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Tannins can be utilized to increase rumen undegradable protein (RUP) by their capacity to form complexes with diverse nutrients present in the feed. In that regard, high-performance ruminants demand elevated RUP levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporating varying levels of tannin into three protein sources (cottonseed, peanut, and soybean meals) on ruminal kinetic parameters, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal digestibility. Thus, three in situ experiments were conducted to investigate the ruminal degradation kinetics, where Fraction A represents the soluble portion, Fraction B relates to the portion potentially degraded in the rumen, and kd denotes the degradation rate of Fraction B, for both dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in the rumen. Additionally, the study assessed dry matter effective degradability (ED), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and intestinal digestibility (ID). These experiments utilized three cannulated animals for the in situ incubations. Regarding cottonseed meal in terms of DM degradation kinetics, tannin inclusion had a quadratic effect on fraction A (p < 0.01), B (p = 0.10, trend), kd (p = 0.03), and ED (p < 0.01). Fraction A of CP had a cubic effect (p = 0.03), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments. The inclusion of tannin linearly increased RUP (p < 0.01). The RUP proportion increased 29, 33, and 45% when 20, 40, and 60 g/kg tannin were used, respectively, compared to the control. For peanut meal, the A fraction of protein and RUP responded quadratically as tannin was included in peanut meal (p < 0.01). However, tannin levels did not affect fraction B of protein and ID. Regarding soybean meal, fractions A and B of DM and ED had cubic effects (p < 0.01), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments, and responded quadratically as tannin increased. Also, tannin inclusion had a cubic effect on fractions A and B of protein, RUP, and ID (p < 0.01). The cubic behavior showed greater B fraction and ID and lower A fraction and RUP for the control compared other treatments (p < 0.01). Tannins offer a promising avenue for elevating RUP levels in diets featuring cottonseed and peanut meals. Nevertheless, no advantages were observed when treating soybean meal with tannin.

Tannins can be utilized to increase rumen undegradable protein (RUP) by their capacity to form complexes with diverse nutrients present in the feed. In that regard, high-performance ruminants demand elevated RUP levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporating varying levels of tannin into three protein sources (cottonseed, peanut, and soybean meals) on ruminal kinetic parameters, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal digestibility. Thus, three in situ experiments were conducted to investigate the ruminal degradation kinetics, where Fraction A represents the soluble portion, Fraction B relates to the portion potentially degraded in the rumen, and kd denotes the degradation rate of Fraction B, for both dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in the rumen. Additionally, the study assessed dry matter effective degradability (ED), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and intestinal digestibility (ID). These experiments utilized three cannulated animals for the in situ incubations. Regarding cottonseed meal in terms of DM degradation kinetics, tannin inclusion had a quadratic effect on fraction A (p < 0.01), B (p = 0.10, trend), kd (p = 0.03), and ED (p < 0.01). Fraction A of CP had a cubic effect (p = 0.03), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments. The inclusion of tannin linearly increased RUP (p < 0.01). The RUP proportion increased 29, 33, and 45% when 20, 40, and 60 g/kg tannin were used, respectively, compared to the control. For peanut meal, the A fraction of protein and RUP responded quadratically as tannin was included in peanut meal (p < 0.01). However, tannin levels did not affect fraction B of protein and ID. Regarding soybean meal, fractions A and B of DM and ED had cubic effects (p < 0.01), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments, and responded quadratically as tannin increased. Also, tannin inclusion had a cubic effect on fractions A and B of protein, RUP, and ID (p < 0.01). The cubic behavior showed greater B fraction and ID and lower A fraction and RUP for the control compared other treatments (p < 0.01). Tannins offer a promising avenue for elevating RUP levels in diets featuring cottonseed and peanut meals. Nevertheless, no advantages were observed when treating soybean meal with tannin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Scientists constantly seek techniques that may improve animal-feed usage, because they can reduce environmental impact and increase the profitability of feedlot systems. In beef-cattle production systems, high-performance animals need a greater protein supply that escapes rumen fermentation to be digested in the intestine compared to low-performance animals. This fraction is called rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Cottonseed meal is a possible protein source with an excellent amino-acid profile; however, cottonseed meal has low RUP content, which can be increased by applying heat and xylose. Thus, we submitted this feed to different heat techniques (autoclave, conventional, and microwave ovens), with and without xylose treatment, to increase its RUP content. Our results suggest that the evaluated processing methods may increase cottonseed meal RUP. The best treatments under the experimental conditions were: for the autoclave, xylose-treated cottonseed meal with 8 and 16 min heating; for conventional oven, 90 min heating for xylose-treated cottonseed meal; and for the microwave oven, xylose-treated cottonseed meals with 2, 4, and 6 min heating. Further studies are necessary to confirm the results found here and evaluate the effects of these processed ingredients on ruminal fermentation parameters, animal performance, and economic viability. The ruminal kinetics of protein sources may be changed by heat and sugar treatments. Thus, these processing methods may be used as alternatives to increase beef-cattle diets' rumen undegradable protein (RUP). We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing cottonseed meals with autoclave, conventional, and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose, on the ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted, and each sample was incubated in the rumen to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were also conducted to evaluate ID. The control treatment had a greater soluble fraction for DM and CP than processed cottonseed meals (p < 0.05). The addition of xylose decreased both DM and CP water-soluble fractions (fraction A) of cottonseed meal heated in a conventional oven (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, we observed a decrease in effective degradability and increased RUP for all processed methods (p < 0.05). Furthermore, conventional and microwave ovens showed greater ID than the control. Moreover, xylose-treated groups heated in the autoclave and conventional ovens had greater ID than xylose-untreated cottonseed meal. Under these experimental conditions, cottonseed RUP was increased by the evaluated processing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Protein is a nutrient with a high cost in beef production. Thus, it is crucial to study techniques that improve animal protein utilization. Furthermore, the more productive the animal, the higher its rumen undegradable protein (RUP) requirements. This protein escapes ruminal fermentation to be digested in the intestine. Peanut meal is a feasible byproduct with excellent protein content but low RUP. This problem is commonly solved by submitting the feed to heat processing methods (such as autoclaves or conventional and microwave ovens) with or without treatment with sugars (such as xylose). Thus, here, we submit peanut meal to these different heat techniques, with and without xylose treatment, aiming to increase its RUP content. Overall, our results suggest that the tested methods effectively increased the RUP content of the peanut meal. The best treatments were as follows: for an autoclave, xylose-treated peanut meal with 24 min of heating; for a conventional oven, 60 min of heating for both xylose-treated and -untreated peanut meals; and for a microwave oven, xylose-treated peanut meals with 4 and 6 min of heating. Nevertheless, further research is recommended to evaluate the effects of these ingredients on the parameters of ruminal fermentation and animal performance. Peanut meal has an excellent total protein content but also has low rumen undegradable protein (RUP). High-performance ruminants have high RUP requirements. We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing peanut meal with an autoclave and conventional and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose on its ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate intestinal digestibility (ID). The control treatment had a greater fraction A for DM and CP than peanut meals processed with an autoclave or conventional oven. The control had greater kd for CP compared with the microwave. The addition of xylose decreased fraction A, the degradation rate of fraction B (kd) and RUP, and increased the protein B fraction of autoclaved peanut meal. We observed a decrease in effective degradability (ED) and increased RUP for processed treatments in all experiments compared with the control. Processing methods did not affect the protein ID of autoclaved peanut meal compared to the control. An interaction between xylose and heating time was observed, where increasing heating time linearly reduced the ID of xylose-untreated treatments. Overall, these results suggest that the tested methods effectively increased the RUP content of peanut meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut meal has an excellent total protein content but also has low rumen undegradable protein (RUP). High-performance ruminants have high RUP requirements. We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing peanut meal with an autoclave and conventional and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose on its ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate intestinal digestibility (ID). The control treatment had a greater fraction A for DM and CP than peanut meals processed with an autoclave or conventional oven. The control had greater kd for CP compared with the microwave. The addition of xylose decreased fraction A, the degradation rate of fraction B (kd) and RUP, and increased the protein B fraction of autoclaved peanut meal. We observed a decrease in effective degradability (ED) and increased RUP for processed treatments in all experiments compared with the control. Processing methods did not affect the protein ID of autoclaved peanut meal compared to the control. An interaction between xylose and heating time was observed, where increasing heating time linearly reduced the ID of xylose-untreated treatments. Overall, these results suggest that the tested methods effectively increased the RUP content of peanut meal.

The ruminal kinetics of protein sources may be changed by heat and sugar treatments. Thus, these processing methods may be used as alternatives to increase beef-cattle diets’ rumen undegradable protein (RUP). We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing cottonseed meals with autoclave, conventional, and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose, on the ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted, and each sample was incubated in the rumen to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were also conducted to evaluate ID. The control treatment had a greater soluble fraction for DM and CP than processed cottonseed meals (p < 0.05). The addition of xylose decreased both DM and CP water-soluble fractions (fraction A) of cottonseed meal heated in a conventional oven (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, we observed a decrease in effective degradability and increased RUP for all processed methods (p < 0.05). Furthermore, conventional and microwave ovens showed greater ID than the control. Moreover, xylose-treated groups heated in the autoclave and conventional ovens had greater ID than xylose-untreated cottonseed meal. Under these experimental conditions, cottonseed RUP was increased by the evaluated processing methods.

This work studied the effect of feeding glycerin in bulls that were fed high levels of concentrate on the ruminal environment and in situ degradability of feedstuffs. Four ruminally cannulated young bulls were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square arrangement of treatments. The diets consisted of 15% barley straw and 85% concentrate in dry matter (DM). There were four different concentrates: without glycerin, and with 20, 40 or 80 g of glycerin per kg of DM. Each diet was offered for 24 days, the ruminal fluid was sampled to evaluate the ruminal metabolism and to determine the ruminal bacterial population by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and the in situ degradability of six different feedstuffs was measured. The treatment with the highest level of glycerin provided the lower pH (p < 0.001), and the acetic/propionic molar ratio decreased (p < 0.001) as glycerin increased. The incorporation of glycerin in the diet did not affect the DNA copies/µL of the total bacteria, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus (p > 0.05) in the DNA extract of rumen fluid, but at high levels increased Selenomonas ruminantium (p < 0.01). Very few effects of glycerin incorporation were found for the in situ degradability. In young bulls that were fed high levels of concentrate, glycerin at 20 or 40 g/kg of feed could be included without affecting the ruminal pH and raising the propionic acid, but at 80 g/kg the ruminal pH dropped, despite the increase of Selenomonas ruminantium.

Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate effects of 800W microwave irradiation for 3, 5 and 7min on ruminal dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch degradation parameters of corn grain. Nylon bags of untreated or microwave treated corn were suspended in the rumen of three Holstein steers for 0–48h, and resulting data were fitted to a non-linear degradation model to calculate effective rumen degradation (ERD). Microwave treatments decreased (P<0.05) the water soluble fraction and increased the potentially degradable fraction of CP, except for 7min processing time that decreased (P<0.05) the potentially degradable fraction. Processing for 3 and 5min had no effect, but for 7min it decreased (P<0.05) ERD of CP. Microwave irradiation for 3 and 5min increased (P<0.05) the water soluble fraction and decreased the potentially degradable fraction of starch. The degradation rate of the latter fraction increased (P<0.05) with 3 and 5min processing times. Microwave irradiation for 7min decreased (P<0.05) the water soluble fraction and the potentially degradable fraction of starch. Processing for 3 and 5min increased (P<0.05), but for 7min decreased (P<0.05) ERD of starch. From SDS-PAGE patterns, four major protein components in corn containing prolamin (i.e., zein), albumin, globulin and glutelin fractions were observed. Electrophoretic analysis of protein residues revealed that microwave processing decreased degradation of corn true protein. SDS-PAGE indicated that the bulk of the rumen undegradable protein for untreated corn was zein, while for 5 and 7min microwave treated corn it was zein and other proteins. In this study, the optimal processing time with 800W microwave power was judged to be 5min. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents abstracts of several studies on animal nutrition. "Effects of Phase Feeding of Protein on Performance, Blood Urea N, Manure N:P Ratio, and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Cattle," by J. T. Vasconcelos et al; "Influence of Sodium Caseinte Infusion on Voluntary Feed Intake and Digestive Function in Steer Calves Fed a Sudangrass-Based Growing Diet," by E. G. Alvarez and R. A. Zinn; "Feedlot Cattle Responses to Reduced Levels of Degradable Protein," by J. W. Lehmkuhler, S. C. Arp and D. M. Schaefer.

Presents abstracts of several studies on animal nutrition. "Effects of Phase Feeding of Protein on Performance, Blood Urea N, Manure N:P Ratio, and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Cattle," by J. T. Vasconcelos et al; "Influence of Sodium Caseinte Infusion on Voluntary Feed Intake and Digestive Function in Steer Calves Fed a Sudangrass-Based Growing Diet," by E. G. Alvarez and R. A. Zinn; "Feedlot Cattle Responses to Reduced Levels of Degradable Protein," by J. W. Lehmkuhler, S. C. Arp and D. M. Schaefer.

Presents abstracts of several studies on animal nutrition. "Effects of Phase Feeding of Protein on Performance, Blood Urea N, Manure N:P Ratio, and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Cattle," by J. T. Vasconcelos et al; "Influence of Sodium Caseinte Infusion on Voluntary Feed Intake and Digestive Function in Steer Calves Fed a Sudangrass-Based Growing Diet," by E. G. Alvarez and R. A. Zinn; "Feedlot Cattle Responses to Reduced Levels of Degradable Protein," by J. W. Lehmkuhler, S. C. Arp and D. M. Schaefer.

Simple Summary: Glycerin (a by-product of the biodiesel industry) can be used as an energetic ingredient in animal feeds, but there are few studies on fattening ruminants that concurrently analyse the effect of glycerin on the ruminal metabolism, ruminal bacterial population and feedstuff degradability. We have studied the effect of feeding glycerin in young bulls that were fed high levels of concentrate. The results showed that the inclusion of glycerin in beef cattle feed (at 20, 40 or 80 g/kg) increased the propionic acid production, and at high levels could reduce the ruminal pH. In addition, the ruminal population of Selenomonas ruminantium (a lactate- and glycerol-consuming and a propionate-producing species) could be increased by glycerin supplementation. In general, no negative effects on the ruminal degradability of feedstuffs (cereals, protein supplements and fibrous materials) are caused by the use of glycerin. In young bulls that were fed high levels of concentrate, glycerin at 20 or 40 g/kg of feed can be included without affecting the ruminal pH. This work studied the effect of feeding glycerin in bulls that were fed high levels of concentrate on the ruminal environment and in situ degradability of feedstuffs. Four ruminally cannulated young bulls were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square arrangement of treatments. The diets consisted of 15% barley straw and 85% concentrate in dry matter (DM). There were four different concentrates: without glycerin, and with 20, 40 or 80 g of glycerin per kg of DM. Each diet was offered for 24 days, the ruminal fluid was sampled to evaluate the ruminal metabolism and to determine the ruminal bacterial population by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and the in situ degradability of six different feedstuffs was measured. The treatment with the highest level of glycerin provided the lower pH (p < 0.001), and the acetic/propionic molar ratio decreased (p < 0.001) as glycerin increased. The incorporation of glycerin in the diet did not affect the DNA copies/µL of the total bacteria, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus (p > 0.05) in the DNA extract of rumen fluid, but at high levels increased Selenomonas ruminantium (p < 0.01). Very few effects of glycerin incorporation were found for the in situ degradability. In young bulls that were fed high levels of concentrate, glycerin at 20 or 40 g/kg of feed could be included without affecting the ruminal pH and raising the propionic acid, but at 80 g/kg the ruminal pH dropped, despite the increase of Selenomonas ruminantium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]