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1. Effects of Land Misallocation on Capital Allocations in India

Author

Duranton, Gilles, Ghani, Ejaz, Goswami, Arti Grover, and Kerr, William R.

Subjects
FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, MICRO-CREDIT, INVESTMENT, PAYMENT, CO-OPERATIVE BANKS, INFRASTRUCTURE, INVENTORY, RISK PERCEPTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, PERSONAL ASSETS, ENTREPRENEUR, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, RURAL BANKS, OVERDRAFT, CREDIT POLICY, EXTERNAL FINANCING, FINANCING, OUTSTANDING LOAN, EMPLOYMENT, ACCESS TO BANKING, LAND ISSUES, ACCESS TO EXTERNAL FINANCE, LENDING, MACROECONOMICS, PRODUCTIVITY, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, GOVERNMENT POLICY, BANK LOAN, WOMEN, GOVERNMENTS, BUSINESS OWNERS, COLLATERAL, GUARANTEE, PRIVATE ENTERPRISES, REPOSSESSION, BANK, INFORMATION SHARING, LOANS, MICRO-FINANCE, FINANCIAL DEEPENING, LACK OF COLLATERAL, STRATEGIES, FINANCIAL MARKETS, INTEREST PAYMENT, BORROWER, HIGH INTEREST RATE, BORROWERS, INDUSTRY, MARKETS, FINANCE, CREDIT SUPPORT, ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, ACCESS TO FORMAL FINANCE, ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT, SMALL BUSINESSES, FORMAL CREDIT, INTANGIBLE ASSETS, BANKING, FINANCIAL DEPTH, COLLATERAL SUPPORT, INTEREST EXPENSE, ENTERPRISES, LABOR MARKET, MARKET VALUE, ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, MONETARY POLICY, HOUSEHOLD, RURAL BANK, SERVICES, SMALL BUSINESS, PRICING, DEBT, CREDIT RISK, COST OF CAPITAL, ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION, SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS, WORKING CAPITAL, INTEREST PAYMENTS, PAYMENTS, LOAN AMOUNTS, PROPERTY, FINANCIAL SERVICES, NET VALUE, INEQUALITY, CREDITS, TRADE CREDIT, PROFITABILITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ACCESS TO FINANCE, TANGIBLE ASSETS, FORM OF COLLATERAL, MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS, ENTREPRENEURS, FINANCIAL SECTOR LIBERALIZATION, LOAN AMOUNT, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS, LAND MARKETS, DEBT COLLECTORS, EMPLOYEE, FIXED ASSETS, EXCLUSION, CAPITAL, CREDIT-WORTHINESS, PRIVATE ENTERPRISE, LENDERS, BUSINESS PLANS, MICRO-ENTREPRENEURS, START-UP, ACCOUNTING, LENDER, GREATER ACCESS, MICRO ENTERPRISES, SECURITY, VALUE, RISK, ENTERPRISE, BANK FINANCING, CREDIT INFORMATION, MONEY LENDERS, ECONOMETRICS, FINANCIAL INTEGRATION, VILLAGES, CREDITWORTHINESS, PRINCIPAL, ACCESS TO LOANS, FAMILY, GENDER INEQUALITY, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, HUMAN CAPITAL, CREDIT BUREAUS, REVENUE, HOUSEHOLDS, EMPLOYEES, BANKING SERVICES, TAXES, EQUITY, BANKS, BANK LOANS, LAND, UNION, ECONOMIC POLICY, BORROWING, BANK BRANCHES, DISPARITIES IN ACCESS, LOAN, SIZES OF LOAN, CREDIT, ACCESS TO CREDIT, FINANCIAL ACCESS, LOAN DEMAND, BANK CREDIT, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL BANK, MICRO-ENTERPRISES, COMMERCIAL BANKS, NEW ENTRANTS, MICROFINANCE, ISSUE OF ACCESS, CREDIT REGISTRIES, LABOR, LABOR MARKETS, TRADE CREDITS, REAL ESTATE, HOUSING, ECONOMICS, FORMS OF CREDIT, EXTERNAL FINANCE, INTEREST, MARGINAL REVENUE, JOB CREATION, CORRUPTION, LOAN ACCESS, BIASES, CREDIT MARKETS, WATER SUPPLY, DIRECTED CREDIT, TRANSPORT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FORMAL FINANCE, RURAL BANK BRANCHES, RESERVE BANK OF INDIA, OUTREACH, FINANCIAL STRENGTH, OUTSTANDING LOANS, URBAN AREAS, INTEREST RATE, CREDIT MARKET, GENDER
Abstract

Growing research and policy interest focuses on the misallocation of output and factors of production in developing economies. This paper considers the possible misallocation of financial loans. Using plant-level data on the organized and unorganized sectors, the paper describes the temporal, geographic, and industry distributions of financial loans. The focus of the analysis is the hypothesis that land misallocation might be an important determinant of financial misallocation (for example, because of the role of land as collateral against loans). Using district-industry variations, the analysis finds evidence to support this hypothesis, although it does not find a total reduction in the intensity of financial loans or those being given to new entrants. The analysis also considers differences by gender of business owners and workers in firms. Although potential early gaps for businesses with substantial female employment have disappeared in the organized sector, a sizeable and persistent gap remains in the unorganized sector.

Published
2015

2. Student Finance : Learning from Global Best Practice and Financial Innovations

Author

Abdo, Maryanna, Malhotra, Rajit, Assomull, Ashwin, and Bjarnason, Svava Lee

Subjects
REPAYMENT PERIODS, HIGHER LEARNING, EDUCATION SECTOR, INVESTMENT, PAYMENT, STUDENT LOAN, MONEY MANAGEMENT, EDUCATION FINANCE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EMPLOYERS, EXTREME POVERTY, FAMILIES, STUDENT LOAN PROGRAM, LOAN FACILITY, FINANCING, TERTIARY EDUCATION SECTOR, EMPLOYMENT, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, STUDENT LOAN DEBT, DEGREES, ACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATION, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF FINANCING, TERTIARY INSTITUTION, INVESTMENTS, PRIVATE SECTOR LENDERS, FINANCIAL EDUCATION, INSTALLMENT, CONSUMER EDUCATION, ALTERNATIVE FUNDING, DEGREE PROGRAMS, SMALL LOAN, COLLATERAL, PRIVATE ENTERPRISES, LOAN PAYMENTS, GUARANTEE, BACKED SECURITIES, BANK, LOANS, CREDIT ENHANCEMENT, TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, COLLEGE, FAMILY FINANCES, EQUITY INVESTMENTS, STUDENT LOAN PROGRAMS, DEVELOPMENT BANKS, MAINSTREAM BANKS, EARNINGS, EDUCATIONAL REFORM, MORTGAGE, TEACHERS, TUITION, RETURNS TO INVESTORS, LOAN PROGRAMS, LOAN PRODUCT, STUDENTS, BORROWER, CAREER DEVELOPMENT, BORROWERS, CREDIT SCORE, HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, FINANCE, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT, STUDENT FINANCE, PAYROLL DEDUCTIONS, DEBIT CARDS, FINANCIAL AID, FINANCIAL INNOVATIONS, HIGHER EDUCATION, LOAN PORTFOLIOS, COOPERATION, LABOR MARKET, GRADUATE, ENTERPRISES, VOUCHER, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION, PEER LENDING, HOUSEHOLD, ENTREPRENEURIAL VENTURES, INTEREST RATES, TEI, TUITION FEES, DEBT, PRIVATE TERTIARY EDUCATION, GUARANTEES, LOAN SIZE, INTEREST PAYMENTS, TERTIARY EDUCATION, PUBLIC TERTIARY EDUCATION, SAVING, PAYMENTS, LOAN AMOUNTS, LOAN REPAYMENT, CASH FLOW, COMMERCIAL LOANS, ACCESS TO FINANCE, LOAN PORTFOLIO, FEES, CREDIT HISTORIES, RESEARCH, ENROLLMENT GROWTH, ACCESSIBILITY, LABOR MARKET NEEDS, TEXTBOOKS, CREDIT-SCORING, CAPITAL, CREDIT-WORTHINESS, ONLINE SYSTEMS, CREDIT PROGRAM, LENDERS, LENDER, FINANCES, COMMERCIAL BANK, CAREER, COMMERCIAL LENDING, PRIVATE TERTIARY EDUCATION SECTOR, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, LOAN ELIGIBILITY, GRADUATES, REPAYMENTS, LOAN PRODUCTS, STUDENT, ACCESS TO LOANS, KEY CHALLENGES, FAMILY, FINANCING INITIATIVES, HIGHER TUITION, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, HUMAN CAPITAL, CREDIT BUREAUS, REVENUE, DONOR FUNDS, EQUITY, BANKS, BANK LOANS, GRANTS, LOAN SIZES, FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, STUDENT LOANS, LOAN, LEARNING, GLOBAL EDUCATION, CREDIT, DEBT MANAGEMENT, SECURITIES, PEOPLE, LOAN TERMS, MICROFINANCE, PRIVATE EDUCATION, FEE, TUITION PAYMENTS, LOW-INCOME STUDENTS, CREDIT HISTORY, UNIVERSITIES, PROFIT MARGINS, ENROLLMENT, REPAYMENT, INCOME GROUPS, GOVERNMENT STUDENT LOAN, LOAN PROGRAM, SCHOLARSHIPS, LOW INTEREST RATES, INTEREST, CAPITAL FINANCE, PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ENROLLMENTS, COLLEGES, FINANCIAL INNOVATION, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, SAVINGS, DEBIT CARD, ONLINE SALES, CAPACITY BUILDING, SMALL LOANS, OUTREACH, BANK BORROWERS, EDUCATION ACCESS, INTEREST RATE, UNIVERSITY, CREDIT WORTHINESS, ACADEMIC PLANS, TERTIARY EDUCATION MARKET
Abstract

Demand is also fueled by other factors: in many emerging economies a ‘demographic dividend’ of young people, the product of significant reductions in child and infant mortality rates—is poised to enter education and work. And, according to the 2014 Millennium Development Goals report, nearly 90 percent of children in developing regions are on track to complete primary education. The shift from agricultural to knowledge-based economies also plays a significant role in creating demand for higher learning. The purpose of the study was to identify key success factors in private sector student lending in order to support IFC in understanding, and potentially making investments, in student lending across a range of emerging markets. The study examined 70 student lending models globally as well as a range of innovative financial models. Detailed case studies were developed for eight compelling and diverse private sector student lending models. The study also highlighted a range of innovative financial models including crowd funding, big box banking, social impact bonds, and other mechanisms. The purpose of this investigation of innovative financial models was to see what leading-edge methods might be at work in other sectors and to see if they might offer inspiration to student lending.

Published
2015

3. Reducing Vulnerability and Promoting the Self-Employment of Roma in Eastern Europe through Financial Inclusion

Author

World Bank

Subjects
AFFORDABILITY, FINANCIAL PLANNING, EXTREME POVERTY, CURRENT ACCOUNTS, ONLINE BANKING, DEPOSIT, ATMS, WORKING AGE, CREDIT CARD, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, ACCESS TO BANK ACCOUNTS, FORMAL ECONOMY, CREDIT GROUPS, DISPOSABLE INCOME, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES, COLLATERAL, PENSION, MEDIUM ENTERPRISE, MEDIUM ENTERPRISES, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, WITHDRAWAL, EARNINGS, BASIC NEEDS, BUSINESS TRAINING, DOWN PAYMENT, BANK ACCOUNTS, PENSIONS, QUESTIONNAIRE, POINT OF SALE, DEPOSITS, ENTRY POINTS, UNEMPLOYED, ENTERPRISE PROMOTION, BANK DEPOSITS, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, DEBIT CARDS, PURCHASING POWER, SECONDARY EDUCATION, BASIC FINANCIAL LITERACY, INDEBTEDNESS, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION, PUBLIC ENTERPRISES, ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT, SMALL BUSINESS, MORTGAGES, ARREARS, INCOME LEVELS, LOAN SIZE, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, CREDIT ASSOCIATION, BASIC FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL LITERACY, FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS, ENTREPRENEURS, INCENTIVES TO SAVE, MICROCREDIT, DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION, EMPLOYEE, BANK ACCOUNT, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, CREDIT PROVIDERS, START-UP, BANK ACCOUNT ACCESS, GREATER ACCESS, ADULT LEARNING, ECONOMIC SECURITY, FUTURE INCOME, POSSESSION, MONTHLY INCOME, EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE, GENDER DIFFERENCES, FINANCIAL LITERACY TRAINING, SOURCE OF INCOME, BUSINESS PLAN, EXCHANGE RATE, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, HOUSEHOLDS, LOCAL ENTERPRISE AGENCY, BANKING SERVICES, CURRENT PRICES, START-UPS, EMPLOYER, START-UP GRANT, BANKS, HOME OWNERSHIP, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, UNION, BORROWING, LOAN, FIXED COSTS, SENIOR, MICROFINANCE, EDUCATION LEVEL, CENTRAL BANKS, COOPERATIVES, REPAYMENT, CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, DEVELOPMENT BANK, ACCESS TO SAVINGS, HOUSING, MONEY TRANSFER, BIASES, CREDIT MARKETS, WATER SUPPLY, WORK EXPERIENCE, LOAN APPLICANT, DEBIT CARD, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, HOME IMPROVEMENTS, GENDER, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, TRANSACTION, WORKING AGE POPULATION, MICRO-CREDIT, FAMILY BUSINESSES, LABOR FORCE SURVEY, MICRO-LENDING, DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION LEVELS, EMPLOYERS, EXCHANGE RATES, FAMILIES, FORM OF SAVINGS, COMMODITY, CREDIT CARDS, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, FINANCIAL SECTOR, BUSINESS SUPPORT, SAFETY NETS, BENEFICIARIES, FINANCIAL EXCLUSION, FINANCIAL TRAINING, SAVINGS PRODUCTS, FINANCIAL EDUCATION, BANK BRANCH, CALCULATIONS, SAVINGS ACCOUNTS, MAINSTREAM CREDIT, ENTRY POINT, DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS, MICRO-FINANCE, CONTRIBUTION PAYMENTS, MFI, PAYMENT SYSTEMS, FORMAL SAVINGS, GENERAL POPULATION, CALCULATION, ROMANI, JOB LOSS, PAYMENT SERVICES, FIXED COST, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, LACK OF ACCESS, LOW FINANCIAL LITERACY, UNEXPECTED EXPENSES, LABOR MARKET, GENERAL POPULATIONS, ROMA, NATIONAL ECONOMY, SOURCES OF CREDIT, CONTRIBUTION, DEBT, FACILITATION, BANKING SECTOR, CONTRIBUTIONS, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, INEQUALITY, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, ACCESS TO FINANCE, UNEMPLOYED WOMEN, FINANCIAL SERVICE, FAMILY BUSINESS, MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS, POOR CLIENTS, SAVINGS ACCOUNT, ACCESSIBILITY, EIB, FEMALE POPULATION, CREDIT-WORTHINESS, FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDER, FORMAL FINANCIAL SERVICES, ACCOUNTING, FINANCES, COMMERCIAL BANK, FAMILY BENEFITS, INSTALLMENTS, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, SMALL ENTERPRISES, VILLAGE, FINANCIAL MAINSTREAM, INFORMATION ASYMMETRY, PROBABILITY, ETHNIC GROUP, LOWER INCOME, CURRENT ACCOUNT, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, SOCIAL FUND, POSSESSIONS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, BANK BRANCHES, ACCESS TO CREDIT, FINANCIAL ACCESS, SAVINGS MECHANISMS, DEBT MANAGEMENT, SAVINGS INITIATIVE, ENTERPRISE FINANCING, COMMERCIAL BANKS, INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES, UNSKILLED WORKERS, INVESTMENT BANK, FINANCIAL ACCESS INDICATORS, LABOR FORCE, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, HOUSEHOLD INVESTMENTS, SELF-EXCLUSION, SAVINGS, UTILITY BILLS, FORMAL BANK, DISCRIMINATION, OUTREACH, ATM, WORKING LIFE, ADVISORY SERVICES
Abstract

European Commission This chapter highlights the growing global and European financial inclusion agenda and provides a brief assessment of vulnerability and labor market outcomes for Roma in Eastern Europe. Financial inclusion is considered by many to be among the main instruments to improve welfare, especially among the poor, which need financial services as much as, if not more, than non-poor, to reduce vulnerability and improve self-employment. Following a brief description of the main data sources used in the analysis, the chapter highlights the very high levels of vulnerability and exclusion among Roma in Eastern Europe and the poor labor market outcomes by any measure, including extremely low employment rates and high informality. Against this background, the following chapters assess financial exclusion among Roma, and self-employment levels and (credit) barriers to starting businesses. The final chapter highlights international experiences promoting comprehensive, incremental approaches to financial inclusion.

Published
2012

4. Zimbabwe Public Investment Management Efficiency Review

Author

World Bank

Subjects
GOVERNMENT ASSET, INFRASTRUCTURE, PENSION FUNDS, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, CURRENCY CRISIS, INFLATION, EQUIPMENTS, CRITERIA, FLOW OF FUNDS, ESTATE, INVESTOR CONFIDENCE, UNEMPLOYMENT, LIQUIDITY CRISIS, RECESSION, FORMAL ECONOMY, MIDDLEMEN, PLEDGE, FISCAL BURDEN, STOCK, CONCESSION, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, POVERTY, INVESTORS, PENSION, POTENTIAL INVESTOR, TRANSACTIONS, RECURRENT EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC SPENDING, SOCIAL SERVICES, AUDITORS, WITHDRAWAL, FARMERS, FINANCIERS, GOVERNMENT BUDGET, TRANSPARENCY, STRATEGIES, FISCAL CONSTRAINT, GRACE PERIOD, FINANCIAL AFFAIRS, SUBSIDIES, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, PUBLIC SERVICES, GUARANTOR, BANKING INSTITUTIONS, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, FISCAL YEAR, TRANSFERS, MANDATE, AUDIT OFFICE, BALANCE SHEET, INDEBTED, PUBLIC ENTERPRISES, POST-CRISIS PERIOD, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS, DISBURSEMENT, NATIONAL BUDGET, LIQUIDITY, COST ESTIMATES, PRIVATE CAPITAL, LAND REFORM, CASH MANAGEMENT, USER FEES, WORKING CAPITAL, PAYMENTS, CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, CAPITAL ALLOCATION, CASH FLOW, FINANCIAL RISK, CENTRAL REGISTRY, INVESTMENT PROJECTS, REFORM MEASURES, AUDITS, INFLATIONARY PRESSURE, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP, PORTFOLIO, GOVERNMENT FUNDING, POLITICAL ECONOMY, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, BUDGETS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT REVENUES, CAPITAL PROJECTS, SECURITY, FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY, ENTERPRISE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, ALLOCATION OF FUNDS, PRINCIPAL, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, DECENTRALIZATION, FISCAL POLICY, LIABILITY, GOOD, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, EQUIPMENT, REVENUE, CURRENCY, HOUSEHOLDS, COST OF LIVING, BANKS, INCOME LEVEL, LATE PAYMENTS, MUTUAL FUNDS, PUBLIC FINANCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, FUTURE, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, COLLECTION SYSTEM, REPAYMENT, DEVELOPMENT BANK, ISSUANCE, CONTRACTS, INVESTOR, HOUSING, MORTALITY RATE, CORRUPTION, BUDGETING, CAPITAL FORMATION, INVESTMENT PROPOSALS, TRANSPORT, LAWS, REPAYMENT PERIOD, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, REVENUES, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, DEFICIT, LEVERAGE, SOCIAL WELFARE, VALUATION, INTERNAL AUDIT, TAX, INVENTORY, CAPITAL BUDGETING, BUDGET, ECONOMIC GROWTH, TRUST FUND, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, ESTATES, BENEFICIARIES, MANDATES, PRODUCTIVITY, INVESTING, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, LONG-TERM CAPITAL, TECHNICAL SUPPORT, ENABLING ENVIRONMENT, OPTIONS, GOVERNMENT GRANTS, GOODS, PROCUREMENT, ENDOWMENT, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS, CHECK, PROCUREMENT PROCEDURES, TAX COLLECTION, COLLECTIONS, CAPITAL ALLOCATIONS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, SHADOW ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, FINANCE, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS, BUDGET MANAGEMENT, WAGES, CAPITAL BUDGETS, WELFARE, POOL OF FUND, COOPERATION, LIABILITIES, RESTORATION, LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK, RENEGOTIATION, RESTRUCTURING, ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY, GOVERNMENT FINANCING, PRICING, DEBT, CAPITAL SHORTAGE, INVESTMENT ALLOCATION, SOCIAL SECURITY, FISCAL AUTHORITIES, RESERVE BANK, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, MACRO-STABILITY, FINANCIAL INFORMATION, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, CAPITAL MARKET, CREDIT CRUNCH, POLICY ENVIRONMENT, CREDIBILITY, DEFICITS, CREDIT-WORTHINESS, PUBLIC FUNDS, DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS, LINES OF CREDIT, ACCOUNTING, VALUE, STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS, LIQUIDITY PROBLEM, CONFLICT OF INTEREST, GOVERNANCE, CASH FLOW ANALYSIS, VILLAGE, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, RESERVE, FOREIGN LOANS, PRIVATE INVESTORS, TURNOVER, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE, RECURRENT EXPENDITURES, CAPITAL ASSETS, TREASURY, LAND, HUMAN RESOURCES, ECONOMIC POLICY, SINKING FUND, BUSINESS CONFIDENCE, GOVERNMENT SPENDING, EXPENDITURES, FINANCING CONSTRAINT, PEOPLE, CONTRACT, DEPENDENT, POOR CREDIT, LABOR, REMEDY, ACCOUNTANT, MDAS, INTEREST, POLITICAL RISK, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, INTERESTED PARTIES, NATURAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, BUSINESS NETWORKS, CONVERSION, CAPACITY BUILDING, TAX ADMINISTRATION, SHARE, TRUST FUNDS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, EXPENDITURE, POOL OF FUNDS
Abstract

The Public Investment Management (PIM) efficiency review is intended to support the Government of Zimbabwe, and in particular the Ministry of Finance, in its efforts to strengthen the efficiency of the public investment system, with the goal of improving the creation, operation and maintenance of public sector capital assets that support service delivery and economic growth. The problems of public investment management are not merely financial but systemic. Budget execution deficit remains a major bottleneck. Due to large backlogs across sectors, capital budget allocation has prioritized completion and rehabilitation of on-going and stalled projects and programs. Currently, public investment projects are mainly financed by the national budget. Regulatory frameworks for public-private partnerships are in place, but sluggish recovery from the private sector has not made it a notable source of financing for capital projects. Foreign loans and grants, and humanitarian aid from donors are not channeled through the official budget. This report is intended to provide the basis for a follow-on discussion with government on possible options and approaches to addressing the identified problems, focusing on those which are the most critical to Zimbabwe's economic recovery and long term development. It is complementary to the action plan, also developed by the team for consideration by the Government of Zimbabwe, which suggests a list of reform actions over the immediate to medium-term to strengthen the regulatory framework and build capacity across central and implementing agencies. The objective of the policy note is to support the Government of Zimbabwe to strengthen the efficiency of PIM system, with an ultimate goal of contributing to improved governance, service delivery, and economic growth. The study will inform a reform and capacity strengthening action plan with the Government as well as subsequent Bank's proposed technical assistance program to strengthen the PIM.

Published
2012

5. Trade Credit Insurance

Author

Jones, Peter M.

Subjects
GLOBAL MARKET, EXPORT SECTOR, TRADE DEBT, INSURANCE PROGRAM, COLLECTION PROCEDURE, INDEMNIFICATION, NON-LIFE INSURANCE, EMPLOYMENT, BAD DEBTS, EXPROPRIATION, RISK ASSESSMENT, ECONOMIC STABILITY, INCOME, TERMS OF CREDIT, DELIVERY OF GOODS, FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY, COVERAGE, CREDIT TERMS, COLLATERAL, PENSION, PRIVATE INSURANCE, ACCOUNT RECEIVABLE, CREDIT LINES, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE FINANCING, OUTSOURCING, PROPORTIONAL REINSURANCE, COMMERCIAL INSURANCE, CREDIT RISKS, BORROWING CAPACITY, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, AUCTION, REPUTATION, BALANCE SHEET, OUTSTANDING AMOUNT, FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES, LIQUIDITY, RIGHT OF SUBROGATION, CREDIT RISK, CLAIM, WORKING CAPITAL, CREDIT AGENCIES, DOMESTIC CREDIT, PROTECTION INSURANCE, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL SITUATION, DEBTS, CASH FLOW, BUSINESS INSURANCE, PROFITABILITY, AMOUNT DUES, RISKY ASSET, GLOBAL CAPITAL, INSURANCE PRODUCT, LATE PAYMENT, INSOLVENCY, BANKRUPTCY PROTECTION, PORTFOLIO, BANKRUPTCY, RISK SHARING, RISK MANAGEMENT TOOL, LENDER, PAYMENT TERMS, INSURER, INSURANCE MARKET, CAPITAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, CONTRACTUAL RIGHT, RISK EXPOSURES, LIABILITY, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, LENDING INSTITUTIONS, CURRENCY, RECEIVABLES, BANKS, RISK INSURANCE, BUSINESS CREDIT, CREDIT BUYER, LOAN, LATE PAYMENTS, REINSURANCE TREATY, PUBLIC RECORDS, MARKET SHARE, CREDIT LOSSES, DEVELOPING MARKETS, NONPAYMENT, INSOLVENCIES, FOREIGN BUYERS, HOUSING, PRIVATE INSURANCE COMPANIES, INDEMNITY, TRADING, FINANCIAL HEALTH, EXPORT CREDIT, SURETY, LAWS, CAPITAL MARKETS DEVELOPMENT, INSURANCE PREMIUMS, FACE VALUE, ADVERSE SELECTION, DEBTORS, HOUSING FINANCE, INSPECTIONS, LOCAL CURRENCY, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, GLOBAL CAPITAL MARKETS, LETTER OF CREDIT, CREDIT WORTHINESS, MACROECONOMIC LEVEL, VOLATILITY, RISK EXPOSURE, TRANSACTION, CASUALTY INSURANCE, TREATIES, REINSURANCE, INSURANCE COMPANIES, RESULT OF INSOLVENCY, CUSTOMER BASE, INSURANCE COMPANY, BAD DEBT, RISK OF DEFAULT, CAPITAL MARKET INVESTORS, INSURANCE COVERAGE, RECEIVER, FINANCIAL SECTOR, DEBT COLLECTIONS, CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS, INSURANCE POLICIES, VALID CLAIM, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES, INVESTING, BROKERS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, LETTERS OF CREDIT, INSOLVENT, INDEMNITY INSURANCE, MERGER, SHAREHOLDER, PAYMENT IN ADVANCE, JURISDICTION, REINSURERS, ASSETS, LIQUIDATOR, CONSUMER PROTECTION, CORPORATE INSOLVENCY, LOSS RATIO, RISK MANAGEMENT, COMMERCIAL PAPER, MAJORITY SHAREHOLDER, TRADES, ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, POLITICAL RISKS, FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, RATES, RECEIVABLES FINANCING, GROSS PROFIT, CREDIT LINE, LEGAL ACTION, TRADE SECTOR, NATIONAL INVESTMENT, LIFE INSURERS, TRADE CREDIT, UNDERWRITER, INTERNATIONAL CREDIT, JURISDICTIONS, FACTORING, COLLECTION PROCEDURES, CAPITAL MARKET, INSURANCE POLICY, EXPORT CREDIT INSURANCE, JUDGEMENT, INSURANCE INDUSTRY, EQUITY INVESTMENT, CREDIT-WORTHINESS, BANKRUPT, COLLECTION SERVICES, PORTFOLIOS, COMMERCIAL BANK, BANK GUARANTEE, CREDIT DEFAULT, GLOBAL TRADE, CREDIT INFORMATION, CREDIT INSURANCE, INSURANCE CLAIMS, POLITICAL RISK INSURANCE, BUSINESS FAILURES, INSURANCE, TURNOVER, TRADE FLOWS, AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE, BAD DEBT LOSSES, OUTSTANDING DEBT, RISK UNDERWRITING, DEBT DEFAULT, INTERNATIONAL BANK, FOREIGN GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, MICROINSURANCE, INSURANCE PRODUCTS, DEBT COLLECTION, POLITICAL RISK, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, SAVINGS, FINANCIAL STRENGTH, ASSET STRUCTURES, INSURANCE CONTRACTS, SUBSIDIARIES, EVENT OF INSOLVENCY, ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING, DEFAULT RATES, CREDIT DECISIONS
Abstract

The sales of goods and services are exposed to a significant number of risks, many of which are not within the control of the supplier. The highest of these risks and one that can have a catastrophic impact on the viability of a supplier, is the failure of a buyer to pay for the goods or services it has purchased. In today's challenged domestic and global economic climate, recognizing and managing future risks has become a priority for businesses. Losses attributed to non-payment of a trade debt or bankruptcy can and do occur regularly. Default rates vary by industry and country from year-to-year, and no industry or company is immune from trade credit risk. The essential value of trade credit insurance is that it provides not only peace of mind to the supplier, who can be assured that their trade is protected, but also valuable market intelligence on the financial viability of the supplier's customers, and, in the case of buyers in foreign countries, on any trading risks peculiar to those countries. As well as providing an insurance policy that matches the client's patterns of business, trade credit insurers will establish the level of cover that can reasonably be provided to the supplier for trade with each individual buyer, by analyzing the buyer's financial status, profitability, liquidity, size, sector, payment behavior and location.

Published
2010

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