco-2 cells, respectively. Significant reductions of phytate, saponin and tannin contents (− 16 to − 44%), but also of folate content (up to − 97%) were observed under optimized canning conditions compared with the control. However, bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of vitamin D and K remained unaffected after in vitro digestion of test meals containing control or optimized canned chickpeas.

International audience; Scope : It is widely advised to increase pulse consumption. However, pulses are rich in molecules displaying lipid‐lowering properties, including fibers, phytates, saponins and tannins. We thus explored the effects of pulses on fat‐soluble vitamin bioavailability. Methods : We assessed vitamin A (β‐carotene and retinyl‐palmitate), vitamin E (α‐tocopherol), vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and vitamin K (phylloquinone) bioaccessibility, i.e. micellarization after in vitro digestion of meals containing either potatoes (control), household‐cooked or canned pulses. The obtained mixed micelles were delivered to Caco‐2 cells to evaluate vitamin uptake. We then specifically assessed the impact of fibers, phytates, saponins and tannins on both phylloquinone (used as a model vitamin) bioaccessibility and uptake. Results : The presence of pulses significantly decreased both vitamin bioaccessibility (up to ‐65% for β‐carotene, ‐69% for retinyl‐palmitate, ‐45% for cholecalciferol, ‐53% for α‐tocopherol and ‐67% for phylloquinone) and uptake (‐40% for retinyl‐palmitate, ‐67% for cholecalciferol, ‐50% for α‐tocopherol and ‐57% for phylloquinone). Effects on bioaccessibility, but not on uptake, were dependent on pulse cooking method. Phylloquinone bioaccessibility was specifically impacted by saponins, tannins and fibers while its uptake was impacted by saponins, fibers and phytates. Conclusion : Pulses can alter fat‐soluble micronutrient bioavailability. Pulses should thus be cooked appropriately and consumed within micronutrient‐rich meals.

Zinc is an essential element, a cofactor of many enzymes, and performs catalytic, structural and regulatory functions. Once in the gastrointestinal tract, zinc can interact with food constituents. Phytic acid, the major phosphorus storage in plants, limits zinc availability from animal feeds due to the formation of insoluble complexes with phytates. This study tested the effect of supplemental zinc source (zinc sulfate and a chelate zinc proteinate) and the addition of exogenous enzymes from a solid-state fermentation product of Aspergillus niger to a high phytate diet. The study was designed according to three Latin Squares 4 &times, 4 with a 2 &times, 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with four periods, four diets, and 12 young adult Beagles. Periods lasted 5 weeks each. Diets were supplemented with 75 mg/kg of zinc sulfate (IZ) or zinc proteinate (OZ), and without or with 200 mg/kg of exogenous enzymes (IZ+, OZ+). Results showed that zinc proteinate increased the bioavailability of phosphorus, yet the zinc biomarkers remained unaffected by the zinc source, with the exception of lymphocyte subsets that benefit from zinc proteinate. The use of exogenous enzymes did not affect zinc availability nor nutrient and energy digestibility.

U radu su ispitani in vitro sljedeći parametri: udjel fitata (InsP6), svojstva mioinozitol fosfata i iskoristivost esencijalnih mineralnih tvari iz lanene pogače fermentirane s pomoću gljivice Rhizopus oligosporus (DSM 1964 i ATCC 64063). Maseni udjel fitata u lanenoj pogači bio je 13,9 mg/g, nakon 96 sati fermentacije s pomoću R. oligosporus DSM 1964 smanjen je za 48 %, a s pomoću R. oligosporus ATCC 64063 za 33 %. Fermentacijom s pomoću soja DSM 1964 postignuti su bolji rezultati, jer je dobiven dominantni mioinozitol InsP3-5, dok je fermentacijom s pomoću soja ATCC 64603 dobiven uglavnom InsP5-6. Fermentacijom na čvrstoj podlozi od lanene pogače poboljšana je in vitro iskoristivost kalcija za 14 %, magnezija za 3,3 % i fosfora za 2-4 %., Flaxseed oil cake was subjected to fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus (DSM 1964 a nd ATCC 64063), and the phytate (InsP6) content, myo-inositol phosphate profile and in vitro bioavailability of essential minerals were studied. Flaxseed oil cake had a phytate mass fraction of 13.9 mg/g. A 96-hour fermentation of flaxseed oil cake by R. oligo sporus DSM 1964 and R. oligosporus ATCC 64063 decreased the InsP6 content by 48 and 33 %, respectively. The strains had different phytate-degrading activities: fermentation of flaxseed oil cake with R. oligosporus DSM 1964 was more advantageous, yielding InsP3-5 as a predominating myo-inositol compound, while fermentation with R. oligosporus ATCC 64603 produced predominantly InsP5-6. Solid-state fermentation of flaxseed oil cake enhanced in vitro bioavailability of calcium by 14, magnesium by 3.3 and phosphorus by 2–4 %.

Grain soaking treatment could reduce phytates improving mineral and protein bioavailability. To evaluate the effects of soaking process with lactic acid on phytates and nutrient content (Fe, Zn, and proteins) from whole rice grain, a surface response methodology with a 32 factorial experimental design was used. The independent variables were time (24, 36 and 48 h) and temperature (35, 45 and 55 C) of soaking. The results showed that soaking decreased total phosphorus (TP) in the range of 35e92.4 mg/100 g compared to 255 mg/100 g in whole rice. The losses of phytate in the grains were between 87 and 91%, the remnant phytic acid phosphorus in the grains being between 15.1 and 20.9 mg/100 g, and the most effective treatment was soaking at 45 C for 48 h. The losses of the different nutrients were high in all of the different soaking treatments, reaching 50% for Fe, more than 64% for Zn, and around 45% for proteins. Although protein digestibility and mineral dialyzability were improved, acid soaking of brown rice would not be suggested as a useful process to reduce phytates from whole rice grains, if the production of a staple food is the main objective. Fil: Albarracín, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: González, Rolando J.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Drago, Silvina Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Macro and micronutrient deficiencies are a significant problem among people in rural areas in developing countries. Deficiencies may lead to an impaired immune system making the organism vulnerable to infections and diseases. In this paper, the dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, zinc and copper levels in serum, of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are compared with a group of healthy controls and reference values. Results showed no significant differences in most nutrient intake or anthropometrics between patients and controls. However, serum zinc level of patients (80 μg/dl) was significantly lower (P 0.001) than in controls (85 μg/dl), likely explained by the presence of leishmaniasis. The median serum zinc level in both groups was below the reference values, even though their median zinc intake met the zinc recommendations from WHO. Consequently, besides the presence of leishmaniasis, serum zinc levels may be compromised by inhibitory components in their diet, such as phytates, as it is shown by the molar ratio phytate:zinc (Phy:Zn) that was between 11 and 19, while 15 is the level said to compromise zinc status. There were significant (P 0.05) negative correlations between serum zinc and Phy:Zn, for patients (r = - 0.413) and controls (r = - 0.410). In conclusion this study shows that patients with CL in Chapare, Bolivia had low serum zinc levels due to the leishmaniasis per se and the decreased zinc bioavailability in their diet. CL infection was not in direct association with the nutritional status indicated by the anthropometric or dietary assessments. However, dietary intake showed 5 essential nutrients below the nutrient recommendation in both groups.

Factors able to modulate chelating factors, trace minerals and their bioavailability were investigated in porridges of five sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) varieties: from Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso and two from Italy. Effects of variety and traditional fermentation and cooking were assessed on iron-binding phenolic groups, phytates and iron and zinc content and bioavailability. Chelating factors, trace elements as well as the effect of processing (mainly fermentation) were modulated by variety. Fermentation decreased iron-binding phenolic groups until 49% and phytate content until 72% as well as increased phytase activity 3.4-16.4 fold, leading to enhancement of iron and zinc estimated bioavailability. Cooking alone had almost no effect. The lowest chelating factors content and the highest trace minerals bioavailability were shown by fermented Senegal landrace, whereas the Italian varieties overall showed the worst results. The results indicate that selection of traditional varieties and appropriate processing methods can improve sorghum nutritional value.

Zinc is an essential element, a heavy metal for the environment and a non renewable resource. Phytates are identified as the main dietary factor limiting Zn bioavailability in monogastrics. Organic Zn sources (DZNO) are supposed to interact less with dietary phytates than inorganic sources (DZNI). Dietary Zn bioavailability was therefore studied in function of dietary phytate contents on rats, broilers and piglets. The in vivo experiments and the two meta-analysis allowed to evidence the following : 1) In presence of sodium phytate, Zn absorption from DZNO is improved compared to DZNI, suggesting that DZNO is, at least partially, protected against this antagonist. 2) However, Zn bioavailability from DZNO, is not improved compared to sulfate in broilers and piglets fed diets containing vegetal phytate. The vegetal phytate antagonism acts on native Zn only. 3) The antagonism of vegetal phytate on Zn bioavailability is more pronounced in piglets than in broilers. Our results indicate that the lower gastric pH from broilers compared to piglets, allows the birds to use Zn from feed ingredients with vegetal origin, initially bound to phytates. 4) For an optimal Zn supplementation in pigs, we suggest, in addition of the Zn contents of feed ingredients, the use of a new variable "non hydrolysed phytic P". This variable takes into account the dietary vegetal and microbial phytase activity. This way, Zn supplementation can be adapted in function of the antagonistic potential of non hydrolyzed dietary phytates. The natural capacity of broilers to use Zn from vegetal feed ingredients limits the potential improvement of dietary Zn utilization in this specie.; Le zinc est un élément essentiel, un métal polluant et une ressource non renouvelable. Les phytates sont identifiés comme facteur alimentaire principal qui limite la biodisponibilité du Zn chez le monogastrique. Le Zn sous forme organique (DZNO) est supposé moins interagir avec les phytates que celui de forme inorganique (DZNI). La biodisponibilité du Zn alimentaire a été étudiée en fonction des phytates chez le rat, le poulet et le porcelet pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes liés à cette interaction. Les expériences in vivo et les méta-analyses ont permis de mettre en évidence que : 1) L'absorption de DZNO est améliorée par rapport à DZNI, en présence de phytate de sodium qui suggère une protection, de DZNO contre cet antagoniste. 2) La biodisponibilité de DZNO n'est pas améliorée par rapport à DZNI chez le poulet et le porc nourri avec des aliments contenant des phytates d'origine végétale. L'antagonisme des phytates végétales agit sur le Zn natif seulement. 3) L'antagonisme des phytates végétales sur la biodisponibilité du Zn est plus prononcé chez le porc que chez le poulet. Contrairement au porc, le pH gastrique faible chez le poulet serait capable de valoriser le Zn natif, initialement lié aux phytates. 4) Pour une supplémentation optimale du Zn chez le porc, nous suggérons, en plus de la teneur en Zn native, la prise en compte d'une nouvelle variable " P phytique non hydrolysé ". Celle-ci tient compte de l'activité phytasique végétale et microbienne de l'aliment. La supplémentation en Zn peut ainsi être adaptée en fonction du potentiel antagoniste des phytates non hydrolysées. La capacité naturelle du poulet à valoriser le zinc natif limite la marge de progrès.

Background: Iron deficiency is a major health problem worldwide, and is associated with diets of low iron bioavailability. Non-heme iron absorption is modulated by dietary constituents, one of which is the so-called >meat factor>, present in meat, fish (oily and lean) and poultry, which is an important enhancer of iron absorption in humans. Food processing also affects iron bioavailability. Objective: To evaluate the effect of consuming sous vide cooked salmon fish on non-heme iron bioavailability from a bean meal, rich in phytate, in iron-deficient women. Design: Randomized crossover trial in 21 young women with low iron stores (ferritin < 30 μg/L). Two test meals were extrinsically labelled with stable isotopes of iron (Fe-57 or Fe-58). Iron bioavailability was measured as the incorporation of stable isotopes into erythrocytes 14 d after meals consumption. Results: The addition of fish to the bean meal significantly increased (p < 0.001) iron absorption. Serum ferritin concentration and iron absorption were inversely correlated for both the bean meal (R2 = 0.294, p = 0.011) and the fish and bean meal (R 2 = 0.401, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Sous vide cooked salmon fish increases iron absorption from a high phytate bean meal in humans.

This article 'Variability in bioavailable iron in hand-pounded traditional rice varieties from a highland village in northern Thailand' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.