37 results on '"Curiosity"'
Search Results
2. Exploratory behavior of re-orienting foragers differs from other flight patterns of honeybees.
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Degen, Jacqueline, Hovestadt, Thomas, Storms, Mona, and Menzel, Randolf
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HONEYBEE behavior , *CURIOSITY , *FORAGING behavior , *LANDSCAPE ecology , *RADAR meteorology - Abstract
Honeybees, Apis mellifera, perform re-orientation flights to learn about the new surroundings of the hive when their hive is transported to a new location. Since the pattern of re-orientation flights has not yet been studied, we asked whether this form of exploratory behavior differs from the well described exploratory orientation flights performed by young honeybees before they start foraging. We also investigated whether the exploratory components of re-orientation flights differ from foraging flights and if so how. We recorded re-orientation flights using harmonic radar technology and compared the patterns and flight parameters of these flights with the first exploratory orientation flights of young honeybees and foraging flights of experienced foragers. Just as exploratory orientation flights of young honeybees, re-orientation flights can be classified into short- and long-range flights, and most short-range re-orientation flights were performed under unfavorable weather conditions. This indicates that bees adapt the flight pattern of their re-orientation and orientation flights to changing weather conditions in a similar way. Unlike exploratory orientation flights, more than one sector of the landscape was explored during a long-range re-orientation flight, and significantly longer flight durations and flight distances were observed. Thus, re-orienting bees explored a larger terrain than bees performing their first exploratory orientation flight. By displacing some bees after their first re-orientation flight, we could demonstrate that a single re-orientation flight seems to be sufficient to learn the new location of the hive. The flight patterns of re-orientation flights differed clearly from those of foraging flights. Thus, re-orientation flights represent a special exploratory behavior that is triggered by a change in the location of the hive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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3. Assessing the exploratory and anxiety-related behaviors of mice. Do different caging systems affect the outcome of behavioral tests?
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Polissidis, Alexia, Zelelak, Sofia, Nikita, Maria, Alexakos, Pavlos, Stasinopoulou, Marianna, Kakazanis, Zacharias-Ioannis, and Kostomitsopoulos, Nikolaos
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CURIOSITY , *ANXIETY diagnosis , *BEHAVIOR , *MAZE tests , *LABORATORY mice , *MICE behavior , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Ample studies have shown that housing can affect the health, welfare and behavior of mice and therefore, the outcomes of certain experiments. The aim of this study was to investigate if three widely used housing systems, Open Top Cages (OTC), Motor Free Ventilated Cages (MFVC) and Individually Ventilated Cages (IVC) may affect exploratory and anxiety-related behaviors in mice. Subjects were 8 week-old male C57Bl/6 J mice (n = 36) divided into three groups, OTC, IVC and MFVC groups, respectively. The experimental procedure consisted of two behavioral tests: the open field and the elevated plus maze test. Although there were no differences in the open field test, the results from the elevated plus maze showed that animals housed in the MFVCs exhibited increased exploratory and less anxiety-like behavior. It is concluded that the different caging systems may have an impact on the outcome of behavioral tests used to assess exploratory and anxiety like behavior in mice. Therefore, it is essential to take into consideration housing conditions when reporting, analyzing, and/or systematically reviewing the results of behavioral testing in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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4. Choosing the negative: A behavioral demonstration of morbid curiosity.
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Oosterwijk, Suzanne
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CURIOSITY , *BEHAVIORAL assessment , *DEATH , *VIOLENCE & psychology , *NEGATIVISM - Abstract
This paper examined, with a behavioral paradigm, to what extent people choose to view stimuli that portray death, violence or harm. Based on briefly presented visual cues, participants made choices between highly arousing, negative images and positive or negative alternatives. The negative images displayed social scenes that involved death, violence or harm (e.g., war scene), or decontextualized, close-ups of physical harm (e.g., mutilated face) or natural threat (e.g., attacking shark). The results demonstrated that social negative images were chosen significantly more often than other negative categories. Furthermore, participants preferred social negative images over neutral images. Physical harm images and natural threat images were not preferred over neutral images, but were chosen in about thirty-five percent of the trials. These results were replicated across three different studies, including a study that presented verbal descriptions of images as pre-choice cues. Together, these results show that people deliberately subject themselves to negative images. With this, the present paper demonstrates a dynamic relationship between negative information and behavior and advances new insights into the phenomenon of morbid curiosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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5. Emergence of Exploratory, Technical and Tactical Behavior in Small-Sided Soccer Games when Manipulating the Number of Teammates and Opponents.
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Torrents, Carlota, Ric, Angel, Hristovski, Robert, Torres-Ronda, Lorena, Vicente, Emili, and Sampaio, Jaime
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SOCCER & psychology , *CURIOSITY , *OPPONENTS , *TASK performance , *SOCCER teams , *TEAM sports - Abstract
The effects that different constraints have on the exploratory behavior, measured by the variety and quantity of different responses within a game situation, is of the utmost importance for successful performance in team sports. The aim of this study was to determine how the number of teammates and opponents affects the exploratory behavior of both professional and amateur players in small-sided soccer games. Twenty-two professional (age 25.6 ± 4.9 years) and 22 amateur (age 23.1 ± 0.7 years) male soccer players played three small-sided game formats (4 vs. 3, 4 vs. 5, and 4 vs. 7). These trials were video-recorded and a systematic observation instrument was used to notate the actions, which were subsequently analyzed by means of a principal component analysis and the dynamic overlap order parameter (measure to identify the rate and breadth of exploratory behavior on different time scales). Results revealed that a higher the number of opponents required for more frequent ball controls. Moreover, with a higher number of teammates, there were more defensive actions focused on protecting the goal, with more players balancing. In relation to attack, an increase in the number of opponents produced a decrease in passing, driving and controlling actions, while an increase in the number of teammates led to more time being spent in attacking situations. A numerical advantage led to less exploratory behavior, an effect that was especially clear when playing within a team of seven players against four opponents. All teams showed strong effects of the number of teammates on the exploratory behavior when comparing 5 vs 7 or 3 vs 7 teammates. These results seem to be independent of the players’ level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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6. Using self-determination theory to understand and improve recruitment for the Coaching for Healthy Ageing (CHAnGE) trial
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James Wickham, Catherine Kirkham, Geraldine Wallbank, Allison Tong, Abby Haynes, Shona Manning, Catherine Sherrington, Anne Tiedemann, and Elisabeth Ramsay
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Social Cognition ,Male ,Aging ,Physiology ,Applied psychology ,Social Sciences ,Peer support ,Coaching ,Social group ,Healthy Aging ,Elderly ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Psychology ,Public and Occupational Health ,Cluster randomised controlled trial ,media_common ,Aged, 80 and over ,Multidisciplinary ,Middle Aged ,Sports Science ,Research Design ,Medicine ,Female ,Thematic analysis ,Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health ,Research Article ,Drug Research and Development ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,Health Personnel ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Interviews as Topic ,Stakeholder Participation ,Adults ,Humans ,Clinical Trials ,Interpersonal Relations ,Sports and Exercise Medicine ,Competence (human resources) ,Exercise ,Self-determination theory ,Aged ,Pharmacology ,Behavior ,Motivation ,business.industry ,Patient Selection ,Cognitive Psychology ,Australia ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Physical Activity ,Altruism ,Randomized Controlled Trials ,Altruistic Behavior ,Prosocial Behavior ,Physical Fitness ,Age Groups ,People and Places ,Personal Autonomy ,Curiosity ,Cognitive Science ,Population Groupings ,Clinical Medicine ,business ,Physiological Processes ,Organism Development ,Developmental Biology ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Background Intervention trials promoting physical activity among older people frequently report low and unrepresentative recruitment. Better understanding of reasons for participation can help improve recruitment. This study explored why participants enrolled in the Coaching for Healthy Ageing (CHAnGE) trial, including how their decision was influenced by recruitment strategies. CHAnGE was a cluster randomised controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a healthy ageing program targeting inactivity and falls. Seventy-two groups of people aged 60+ were recruited from community organisations via informal presentations by the health coaches. Methods We conducted a secondary thematic analysis of interview data from our wider qualitative evaluation in which 32 purposively sampled trial participants took part in semi-structured interviews about their experiences of CHAnGE. Data relating to recruitment and participation were analysed inductively to identify themes, then a coding framework comprising the core constructs from self-determination theory—autonomy, competence and relatedness—was used to explore if and how this theory fit with and helped to explain our data. Results Recruitment presentations promoted the CHAnGE intervention well in terms of addressing value expectations of structured support, different forms of accountability, credibility, achievability and, for some, a potential to enhance social relationships. Participation was motivated by the desire for improved health and decelerated ageing, altruism and curiosity. These factors related strongly to self-determination concepts of autonomy, competence and relatedness, but the intervention’s demonstrated potential to support self-determination needs could be conveyed more effectively. Conclusions Findings suggest that recruitment could have greater reach using: 1. Strengths-based messaging focusing on holistic gains, 2. Participant stories that highlight positive experiences, and 3. Peer support and information sharing to leverage altruism and curiosity. These theory-informed improvements will be used to increase participation in future trials, including people in hard-to-recruit groups. They may also inform other physical activity trials and community programs.
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- 2021
7. Distinct motivations to seek out information in healthy individuals and problem gamblers
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Angela J. Yu, Xavier Noël, Irene Cogliati Dezza, and Axel Cleeremans
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Health Status ,Social Sciences ,CURIOSITY ,DECISION-MAKING ,Task (project management) ,DOPAMINE ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiopsychologie et psychologie biologique [psychiatrie] ,Addictive ,Psychology ,Compulsive gambling ,media_common ,0303 health sciences ,Substance Abuse ,Novelty ,Healthy subjects ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Healthy individuals ,Public Health and Health Services ,Mental health ,medicine.symptom ,BEHAVIOR ,RC321-571 ,Clinical psychology ,Drug Abuse (NIDA Only) ,Behavioral addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Clinical Sciences ,Addiction ,COMPETITION ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,Sample (statistics) ,Article ,EXPLORATION ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Clinical Research ,Human behaviour ,medicine ,Humans ,NOVELTY ,Biological Psychiatry ,030304 developmental biology ,Motivation ,Physique ,Astronomie ,medicine.disease ,Brain Disorders ,Behavior, Addictive ,Good Health and Well Being ,Gambling ,Mind and Body ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Psychiatrie - Abstract
As massive amounts of information are becoming available to people, understanding the mechanisms underlying information-seeking is more pertinent today than ever. In this study, we investigate the underlying motivations to seek out information in healthy and addicted individuals. We developed a novel decision-making task and a novel computational model which allows dissociating the relative contribution of two motivating factors to seek out information: a desire for novelty and a general desire for knowledge. To investigate whether/how the motivations to seek out information vary between healthy and addicted individuals, in addition to healthy controls we included a sample of individuals with gambling disorder—a form of addiction without the confound of substance consumption and characterized by compulsive gambling. Our results indicate that healthy subjects and problem gamblers adopt distinct information-seeking “modes”. Healthy information-seeking behavior was mostly motivated by a desire for novelty. Problem gamblers, on the contrary, displayed reduced novelty-seeking and an increased desire for accumulating knowledge compared to healthy controls. Our findings not only shed new light on the motivations driving healthy and addicted individuals to seek out information, but they also have important implications for the treatment and diagnosis of behavioral addiction., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2021
8. Curiosity Search: Producing Generalists by Encouraging Individuals to Continually Explore and Acquire Skills throughout Their Lifetime.
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Stanton, Christopher and Clune, Jeff
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CURIOSITY , *ENCOURAGEMENT , *TASK performance , *ALGORITHMS , *BEHAVIORAL research - Abstract
Natural animals are renowned for their ability to acquire a diverse and general skill set over the course of their lifetime. However, research in artificial intelligence has yet to produce agents that acquire all or even most of the available skills in non-trivial environments. One candidate algorithm for encouraging the production of such individuals is Novelty Search, which pressures organisms to exhibit different behaviors from other individuals. However, we hypothesized that Novelty Search would produce sub-populations of specialists, in which each individual possesses a subset of skills, but no one organism acquires all or most of the skills. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm called Curiosity Search, which is designed to produce individuals that acquire as many skills as possible during their lifetime. We show that in a multiple-skill maze environment, Curiosity Search does produce individuals that explore their entire domain, while a traditional implementation of Novelty Search produces specialists. However, we reveal that when modified to encourage intra-life behavioral diversity, Novelty Search can produce organisms that explore almost as much of their environment as Curiosity Search, although Curiosity Search retains a significant performance edge. Finally, we show that Curiosity Search is a useful helper objective when combined with Novelty Search, producing individuals that acquire significantly more skills than either algorithm alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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9. The Role of Social Novelty in Risk Seeking and Exploratory Behavior: Implications for Addictions.
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Mitchell, Simon, Gao, Jennifer, Hallett, Mark, and Voon, Valerie
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SENSATION seeking , *CURIOSITY , *ADDICTIONS , *UNDERAGE drinking , *FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging - Abstract
Novelty preference or sensation seeking is associated with disorders of addiction and predicts rodent compulsive drug use and adolescent binge drinking in humans. Novelty has also been shown to influence choice in the context of uncertainty and reward processing. Here we introduce a novel or familiar neutral face stimuli and investigate its influence on risk-taking choices in healthy volunteers. We focus on behavioural outcomes and imaging correlates to the prime that might predict risk seeking. We hypothesized that subjects would be more risk seeking following a novel relative to familiar stimulus. We adapted a risk-taking task involving acceptance or rejection of a 50:50 choice of gain or loss that was preceded by a familiar (pre-test familiarization) or novel face prime. Neutral expression faces of males and females were used as primes. Twenty-four subjects were first tested behaviourally and then 18 scanned using a different variant of the same task under functional MRI. We show enhanced risk taking to both gain and loss anticipation following novel relative to familiar images and particularly for the low gain condition. Greater risk taking behaviour and self-reported exploratory behaviours was predicted by greater right ventral putaminal activity to novel versus familiar contexts. Social novelty appears to have a contextually enhancing effect on augmenting risky choices possibly mediated via ventral putaminal dopaminergic activity. Our findings link the observation that novelty preference and sensation seeking are important traits predicting the initiation and maintenance of risky behaviours, including substance and behavioural addictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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10. Disentangling Curiosity: Dimensionality, Definitions, and Distinctions from Interest in Educational Contexts.
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Grossnickle, Emily
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EDUCATIONAL psychology , *CURIOSITY , *INTEREST (Psychology) , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *BEHAVIOR , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Curiosity has received increasing attention in the educational literature, yet empirical investigations have been limited by inconsistent conceptualizations and the use of curiosity synonymously with other constructs, particularly interest. The purpose of this review is to critically examine the dimensionality, definitions, and measures of curiosity within educational settings, and address the boundaries between curiosity and interest. A systematic review of 39 articles from 2003 to 2013 revealed a reliance on self-report measures, a focus on curiosity as a personality trait, and definitions characterized by four themes, the most common of which were curiosity as a need for knowledge or information, and curiosity as a motivator of exploratory behavior. The overlap and relations between curiosity and interest are discussed, and it is proposed that an examination of (a) the role of knowledge, (b) goals and outcomes, and (c) stability and malleability provide a basis for differentiating curiosity and interest according to their essential characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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11. Thirst for knowledge: The effects of curiosity and interest on memory in younger and older adults.
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McGillivray, Shannon, Murayama, Kou, and Castel, Alan D.
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GERIATRIC psychology , *CURIOSITY , *BEHAVIORAL assessment , *PSYCHOLOGICAL research , *AGE factors in memory , *JUDGMENT (Psychology) , *PSYCHOLOGICAL aspects of aging , *MEMORY disorders , *BEHAVIOR , *INTELLECT , *MEMORY , *RESEARCH funding , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Given age-related memory impairments, one's level of curiosity or interest could enhance memory for certain information. In the current study, younger and older adults read trivia questions, rated how curious they were to learn each answer, provided confidence and interest ratings, and judgments of learning after learning the answer. No age-related differences in memory were found. Analyses indicated that curiosity and interest contributed to the formation of judgments of learning. Additionally, interest had a unique increasing relationship with older, but not younger, adults' memory performance after a one-week delay. The results suggest that subjective interest may serve to enhance older adults' memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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12. Daily television exposure, parent conversation during shared television viewing and socioeconomic status: Associations with curiosity at kindergarten
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Heidi M. Weeks, Katherine L. Rosenblum, Niko Kaciroti, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, Kristen Harrison, Prachi E. Shah, Todd B. Kashdan, and Priya Singh
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Male ,Longitudinal study ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,Social Sciences ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Pediatrics ,Education ,Developmental psychology ,Cohort Studies ,Families ,Child Development ,Sociology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Psychology ,Humans ,Social Stratification ,Conversation ,Longitudinal Studies ,Early childhood ,Child ,Association (psychology) ,Children ,Socioeconomic status ,Language ,media_common ,Verbal Communication ,Behavior ,Internet ,Schools ,Multidisciplinary ,Verbal Behavior ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Moderation ,Test (assessment) ,Age Groups ,Research Design ,People and Places ,Exploratory Behavior ,Cognitive Science ,Curiosity ,Medicine ,Population Groupings ,Research Article ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Objective To examine the main and interactive effects of the amount of daily television exposure and frequency of parent conversation during shared television viewing on parent ratings of curiosity at kindergarten, and to test for moderation by socioeconomic status (SES). Study design Sample included 5100 children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. Hours of daily television exposure and frequency of parent screen-time conversation were assessed from a parent interview at preschool, and the outcome of early childhood curiosity was derived from a child behavior questionnaire at kindergarten. Multivariate linear regression examined the main and interactive effects of television exposure and parent screen-time conversation on kindergarten curiosity and tested for moderation by SES. Results In adjusted models, greater number of hours of daily television viewing at preschool was associated with lower curiosity at kindergarten (B = -0.14, p = .008). More frequent parent conversation during shared screen-time was associated with higher parent-reported curiosity at kindergarten with evidence of moderation by SES. The magnitude of association between frequency of parent conversation during television viewing and curiosity was greater for children from low SES environments, compared to children from high SES environments: (SES ≤ median): B = 0.29, p < .001; (SES > median): B = 0.11, p < .001. Conclusions Higher curiosity at kindergarten was associated with greater frequency of parent conversation during shared television viewing, with a greater magnitude of association in low-SES families. While the study could not include measures of television program content, digital media use and non-screen time conversation, our results suggest the importance of parent conversation to promote early childhood curiosity, especially for children with socioeconomic disadvantage.
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- 2021
13. Older adults' motivations to participate or not in epidemiological research. Qualitative inquiry on a study into dementia in Switzerland
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Emiliano Albanese, Rebecca Amati, Marta Fadda, and Maddalena Fiordelli
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Male ,Aging ,Epidemiology ,Face (sociological concept) ,Social Sciences ,Alzheimer's Disease ,Developmental psychology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Elderly ,Medical Conditions ,Sociology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Civic engagement ,Psychology ,030212 general & internal medicine ,media_common ,Aged, 80 and over ,Multidisciplinary ,Schools ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Epidemiology of Aging ,Qualitative Studies ,Middle Aged ,Neurology ,Research Design ,Medicine ,Female ,Thematic analysis ,Switzerland ,Theme (narrative) ,Research Article ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,Participatory action research ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Trust ,Education ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mental Health and Psychiatry ,Openness to experience ,Adults ,Humans ,Internal validity ,Aged ,Behavior ,Motivation ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Epidemiologic Studies ,Age Groups ,People and Places ,Curiosity ,Cognitive Science ,Population Groupings ,Dementia ,Patient Participation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Introduction High participation in epidemiological studies is crucial for both external and internal validity. Because response rates have declined in recent years, there is an increasing need to understand the drivers and the barriers to research participation. This study aims to uncover the motivations in favour and against participation of older adults to an epidemiological study on health and dementia. Methods Twenty-two older adults, who already took part to the preliminary phase of an epidemiological study in Switzerland, agreed to participate to semi-structured, face-to- face interviews. An experienced researcher carried out all interviews in a quiet place of choice of the interviewee either at their domicile or the university, between November 2019 and January 2020. The interviews were audio and video taped, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed by two independent researchers. Results We identified three main themes for the motivations in favour of participation (i.e. personal, related to the outcomes of research, and altruistic motivations), and we highlighted subthemes for each theme (e.g. personal motivations: curiosity; civic engagement; interest in the topic; trust in science; everyone counts; openness; play the game). Motivations against participation reflected the first two themes, while there was no counterpart for altruistic motivations. Conclusions Our thematic analysis revealed that older adults hold specular motivations in favour and against participation to research. Studying jointly motivations in favour and against provides information for recruitment strategies and to overcome barriers to participation, respectively. Participatory action research can inform the design and conduction of and should precede epidemiological studies in older adults, and can potentially contribute to attain high response rates.
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- 2021
14. Curiosity or savouring? Information seeking is modulated by both uncertainty and valence
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Iris J. Traast, Roshan Cools, Lieke L. F. van Lieshout, and Floris P. de Lange
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Male ,Economics ,Epidemiology ,Binomials ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Social Sciences ,Choice Behavior ,Polynomials ,Outcome (game theory) ,Diagnostic Radiology ,Task (project management) ,0302 clinical medicine ,Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Psychology ,Payment ,Data Management ,media_common ,Brain Mapping ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Radiology and Imaging ,Experimental Design ,Uncertainty ,Commerce ,180 000 Predictive Brain ,Experimental economics ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Research Design ,Physical Sciences ,Medicine ,Female ,Research Article ,Cognitive psychology ,Adult ,Computer and Information Sciences ,Experimental Economics ,Imaging Techniques ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,Information Seeking Behavior ,Neuroimaging ,Research and Analysis Methods ,03 medical and health sciences ,Lottery ,Reward ,Diagnostic Medicine ,Humans ,Psychological testing ,Valence (psychology) ,030304 developmental biology ,Motivation ,Psychological Tests ,Behavior ,Action, intention, and motor control ,Information seeking ,Data Visualization ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Algebra ,Medical Risk Factors ,Exploratory Behavior ,Curiosity ,170 000 Motivational & Cognitive Control ,Mathematics ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 237339.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Curiosity is pervasive in our everyday lives, but we know little about the factors that contribute to this drive. In the current study, we assessed whether curiosity about uncertain outcomes is modulated by the valence of the information, i.e. whether the information is good or bad news. Using a lottery task in which outcome uncertainty, expected value and outcome valence (gain versus loss) were manipulated independently, we found that curiosity is overall higher for gains compared with losses and that curiosity increased with increasing outcome uncertainty for both gains and losses. These effects of uncertainty and valence did not interact, indicating that the motivation to reduce uncertainty and the motivation to maximize positive information represent separate, independent drives. 19 p.
- Published
- 2021
15. Persuasion effect of corporate social responsibility initiatives in professional sport franchise: Moderating effect analysis
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Yi-Hsiu Lin and Chen-Yueh Chen
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Male ,Persuasion ,Economics ,Applied psychology ,Social Sciences ,Cognition ,Sociology ,Psychological Attitudes ,Psychology ,media_common ,Elaboration likelihood model ,Social Responsibility ,Multidisciplinary ,Social Communication ,Middle Aged ,Sports Science ,Social Networks ,Medicine ,Female ,Information Technology ,Network Analysis ,Research Article ,Sports ,Adult ,Computer and Information Sciences ,China ,Basketball ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,Persuasive Communication ,Taiwan ,Baseball ,Young Adult ,Perception ,Humans ,Social media ,Behavior ,Information Processing ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Industrial Organization ,Communications ,Corporate social responsibility ,Curiosity ,Recreation ,Cognitive Science ,Social responsibility ,human activities ,Social Media ,Neuroscience - Abstract
This study used the elaboration likelihood model as a theoretical basis to explore the effects of various persuasion strategies on consumer perception and attitude regarding the corporate image of sports organizations that engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. The moderating effects of involvement, sports team identification, and sports fan curiosity were also examined. The multiple-study approach was employed to increase the external validity of the research. Two studies with cross-sectional between-subject pre–post experimental design were conducted with a total of 390 participants. The research setting was the Fubon Guardians baseball team of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Study I and the Taiwan Beer Basketball Team of the Super Basketball League in Study II. Communication through the central and peripheral routes improved consumers’ CSR perception. Furthermore, under low involvement, weak sports team identification, and low sports fan curiosity conditions, communication through the central route and peripheral route improved the participants’ CSR perception. However, under high involvement, strong sports team identification, and high sports fan curiosity conditions, the different communication methods had nonsignificantly different effects. The findings of this study provide both academic contributions and practical implications.
- Published
- 2020
16. Gratitude, Hope, Mindfulness and Personal-Growth Initiative: Buffers or Risk Factors for Problem Gambling?
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Loo, Jasmine M. Y., Tsai, Jung-Shun, Raylu, Namrata, and Oei, Tian P. S.
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COMPULSIVE gambling , *GRATITUDE , *MINDFULNESS , *MEDICAL care , *COGNITION , *CURIOSITY - Abstract
The majority of prevention and intervention research in problem gambling (PG) has focused on identifying negative risk factors. However, not all at-risk individuals go on to develop anticipated disorders and many thrive in spite of them. In healthcare settings, PG and other disorders are typically conceptualized from the biomedical perspective that frame disorders as something negative residing within the individual and reduction in negativity is seen as success. Indeed, this problem-focused conceptualization may be adequate in many cases as reducing PG behaviour is undoubtedly an important outcome, but the focus on negativity alone is too narrow to capture the complexity of human behaviour. Hence, this study attempts to bridge the gap in literature by providing an evaluation of the predictive ability of the positive dispositions on problem gambling severity, gambling-related cognitions, and gambling urges. The positive psychological dispositions examined were curiosity, gratitude, hope, personal growth initiative, and mindfulness. Participants consisted of 801 Taiwanese Chinese students and community individuals (Mean age = 25.36 years). Higher levels of gratitude and hope have been found to predict lower PG, gambling-related cognitions, or gambling urges. Meanwhile, higher mindfulness predicted lower PG, but only among Chinese males. However, lower personal growth initiative predicted lower PG, gambling-related cognitions, and gambling urges. These analyses have small to medium effect sizes with significant predictions. Findings of this study have essential implications in understanding and treating Chinese problem gamblers. These positive dispositions should be addressed by mental health professionals in preventative and treatment programs among Chinese individuals. Further implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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17. Horse Behavior, Physiology and Emotions during Habituation to a Treadmill
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Malgorzata Masko, Dorota Lewczuk, Tomasz Jasiński, Zdzislaw Gajewski, and Malgorzata Domino
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medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,ethogram ,Article ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Horse behavior ,test ,lcsh:Zoology ,medicine ,lcsh:QL1-991 ,Treadmill ,Habituation ,horses ,Balance (ability) ,media_common ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,General Veterinary ,behavior ,habituation ,Gait ,n/a ,Lameness ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Curiosity ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Temperament ,Psychology - Abstract
A treadmill is an important tool in the equine analysis of gait, lameness, and hoof balance, as well as for the evaluation of horse rehabilitation or poor performance including dynamic endoscopy. Before all of these uses, horses have to be habituated to a treadmill locomotion. We used principal component analysis to evaluate the relationship between aspects of the horse&rsquo, s temperament and emotional response, and progress in the behavioral habituation to a treadmill. Fourteen horses were tested, by the same familiar handler, using the novel object test, the handling test, and both positive and negative emotional response tests. Then, four stages of gradual habituation of the first work on a treadmill were conducted. Each time, the horse&rsquo, s behavior was filmed. Data obtained from ethograms and heart rate measurements were tested. Four principal components were identified in examined horses: &ldquo, Flightiness,&rdquo, &ldquo, Freeziness,&rdquo, Curiosity,&rdquo, and &ldquo, Timidity.&rdquo, Flightiness was connected with nervousness, agitation by new objects, and easy excitability, and gradually decreased of features during habituation. Timidity was associated with a lack of courage and stress in new situations, and those features strongly increased when the treadmill was introduced. Freeziness and Curiosity features showed strong stability throughout the whole habituation. The results of this study provide evidence for a connection between temperament, emotional response, and habituation process in a horse.
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- 2020
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18. Biomedical career enrichment programs: Exploring women and minority participants’ motivators and outcomes
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Sunita R. Chaudhary, Bernadette West, and Rishita Bhatt
- Subjects
Science and Technology Workforce ,Research Facilities ,Biomedical Research ,Economics ,Ethnic group ,Social Sciences ,Pilot Projects ,Intention ,Careers in Research ,Graduates ,Choice Behavior ,Learning and Memory ,Sociology ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Ethnicity ,Psychology ,Minority Groups ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,Schools ,Careers ,Career Choice ,Theory of planned behavior ,Gender Identity ,Self Efficacy ,ComputingMilieux_GENERAL ,Workforce ,Medicine ,Educational Status ,Female ,Program Design Language ,Research Laboratories ,Social cognitive theory ,Research Article ,Employment ,Science Policy ,Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Decision Making ,Exploratory research ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Education ,Human Learning ,Sex Factors ,Learning ,Humans ,Women ,Students ,Self-efficacy ,Medical education ,Behavior ,Motivation ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,United States ,Labor Economics ,People and Places ,Curiosity ,Cognitive Science ,Population Groupings ,Undergraduates ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Limited empirical data exists on why women and minority students enter Biomedical Career Enrichment Programs (BCEPs) and how program variables-such as duration of research-influence their intention to pursue research careers. This exploratory study reports motivators for participation in BCEPs among women and racial/ethnic minority students-historically underrepresented groups-and the influence of program and personal variables on their research-career intent and self-efficacy beliefs. We studied the program variables of research experience, research duration, and mentor influence; and the personal variables of race, gender, family, and peers. Using the conceptual framework of planned behavior theory and social cognitive career theory, we interviewed students from underrepresented groups participating in BCEPs that offered research experience for short duration (Group A), long duration (Group B), and no research experience (Group C). We utilized Atlas Ti, a qualitative methodological software tool, to analyze the interview responses. Students choosing a BCEP with research experience cited "opportunity to gain experience" and "interest or curiosity in research" as motivators. Duration of research experience had a positive relationship with enhancement in research skills and self-efficacy beliefs, but did not change the initial research-career intent of these BCEP participants. The study revealed an interesting and unexpected theme of "perceived deterrents" to a career in research that included stress of competition (e.g. grants), the instability of projects, and the isolation of scientific research. Importantly, the study findings indicate the need to reform program design and science policies that challenge the current biomedical workforce and dissuade interested students from underrepresented groups from entering the field.
- Published
- 2020
19. Social Curiosity and Gossip: Related but Different Drives of Social Functioning.
- Author
-
Hartung, Freda-Marie and Renner, Britta
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL skills , *INTERNET questionnaires , *INTERPERSONAL relations , *CURIOSITY , *INFORMATION theory , *COGNITIVE psychology , *SOCIAL psychology - Abstract
The present online-questionnaire study examined two fundamental social behaviors, social curiosity and gossip, and their interrelations in an English (n = 218) and a German sample (n = 152). Analyses showed that both samples believed that they are less gossipy but more curious than their peers. Multidimensional SEM of self and trait conceptions indicated that social curiosity and gossip are related constructs but with different patterns of social functions. Gossip appears to serve predominantly entertainment purposes whereas social curiosity appears to be more driven by a general interest in gathering information about how other people feel, think, and behave and the need to belong. Relationships to other personality traits (N, E, O) provided additional evidence for divergent validity. The needs for gathering and disseminating social information might represent two interlinked but different drives of cultural learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The Experience of Depth Curiosity: The Pursuit of Congruence Despite the Danger of Engulfment.
- Author
-
Levitt, HeidiM., Williams, DanielC., Uruk, AyseCiftci, Kannan, Divya, Obana, Maki, Smith, BrandyL., Wang, Mei-Chuan, Plexico, LauraW., Camp, Jonathan, Hardison, Heather, Watts, Anasa, and Biss, WendyJ.
- Subjects
- *
PSYCHOLOGY , *CURIOSITY , *BEHAVIOR , *INTEREST (Psychology) , *IDENTITY (Psychology) - Abstract
This article presents a grounded theory analysis of the experience of sustaining an abiding curiosity. Results emphasize how curiosity became inherently motivating and pleasurable, and led to deeper understandings of interpersonal differences and an enriched sense of identity. Despite the experience of curiosity strengthening, waning, and shifting across time, it was experienced as a longstanding driving force. At the same time, if consuming, curiosity holds risks for participants and could lead to alienation from others and despair. The discussion puts forward a more integrated understanding of a somewhat fragmented literature and highlights the complexities that depth curiosity entails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Curiosity and well-being.
- Author
-
Gallagher, Matthew W. and Lopez, Shane J.
- Subjects
- *
CURIOSITY , *WELL-being , *BEHAVIOR , *RESEARCH , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Recent conceptualizations of curiosity have identified two underlying factors that together represent trait curiosity: exploration (the disposition to seek out novel/challenging situations) and absorption (the disposition to become fully engaged in these interesting situations) (Kashdan, Rose, & Fincham, 2004). These factors have been proposed to broaden the thought-action repertoire by promoting interest in novel/challenging situations and to incrementally build knowledge and well-being in a manner consistent with the Broaden-and-Build Theory (Fredrickson, B. L., 1998). This article reports findings from a study which examined associations between the exploration and absorption components of curiosity and continuous and categorical indices of well-being. Replicating and extending previous findings, the exploration (more so than absorption) component of curiosity exhibited moderate positive associations with measures of well-being. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Attachment and Exploration in Adulthood.
- Author
-
Elliot, Andrew J. and Reis, Harry T.
- Subjects
- *
ATTACHMENT behavior , *CURIOSITY , *ADULTS , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *BEHAVIOR , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
In the present work, the relationship between attachment and exploration in adulthood is examined from both theoretical and empirical standpoints. Theoretically, attachment theory's exploration system is linked to R. W. White's (1959) concept of effectance motivation, and to the motive and goals constructs that are central to the achievement motivation literature. Empirically, 4 studies are presented that document a link between adult attachment (operationalized using categorical, continuous, and dimensional measures) and achievement motives (need for achievement and fear of failure) and achievement goals (mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and approach relative to avoidance personal strivings). Mediational analyses establish the role of challenge construal, threat construal, and competence valuation in accounting for the observed relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Curiosity, Wonder and Education seen as Perspective Development.
- Author
-
Opdal, Paul Martin
- Subjects
- *
CURIOSITY , *PHILOSOPHY , *EDUCATION , *INTEREST (Psychology) , *BEHAVIOR , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Curiosity, seen as a motive to do exploration within definite and generally accepted frames, is to be distinguished from wonder, where doubt about the frames themselves is the underlying factor. Granted this distinction, it will be argued that educational institutions need to build on both notions, i.e. wonder as well as curiosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The rise to dominance of genetic model organisms and the decline of curiosity-driven organismal research
- Author
-
Sarah M. Farris
- Subjects
Awards and Prizes ,Biodiversity ,Social Sciences ,Grant funding ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Psychology ,Biological sciences ,Zebrafish ,Organism ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,Animal Behavior ,Genetically Modified Organisms ,Drosophila Melanogaster ,Publications ,Eukaryota ,Animal Models ,Insects ,Experimental Organism Systems ,Osteichthyes ,Models, Animal ,Vertebrates ,Engineering and Technology ,Medicine ,Drosophila ,Engineering ethics ,Genetic Engineering ,Foundations ,Research Article ,Biotechnology ,Arthropoda ,Science Policy ,Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Research Grants ,Bioengineering ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Research Funding ,Model Organisms ,Political science ,Genetic model ,Animals ,Animal behavior ,Biology ,Behavior ,Research ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Invertebrates ,United States ,Fish ,National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ,Conceptual framework ,Exploratory Behavior ,Animal Studies ,Curiosity ,Zoology ,Entomology ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Curiosity-driven, basic biological research “…performed without thought of practical ends…” establishes fundamental conceptual frameworks for future technological and medical breakthroughs. Traditionally, curiosity-driven research in biological sciences has utilized experimental organisms chosen for their tractability and suitability for studying the question of interest. This approach leverages the diversity of life to uncover working solutions (adaptations) to problems encountered by living things, and evolutionary context as to the extent to which these solutions may be generalized to other species. Despite the well-documented success of this approach, funding portfolios of United States granting agencies are increasingly filled with studies on a few species for which cutting-edge molecular tools are available (genetic model organisms). While this narrow focus may be justified for biomedically-focused funding bodies such as the National Institutes of Health, it is critical that robust federal support for curiosity-driven research using diverse experimental organisms be maintained by agencies such as the National Science Foundation. Using the disciplines of neurobiology and behavioral research as an example, this study finds that NSF grant awards have declined in association with a decrease in the proportion of grants funded for experimental, rather than genetic model organism research. The decline in use of experimental organisms in the literature mirrors but predates the shift grant funding. Today’s dominance of genetic model organisms was thus initiated by researchers themselves and/or by publication peer review and editorial preferences, and was further reinforced by pressure from granting agencies, academic employers, and the scientific community.
- Published
- 2020
25. Real or bogus: Predicting susceptibility to phishing with economic experiments
- Author
-
Yan Chen, Iman Yeckehzaare, and Ark Fangzhou Zhang
- Subjects
Experimental Economics ,Economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Applied psychology ,Decision Making ,Economics of Training and Education ,Vulnerability ,lcsh:Medicine ,Social Sciences ,Commit ,Cognition ,Game Theory ,0502 economics and business ,Salaries ,Business and Finance ,Humans ,Psychology ,050207 economics ,lcsh:Science ,050205 econometrics ,media_common ,Behavior ,Human Capital ,Multidisciplinary ,Risk aversion ,Applied Mathematics ,05 social sciences ,lcsh:R ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Replicate ,Experimental economics ,Phishing ,United States ,Models, Economic ,Labor Economics ,Gambling ,Physical Sciences ,Curiosity ,Recreation ,Cognitive Science ,lcsh:Q ,Mathematics ,Finance ,Research Article ,Neuroscience - Abstract
We present a lab-in-the-field experiment to demonstrate how individual behavior in the lab predicts their ability to identify phishing attempts. Using the business and finance staff members from a large public university in the U.S., we find that participants who are intolerant of risk, more curious, and less trusting commit significantly more errors when evaluating interfaces. We also replicate prior results on demographic correlates of phishing vulnerability, including age, gender, and education level. Our results suggest that behavioral characteristics such as intolerance of risk, curiosity, and trust can be used to predict individual ability to identify phishing interfaces.
- Published
- 2017
26. Choosing the negative: A behavioral demonstration of morbid curiosity
- Author
-
Suzanne Oosterwijk and Sociale Psychologie (Psychologie, FMG)
- Subjects
Male ,Emotions ,Face (sociological concept) ,lcsh:Medicine ,Social Sciences ,Criminology ,Choice Behavior ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cognition ,Sociology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Natural (music) ,Psychology ,Public and Occupational Health ,Computer Networks ,lcsh:Science ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,Animal Behavior ,05 social sciences ,Traumatic Injury Risk Factors ,Fear ,16. Peace & justice ,Aggression ,Research Design ,Animal Sociality ,Sensory Perception ,Female ,Crime ,medicine.symptom ,Cues ,Cognitive psychology ,Research Article ,Adult ,Computer and Information Sciences ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Decision Making ,Behavioural sciences ,Violence ,Research and Analysis Methods ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Perception ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Sensory cue ,Violent Crime ,Behavior ,Internet ,lcsh:R ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Pilot Studies ,Harm ,Exploratory Behavior ,Curiosity ,Cognitive Science ,lcsh:Q ,Zoology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Photic Stimulation ,Neuroscience - Abstract
This paper examined, with a behavioral paradigm, to what extent people choose to view stimuli that portray death, violence or harm. Based on briefly presented visual cues, participants made choices between highly arousing, negative images and positive or negative alternatives. The negative images displayed social scenes that involved death, violence or harm (e.g., war scene), or decontextualized, close-ups of physical harm (e.g., mutilated face) or natural threat (e.g., attacking shark). The results demonstrated that social negative images were chosen significantly more often than other negative categories. Furthermore, participants preferred social negative images over neutral images. Physical harm images and natural threat images were not preferred over neutral images, but were chosen in about thirty-five percent of the trials. These results were replicated across three different studies, including a study that presented verbal descriptions of images as pre-choice cues. Together, these results show that people deliberately subject themselves to negative images. With this, the present paper demonstrates a dynamic relationship between negative information and behavior and advances new insights into the phenomenon of morbid curiosity.
- Published
- 2017
27. IN DEFENSE OF CURIOSITY.
- Author
-
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
- Subjects
- *
CURIOSITY , *INTEREST (Psychology) , *BEHAVIOR , *WONDER , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Discusses the evolution of man's curiosity. Contention on the source of the gift of interest among individuals; Consideration of curiosity as the mother of all opinion; Assertion on how a man's curiosity led to the development of interesting things in the world.
- Published
- 1935
28. Curiosity Search: Producing Generalists by Encouraging Individuals to Continually Explore and Acquire Skills Throughout Their Lifetime
- Author
-
Jeff Clune and Christopher Stanton
- Subjects
Computer science ,Physiology ,lcsh:Medicine ,Social Sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Generalist and specialist species ,0302 clinical medicine ,Learning and Memory ,Animal Cells ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Natural (music) ,Psychology ,Biomechanics ,lcsh:Science ,media_common ,Neurons ,Multidisciplinary ,Novelty ,Robotics ,Engineering and Technology ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Cellular Types ,Robots ,Algorithms ,Cognitive psychology ,Research Article ,Computer and Information Sciences ,Deception ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Compasses ,Equipment ,Evolutionary computation ,03 medical and health sciences ,Artificial Intelligence ,Humans ,Production (economics) ,Learning ,Set (psychology) ,Artificial Neural Networks ,Swimming ,Measurement Equipment ,Computational Neuroscience ,Behavior ,Biological Locomotion ,Mechanical Engineering ,lcsh:R ,Cognitive Psychology ,Correction ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Computational Biology ,Cell Biology ,Cellular Neuroscience ,Exploratory Behavior ,Curiosity ,Cognitive Science ,lcsh:Q ,Nerve Net ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Natural animals are renowned for their ability to acquire a diverse and general skill set over the course of their lifetime. However, research in artificial intelligence has yet to produce agents that acquire all or even most of the available skills in non-trivial environments. One candidate algorithm for encouraging the production of such individuals is Novelty Search, which pressures organisms to exhibit different behaviors from other individuals. However, we hypothesized that Novelty Search would produce sub-populations of specialists, in which each individual possesses a subset of skills, but no one organism acquires all or most of the skills. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm called Curiosity Search, which is designed to produce individuals that acquire as many skills as possible during their lifetime. We show that in a multiple-skill maze environment, Curiosity Search does produce individuals that explore their entire domain, while a traditional implementation of Novelty Search produces specialists. However, we reveal that when modified to encourage intra-life behavioral diversity, Novelty Search can produce organisms that explore almost as much of their environment as Curiosity Search, although Curiosity Search retains a significant performance edge. Finally, we show that Curiosity Search is a useful helper objective when combined with Novelty Search, producing individuals that acquire significantly more skills than either algorithm alone.
- Published
- 2016
29. ADHD related behaviors are associated with brain activation in the reward system
- Author
-
Martin J. Herrmann, Peter Kirsch, Martin Reuter, Christian J. Merz, Michael M. Plichta, Rudolf Stark, Eva Bauer, Mark Zimmermann, K.P. Lesch, Dieter Vaitl, and Andreas J. Fallgatter
- Subjects
Punishment (psychology) ,Feedback, Psychological ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Nucleus accumbens ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Nucleus Accumbens ,Developmental psychology ,Young Adult ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Reward system ,Reward ,mental disorders ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,Reaction Time ,medicine ,Humans ,Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ,media_common ,Behavior ,Motivation ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Brain ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Anticipation ,Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ,Reward dependence ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Data Interpretation, Statistical ,Curiosity ,Female ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Psychology ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,Psychomotor Performance ,psychological phenomena and processes - Abstract
Neuroimaging studies on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest dysfunctional reward processing, with hypo-responsiveness during reward anticipation in the reward system including the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). In this study, we investigated the association between ADHD related behaviors and the reward system using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a non-clinical sample. Participants were 31 healthy, female undergraduate students with varying levels of self-reported ADHD related behaviors measured by the adult ADHD self-report scale. The anticipation of different types of reward was investigated: monetary reward, punishment avoidance, and verbal feedback. All three reward anticipation conditions were found to be associated with increased brain activation in the reward system, with the highest activation in the monetary reward anticipation condition, followed by the punishment avoidance anticipation condition, and the lowest activation in the verbal feedback anticipation condition. Most interestingly, in all three conditions, NAcc activation was negatively correlated with ADHD related behaviors. In conclusion, our results from a non-clinical sample are in accordance with reported deficits in the reward system in ADHD patients: the higher the number and severity of ADHD related behaviors, the lower the neural responses in the dopaminergic driven reward anticipation task. Thus, our data support current aetiological models of ADHD which assume that deficits in the reward system might be responsible for many of the ADHD related behaviors.
- Published
- 2011
30. The Human Mind: Building Bridges between Neuroscience and Psychiatry
- Author
-
Felix Strumwasser
- Subjects
Psychiatry ,Behavior ,Pan troglodytes ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Neurosciences ,Brain ,Hominidae ,Wonder ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Mental Processes ,Species Specificity ,Feeling ,Theory of mind ,Conflict resolution ,Cognitive development ,Animals ,Humans ,Curiosity ,Impossibility ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,Internal conflict ,media_common - Abstract
This essay proposes the existence of four unique behavioral characteristics that distinguish Homo sapiens from its nearest evolutionary kin, the great apes. These are inventiveness, capacity for language, curiosity, and self-reflection or self-analysis. Some would counterargue that none of these features are "unique" to humans. Examples would be given of animal "intelligence" involving at times surprising problem-solving abilities. Even "conversations" between humans and parrots might be cited. However, this is to misunderstand what the focus is in the article. This is not a thesis on the continuity or discontinuities of evolution. Every well-trained biologist learns about evolution and understands that the most complex human traits have some hint of related traits in nearest relatives. Rather, the emphasis of this article has been to select and emphasize certain distinctive aspects of human behavior that are the most important features distinguishing human "uniqueness." Uniqueness may be quantified by the number and complexity of processes within the four attributes presented in this article. While this may be an interesting mathematical exercise, the author would rather take it for granted that the outcome would be that humans are significantly more complex in each of the four features referred to than the great apes. For those in the mental health field, one would hope that this overview of the most highly evolved systems in human brain may provide a useful framework where creative therapeutic processes can be applied to the ultimate beneficiary, the client or patient. This article proposes that psychosis can be considered the impossibility of conflict resolution among the special neuronal assemblies that separately mediate feelings of attachment versus abandonment, security versus anxiety, calmness versus anger, fulfillment versus helplessness, and satisfaction of sexual needs. Given this model, the role of the therapist is to consider whether the client is in touch with the various equilibrium points in their current life situation or crisis. A questionnaire designed to help access information on these internal states may work better than an oral interview because it forces the client to reflect. How much conflict does the client feel in sorting out personal priorities? Does the client have any practice at resolving internal conflicts? If unpracticed, is the client likely to act out in destructive ways to self or others to resolve the pressure of internal conflicts? I am sure that we can all think of current well-publicized destructive acts in which one has to wonder precisely what model of mind the psychotherapists were using to assist the client. At a higher level, each human has the potential to be creative. Whether expressed as curiosity about the universe and nature or inventiveness, as in improving the quality of one's life or by the use of gifted language as in art and music, the therapist needs to determine how to assist the client into these kinds of self-defined fulfillments, which one hopes will reduce the other tensions of conflict resolution. There is no doubt that the journey for both the client and therapist will be challenging. Ultimately, the journey is the reward for both the client and therapist. In closing, the following quotation seems appropriate. Sydney Brenner (2002), a pioneer in molecular biology, reviewed a current book on the Science, Politics, and Ethics of the Human Genome Project (Sulston and Ferry 2002). He states, "What I found interesting in the account is that Sulston doesn't tell us anything about the genomes he has sequenced. What did he find there that excited him? What did he learn about genes, about life, about evolution, about worlds to come? It is the play of Hamlet without Hamlet" (p. 794).
- Published
- 2003
31. Gratitude, hope, mindfulness and personal-growth initiative: buffers or risk factors for problem gambling?
- Author
-
Jasmine M. Y. Loo, Namrata Raylu, Tian Po Oei, and Jung Shun Tsai
- Subjects
Male ,Mindfulness ,Non-Clinical Medicine ,Epidemiology ,Gambling Addiction ,lcsh:Medicine ,Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Cognition ,Risk Factors ,Medicine ,Psychology ,lcsh:Science ,Applied Psychology ,media_common ,Psychiatry ,Multidisciplinary ,Conceptualization ,Middle Aged ,Personal development ,Treatment Outcome ,Mental Health ,Regression Analysis ,Female ,Positive psychology ,Public Health ,Clinical psychology ,Personality ,Research Article ,Adult ,Mental Health Services ,Adolescent ,Psychometrics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Taiwan ,Personality Disorders ,Hope ,Young Adult ,Diagnostic Medicine ,Gratitude ,Humans ,Aged ,Behavior ,Psychological and Psychosocial Issues ,Health Care Policy ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Reproducibility of Results ,Mental health ,Gambling ,Curiosity ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
The majority of prevention and intervention research in problem gambling (PG) has focused on identifying negative risk factors. However, not all at-risk individuals go on to develop anticipated disorders and many thrive in spite of them. In healthcare settings, PG and other disorders are typically conceptualized from the biomedical perspective that frame disorders as something negative residing within the individual and reduction in negativity is seen as success. Indeed, this problem-focused conceptualization may be adequate in many cases as reducing PG behaviour is undoubtedly an important outcome, but the focus on negativity alone is too narrow to capture the complexity of human behaviour. Hence, this study attempts to bridge the gap in literature by providing an evaluation of the predictive ability of the positive dispositions on problem gambling severity, gambling-related cognitions, and gambling urges. The positive psychological dispositions examined were curiosity, gratitude, hope, personal growth initiative, and mindfulness. Participants consisted of 801 Taiwanese Chinese students and community individuals (Mean age = 25.36 years). Higher levels of gratitude and hope have been found to predict lower PG, gambling-related cognitions, or gambling urges. Meanwhile, higher mindfulness predicted lower PG, but only among Chinese males. However, lower personal growth initiative predicted lower PG, gambling-related cognitions, and gambling urges. These analyses have small to medium effect sizes with significant predictions. Findings of this study have essential implications in understanding and treating Chinese problem gamblers. These positive dispositions should be addressed by mental health professionals in preventative and treatment programs among Chinese individuals. Further implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
- Published
- 2012
32. Prefrontal plasticity and stress inoculation-induced resilience
- Author
-
Roland Bammer, Karen J. Parker, Stephan Eliez, Marie-Christine Ottet, Chunlei Liu, Maor Katz, Christine L. Buckmaster, Michael E. Moseley, Marie Schaer, Averi Epps, David M. Lyons, and Alan F. Schatzberg
- Subjects
Male ,Coping (psychology) ,Cortisol ,ddc:616.89 ,Random Allocation ,0302 clinical medicine ,White-Matter ,Anxiety, Separation ,Environmental Enrichment ,Prefrontal cortex ,Saimiri ,Neuronal Plasticity ,biology ,Squirrel monkey ,Early-Life Stress ,Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology ,Fear ,Brain-Development ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Neurology ,Surface-Based Analysis ,Cognitive control ,Female ,Psychology ,Ventromedial prefrontal cortex ,Prefrontal Cortex ,Anxiety, Separation/physiopathology/psychology ,Stress, Psychological/physiopathology/psychology ,Stress ,Arousal ,White matter ,03 medical and health sciences ,Developmental Neuroscience ,Human Cerebral-Cortex ,Neuroplasticity ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Behavior ,Environmental enrichment ,Emotion regulation ,Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ,biology.organism_classification ,Squirrel-Monkey ,030227 psychiatry ,Curiosity ,Cortical Surface ,Neuroscience ,Coordinate System ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Stress, Psychological - Abstract
Coping with mild early life stress tends to make subsequent coping efforts more effective and therefore more likely to be used as a means of arousal regulation and resilience. Here we show that this developmental learning-like process of stress inoculation increases ventromedial prefrontal cortical volumes in peripubertal monkeys. Larger volumes do not reflect increased cortical thickness but instead represent surface area expansion of ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Expansion of ventromedial prefrontal cortex coincides with increased white matter myelination inferred from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. These findings suggest that the process of coping with early life stress increases prefrontal myelination and expands a region of cortex that broadly controls arousal regulation and resilience. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel
- Published
- 2009
33. Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking
- Author
-
Kent C. Berridge
- Subjects
Behavior ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Subjective report ,Brain ,Nucleus accumbens ,Affect (psychology) ,Amygdala ,Models, Biological ,Developmental psychology ,Pleasure ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Eating ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Reward dependence ,Reward ,Perception ,medicine ,Curiosity ,Humans ,Psychology ,psychological phenomena and processes ,Cognitive psychology ,media_common - Abstract
What are the neural substrates of food reward? Are reward and pleasure identical? Can taste pleasure be assessed in animals? Is reward necessarily conscious? These questions have re-emerged in recent years, and there is now sufficient evidence to prompt re-examination of many preconceptions concerning reward and its relation to brain systems. This paper reviews evidence from many sources regarding both the psychological structure of food reward and the neural systems that mediate it. Special attention is paid to recent evidence from “taste reactivity” studies of affective reactions to food. I argue that this evidence suggests the following surprising possibilities regarding the functional components and brain substrates of food reward. (1) Reward contains distinguishable psychological or functional components—“liking” (pleasure/palatability) and “wanting” (appetite/incentive motivation). These can be manipulated and measured separately. (2) Liking and wanting have separable neural substrates. Mediation of liking related to food reward involves neurotransmitter systems such as opioid and GABA/benzodiazepine systems, and anatomical structures such as ventral pallidum and brainstem primary gustatory relays. Mediation of wanting related to food reward involves mesotelencephalic dopamine systems, and divisions of nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Both liking and wanting arise from vastly distributed neural systems, but the two systems are separable. (3) Neural processing of food reward is not confined to the limbic forebrain. Aspects of food reward begin to be processed in the brainstem. A neural manipulation can enhance reward or produce aversion but no single lesion or transection is likely abolish all properties of food reward. (4) Both wanting and liking can exist without subjective awareness. Conscious experience can distort or blur the underlying reward processes that gave rise to it. Subjective reports may contain false assessments of underlying processes, or even fail at all to register important reward processes. The core processes of liking and wanting that constitute reward are distinct from the subjective report or conscious awareness of those processes.
- Published
- 1996
34. Analysis of exploratory, manipulatory, and curiosity behaviors
- Author
-
William N. Dember and Robert W. Earl
- Subjects
Behavior ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Exploratory Behavior ,Animals ,Humans ,Curiosity ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common ,Developmental psychology - Published
- 1957
35. Curiosity, achievement, and avoidant motivation as determinants of epistemic behavior
- Author
-
Albert J. Caron
- Subjects
Behavior ,Motivation ,Applied Mathematics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,General Medicine ,Anxiety ,Achievement ,Anxiety Disorders ,Exploratory Behavior ,medicine ,Humans ,Curiosity ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Published
- 1963
36. The arousal and satiation of perceptual curiosity in the rat
- Author
-
Daniel E. Berlyne
- Subjects
Behavior ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Brightness perception ,General Medicine ,Satiation ,Developmental psychology ,Arousal ,Rats ,Perception ,Exploratory Behavior ,Curiosity ,Animals ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology ,media_common - Published
- 1955
37. Towards a differentiated construct of curiosity
- Author
-
Norman Livson
- Subjects
Cognitive science ,Clinical Psychology ,Behavior ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Curiosity ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Psychology ,Construct (philosophy) ,media_common - Published
- 1967
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