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Metamaterials are an emerging type of man-made material capable of obtaining some extraordinary properties that cannot be realized by naturally occurring materials. Due to tremendous application foregrounds in wave manipulations, metamaterials have gained more and more attraction. Especially, developing research interest of low-frequency vibration attenuation using metamaterials has emerged in the past decades. To better understand the fundamental principle of opening low-frequency (below 100 Hz) band gaps, a general view on the existing literature related to low-frequency band gaps is presented. In this review, some methods for fulfilling low-frequency band gaps are firstly categorized and detailed, and then several strategies for tuning the low-frequency band gaps are summarized. Finally, the potential applications of this type of metamaterial are briefly listed. This review is expected to provide some inspirations for realizing and tuning the low-frequency band gaps by means of summarizing the related literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) metamaterial beam is proposed. • Quasi-zero stiffness is fulfilled by compliant mechanisms. • Design optimization is carried out to devise the QZS resonator. • QZS metamaterial beam enables very low-frequency band gaps. A novel metamaterial beam with embedded quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) resonator is proposed to realize wave attenuation in very low-frequency band gaps. The configuration of the QZS resonator is developed by using compliant mechanism with design optimization, and the feature of quasi-zero stiffness is achieved under proper pre-compression. Then, the dispersion relations of the metamaterial beam are derived by the transfer matrix method (TMM) to predicate the band gap theoretically. Additionally, the dynamic responses of the metamaterial beam are obtained by the spectral element method (SEM) to evaluate the transmittance of the flexural wave. Finally, the prototype of the metamaterial beam is fabricated by additive manufacturing, and the experimental investigation is conducted to verify the formation mechanism of the band gaps, which shows very low-frequency band gaps. Therefore, the QZS metamaterial beam should be promising in application for very low-frequency wave attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]