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Interaction between tumour survival tactics and antitumour immune response is a major determinant for cancer growth. Regulatory T cells (T-regs) contribute to tumour immune escape, but their role in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is not understood. The fraction of T-regs among T cells was analysed by immunohistochemistry followed by automated image analysis in facial BCC, peritumoural skin and normal, buttock skin. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed for FOXP3 and cytokines involved in T-reg attraction and T-cell activation. T-regs comprised 45% of CD4-cells surrounding BCC. FOXP3 was highly expressed in BCC, but absent in buttock skin. Unexpectedly, expression of FOXP3 was increased in peritumoural skin, with the FOXP3/CD3 fractions exceeding those of BCC (p = 0.0065). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and T-reg chemokine expression was increased in BCC and peritumoural skin, but not in buttock skin, with expression levels correlating with FOXP3 . T-regs are abundantly present both in BCC and in peritumoural skin, mediating an immunosuppressed microenvironment permissive for skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]