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We analyze a dynamic credit market where banks choose lending standards, modeled as costly effort to screen out bad borrowers. Tighter standards worsen the borrower pool, increasing banks' incentives to employ tight standards in the future. This dynamic complementarity in lending standards can amplify and prolong downturns, decreasing lending and increasing credit spreads. Because lending standards have negative externalities, the market can converge to a steady state with inefficiently tight lending standards. We discuss the role of optimal policy to avoid this outcome as well as the impact of balance sheet costs on lending standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate whether firms' number of credit relationships with financial institutions affects labor market outcomes. Using 5 million observations on matched credit and labor panel data from Brazil, we estimate IV regressions, employing exogenous variation in firm-lender relationships due to nationwide bank M&A activity. Firms with more relationships employ more workers and pay higher wage bills. Credit availability, cost of credit, and financial institution heterogeneity are economic channels. The firm-level results translate into positive macroeconomic effects in municipalities and states. The evidence is novel and indicates the positive effects of multiple relationships on labor market outcomes in an emerging economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effectiveness of macroprudential regulations in promoting bank stability and the credit market in the Kenyan financial system. The study applies a panel estimation methodology on bank‐level and non‐bank credit data for the period 2001–2021 to achieve its objectives. The study reveals three key findings. First, overall, the banking sector remains resilient as evidenced by the S‐score stability measure. Second, liquidity‐related, capital‐based, and asset‐side macroprudential regulations lower bank stability. Third, there is evidence of dampened bank credit and domestic leakage associated with macroprudential regulations. The paper concludes that macroprudential regulations are ineffective in promoting stability and the credit market. This paper recommends policymakers to use caution when implementing macroprudential conditions. This is to balance out the policy objectives of banking sector stability and access to finance. Additionally, policy makers should be mindful when implementing macroprudential measures that may cause banks to adjust their behavior, leading to domestic credit leakages and cross‐border spillovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algeria is the region's most promising future market, and one of the most dynamic in the developing world. However, the non-existence of a financial market in Algeria means that banks and financial institutions play a crucial role, both in collecting resources and in granting medium- and long-term loans to businesses. In order to guarantee the development of their share of the Algerian market, private banks are offering new products in the credit sector. To this end, we have formulated the following problem: what impact does the diversification of loans granted have on the ABG bank's net profit? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Justice‐involved youth (JIY) display skills deficits in a variety of domains, but particularly in life skills such as health habits, obtaining a job, and maintaining finances. These skills are particularly important for JIY, who often come from historically disenfranchised communities. This population encounters many challenges as they transition from juvenile correctional facilities to their respective communities. To have the greatest impact, these skills should likely be taught prior to the transition. Thus, the purpose of this study was to teach basic personal finance skills to adolescent males in a juvenile residential treatment facility, using an information packet with rehearsal and feedback. The intervention was specifically chosen to be minimally invasive due to the challenges presented by the COVID‐19 pandemic relating to providing services to JIY. Data were analyzed visually using nonconcurrent multiple baseline designs. The results of the study showed the intervention was moderately effective at teaching basic financial skills relating to budgeting, banking, and credit to four participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of credit extended by both commercial and development banks on exports, GDP, and FDI across different sectors in Mexico. The research lies within the broader context of financial sector development and its role in promoting regional development and economic growth. We use panel data techniques to compare traditional models that include only commercial bank credit with models incorporating development bank credit. Our results emphasize the different and complementary roles of commercial and development banks. The latter is crucial in addressing market failures and supporting long-term, socially and economically beneficial projects. The study concludes that development bank credit should be integrated into economic studies to better understand its contribution to sustainable growth. It suggests that policymakers should coordinate the roles of both banking sectors to foster a balanced and resilient economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article introduces the distinction between money-as-money dealing capital (MMDC) and money-as-capital dealing capital (MCDC), laying the foundations for new developments in the field of Marxian political economy. First, it explains why banks, which manage the circulation of money-as-money, are able to issue instruments that perform monetary functions, and also why non-bank financial intermediaries, which manage the circulation of money-as-capital, tend to become increasingly important as the capitalist mode of production evolves. The distinction between MMDC and MCDC also allows for a more thorough understanding of the nature of Marx's category of interest-bearing capital (IBC), explaining when and why a capital's net income takes the form of profit and interest, unveiling the mechanisms that produce the (socially valid) illusion that every capital bears interest. JEL Classification: B14, B26, E11, E43, E44 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The study examines the efficiency and influence of bank loans on Zimbabwe's agricultural growth. The main objectives are to assess how bank lending affects agricultural output and identify the key factors affecting its effectiveness. Approach: This research uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach to examine the long-term and short-term relationships between bank credit and agricultural output. Results: Extending credit availability may help agricultural development, as the study indicates a strong long-term positive association between bank credit and agricultural production. However, the short-term study yields inconsistent findings, with variations brought on by outside forces, including shifting policies, unstable economies, and unfavourable weather patterns. This suggests that structural problems in the banking or agriculture sectors impede quick recovery. While bank credit is critical in enhancing agricultural growth in Zimbabwe, its effectiveness is contingent upon a stable economic environment and supportive policies. Implication: Therefore, to maximise the impact of bank lending, policymakers should focus on improving financial infrastructure, mitigating external risks, and creating a conducive environment for agricultural investments. Value: This study uniquely examines the impact of bank credit on agricultural productivity in Zimbabwe using a comprehensive set of economic and non-economic variables and advanced econometric methods, providing new, context-specific insights and practical policy recommendations for enhancing agricultural growth in a challenging environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Assuming that knowledge management is a pivotal issue in business to improve and maintain competitive advantages, this paper aims to investigate how knowledge management is useful to face challenges about the integration of environment, social and governance (ESG) factors, filling the gap in the literature regarding knowledge management and ESG in the banking world by considering a real case. Design/methodology/approach: Starting from the analysis of the more relevant literature on the topic, this paper describes an illustrative real case through interviews with the credit department of an Italian bank that has adopted a specific sustainability approach. This paper discusses this case in the context of the outlined theoretical background to explore the trends and challenges of ESG integration. The case study allows us to evaluate and expand our theoretical framework, leading to a greater understanding of the complex phenomenon under investigation. Findings: Based on the analysis of the literature combined with the insights that emerged from the experience of the real case, this study shows that there are three primary factors to consider: data issues, competencies and workflow. This study outlines an enhanced knowledge management framework displaying the complexity emerging from the integration of ESG into a bank's credit department and identify the best practices to pursue. Practical implications: Given the increasing pressure toward the incorporation of ESG factors into the banking sector, the practical implications of the study are relevant as they provide guidelines for action. Specifically, the practical problems highlighted by the real case, like the priority on themes such as questionnaires, the need for ad hoc commissions and workflow, drive the attention of decision-makers on key aspects to effectively adopt an advanced knowledge management approach aimed at improving the ESG integration. Considering the effect of the banking system on the economy, the best practices this study has identified can also have a positive impact on society as a whole. Originality/value: The proposed enhanced knowledge management framework offers a guideline to orchestrate ESG integration into banks' credit departments, considering the increasing need to frame a sustainability-oriented strategic approach that emerges from academic and practical enquiries. This research represents an initial attempt to investigate the integration of ESG factors in the banking system through the lens of knowledge management. The strategic nature of the ESG approach clearly appears in a dynamic environment where stakeholder pressures and regulatory evolutions are strong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until 29 December 2023 new miles on non-performing loans * PLs) and distressed debt trades had to be introduced into the local laws of all Member States of the EU. Such new rules establish new procedures for the servicing and collection of NPLs and distressed debt acquired after 29 December 2023 as well as new obligations for sellers and purchasers of NPLs and distressed debt, irrespective of whether the purchasers are resident in the EU. the UK, the US or elsewhere in the world. Purchasers of NPLs and distressed debt now need to appoint a licensed credit servicing institution for the acquired portfolios. Such new EU rules have been implemented in Germany through the German Secondary Credit Markets Act *reditzweitmarktgesetz) which came intoforce on 30 December 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comparative study on forecasting the credit outlook of banking and nonbanking finance companies using five distinct machine learning models: Logistics regression, k-nearest neighbor (kNN), decision tree classifier, support vector machines (SVM), and naïve Bayes classifier. The research evaluates the efficacy of these models in categorizing financial companies based on their credit outlook (negative, neutral, and positive). Our findings reveal that the kNN model with a k value of 7 demonstrated superior performance in terms of test accuracy compared to the other models. Although models such as the kernelized SVM and logistic regression exhibited commendable performance, none could match the high-test accuracy achieved by the kNN model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Juridica Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Prawnych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Finance & Financial Law / Finanse i Prawo Finansowe is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This paper investigated whether a bank's popularity and depositors' fear of Google search volume could affect bank deposits and credit. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used two different quarterly data from Google Trends and banking data from 2012 Q1 to 2020 Q1. Based on available data, Google Trends data start from 2012. The authors exclude data after 2020 Q1 because the Covid-19 pandemic arguably increased the volume of Internet users due to shifting behavior to online activities. They merged and cleaned the data by winsorizing at 5 and 95 percentiles to avoid any outlier problems, reaching 74 banks in the sample. They used panel data estimation of quarterly data following Levy-Yeyati et al. (2010) and Trinugroho et al. (2020). Findings: The results show that a higher search volume of a bank's name leads to higher deposits. A higher search volume of depositor fear reduces deposits and credit. The authors also found that banks with high risk and a high search volume of their name have a significantly lower volume of deposits. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, not many papers in banking and finance have used Google Trends data to gauge related issues regarding depositors' behavior. The authors have filled a gap in the literature by investigating whether the popularity of Google search and depositors' fear could impact deposits and credit. This study also attempted to establish whether Google Trends data could be a reliable source of information to predict depositors' behavior by using a Zscore to measure bank risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conjecture that marketplace lending provokes an increase in the quantity of entrepreneurship, particularly in more regionally disadvantaged areas, albeit at lower average quality. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design that exploits exogenous variation in borrowers' access to marketplace loans along U.S. state borders, we estimate a 10% increase in marketplace lending causes a 0.44% increase in business establishments per capita. The effects are more pronounced for less experienced entrepreneurs, for small and less profitable firms, firms more dependent upon external finance, in industries with lower sunk costs of entry, and for low-income regions with inferior access to financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between credit expansion and banking crises is complex and cannot be fully explained by total credit alone. A systematic analysis of the relationship between the amount and structure of total credit and banking crises is important for an objective prediction of the influence of potential financial risks. This paper, drawing on data from 15 selected countries, delves into the power of credit indicators in the early warning of banking crises from the perspectives of industrial structure, sector structure, and term structure of credit. Various machine learning methods were used, including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Bagging, and Boosting models. The empirical findings indicate that credit expansion plays a crucial role in triggering banking crises. However, total credit is better suited for the early warning of short-term banking crises, whereas credit structure is more useful for the early warning of long-term banking crises. Moreover, in an early warning system, identifying key early warning indicators is more meaningful than merely increasing the number of indicators. Machine learning can somewhat enhance the early warning power, but it may not always be robust. Therefore, more attention should be paid to potential systemic banking crises resulting from an imbalance in credit structure while regulating the total credit threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the origins of German banks' risk‐taking in the years preceding the 1931 crisis. The 1920s were marked by a large and prolonged increase in capital flows into Germany, chiefly from the United States and the United Kingdom. This coincided, at the individual bank level, with a rise in leverage and a fall in liquidity. We examine possible connections between the two phenomena. Our analysis is based on a combination of historiographical work and statistical modelling based on a newly hand‐collected bimonthly dataset on German reporting banks from 1925 to 1935. Bank by bank we examine the effects of foreign inflows on decisions related to leverage, lending, and liquidity. The Dawes Plan of 1924 and the relative absence of a too‐big‐to‐fail (TBTF) environment allow us to mitigate endogeneity concerns. We suggest that while capital inflows did not seem to impact banks' liquidity decisions, their impact on leverage was non‐negligeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the stages of the historical formation of the credit market of Ukraine. The entities of the credit market of Ukraine are graphically displayed and described. The concept of "credit market" is detailed and formulated. The main functions of ensuring the normal functioning of the credit market of Ukraine are defined, in particular such as: market function, financial function, general-specific function. The structure of the credit market is analyzed, consisting of such main components as: borrowers, creditors, credit products, financial instruments, regulation and state supervision, risks and components of the credit market. The influence of institutional factors on the development of the credit market of Ukraine, which includes the following components: legislation and regulation, institutionality, competition, information infrastructure, political and economic structures, digital initiatives and fintech innovations, and international integration, was studied. The components of the strategic development of the credit market as a result of the implementation of innovative transformations are structured, represented by such elements as: creation of digital marketplaces, innovative transformation, segmentation of participants in credit relations, stimulation of demand for financial innovations, establishment of growth rate standards for credit innovations, creation of innovative infrastructure, creation of an innovative ecosystem and modernization. The financial stress index of the credit market of Ukraine for the period 2013-2023 was determined and its dynamics were analyzed. Changes in production volume and company income are shown graphically, and how this affects the credit market is presented. The debt of non-banking financial companies is calculated and presented, and their role in the development of the modern credit market is determined. The market of real estate and mortgage lending is studied and their role in modern credit trends is reflected. The debt and credit burden on households was analyzed. The credit risk indicator is structured and its role in the planning of new types of credit products is highlighted. The dynamics of credit resources attracted by non-bank financial and credit institutions for the period 2013-2023 are reflected. The main types of risks of the credit market of Ukraine are presented and the role of risk management in solving problems related to risky operations of credit institutions is defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents a link between bank concentration and markups in nonfinancial sectors. We exploit concentration-increasing bank mergers and variation in banks' market shares across industries and show that higher credit concentration is associated with higher markups and that high-market-share lenders charge lower loan rates. We argue that this is due to the greater incidence of competing firms sharing common lenders that induce less aggressive product market behavior among their borrowers, thereby internalizing potential adverse effects of higher rates. Consistent with our conjecture, the effect is stronger in industries with competition in strategic substitutes where negative product market externalities are greatest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banking industry in any country ensures, due to the specific nature of its activity, a key role in the functioning of economic mechanisms, with an impact on macroeconomic developments, on the dynamics of the business environment and on the improvement of the Romanian economy. The 32 credit institutions that make up the banking sector in Romania had net assets of 803.4 billion lei in 2023 and have recorded an acceleration in profitability compared to recent years, achieving a net profit of 13.7 billion lei. In addition to the banks' lending role, they also attract deposits, thus protecting the savings of the population and companies. Banks support the economy by granting loans, but it is important that they go to the sectors with the highest development potential and which create wellpaid jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Luridica Montenegrina is the property of University of Donja Gorica, Faculty of Legal Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of MB University International Review - MBUIR Journal of Theory & Practice is the property of University MB / Univerzitet MB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Financial inclusion is measured by the number of people who use the formal financial system and banks in particular. Limited access to formal banking services and the existence of unbanked households is a main policy concern. The authors evaluate how the use of prepaid (reloadable) debit cards by unbanked households affects financial inclusion and specifically the potential for these households to participate in the formal financial system and open a bank account. Design/methodology/approach: The authors apply matching models to analyze survey data from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation National Survey of the Unbanked and Underbanked Households from 2009 to 2019 and evaluate how prepaid cards use affects plans to open a bank account. Findings: Unbanked households who use prepaid cards are 5% less likely to open a bank account compared to the matched nonusers of prepaid cards. In addition, prepaid card users are 12% more likely to use nonbanks to transfer money/transact online and 18% more likely to have obtained loans from alternative financial services providers compared to the matched unbanked nonusers of prepaid debit cards. Originality/value: No previous work has estimated the causal impact of use of prepaid cards on financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathetic condition of Indian agriculture speaks volumes about the distress in its rural economy. Manufacturing activity, though providing hope, is constrained by the availability of credit. From social banking to for-profit micro finance institutions (MFIs), the rural economy has witnessed a sea change in the public provisioning of credit. The phenomenal growth of for-profit MFIs in recent years is associated with growing concerns over their unethical practices and exploitation of the rural poor. The present study attempts to trace the factors that influence rural households' dependence on forprofit MFI credit, despite the abovementioned concerns. The study is based on a primary survey and uses logit and probit models. The estimated results suggest that the factors like access to bank credit and household poverty factors--such as per capita income, number of male workers, and the existence of wage labour--significantly influence the probability of accessing for-profit MFI credit. Accordingly, the present study proposes remedial policies like the expansion of scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) and not-forprofit MFIs, apart from strict regulation of for-profit MFIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent Supreme Court judgment 914/2023 of 4 July confirms that the Bank of Spain's internal bulletins nos. 7/2011 and 2/2013 are lawful and holds that they are merely instructions for its own inspectors rather than general provisions. This decision has important consequences on an individual's guarantees during Bank of Spain inspections, particularly onsite ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Crónica Tributaria is the property of Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Hacienda y Funcion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Credit by its nature is a classic economic category which has been already researched in considerable number of scientific works. However, multi aspects character of credit and credit relations in general, its constant transformation in society lead to increased interest concerning cognition of this definition by scientists, Credit relations, as well as money relations, as of today penetrate the whole society and its economic sphere. Actually, credit is one of the movable forces of the country’s economic development. Importance of money-credit relations within economic system of the state and its further functioning stipulates increase of scientific interest of peculiarities arise study and credit development as an economic category. Objective of the article is defining types of credits, their systematization and classification by definite peculiarities. Within the article, main types of credits were analyzed, which can be defined as of today by analyzing of the peculiarities of credit relation functioning and development. Classification of all types of credits was implemented on account of the main peculiarities identification, to the number of which the following were related: under the order of provision, under creditor character, or by the character of the borrowers and by the terms depending on the crediting object, under percentage rate, by means of funds issue and by branch direction of credit, under risk level, by means of credit remuneration and credit payment, at presence of collateral. Combined, all defined peculiarities and relevant types of credit, shall create integrated system of credits classification, which at the present moment comprises the most known and distributed their types. As any other object, system of credits types is constantly in the process of its dynamic development. Transformation of the state’s economic state, change of political configuration of the society development and other exogenous factors stipulate as well continuous change of credit system itself, search and creation of new mechanisms of credits submission by different types of credit institutions, etc. As it is presented by experience of credit market development of Ukraine, it is in continuous state of its dynamic development, and difficulties arise in development of some financial institutions is being changed by activation and rapid development of other credit institutions. Thus, system of credits types classification is constantly being added by new types of credits and relevant peculiarities, under which they can be studied and separated as a single group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising incidence of credit defaults may cause credit crunch. This affects the ability of firms to finance working capital and also fixed capital formation. Naturally, this is a major macroeconomic shock. This paper is an attempt to address the microeconomic foundation of such macroeconomic shock. We provide a theoretical framework to explain the economic rationale behind 'wilful corporate defaults' and 'financial corruption' in the specific context of trade liberalization. First, we model the behavioural aspects of wilful corporate defaulters and bank officials to determine the bank bribe rate as an outcome of the Nash bargaining process in a two‐stage sequential move game. Based on the results of the partial equilibrium framework, we examine aspects of trade liberalization in an otherwise 2 × 2 general equilibrium framework. We also compare the efficacy of punishment strategies to economic incentives to deter credit defaults and banking sector corruption. Methodologically, our analytical model integrates finance capital distinctly from physical capital in Jonesian general equilibrium framework. Interestingly, our findings indicate that there exists a trade‐off at equilibrium between curbing credit defaults and bribery. We also find that not all punishment strategies are equally effective at deterring credit defaults if general equilibrium interlinkage effects are carefully dealt with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the behavior of Ecuadorian private banking during the period 2000-2021, using aggregate information on trends in the banking sector and accounting data for the main banks. Based on a heterodox theoreticalhistorical approach, we highlight the link between the neoliberal structural reforms, the banking crisis, dollarization and the transformations of the banking sector. The results highlight the fact that the operation of the Ecuadorian banking system under formal dollarization not only recreates well-known elements of former financial fragility but also introduces new variables typical of the 21st-century banking universe that are a source of instability and hinder the financing objectives for the socio-economic development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BES Journal: International Journal of Business & Economic Studies is the property of BES Journal - International Journal of Business & Economic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We analyse the estate composition of the richest 30 per cent of people who died in the Netherlands in 1921 to find that households used a broad range of institutions to meet their financial demands. Goods and services were either paid in cash or settled periodically with suppliers. Despite the strong growth of commercial banking in the previous decades, households still made extensive use of peer‐to‐peer loans, with or without the added security of notarial contracts. Banks only possessed a competitive edge in savings accounts for small surpluses and current accounts, the latter used most frequently by business owners born after 1870. Distance to the nearest bank office did not matter for these people, but wealthy urbanites were more inclined to use banks than their counterparts in the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to provide empirical information on the relationship between the livestock production index and the credit policy environment in Nigeria. Time series data were used, and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test approach was adopted to establish the presence of co-integration among series. The estimated long and short run models showed stability, best quality, efficiency and unbiased. The findings showed that in the long run, total credit to the agricultural sector from commercial banks and domestic credit to the private sector both had significant positive influence on livestock production, while agricultural credit guarantee scheme loans to livestock units exhibited a negative impact. In the short run, agricultural credit guarantee scheme loans to livestock, lending interest rate, and domestic credit to the private sector negatively relate to livestock production. However, the commercial banks' total credit to the agricultural sector showed a positive effect on livestock production in the short run. The implication of the findings indicates a need to increase total commercial credit to the agricultural sector and domestic credit to the private sector, to reassess the agricultural credit guarantee scheme, and to lower the lending interest rate for agricultural credit - these as a means for increasing livestock production in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academia & Derecho is the property of Universidad Libre - Seccional Cucuta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the consequences of conflicts between creditors. Using the setting of debt covenant violations, I employ a regression discontinuity design to identify the effect of banks' interventions on their borrowers' trade credit. The results show that trade credit experiences a substantial decline when banks intervene in the borrowing firm following covenant violations. The decline is mitigated by the presence of dependent suppliers and exacerbated by banks' incentives to exercise control rights. Such externalities are reflected in the loan-contract design. Borrowing firms sign less restrictive loan contracts when they rely more on trade credit or trade creditors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper set out to empirically evaluate the impact of deposit money banks' credit on the performance of Nigerian economic growth. Data covering 1986 to 2020 were collected from secondary sources and unit root test, cointegration test and the ECM method used in analyzing the data. Findings from the study revealed that total bank credit and money supply both had a positive significant relationship with economic growth. Private sector credit had a positive but not significant relationship with economic growth while lending rate had a negative and significant relationship with economic growth. The study thus recommends that the monetary authorities should implement policies favourable to deposit money banks' credit creation and intensify efforts to attract credit to the private sector in order to stimulate economic growth while policies to support the growth of the financial market and banking industry should be enacted and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the global financial crisis in 2008, there has been an elevated interest in private debt and as a macroeconomic variable. In light of the lack of high-frequency data, this study presents a unique monthly time series dataset on credit from and deposits in Swedish commercial banks from 1875 to 2020, covering 1,752 monthly observations and most of Swedish commercial banking history. In a first application, the study examines to what extent money in Sweden has been exogenous, created independently of demand by the central bank, or endogenous, created in response to demand by commercial banks, during different institutional settings. The results, derived via cointegration and impulse-response functions, show that though the relationship between deposits and credit has changed over time, both theories often hold validity simultaneously. While changes in deposits often have had significant impact on credit, the opposite has also been true. There are, however, differences between different regulatory regimes, as well as for different groups of banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the structural drivers of bank and nonbank credit cycles using a medium‐scale dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with two types of financial intermediation. We posit economywide and sectoral disturbances in both macro and financial sectors. We estimate that sectoral shocks to the balance sheets of entrepreneurs are important for fluctuations in bank and nonbank credit growth at the business cycle frequency. Economywide entrepreneurial risk shocks gain predominance for explaining the lower frequency comovement between the two series. Macro shocks play very little role in explaining financial cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of digital finance resulted in fierce competition in the banking industry. The study used Bank-corporate credit data to measure interbank competition based on social network model, and we transformed the regional digital finance index into bank-level digital finance index using each bank’s registry and license information. Furthermore, we employed QAP (quadratic assignment procedure) to empirically test the effects of digital finance on the competitive structure among banks. Based on which, we verified its heterogeneity and investigated the mechanisms through which the digital finance affected the banking competition structure. The study finds that, digital finance reshapes the banking competition structure, and intensifies the inter-bank involution while increasing the evolution. The large nation-owned banks have been in central position in the banking network system, with stronger competitiveness and higher strength of digital finance development. For large banks, digital financial development has no significant impact on inter-bank co-opetition and is only more significantly correlated with banking weighted competitive networks. For small and medium-sized banks, digital finance has a significant impact on both co-opetition and competitive pressure. Meanwhile, digital finance also led to the increasing homogeneous competition. In addition, compared with large nation-owned banks, the competitiveness of small and medium-sized joint-equity commercial banks and urban commercial banks are more vulnerable to digital finance and resulting in homogenization problems. Mechanism analysis showed that (1) digital finance promotes the overall competitiveness of the banking industry by improving the inclusiveness of financial services, which expands the service scope (scale effect); (2) digital finance promotes the competition by improving the pricing ability, risk identification ability and finally the capital allocation ability of banks (Pricing effect). The above findings provide new ideas for the governance of banking competition and the realization of a new pattern of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the impact of risk factors on the performance of Jordanian commercial banks listed at Amman Stock Exchange - ASE, in addition to explore the mediating role of Asset-Liabilities Management in determining the performance of Jordanian commercial banks through micro risk factors based on a sample of 13 banks' data for 15 years from 2006 - 2020. Regression model was used as the study tool. The results indicated that, Jordanian commercial banks performance is significantly affected by micro risk factors in dissimilar direction. Liquidity risk influenced positively banks' performance, while the credit risk and operational risk affected negatively on the bank's financial performance. Finally, the Asset-Liabilities Management strategy improved the performance of Jordanian commercial banks by 20% to 25%. Subsequently, banks' healthy liquidity position should be sustained to enhance performance, and banks' management should focus more on adopting better approaches in order to constringe credit and operational risk. Additionally, as ALM contemplate a positive impact on financial performance, more concentration should be practiced by management on this technique in order to elevate financial performance to function as a cushion in future unexpected events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarities of business lending in wartime are analyzed in the article. It is determined that crises always have a great impact on business. The crisis affects both negative and positive factors for business development simultaneously. It is found that the war made many adjustments in the national business functioning. The war factor contributes to the significant transformation of national business. It is determined that lending is one mechanism for national companies to provide support. The top-5 largest banks that provided loans to legal entities in Ukraine in 2022 are presented. The dynamics of loans number granted by banks to business entities in 2022 is presented as well as the dynamics of net loans granted to business entities in 2022. The dynamics of the corporate debtors' working loans and loans provided under the state program "Affordable loans 5-7-9%" is shown. Working corporate loans and realized products (services) in the zone of active military operations in 2022 are presented. It is revealed that the very first stage of changes in banking activity took place in the soft loans market. The structure of concessional loans issued for national business by state and private banks under the state program "Affordable loans 5-7-9%" in 2022 is analyzed. The average amount of the concessional loans issued under the state program "Affordable loans 5-7-9%" for different banks is compared. It is determined that the average amount of the preferential loan by banks amounted to UAH 2.83 million. JSC "Ukreximbank" took the leading position in issuing soft loans for national business (UAH 7.28 million). Since the beginning of the war, banks have issued concessional loans in the amount of more than UAH 36.50 billion to support national business, their total amount is UAH 126.00 billion. It is determined that the country's banking sector is operationally profitable. The presence of a risk of the overall profitability loss due to the urgent need to form reserves is revealed. Therefore, the main factor affecting the reduction of banks' capital is the presence of credit risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Article 37D of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4 of 2023 Concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector (UUPPSK), OJK can stop investigations into alleged tipibanks. The termination of the investigation is contrary to the terms of termination of the investigation as specified in Article 109 of the Criminal Procedure Code which states that a crime can only be stopped if there is insufficient evidence, the case is not a criminal case and is due to legal interests and Article 1 of the Criminal Code regarding the principle of legality. Tipibank termination conditions are; there is a request from the perpetrator of the suspected bank crime against which the OJK approves and the perpetrator pays all losses and costs incurred as a result of the banking crime. there is a request from the suspected perpetrator of bank fraud that is given to OJK and OJK accepts and approves the said application, whether or not there is settlement of losses arising from tipibank, the amount of the loss and the impact on the banking sector, banks, the interests of customers and/or society. Meanwhile, the investigation termination mechanism is; the application of the alleged perpetrator of the tipibank was approved by the OJK and the perpetrator of the alleged tipibank paid compensation. Some of the problems in solving the alleged bank crime by stopping the investigation include; The condition for terminating a tipibank investigation is contrary to the Criminal Procedure Code and the Criminal Code, the concept of resolving allegations of tipibank through termination of investigation is not in line with the principles of restorative justice and the concept of settlement out of court (mediation). Typical bank generalizations that can be resolved through termination of investigations can eliminate the function and purpose of law. Ambiguity regarding the meaning of violations and bank tipi in the UUPPSK and PP-UUPPSK can cause its own problems in its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial inclusion has been related exclusively to banking penetration, affirming that the use of the financial system expands savings and development. In this sense, this study analyzed the impact of certain socioeconomic and banking penetration variables on savings formation, using information from the Global Findex database and applying a binary logistic regression analysis, as well as a neural network study. The regression showed high significance and correlation between savings and the inclusion variable, while the network was able to estimate 83.2 % of the cases as correct, with relevance in variables such as loan and education level. These results indicate that variables such as education and income level have a positive impact on savings, while the generation of credit acts as an inhibitor of savings; once there are high-rate differentials and the loans are mostly for consumption with low direction to investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banking institutions have a strategic role in the country's economyWork as an intermediary between parties who have excess funds with those who lack funds. In carrying out its duties, the bank is obliged to maintain public trust by implementing good governance or management and must respect the principle of bank prudence. With the emergence of the impact of Covid-19, the government together with the Financial Services Authority issued Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 11/POJK.03/2020 concerning national economic stimulus as a countercyclical to the impact of the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019, where this policy was issued to protect customers by issuing regulations that allow provision of restructuring to affected companies. Banks in carrying out their duties must run a risk management program to minimize the occurrence of failure in one or part of a transaction or instrument finance, if the bank in carrying out its duties does not carry out risk management it can be dangerous and cause losses so that the bank must be responsible for the losses of its customers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]