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Knowledge about the hydraulic connections between submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and its terrestrial coastal catchment is relevant with regard to the management of marine and coastal waters in karst areas. This study applies different methods and monitoring approaches to trace SGD between the Burren Limestone Plateau and Galway Bay in western Ireland, via an excavated sinkhole shaft and deep conduit. Areas of potential SGD were first delineated based on sea surface temperature anomalies using Landsat satellite images. Two fluorescent dyes and solid wood chips were then used as tracers. Solid wood chips were tested as potential means to circumvent the problem of high dispersion in the sea, impacting on the fluorescent dyes to yield readings below the detection limits. Sampling was conducted at 10 different terrestrial locations and in the sea at Galway Bay. Offshore sampling was conducted in transects over a period of four successive days onboard of a vessel using an automated field fluorometer and a conductivity-temperature-depth sensor. No wood chips were recovered in the sea but both fluorescent dyes were successfully sampled. The estimated travel times are in the order of 100 to 354 m/h, and localised tracer readings correlate well in space and time with low conductivity readings. By confirming hydraulic connections between the two karst features and Galway Bay, the study substantiates the hypothesised importance of Variscan veins with regard to regional groundwater flow in the region.Die Kenntnis hydraulischer Zusammenhänge zwischen untermeerischen Grundwasseraustritten und deren terrestrischen Küsteneinzugsgebieten ist für die Bewirtschaftung der Meeres- und Küstengewässer in Karstgebieten von Bedeutung. Diese Studie wendet verschiedene Methoden und Messansätze an, um untermeerische Grundwasseraustritte zwischen dem Burren Kalkstein Plateau und der Galway Bucht in Westirland über einen ausgegrabenen Dolinen-Schacht und eine tiefe Karströhre zu verfolgen. Meeresbereiche mit potenziellen Grundwasseraustritten wurden zuerst unter Verwendung von Landsat-Satellitenbildern auf Grundlage von Temperaturanomalien an der Meeresoberfläche abgegrenzt. Dann wurden zwei fluoreszierende Farbstoffe und Holzspäne als Tracer verwendet. Die Holzspäne wurden als Mittel zur Umgehung des Problems starker Dispersion im Meer getestet, welche sich potentiell auf die fluoreszierenden Farbstoffe auswirken, und in Messwerten unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze resultieren kann. Die Probenahme wurde an 10 verschiedenen terrestrischen Standorten und im Meer der Galway Bucht durchgeführt. Mit einem automatisierten Feldfluorometer und einer Leitfähigkeits-, Temperatur- und Tiefensonde wurden in den jeweiligen Meeressektoren Messungen über einen Zeitraum von vier aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen an Bord eines Schiffes durchgeführt. Zwar wurden im Meer keine Holzspäne zurückgewonnen, allerdings wurden beide Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe erfolgreich gemessen. Die geschätzten Fließzeiten liegen in der Größenordnung von 100 bis 354 m/h und lokalisierte Tracer-Messwerte korrelieren räumlich und zeitlich gut mit Messwerten geringerer Leitfähigkeit. Die Bestätigung der hydraulischen Verbindungen zwischen dem Kalksteinplateau und der Bucht von Galway bestärkt die Hypothese der Bedeutsamkeit von variszischen Adern für den regionalen Grundwasserfluss.La connaissance des connexions hydrauliques entre les zones de sorties d’eaux souterraines sous-marines et le bassin terrestre côtier attenant est pertinente pour la gestion des eaux marines et côtières en zones karstiques. Cette étude applique différentes approches méthodologiques et de suivi pour tracer la sortie d’eaux souterraines sous-marines entre le plateau calcaire de Burren et la baie de Galway en Irlande de l’Ouest, via une perte et un conduit profond. Les zones de sorties potentielles d’eaux souterraines sous-marines ont été délimitées dans un premier temps sur la base d’anomalies de température des eaux de mer en utilisant des images satellites Landsat. Deux traceurs fluorescents et des copeaux de bois ont été utilisés comme traceurs. Les copeaux de bois ont été utilisés comme moyen potentiel pour contourner les problèmes de dispersion élevée dans la mer, qui impactent les traceurs fluorescents et engendrent des concentrations sous les limites de détections. L’échantillonnage a été menée sur dix sites différents à terre et en mer dans la baie de Galway. L’échantillonnage en mer e a été mené selon des profils sur une période de quatre jours successifs à bord d’un navire muni d’un fluorimètre de terrain automatique et d’un capteur de conductivité-température-profondeur. Aucun copeau de bois n’a été récupéré en mer, mais les deux traceurs fluorescents ont été échantillonnés avec succès. Les temps de séjour estimés sont de l’ordre de 100 à 354 m/h, et les valeurs de traceurs localisées corrèlent bien en espace et en temps avec les basses valeurs de conductivité électrique. En confirmant les connexions hydrauliques entre les deux phénomènes karstiques et la baie de Galway, l’étude corrobore l’hypothèse de l’importance des veines du cycle varisque sur l’organisation des écoulements régionaux d’eau souterraine dans la région.El conocimiento de las conexiones hidráulicas entre la descarga submarina de aguas subterráneas (SGD) y su cuenca costera terrestre es relevante para la gestión de las aguas marinas y costeras en las zonas kársticas. Este estudio aplica diferentes métodos y enfoques de monitoreo para el seguimiento de la SGD entre la meseta de caliza de Burren y la bahía de Galway en el oeste de Irlanda, a través de un pozo excavado y un conducto profundo. Las áreas de SGD potenciales fueron delineadas primero basándose en anomalías de la temperatura de la superficie del mar usando imágenes satelitales Landsat. Dos tintes fluorescentes y astillas de madera maciza se utilizaron como trazadores. Las astillas de madera maciza se probaron como medio potencial para eludir el problema de la alta dispersión en el mar, impactando en los colorantes fluorescentes para obtener lecturas por debajo de los límites de detección. El muestreo se llevó a cabo en 10 lugares terrestres diferentes y en el mar en la Bahía de Galway. El muestreo en alta mar se llevó a cabo en transectas durante un período de cuatro días consecutivos a bordo de un buque utilizando un fluorómetro de campo automatizado y un sensor de conductividad-temperatura-profundidad. No se recuperaron astillas de madera en el mar, pero se tomaron muestras exitosas de ambos tintes fluorescentes. Los tiempos de tránsito estimados son del orden de 100 a 354 m/h, y las lecturas del trazador localizadas se correlacionan bien en el espacio y el tiempo con las lecturas de baja conductividad. Al confirmar las conexiones hidráulicas entre las dos características kársticas y la Bahía de Galway, el estudio corrobora la importancia hipotética de las vetas de Variscan con respecto al flujo regional de agua subterránea en la región.在岩溶地区, 海底地下水排泄(SGD)与其陆地沿海集水区之间水力联系的认识与海洋和沿海水域的管理有关。本研究采用不同的方式和监测方法, 通过开挖的落水洞和深水管道来示踪爱尔兰西部Burren石灰岩高原和Galway湾之间的地下水排泄。首先利用Landsat卫星图像和基于海平面温度异常划定了潜在的SGD区域。然后将两种荧光染料和实木碎片用作示踪剂。测试了实木碎屑作为解决海洋中由于影响荧光染料使产生低于检测极限读数的高弥散问题的潜在手段。在Galway湾的10个不同陆面位置和海洋中进行了采样。使用自动现场荧光计和电导率-温度-深度传感器, 在船上连续四天的时间段内, 进行海洋取样。在海洋中没有回收木屑, 但两种荧光染料均已成功采样。估计的行程时间约为100至354 m/h, 局部示踪剂读数在空间和时间上与低电导率读数相关性很好。通过确定两个喀斯特地貌与Galway湾之间的水力联系, 该研究证实了华力西期脉对于该地区区域地下水流动的假设重要性。.O conhecimento sobre as conexões hidráulicas entre a descarga submarina de águas subterrâneas (DSAS) e sua captação terrestre na costa é relevante no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento de águas marinhas e costeiras em áreas cársticas. Este estudo aplica diferentes métodos e abordagens de monitoramento para rastrear a DSAS entre o platô de calcário de Burren e a baía de Galway, no oeste da Irlanda, por meio de um poço escavado e um conduto profundo. Áreas de potencial DSAS foram primeiramente delineadas com base em anomalias de temperatura da superfície do mar usando imagens do satélite Landsat. Dois corantes fluorescentes e lascas de madeira maciça foram então utilizados como marcadores. Lascas de madeira maciça foram testadas como um meio potencial para contornar o problema de alta dispersão no mar, impactando nos corantes fluorescentes para produzir leituras abaixo dos limites de detecção. A amostragem foi realizada em 10 locais terrestres diferentes e no mar na Baía de Galway. A amostragem fora da costa foi realizada em transectos durante um período de quatro dias sucessivos a bordo de uma embarcação usando um fluorômetro de campo automatizado e um sensor de condutividade-temperatura-profundidade. Nenhuma lasca de madeira foi recuperada no mar, mas os dois corantes fluorescentes foram amostrados com sucesso. Os tempos de viagem estimados são da ordem de 100 a 354 m/h, e as leituras localizadas do traçador se correlacionam bem no espaço e no tempo com as leituras de baixa condutividade. Ao confirmar as conexões hidráulicas entre as duas formações cársticas e a Baía de Galway, o estudo confirma a hipótese da importância das veias variscas em relação ao fluxo regional de águas subterrâneas na região.

Two pulp mills, located downstream of the township of Kawerau, in the Eastern Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand, have for more than 35 years, discharged effluent waters to the Tarawera River. Upstream of the mill discharges river water has a high quality, while downstream water is highly coloured and characterised by diminished dissolved oxygen (BOPCC 1985, McIntosh 1995, Rutherford et al. 1991, Rutherford 1991) and by the presence of significant levels of resin acids (Wilkins et al. 1996a, Judd et al. 1996). During its passage across the Western Rangitaiki Plains the Tarawera River is constrained behind stop banks. At two points the river passes in close proximity to the Western Drain. This drain is one of a series of canals and drains which collect water from surrounding farmland and return it to the Tarawera River shortly before its entry to the sea near the township of Matata.

One of the chemical breakdown products of nonylphenol ethoxylates, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), accumulates in organisms and is of concern as an environmental pollutant due to its endocrine disrupting effects. We measured 4-NP levels in the seawater, sediment, and twelve organisms within the California estuary, Morro Bay, and examined biomagnification of 4-NP using stable isotope abundances (δ(15)N and δ(13)C) to quantify trophic position. 4-NP concentrations in organisms from Morro Bay included 25000±8600 ng g(-1) lw in liver of California sea lion, 14000±5600 ng g(-1) lw in liver of harbor porpoise, 138000±55000 ng g(-1) lw in liver of sea otters, 15700±3600 ng g(-1) lw in liver of seabirds, 36100±6100 ng g(-1) lw in arrow goby fish, 62800±28400 ng g(-1) lw in oysters, and 12700±1300 ng g(-1) lw in mussels. 4-NP levels generally showed a pattern of trophic dilution among organisms in Morro Bay, with exceptions of biomagnification observed between three trophic links: mussel to sea otter (BMF 10.9), oyster to sea otter (BMF 2.2), and arrow goby to staghorn sculpin (BMF 2.7). Our examination of other west coast estuaries of USA and Canada revealed that mean 4-NP concentrations in gobies and mussels from Morro Bay were significantly higher than those from a more urbanized estuary, San Francisco Bay (goby: 11100±3800 ng g(-1) lw) and from a remote estuary, Bamfield Inlet, Canada (goby: 9000±900 ng g(-1) lw, mussel: 6100±700 ng g(-1) lw). Relative to other estuaries worldwide, 4-NP levels in seawater (0.42±0.16 μg L(-1)) and sediment (53±14 ng g(-1) dw) of Morro Bay are low, but gobies and oysters have higher 4-NP levels than comparable fauna.

The Bothnian Bay at Kemi, which is the northernmost basin of the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea, is affected by effluents from point sources such as pulp and paper mills and municipal sewage plant. During the period 1988–2008, the accumulated values of effluent volume, BOD7, CODCr, Tot-P, Tot-N, TSS and AOX from these point sources fell considerably as follows: 1) effluent volume by 24%, BOD7 by 92%, CODCr by 74%, Tot-P by 79%, Tot-N by 38%, TSS by 76% and AOX by 93%. The decrease in the effluent loadings is due to the introduction of Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the production processes and wastewater treatment at the pulp and paper mills. According to the long-term monitoring program that has been carried out every third year between 1997–2009, the decreasing trend in EOX—concentrations in the top 2 cm of the bottom sediment reflects the decrease in organochlorine discharges (AOX) from the mills. In 1997, the EOX concentrations in bottom sediment varied between 3–70 μg of Cl g−1 (dry weight), and in 2009 between 1.2–31 μg of Cl g−1 (dry weight).

The associated industrial and urban developments are located to a large extent along the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea coastal and raw sewage is often discharged into near shore waters with little treatment. To find out chemical characteristics and pollution source of the petroleum related contaminations in sediments near the major drainage outfalls located in the coastal, in this study, 10 surface sediment samples were collected during June. Sediment samples were extracted by organic solvents, separated by silica gel column chromatography and the concentrations and the profiles of n-alkane, biomarker and PAH in sediments were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD). The use of several molecular markers and related indexes derived for n-alkane and PAHs has been proposed for assessing the relative contributions to the environment of hydrocarbon sources. As a result, n-alkanes reflect that the sea area of paper mill (Station ZZ08) is dominated by vascular plant. DY petroleum oil field and outer shore of the paper mill (Station ZZ02) have some degrees of petroleum related hydrocarbon contamination. Whereas the contamination of the sea area of TH River may be ascribed to different sources such as territorial non-point pollution source, domestic sewages, and stormwater runoff. Judged by their PAH ratios, the sediments near the paper mill (Station ZZ02) and the outer station of the oil field (Staion TH2) were pyrolytic. The estuary of Tiao River including the inner Station THX, TH10 and TH05 are petrogenic. The marine sediment near DY drainage outfall may have a mixture source of PAH both pyrolytic and petrogenic.

This study assessed the effects of discharges from a sulphite-bleaching paper mill on winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) sampled each spring over a 5-year period in St. George’s Bay, Newfoundland, prior to foraging activity. The fish were captured by SCUBA divers near the mill and at a reference site 10 km up current. Several bioindicators were used to assess fish health. Larger and older flounder exhibiting gross and microscopic tissue lesions, lower condition factor, and elevated hepatosomatic index but lower gonadosomatic index that was associated with delayed development, were observed in samples caught near the mill compared to those at the reference site. Additionally, fish examined near the mill were infested with an ectoparasite, Cryptocotyle lingua, that causes black spot disease but harbored fewer numbers of a digene, Steringophorus furciger, in the digestive tract than samples taken at the reference site. These results suggest that abnormal size distribution, interruption of growth, high prevalence of lesions, lower condition factor, enlarged liver, delayed gonadal development, and differences in parasitic levels were indicative of stress in winter flounder caused by discharges from the mill compared to samples from a reference site. There was no evidence of a population decline in the inlet because of annual recruitment possibly from St. George’s Bay into which it opens.

Surface distribution of Nipigon Bay larval fish was characterized by high abundance, between 500 and 2100 larval fish/10,000 m3 near shore, particularly in proximity to the pulp and paper mill effluent discharge, and low abundance, less than 100/10,000 m3 away from shore. Static bioassay indicated that approximately 60% effluent concentration was intolerable to the natural mixed larval fish community. No wood fibre was found among stomach contents and no difference was apparent in stomach contents of fish caught in influenced and uninfluenced areas. Data therefore suggest that larval fish either were not greatly influenced by plume conditions or were transients.