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While many gene expression studies have focused on male pattern baldness (MPB), few studies have investigated the genetic differences between bald and non-bald hair follicles in female pattern hair loss (FPHL). This study aimed to identify molecular biomarkers associated with FPHL through genetic analysis of paired bald and non-bald hair follicles from 18 FPHL patients, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. RNA transcriptome analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between bald and non-bald hair follicles in FPHL. The DEGs were validated using real-time PCR, and protein expression was confirmed through immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Our findings suggest that HOXB13, SFRP2, PTGDS, CXCR3, SFRP4, SOD3, and DCN are significantly upregulated in bald hair follicles compared to non-bald hair follicles in FPHL. SFRP2 and PTGDS were found to be consistently highly expressed in bald hair follicles in all 18 samples. Additionally, elevated protein levels of SFRP2 and PTGDS were confirmed through western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Our study identified SFRP2 and PTGDS as potential biomarkers for FPHL and suggests that they may play a role in inducing hair loss in this condition. These findings provide a foundation for further research on the pathogenesis of FPHL and potential therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Female‐pattern hair loss (FPHL) is characterized by decreased scalp hair density, thinning of hair shafts, and progressive miniaturization of hair follicles. Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of spironolactone versus bicalutamide in female pattern hair loss [FPHL]. Methods: The study design was retrospective, and all eligible females aged between 18 years and 50 years with FPHL were included. We identified 120 patients from our database who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and patients were then categorized into two groups, Group A comprising patients who were taking 100 mg of spironolactone once daily and Group B comprising patients who were taking 50 mg of bicalutamide once daily along with topical minoxidil 2% in both groups. Patient were analysed at approximately at 24 weeks from the commencement of the treatment. Results: Mean reduction in hair loss severity score on Sinclair scale was 19.51% in spironolactone group compared to 28.20% in bicalutamide group at 24 weeks, which was statistically significant. On global photographic assessment, marked improvement was seen in bicalutamide group compared to spironolactone group (p = 0.139). Conclusions: Our study, though limited by its retrospective design and small sample size, showed that bicalutamide has greater efficacy and better safety profile in comparison to spironolactone in the treatment of FPHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy-induced hair loss is a distressing side effect of cancer treatment, and medical interventions are often needed to address this problem. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bioactivity of goat placenta (GP) extract on both normal and chemotherapy-induced hair cells and to develop PEGylated liposomes (PL) and microspicule (MS) formulations for promoting hair growth in patients with chemotherapy-induced hair loss. The bioactivities of GP extract on human follicle dermal papilla (HFDP) cells and cells damaged by chemotherapy were assessed. GP extract was incorporated into PLs and MS gel (PL-MS) and then investigated in vitro skin permeation and in vivo studies on the scalps of patients with chemotherapy-induced hair loss. GP extract stimulated HFDP cell proliferation in both normal and cisplatin-damaged cells. PL nanovesicles and MS gel worked synergistically to deliver macromolecular proteins into the skin and hair follicles. The application of GP extract-loaded PL-MS to the scalps of chemotherapy-treated patients for 12 weeks significantly enhanced the hair growth rate, without causing skin irritation. In conclusion, GP extract promoted the proliferation of hair cells damaged by chemotherapy, when this extract, combined with PL-MS, effectively delivered bioactive macromolecules across the skin and hair follicles, resulting in successful regrowth of hair post-chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alopecia affects patients' appearance and psychology. Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis plays a role in various skin diseases, but its effect on hair growth is unclear. To investigate the effects of MLKL on hair growth and its regulatory mechanisms and to determine the potential clinical value of Necrosulfonamide (NSA, a MLKL-targeting inhibitor) in promoting hair growth and counteracting dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibition of hair growth. The expression level of MLKL was detected in the scalp of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) patients and the skin tissues of mice. Knock down MLKL expression or use NSA to observe hair growth in vivo and in vitro. In AGA patients, MLKL expression is elevated in the alopecia areas. In mice, MLKL is significantly expressed in the outer root sheath (ORS) cells of hair follicles, peaking during the catagen phase. Knockdown expression of MLKL in mice skin promoted hair growth. NSA enhanced hair growth and prevented hair follicle regression via the Wnt signaling. Reduced MLKL boosts ORS cell proliferation without directly impacting DPCs' growth. Interestingly, NSA boosts DPCs' proliferation and induction when co-cultured with ORS cells. Besides, NSA alleviated the inhibition of DHT on hair growth in vivo and vitro. NSA inhibited the activation of MLKL in ORS cells, promoted the activation of Wnt signal in DPC cells, and improved the inhibition of hair growth by DHT, illuminating a new alopecia mechanism and aiding anti-alopecia drug development. • MLKL was significantly upregulated in alopecia area in AGA patients. • MLKL knockdown or inhibition promoted hair growth. • NSA inhibits MLKL activation to promote hair growth. • NSA limits MLKL activity in ORS to foster proliferation and induce ability of DPC. • NSA ameliorates DHT-induced hair growth inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to assess differences in various scalp parameters between patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and healthy volunteers using 22 MHz ultrasound. Methods: Thirty patients with AGA (AGA group) and 30 healthy volunteers (control group) who visited the Department of Dermatology at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from September 2021 to June 2022 were randomly selected. The patients with AGA met the diagnostic criteria outlined in the Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia. The severity of alopecia was assessed for males between grades 2 and 4 on the Norwood–Hamilton scale, and for females between stages 2 and 3 on the Ludwig scale. No artificial interventions were conducted at the vertex, and all examination conditions remained consistent. Ultrasound examinations at 22 MHz were performed on the scalp at the vertex in both the AGA and control groups. Seven parameters were measured, namely, epidermis + dermis thickness, entire scalp thickness, subcutaneous tissue thickness, average follicle width, average follicle length, follicle count, and the presence of color flow signals in the subcutaneous tissue. The differences in these parameters were then compared. Results: The AGA group showed reduced thickness of the entire scalp and subcutaneous tissue, narrower average follicle width, shorter average follicle length, lower hair follicle count, and fewer instances of color flow signals in the subcutaneous tissue at the vertex area (p < 0.05). Conclusion: High‐frequency (22 MHz) ultrasonography can be employed to visualize the entrance echo, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and hair follicles of the scalp, thereby providing imaging for the clinical assessment of hair loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is common. While topical minoxidil remains the only FDA‐approved therapeutic for AGA, its efficacy is limited in stimulating clinically significant hair regrowth over the longer term. Oral minoxidil, which is used off‐label, is a promising alternative; however, its effectiveness and underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation.To elucidate the site of action and infer the physiological mechanisms underlying therapeutic responses to oral minoxidil in patients with AGA.Forty‐one patients with AGA underwent 6 months of low‐dose oral minoxidil treatment. Minoxidil sulfotransferase (SULT) activity was assayed in plucked scalp hair follicles. The primary outcome was hair growth after low‐dose oral minoxidil treatment for a minimum of 6 months, and the secondary outcome was SULT activity in hair follicles.After 6 months of treatment, 26 (63.4%) patients experienced a clinical improvement in alopecia symptoms. The response rate was higher in men (19/26 [73.1%]) than in women (6/15 [40.0%]). Patients with low hair follicle SULT activity demonstrated a higher minoxidil response rate than those with high enzyme activity (85% vs. 43%, p = 0.009).Our findings indicate that low SULT activity within the hair follicles is associated with a favorable response to oral minoxidil therapy in patients with AGA. Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms could significantly improve personalized therapeutic approaches through improved patient selection and the rational design of adjuvant treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angrogenetic alopecia (AGA) is one of the most prevalent hair loss disorders worldwide. The hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) is closely related to the formation of hair follicle (HF) structure and HF self-renewal. The activation of HFSC in AGA is critical for hair growth. Pilose antler has been reported to have hair growth-promoting activity, but the mechanism of action on AGA and HFSC has not been reported. Methods: We previously extracted an active component from the pilose antler known as PAEs. In this study, we conducted experiments using AGA mice and HFSC. The effects of PAEs on hair growth in AGA mice were firstly detected, and then the mechanisms of PAEs for AGA were predicted by integrating network pharmacology and de novo transcriptomics data of pilose antler. Finally, biological experiments were used to validate the molecular mechanism of PAEs in treating AGA both in vivo and in vitro. Results: It was found that PAEs promoted hair regrowth by accelerating the activation of anagen, delaying the anagen-catagen transition. It also alleviated the morphological changes, such as hair shortening, thinning, miniaturization, and HF number reduction, and regulated the hair regeneration process of four subtypes of hair. We further found that PAEs could promote the proliferation of HFSC, outer root sheath (ORS) cells, and hair bulb cells in AGA mice. We then integrated network pharmacology and pilose antler transcriptomics data to predict that the mechanism of PAEs treatment in AGA mice is closely related to the PI3K-AKT/Wnt-ß-Catenin pathways. Subsequently, it was also verified that PAEs could activate both pathways in the skin of AGA mice. In addition, we found that PAEs perhaps increased the number of blood vessels around dermal papilla (DP) in experiments in vivo. Meanwhile, the PAEs stimulated the HFSC proliferation in vitro and activated the AKT and Wnt pathways. However, the proliferative activity of HFSC was inhibited after blocking the Wnt pathway and AKT activity. Conclusion: This study suggests that the hair growth-promoting effect of PAEs in AGA mice may be closely related to the stimulation of the AKT and Wnt pathways, which in turn activates the proliferation of HFSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Depilation is a well-established method for synchronizing the hair growth in mice which is valuable to test hair growth interventions. However, our experience with the previously published depilation protocols showed that upon depilation mice developed wounds. Here, we propose a new depilation method that protects the mouse skin, minimizing skin injuries and improving not only experimental conditions but also animal welfare. We test this new protocol not only in C57BL/6J mice, the most commonly used strain in hair growth pre-clinical studies, but also in other two strains (Sv129 and B6129F1), which lack a well-characterized hair growth cycle. Our results show that hair cycle kinetics are similar in all the analyzed strains, but Sv129 and B6129F1 skins are morphologically different from C57BL/6J skin, presenting increased number and size of hair follicles in anagen, consistent to the higher hair density observed macroscopically. This study reveals a new method to improve animal hair research and characterizes the hair growth in two different strains, enhancing their suitability in future studies. In mice, hair growth follows a mosaic or wavy patterning. Therefore, synchronization of the hair growth cycle is required to adequately evaluate any trichogenic interventions pre-clinically. Depilation is the established method for synchronizing the growth phase of mouse hair follicles. When attempting to reproduce procedures reported in the literature, C57BL/6J mice developed severe wounds. This led us not only to optimize the procedure, but also to test the procedure in other strains, namely Sv129 and the F1 generation from C57BL/6J crossed with Sv129 (B6129F1 mixed background), for which the hair growth cycle has not been ascertained yet. Here, we describe an optimized depilation procedure, using cold wax and an extra step to protect the animal skin that minimizes injury, improving experimental conditions and animal welfare in all strains. Moreover, our results show that, although hair cycle kinetics are similar in all the analyzed strains, Sv129 and B6129F1 skins are morphologically different from C57BL/6J skin, presenting an increased number and size of hair follicles in anagen, consistent to the higher hair density observed macroscopically. Altogether, the results disclose an optimized mouse depilation method that excludes the detrimental and confounding effects of skin injury in hair growth studies and reveals the hair cycle features of other mouse strains, supporting their use in hair growth pre-clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of alopecia and its treatments involve drugs that have various adverse effects and are not completely effective. Radiofrequency-based therapies (RF) are an alternative for AGA treatment. Although there is increasing clinical evidence of the effectiveness of RF for alopecia, its effects at the tissue and cellular level have not been studied in detail. The objective of this study was to analyze ex vivo the potential effect of RF currents used in capacitive resistive electrical transfer (CRET) therapy on AGA. Hair follicles (HFs) were donated by patients with AGA and treated with CRET. AGA-HFs were exposed in vitro to intermittent 448 kHz electric current in subthermal conditions. Cell proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (TUNEL assay), differentiation (β-catenin), integrity (collagen and MMP9), thickness of the epidermis surrounding HF, proportion of bulge cells and melanoblasts in AGA-HF were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. CRET increased proliferation and decreased death of different populations of AGA-HF cells. In addition, the melanoblasts increased in bulge and the epidermis surrounding the hair follicle thickened. These results support the effectiveness of RF-based therapies for the treatment of alopecia. However, clinical trials are necessary to know the true effectiveness of CRET therapy and other RF therapies for AGA treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traction alopecia (TA) refers to thinning hair caused by prolonged or repeated strain on hair follicles. Hairstyles associated with a higher risk of TA are common in early childhood, particularly among women. The case was presented of an otherwise healthy 7-year-old girl treated for a long time for pediculosis and seborrheic dermatitis, in which the dermoscopic demonstration of white hair casts led to the diagnosis of traction alopecia. Recognizing TA in its early and reversible phase in the pediatric population is essential, since timely interventions and counseling can prevent permanent cicatricial alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is known to be effective in regenerating tissues, and bimatoprost, an analog of PGF2α, has been approved by the FDA as an eyelash growth promoter and has been proven effective in human hair follicles. Thus, to enhance PGE2 levels while improving hair loss, we found dihydroisoquinolinone piperidinylcarboxy pyrazolopyridine (DPP), an inhibitor of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), using DeepZema®, an AI-based drug development program. Here, we investigated whether DPP improved hair loss in human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) damaged by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which causes hair loss. We found that DPP enhanced wound healing and the expression level of alkaline phosphatase in DHT-damaged HFDPCs. We observed that DPP significantly down-regulated the generation of reactive oxygen species caused by DHT. DPP recovered the mitochondrial membrane potential in DHT-damaged HFDPCs. We demonstrated that DPP significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of the AKT/ERK and activated Wnt signaling pathways in DHT-damaged HFDPCs. We also revealed that DPP significantly enhanced the size of the three-dimensional spheroid in DHT-damaged HFDPCs and increased hair growth in ex vivo human hair follicle organ culture. These data suggest that DPP exhibits beneficial effects on DHT-damaged HFDPCs and can be utilized as a promising agent for improving hair loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is one of the most common alopecia among men and women worldwide. It is a nonscarring alopecia that has a characterized pattern. In female pattern AGA, the hairline is stable but general thinning occurs most notably in the frontal region. In male‐pattern AGA, the hairline is receding and the thinning is most notable in the frontotemporal region. AGA has a complex pathogenesis and relation of subcutaneous fat in the scalp region and the miniaturization of terminal hair follicles is vague. In this study, subcutaneous fat in the frontal scalp an important region for AGA is compared to the occipital scalp that is spared in AGA. Method: Our study is a cross‐sectional study that has four groups. Male patient, female patient, male control, female control. Every group has 15 individuals. All of the people in the study are those referred to Rasoul Akram's dermatology clinic. The severity of alopecia is classified by Norwood scaling for male pattern AGA and Ludwig scaling for female pattern AGA. Subcutaneous tissue in the frontal and occipital regions is measured by ultrasonography. For evaluating the effect of aging on subcutaneous fat thickness, we subdivided any group into more than 40 years old and between 20 and 40 years old and compared these two subgroups. Results: The mean age of the three groups of male patient, female patient, and female control is 40 y/o and the mean age of male control is 41 y/o. The mean subcutaneous fat layer thickness in frontal region in male patients group is 6.0 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.6 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 5.5 mm), in female patients group 5.1 mm (more than 40 y/o = 5.7 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 4.6 mm), in the male control group is 4.4 mm (more than 40 y/o = 4.7 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 4 mm) and in the female control group is 4.1 mm (more than 40 y/o = 4.5 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 3.6 mm). The mean subcutaneous fat layer thickness in the occipital region in the male patient's group is 6.4 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.7 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 6 mm), in the female patient's group 6.1 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.5 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 5.7 mm), in the male control group is 6.3 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.8 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 5.7 mm) and in the female control group is 6.2 mm (more than 40 y/o = 6.6 mm, between 20 and 40 y/o = 5.8 mm). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the subcutaneous fat layer in the frontal region in both males and females is thicker in AGA patients than healthy group and the more severe the AGA, the thicker is subcutaneous layer in the frontal region. In the male patients group, the subcutaneous fat layer in the frontal region is thicker than in the female patients group but in the male and female control groups is not so different. The subcutaneous fat layer in the occipital region is thicker in older individuals in both patients and control groups but is not different when compared to AGA patients and control individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair loss is a common yet difficult to treat and distressing condition that is often seen in female patients. Causes include autoimmune, nutritional, infectious, hormonal, and traumatic etiologies. If left untreated, permanent hair loss can result due to damage to the hair follicle from long-standing inflammation. This article reviews common causes of hair loss in female patients and approaches to diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a chronic and progressive form of hair loss characterized by vascular degeneration in the perifollicular microenvironment, leading to cell apoptosis and eventual loss of hair follicles (HFs). Traditional therapeutic formulations, such as Minoxidil (MXD) tincture, have limitations in reshaping the perifollicular microenvironment and exhibit limited effectiveness. Here, we report a multi-synergistic therapeutic platform for high-performance hair regeneration therapy. The platform combines microneedle (MN) patches loaded with MXD-encapsulated nanostructured lipid carriers (MXD-NLC-MNs) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). The MNs' mechanical strength enables efficient transdermal delivery of MXD to the targeted dermal papilla cells, promoting cell proliferation. Furthermore, in collaboration with MXD, the mechanical stimulation exerted by MN application synergistically upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, leading to neoangiogenesis. Meanwhile, the transient microchannels in the skin created by MNs facilitate the transdermal delivery of CAP-generated nitric oxide (NO) to the sites of HF lesions, whereby the synergistic interaction between MXD and NO boosts perifollicular vasodilation. Consequently, the perifollicular microenvironment can be effectively reshaped to accelerate hair regeneration in AGA murine models. This multi-synergistic combination therapy strategy would hold great promise for effectively treating AGA and promoting hair regrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) affects both men and women worldwide. New blood vessel formation can restore blood supply and stimulate the hair regrowth cycle. Recently, our group reported that 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR) is 80%-90% as effective as VEGF in the stimulation of neovascularization in in vitro models and in a chick bioassay. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of 2dDR on hair growth. We prepared an alginate gel containing 2dDR, polypropylene glycol, and phenoxyethanol. AGA was developed in C57BL6 mice by intraperitoneally injecting testosterone (TE). A dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-treated group was used as a negative control, a minoxidil group was used as a positive control, and we included groups treated with 2dDR gel and a combination of 2dDR and minoxidil. Each treatment was applied for 20 days. Both groups treated with 2dDR gel and minoxidil stimulated the morphogenesis of hair follicles. H&E-stained skin sections of C57BL/6 mice demonstrated an increase in length, diameter, hair follicle density, anagen/telogen ratio, diameter of hair follicles, area of the hair bulb covered in melanin, and an increase in the number of blood vessels. Masson's trichrome staining showed an increase in the area of the hair bulb covered in melanin. The effects of the FDA-approved drug (minoxidil) on hair growth were similar to those of 2dDR (80%-90%). No significant benefit were observed by applying a combination of minoxidil with 2dDR. We conclude that 2dDR gel has potential for the treatment of androgenic alopecia and possibly other alopecia conditions where stimulation of hair regrowth is desirable, such as after chemotherapy. The mechanism of activity of 2dDR remains to be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging (senescence) is an unavoidable biological process that results in visible manifestations in all cutaneous tissues, including scalp skin and hair follicles. Previously, we evaluated the molecular function of adenosine in promoting alopecia treatment in vitro. To elucidate the differences in the molecular mechanisms between minoxidil (MNX) and adenosine, gene expression changes in dermal papilla cells were examined. The androgen receptor (AR) pathway was identified as a candidate target of adenosine for hair growth, and the anti-androgenic activity of adenosine was examined in vitro. In addition, ex vivo examination of human hair follicle organ cultures revealed that adenosine potently elongated the anagen stage. According to the severity of alopecia, the ratio of the two peaks (terminal hair area/vellus hair area) decreased continuously. We further investigated the adenosine hair growth promoting effect in vivo to examine the hair thickness growth effects of topical 5% MNX and the adenosine complex (0.75% adenosine, 1% penthenol, and 2% niacinamide; APN) in vivo. After 4 months of administration, both the MNX and APN group showed significant increases in hair density (MNX + 5.01% (p < 0.01), APN + 6.20% (p < 0.001)) and thickness (MNX + 5.14% (p < 0.001), APN + 10.32% (p < 0.001)). The inhibition of AR signaling via adenosine could have contributed to hair thickness growth. We suggest that the anti-androgenic effect of adenosine, along with the evaluation of hair thickness distribution, could help us to understand hair physiology and to investigate new approaches for drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transglutaminases (TGMs) cross-link proteins by introducing covalent bonds between glutamine and lysine residues. These cross-links are essential for epithelial cornification which enables tetrapods to live on land. Here, we investigated which evolutionary adaptations of vertebrates were associated with specific changes in the family of TGM genes. We determined the catalog of TGMs in the main clades of vertebrates, performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of TGMs, and localized the distribution of selected TGMs in tissues. Our data suggest that TGM1 is the phylogenetically oldest epithelial TGM, with orthologs being expressed in the cornified teeth of the lamprey, a basal vertebrate. Gene duplications led to the origin of TGM10 in stem vertebrates, the origin of TGM2 in jawed vertebrates, and an increasing number of epithelium-associated TGM genes in the lineage leading to terrestrial vertebrates. TGM9 is expressed in the epithelial egg tooth, and its evolutionary origin in stem amniotes coincided with the evolution of embryonic development in eggs that are surrounded by a protective shell. Conversely, viviparous mammals have lost both the epithelial egg tooth and TGM9. TGM3 and TGM6 evolved as regulators of cornification in hair follicles and underwent pseudogenization upon the evolutionary loss of hair in cetaceans. Taken together, this study reveals the gain and loss of vertebrate TGM genes in association with the evolution of cornified skin appendages and suggests an important role of TGM9 in the evolution of amniotes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy induced alopecia (CIA) is one of the most common side effects in cancer patients, however; it doesn't have an effective pharmacological treatment yet. In this study we aimed to research the protective effect of newly developed HDDPiW-jSB solution on docetaxel (DTX) -induced rat alopecia model. Docetaxel (10 mg/kg/week) was administered to the 6–8 months old rats for three weeks. HDDPiW-jSB solution was applied once or twice a week for 4 weeks beginning prior to one week before DTX. Rat hair follicles were evaluated with hematoxylin-eosin and immune-histochemical staining. In the first stage of this study, alopecia was successfully developed by DTX (10 mg/kg/three times) application. In the second stage of the study, application of HDDPiW-jSB solution, did not change the study parameters significantly on control group. The solution improved the anagen hair follicle count and Bcl-2 levels in the skin samples of DTX-induced alopecic rat groups, especially when applied twice weekly. Additionally, level of Caspase 3 was decreased. HDDPiW-jSB solution was safe when applied on the skin. Topical HDDPiW-jSB solution could be effective and safe for the protection of DTX-induced alopecia in rat models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in effective treatment options for hair loss hold paramount importance for individuals on both psychological and physical levels. Cell-based therapies for hair loss hold great promise due to their potential capability to regenerate hair follicles, providing a permanent solution to hair loss. However, a unique set of challenges is presented to ensure delivery efficacy and survival of cells. As a minimally invasive technology, microneedles can bypass the skin to deliver therapeutic agents directly to the target site. Herein, a facile approach has been developed for the transdermal delivery of epidermal and dermal stem cells using microneedle arrays. Specifically, dissolvable PVP microneedles supplemented with cell culture medium were fabricated and used to enhance the transdermal delivery of epidermal and dermal stem cells isolated from newborn mice. The results indicate that these soluble microneedles can effectively enhance the transdermal delivery of epidermal and dermal stem cells, subsequently leading to successful hair regeneration in C57BL/6 mice. This method avoided the use of ice-microneedles for the transdermal delivery of cells and provides a common and facile route for transdermal delivery of cells and may find wide applications in stem-cell based therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although hair loss contributes to various social and economic, research methods for material development are currently limited. In this study, we established a research model for developing materials for hair growth through the regulation of β-catenin. We confirmed that 100 nM tegatrabetan (TG), a β-catenin inhibitor, decreased the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) at 72 h. In addition, TG-induced apoptosis suppressed the phosphorylation of GSK-3β and Akt, translocation of β-catenin from the cytosol to the nucleus, and the expression of cyclin D1. Interestingly, TG significantly increased the G2/M arrest in HFDPCs. Subcutaneous injection of TG suppressed hair growth and the number of hair follicles in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, TG inhibited the expression of cyclin D1, β-catenin, keratin 14, and Ki67. These results suggest that TG-induced inhibition of hair growth can be a promising model for developing new materials for enhancing β-catenin-mediated hair growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital hair loss, also known as androgenetic alopecia, has a significant impact on a person's self-confidence and quality of life and can even lead to depression. The miniaturization of hair follicles is the histological feature of AGA. This process does not progress synchronously and therefore differs from other forms of hair loss. Therapies only show effectiveness when intact hair follicles are still present! Therefore, an early diagnosis and initiation of AGA treatment are crucial for success. Although Minoxidil and Finasteride are mainly used for AGA treatment nowadays, current studies suggest that biological treatments with PRP, exosomes, and low-level laser therapy (e.g. Lasercaps) are effective alternatives with fewer side effects. Their effectiveness can be further improved through combination therapy. The issue of varying efficiency with the same therapeutic approach is not always due to the patient, but often to an improperly executed treatment concept by the physician. A prerequisite for successful AGA treatment is standardized procedures based on evidence-based medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is defined as the alopecia induced by androgens in genetically predisposed individuals. AGA results in progressive miniaturization of the hair follicles leading to vellus transformation of terminal hair. The high prevalence and wide range of expressed phenotypes in AGA is a result of a polygenic inheritance mode. The androgen receptor (AR) gene located on the X chromosome at Xq11-12 is the first gene to show genetic association with AGA. Newer genetic associations with AGA are under study. In early-onset AGA, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancers and coronary artery disease (CAD) are associated with AGA. Screening of early-onset AGA patients and intervention for metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance can prevent the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at an early stage. As effective treatments continue to be topical minoxidil, systemic finasteride and hair transplantations, newer modalities are under investigation. Understanding the genetic factors involved in AGA and continued research into newer therapies, such as cell-based therapies, will lead to effective treatment and improve the quality of life in patients with AGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite similarities in progressive miniaturization of hair follicles and transition of terminal hairs to vellus hairs, insufficient trichoscopic comparisons between male androgenetic alopecia (MAGA) and female pattern hair loss (FPHL) hinder our ability to select effective treatments. Aim: Our study aimed to explore gender‐specific trichoscopic characteristics of MAGA and FPHL, while formulating hypotheses regarding the progression of these conditions across clinical stages. Methods: We classified 126 male MAGA subjects using Hamilton‐Norwood Classification and 57 FPHL subjects using adopted Sinclair Scale. Subsequently, we analyzed nine trichoscopic factors divided into three categories: hair‐diameter related, hair‐number per follicular unit related, and hair density related factors. Results: Of the nine quantitative trichoscopic factors, hair‐diameter and hair‐number per follicular unit showed strong correlations with clinical stages in both genders. Hair density, a common trichoscopic factor for hair loss evaluation, weakly correlated with clinical stages in FPHL, but not at all in MAGA. In addition, MAGA was characterized by a progressive reduction in hair‐diameter, followed by a reduction in hair‐number per follicular unit. FPHL, on the contrary, showed the opposite progression. Conclusions: Trichoscopic factors vary with disease severity in a gender‐specific manner. Our research highlights that MAGA and FPHL involve two distinct streams: hair‐diameter decreasing by hair follicle miniaturization (Stream 1), and hair‐number per follicular unit decreasing by hair follicle tri‐lineage niche dysfunction (Stream 2). MAGA typically starts from Stream 1 to Stream 2, while FPHL starts from Stream 2. These diverse progression pathways underscore the importance of personalized treatment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Characterized by progressive hair loss due to an excessive response to androgens, androgenetic alopecia (AGA) affects up to 50% of males and females. Minoxidil is one of approved medications for AGA but inadequate responses occur in many patients. Aims: To determine whether 1565 nm non‐ablative fractional laser (NAFL) could yield better therapeutic benefits for patients with AGA as compared with 5% minoxidil. Methods: Thirty patients with AGA were enrolled; they were randomly assigned into the laser or minoxidil treatment groups. For the laser treatment group, patients were treated by 1565 nm NAFL at 10 mJ, 250 spots/cm2 with 2 weeks intervals for 4 sessions in total. For the minoxidil treatment group, 1‐milliliter of topical 5% minoxidil solution was applied to hair loss area twice a day. Results: The primary outcomes were the changes in numerous hair growth indexes at the Week 10 as compared with the baselines. Both 1565 nm NAFL and 5% minoxidil led to significantly greater hair densities and diameters in patients at the Week 10 than the baselines (p < 0.01). As compared with 5% minoxidil, 1565 nm NAFL showed significantly greater improvements in total hair number, total hair density (hair/cm2), terminal hair number, terminal hair density (hair/cm2), number of hair follicle units, and average hair number/number of hair follicle units. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that 1565 nm NAFL exhibits superior clinical efficacy in some aspects of hair growth to the topical minoxidil. It is a safe and effective modality in treating AGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy is recognized as a crucial regulatory process, instrumental in the removal of senescent, dysfunctional, and damaged cells. Within the autophagic process, lysosomal digestion plays a critical role in the elimination of impaired organelles, thus preserving fundamental cellular metabolic functions and various biological processes. Mitophagy, a targeted autophagic process that specifically focuses on mitochondria, is essential for sustaining cellular health and energy balance. Therefore, a deep comprehension of the operational mechanisms and implications of autophagy and mitophagy is vital for disease prevention and treatment. In this context, we examine the role of autophagy and mitophagy during hair follicle cycles, closely scrutinizing their potential association with hair loss. We also conduct a thorough review of the regulatory mechanisms behind autophagy and mitophagy, highlighting their interaction with hair follicle stem cells and dermal papilla cells. In conclusion, we investigate the potential of manipulating autophagy and mitophagy pathways to develop innovative therapeutic strategies for hair loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of hair loss has become an increasing concern due to growing societal pressures. Currently available hair loss treatments often produce unsatisfactory results, cause significant physical damage, and are costly. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma has been widely used in various biomedical fields, including sterilization, coagulation promotion, and cancer treatment. This paper pioneered the use of a kind of portable pulsed plasma jet power supply in the resting period of mouse hair follicle, and found that plasma jet can effectively shorten the resting period of mouse hair follicle, so that they re-enter the regeneration period and grow hair. Plasma jet provides a new treatment method for hair loss that is cheap, simple, highly effective, has no side effects and has broad application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a type of cicatricial alopecia predominantly observed in postmenopausal women, with the incidence rising since its initial description in 1994. The exact etiopathogenesis of the disease has not been completely elucidated. FFA is characterized by an inflammatory process affecting the hair follicles of the fronto-temporal hairline, leading to its gradual recession. Eyebrows, particularly the lateral parts, may also be affected. Early diagnosis and an implementation of effective therapy to limit the inflammatory process are crucial in halting disease progression. Various treatment possibilities have been reported, including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, as well as 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, retinoids, and antimalarial agents. The use of phototherapy and surgical procedures has also been described. However, most available data have been obtained retrospectively, frequently consisting of descriptions of case reports or small case series, and not from randomized controlled trials. In addition, the etiopathogenesis of FFA remains unclear and its course unpredictable, occasionally being linked with spontaneous stabilization. Hence, no precise guidelines exist regarding treatment modalities. Therefore, the aims of this study were to provide a comprehensive review of the efficacy of existing therapeutic modalities for FFA and to highlight novel therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Androgenetic alopecia, the most common cause of non-scarring hair loss, is a consequence of the gradual miniaturization of the hair follicles. In the majority of male androgenetic alopecia cases, a patient's history and clinical evaluation may be sufficient to establish the diagnosis, while for women, they should be supplemented with trichoscopy. Methods: The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to collate published studies and to analyze the most typical trichoscopic findings in patients diagnosed with androgenetic alopecia. A total of 34 articles were retrieved after exclusion. Results: The most common features identified using trichoscopy included hair diameter variability (94.07% of patients), vellus hairs (66.45%) and the peripilar sign (43.27%). Others, such as the honeycomb pattern, yellow and white dots, were less relevant. Conclusions: We concluded that hair diameter variability, vellus hairs and the peripilar sign represented valuable indicators for the diagnosis of androgenetic alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A combination of dermoscopic and histological findings may provide useful information for the diagnosis of hair follicle diseases. However, there are no studies on dermoscopic–histopathological correlations in dogs affected by alopecia X, and comparison of longitudinal versus transversal sectioning of skin biopsy specimens in the assessment of this hair loss disorder has not been thoroughly investigated. Hypothesis/Objectives: The aim of this study was to correlate dermoscopic and histological features using both longitudinal and transversal sectioning of skin biopsy samples to gain additional information for the diagnosis of alopecia X. Animals: Nineteen Pomeranian dogs affected by alopecia X and five healthy Pomeranians as controls. Materials and Methods: Dermoscopic–histological correlation was performed within the diseased group, whereas histological comparisons against controls. The demographic and clinical characteristics also were related to the histological findings. Results: The dermoscopic findings revealed scattered, thinned, short hairs mixed with amorphous keratoseborrhoeic‐like material (follicular plugging), perifollicular and intrafollicular scaling, and hyperpigmentation varying from pinpoint black spots to a diffuse texture. Dermoscopic findings correlated with histological findings for selected qualitative and quantitative findings. The usefulness of transversal sections was demonstrated in accurately determining the hair follicular density and counts, growth arrest phases and in identifying mineralisation of hair follicle basement membrane when compared to the longitudinal. Conversely, no correlations between histological findings and demographic and clinical characteristics were detected. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: These data provide evidence of the usefulness of dermoscopic evaluation as an accessory diagnostic tool and of transversal sections of skin biopsies as complementary to the diagnosis of alopecia X. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviewed the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment, quality-of-life assessment and recent trends in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Relevant articles on AGA from PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline and Scopus from 1950 to 2024 were obtained and scrutinized.. Key search words included each term like 'androgenetic alopecia', 'androgenic alopecia', 'pattern baldness' and 'pattern hair loss' AND each term like 'epidemiology', 'pathophysiology', 'genetics', 'hormones', 'micronutrient', 'stress and inflammation', 'growth factors', 'clinical features', 'staging', 'cardiovascular associations', 'diagnosis' and 'management' were used in the search. AGA is a non-scarring hair loss that is exemplified by a progressive decline of hair follicles, or non-functional or dead hair follicles in the scalp in a defined pattern. It is the most common hair loss, more common in men but can also present in younger age as premature AGA. Hormones, genetics, micronutrient deficiency, microinflammation and stress have been implicated, while psychosocial distress and cutaneous correlate of cardiovascular diseases have become sources of relentless research. AGA is a patterned hair loss that is more prevalent in Men. It results from the interactions between hormonal, genetic and other factors which determine the extent of hair loss and associated disorders (psychosocial and cardiovascular). As results of more research become available, the extent of AGA, its comorbidities as well as the full spectrum of their manifestations will continue to be sources of health education and more holistic examination by dermatologists and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of trichoscopy as a monitoring tool in assessing treatment response in scalp pemphigus (SP), an autoimmune blistering disease. The study conducted at the University of Bologna enrolled 37 adult patients with confirmed SP and assessed their clinical status using the Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI), laboratory evaluations, and trichoscopy. The results showed that trichoscopy can be valuable in diagnosing and monitoring SP, with dystrophic hair disappearance indicating treatment efficacy. The study also found a correlation between anti-Dsg values and trichoscopy, suggesting that anagen hair loss is related to disease activity. Trichoscopy can serve as a non-invasive tool for monitoring SP and may eliminate the need for skin biopsy. However, the study has limitations, and further research is needed to investigate persistent trichoscopic signs and recurrences. [Extracted from the article]

The etiology of hair loss remains enigmatic, and current remedies remain inadequate. Transcriptome analysis of aging hair follicles uncovered changes in immune pathways, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Our findings demonstrate that the maintenance of hair follicle homeostasis and the regeneration capacity after damage depend on TLR2 in hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). In healthy hair follicles, TLR2 is expressed in a cycle-dependent manner and governs HFSCs activation by countering inhibitory BMP signaling. Hair follicles in aging and obesity exhibit a decrease in both TLR2 and its endogenous ligand carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP), a metabolite of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Administration of CEP stimulates hair regeneration through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. These results establish a novel connection between TLR2-mediated innate immunity and HFSC activation, which is pivotal to hair follicle health and the prevention of hair loss and provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Although alopecia is prevalent among captive rhesus macaques, its cause is not well understood. Poor coat quality may raise concerns because it can be a byproduct of conditions such as stress, autoimmune disease, hormonal imbalance, infection, or poor nutrition. Despite lack of consensus as to the cause(s) of alopecia, multiple studies in captive primates have found two commonalities: alopecia fluctuates seasonally, and pregnant females tend to have more alopecia than males or nonpregnant females. Most studies have focused on loss of hair, rather than if and when hair is regrown, but alopecia can result from disruption to any phase of the hair follicle's cycle of shedding and regrowth. To better understand how season and pregnancy affect the hair follicle cycle and alopecia, we documented the severity of alopecia and the presence of hair regrowth in outdoor group-housed rhesus for one year. We found a seasonal pattern of alopecia and regrowth in all animals, and that females in their third trimester showed less regrowth, which prevented a decrease in alopecia. Regrowth for females resumed on average 1–2 months postpartum. Hair shedding and regrowth follows a seasonal pattern in rhesus, and conditions in late-term pregnancy suppress hair regrowth into early postpartum. Several studies have examined the etiology of alopecia, or hair loss, in rhesus macaques. While outcomes differ across studies, some commonalities have emerged. Females, particularly pregnant females, show more alopecia than males, and alopecia follows a seasonal pattern. Much research has explored causes of hair loss; however, alopecia can result from lack of hair growth in addition to hair loss. To better understand how sex, reproductive state, and season affect alopecia, we followed 241 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in outdoor breeding groups over one year, recording both alopecia severity and presence of hair regrowth. We found that both alopecia and hair regrowth followed a seasonal pattern; alopecia was highest in spring and lowest in late summer, while regrowth started in spring and peaked in late summer. Reproductive state also correlated with both alopecia and hair growth. Females in their third trimester had the highest average level of alopecia and the lowest amount of hair regrowth. Regrowth resumed postpartum, regardless of whether females were rearing an infant. Results indicate that the seasonal pattern of alopecia is due in part to the seasonal limitations on hair regrowth, and that breeding, which also occurs seasonally in rhesus macaques, may further suppress hair regrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgenetic alopecia is a highly prevalent condition mainly affecting men. This complex trait is related to aging and genetics; however, multiple other factors, for example, lifestyle, are also involved. Despite its prevalence, the underlying biology of androgenetic alopecia remains elusive, and thus advances in its treatment have been hindered. Herein, we review the functional anatomy of hair follicles and the cell signaling events that play a role in follicle cycling. We also discuss the pathology of androgenetic alopecia and the known molecular mechanisms underlying this condition. Additionally, we describe studies comparing the transcriptional differences in hair follicles between balding and non-balding scalp regions. Given the genetic contribution, we also discuss the most significant risk variants found to be associated with androgenetic alopecia. A more comprehensive understanding of this pathology may be generated through using multi-omics approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alopecia may decrease patients' quality of life and self‐confidence by limiting their social life. Therefore, the main goal of the treatment is to limit or halt the progression of inflammation, scarring, and hair loss. The promising effect of fat injection on hair regrowth, limited adverse effects, and subsiding inflammation can be proof of its efficacy and safety in treating alopecia. Aims: This review sought to assess the role of autologous fat tissue injection in scarring and non‐scarring alopecia. Methods: Accordingly, a thorough search was performed on the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/Medline databases, as well as the Google Scholar search engine, for studies published from inception until September 1st, 2023, using the related keywords. Results: Autologous fat grafting (AFG) is a novel and potentially effective modality for treating alopecia, particularly primary and secondary cicatricial alopecia. AFG can be an effective semi‐invasive option for treating refractory lichen planopilaris because it induces angiogenesis, which supports hair regrowth. In addition to cicatricial alopecia, AFG held promise for treating non‐scarring alopecia, including androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata. The adipose‐derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) in adipose tissue (AT) secrete different growth factors, further supporting hair regeneration. Moreover, different anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative agents are known in AT, preventing further damage to hair follicles. Conclusions: AFG can significantly control inflammatory processes, improve signs and symptoms, and increase hair density and diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although various hair health medicines have been developed and are used today, additional safe and effective natural hair growth therapies still need to be developed. Nephelium lappaceum var. pallens (Hiern) Leenh. extract (NLE) reportedly exhibits anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects, which could be linked to androgenic processes; however, there are no reports of its effects on testosterone (TS)-inhibited hair growth. The present study investigated the effects of NLE on TS-induced inhibition of hair growth in C57BL/6 mice and human follicular dermal papilla cells. Oral administration of NLE restored hair growth that was suppressed following subcutaneous injection of TS more effectively than finasteride, a drug used for treating hair loss. Histological analysis demonstrated that oral NLE administration increased the number and diameter of hair follicles in the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice. In addition, western blot and immunofluorescence assays showed that the oral NLE administration restored TS-induced suppression of cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and loricrin expression in the skin cells of the mice. Finally, TS suppression of cell proliferation in human follicular dermal papilla cells was significantly reversed by NLE pretreatment. The results suggest that NLE is a promising nutraceutical for hair growth because it promotes hair growth in androgenetic alopecia-like models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum cassia and Astragalus membranaceus have been used as traditional medicines as well as functional foods worldwide, but its hair growth properties have been verified yet. This study was designed that possible molecular mechanism of YH complex consisting of C. cassia and A. membranaceus on androgenetic alopecia (AGA) was predicted and investigated in mice. Target genes of C. cassia and A. membranaceus constructed the YH complex network. AGA mice were induced by injection of testosterone and 100 and 150 mg/kg of YH complex were orally administered. From result of network analysis, the possible underlying mechanism of YH complex was closely related with the "regulation of hair cycle" and "apoptosis signaling pathway." In depilated AGA mice, YH complex markedly promoted hair regrowth. Histological recovery on size and shape of hair follicles was appeared by YH complex administration. The expressions of 5α‐reductase and TGF‐β were significantly decreased in dorsal skin tissues of YH complex‐treated mice. Antiapoptotic Bcl‐2/Bax ratio was upregulated, while caspase activation was downregulated by treatment with YH complex. In summary, YH complex regulated hair development cycle by inhibiting the androgenic‐apoptotic axis in AGA. YH complex would be a potent therapeutic agent for alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available interventions for androgenic alopecia (AGA), the most common type of hair loss worldwide, remain limited. The insulin growth factor (IGF) system may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AGA. However, the exact role of IGF binding protein‐related protein 1 (IGFBP‐rP1) in hair growth and AGA has not been reported. In this study, we first found periodic variation in IGFBP‐rP1 during the hair cycle transition in murine hair follicles (HFs). We further demonstrated that IGFBP‐rP1 levels were lower in the serum and scalp HFs of individuals with AGA than in those of healthy controls. Subsequently, we verified that IGFBP‐rP1 had no cytotoxicity to human outer root sheath cells (HORSCs) and that IGFBP‐rP1 reversed the inhibitory effects of DHT on the migration of HORSCs in vitro. Finally, a DHT‐induced AGA mouse model was created. The results revealed that the expression of IGFBP‐rP1 in murine HFs was downregulated after DHT treatment and that subcutaneous injection of IGFBP‐rP1 delayed catagen occurrence and prolonged the anagen phase of HFs in mice with DHT‐induced AGA. The present work shows that IGFBP‐rP1 is involved in hair cycle transition and exhibits great therapeutic potential for AGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair loss is a problem that affects many people around the world. Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common cause of hair loss affecting up to 50% of men and 40% of women over the age of 50. This type of hair loss is mediated by androgens, the strongest of which is dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This hormone influences the weakening hair follicles. The problem of excess DHT and the associated androgenic hair loss may concern people practicing sports, especially aerobic disciplines of moderate and high intensity. In the recent decades, many topical and oral therapies have been introduced to delay and stop hair loss. However, commonly used medications have only a partial and temporary effect, therefore alternative treatment methods are needed. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is known, among other things, for its use in orthopedics. The use of PRP may benefit athletes in the treatment of injuries to tendons, ligaments, muscles and cartilage. Many publications indicate good results with the use of PRP in the treatment of hair loss. The aim of this study is to summarise the published reports on the effect of plateletrich plasma (PRP) on hair loss prevention in people with androgenic alopecia (AGA) and to analyse the papers discussing androgen levels in physically active people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apoptosis is a physiological process that occurs in all cell types of the human body, and it profoundly changes the fate of hair by affecting hair follicle cells. This review outlines the cellular changes, intrinsic biochemical characteristics, and mechanisms underlying apoptosis and summarizes the hair follicle life cycle, including development, cycle stages, and corresponding cellular changes. Finally, the relationship between apoptosis and the hair cycle is discussed and the significance of apoptosis in hair loss conditions and drug treatments is highlighted. Apoptosis induces cellular changes and exhibits distinctive properties through intricate signaling pathways. Hair follicles undergo cyclic periods of growth, regression, and dormancy. Apoptosis is closely correlated with the regression phase by triggering hair follicle cell death and shedding. Regulation of apoptosis in hair follicles plays an essential role in hair loss due to maladies and drug treatments. Mitigating apoptosis can enhance hair growth and minimize hair loss. A comprehensive understanding of the correlation between apoptosis and the hair cycle can facilitate the development of novel treatments to prevent hair loss and stimulate hair regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case series evaluated use of injectable platelet rich fibrin (termed i-PRF+) for the treatment of female pattern hair loss (FPHL). Eleven individuals underwent 3-monthly intradermal injections of i-PRF+ using a mesotherapy gun. The mean number of hair follicles containing hairs per unit area improved at 3- and 6-months follow-up (p <.001), and all participants had a negative hair pull test. Hair volume and thickness, and patient-reported outcome scores also improved at follow-up (p <.001). Adverse effects were minor and self-limited. A series of three i-PRF+ injection sessions were effective for the treatment of FPHL, as shown by improved hair analysis parameters and patient self-assessment scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autologous cell-based therapy using dermal sheath cup (DSC) cells was reported as a new treatment for male and female pattern hair loss. However, the mechanisms underlying its action remain unclear. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of DSC cells in cell-based therapy. We conducted multivariate analysis to categorize individuals based on treatment response as responders and non-responders. The differentially expressed genes in DSC cells from the two groups were evaluated using bulk transcriptome, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and single-cell transcriptome analyses. We performed live cell imaging combined with immunostaining to characterize the DSC subpopulation associated with responders. We identified nine and three genes as high efficacy (HE) and low efficacy (LE) marker genes, respectively. The HE subpopulations were enriched for cell migration-related genes in single-cell analysis. In contrast, the LE subpopulation was enriched for basement membrane and vasculature-related genes. Moreover, DSC cells in culture were immunocytochemically and morphologically heterogeneous, expressing characteristic factors. Furthermore, live cell imaging showed that DSC cells expressing integrin subunit alpha 6 (ITGA6), an HE subpopulation gene, had markedly higher mobility than those expressing the LE subpopulation genes collagen type IV or CD36. ITGA6-positive DSC cells, with superior migratory activity, may contribute to cell-based therapy by promoting cell migration into nearby hair follicles. • Analyzed clinical results of cell therapy for PHL with multivariate analysis. • Identified differentially expressed genes between responders and non-responders. • Identified clinical efficacy-associated subpopulation by single cell analysis. • This subpopulation expressed integrin subunit alpha 6 (ITGA6). • ITGA6 + subpopulation had high migratory activity contributing to PHL cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles, 30–200 nm in diameter, that are produced by cells and play essential roles in cell–cell communication. Exosomes have been studied in several medical fields including dermatology. Hair loss, a major disorder that affects people and sometimes causes mental stress, urgently requires more effective treatment. Because the growth and cycling of hair follicles are governed by interactions between hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and dermal papilla cells (DPCs), a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for hair growth and cycling through exosomes may provide new insights into novel treatments for hair loss. In this review, we focused on the comprehensive knowledge and recent studies on exosomes in the field of hair development and regeneration. We classified exosomes of several cellular origins for the treatment of hair loss. Exosomes and their components, such as microRNAs, are promising drugs for effective hair loss treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of alopecia, but treatment options are limited. This study evaluated clinical improvement in hair condition in women with AGA six months after a single injection of autologous cell micrografts (ACMs) containing hair follicle stem cells and dermal papilla cells. Methods: Twenty-three women with clinically and dermoscopy-confirmed AGA were included. Five 2.5 mm punch biopsies were taken from the skin of each patient with the Regenera device. The cell suspension was prepared with the Rigeneracons device and then injected into the hormone-dependent hairy zone of the scalp. Results: A significant improvement was observed on the visual analog scale (VAS) when comparing pre- and post-procedure photos (p < 0.001). The change in VAS scores was moderately negatively correlated with baseline ferritin concentration and positively with iron concentration. Improved outcomes were associated with higher baseline levels of sex hormone-binding globulin and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Neither testosterone nor DHT showed a significant correlation with VAS scores. Conclusions: The ACM procedure was shown to be both safe and effective, yielding satisfying results six months after a single treatment session. Future investigations should aim to gather evidence that enables the development of a cost-effective approach while minimizing treatment burden and costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by non‐scarring hair loss due to an immune response that targets hair follicles. The current treatment approach for AA involves the use of immunosuppressants and immunomodulators to reduce cytokine levels around affected hair follicles. Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have emerged as potential anti‐inflammatory agents with diverse beneficial effects in various medical conditions. This study investigates the role of beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a ketone body produced during SGLT2 inhibition, in the pathogenesis of AA. Serum BHB levels were found to be significantly elevated in patients with AA compared with healthy controls, with higher levels correlating with severity of hair loss. BHB treatment increased inflammatory cytokine production in outer root sheath (ORS) cells, mimicking the inflammatory conditions seen in AA. The results suggest that elevated BHB levels may exacerbate the inflammatory immune response in AA patients and may be associated with chronic hair loss and resistance to treatment. Serum BHB levels may serve as a potential marker of poor prognosis in patients with severe AA. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise role of BHB in the pathogenesis of AA and its implications for disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saprobiotic nematode Pelodera strongyloides can cause pruritic parasitic dermatitis in short-haired dogs raised in unsanitary conditions. Stage 3 larvae can invade the dog’s skin at the level of the hair follicle. Clinical signs are dominated by pruritic erythema, alopecia and papulocrustic, and even ulcerative lesions, which appear on areas that come into contact with the contaminated environment. The diagnosis is established based on the history and microscopic examination, identifying the rhabditiform larvae. Although rare, parasitic dermatitis caused by P. strongyloides should be considered when skin lesions are observed in areas of contact with unsanitary bedding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alopecia X in Pomeranians is caused by a hair cycle deregulation, associated with downregulation of key regulatory genes of the Wnt and Shh pathways, and stem‐cell markers. However, the pathogenesis remains unclear. p63 is an important transcription factor correlated with the aforementioned hair cycle modulating genes. Hypothesis/Objectives: The aim of this study was to highlight possible changes of p63 immunohistochemical expression within the hair follicles in canine alopecia X compared with normal skin. Animals: Skin biopsies from 19 alopecia X‐affected and six control Pomeranians were analysed. Materials and Methods: Serial histological sections of skin biopsies harbouring anagen, telogen and kenogen hair follicles were immunohistochemically evaluated for differences in p63 expression in the affected and control samples. Results: Dogs with alopecia X had a significantly decreased immunoexpression of p63 in telogen and kenogen hair follicles. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The decrease of p63 immunoexpression observed in canine alopecia X suggests an involvement of p63 in hair cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alopecia is defined as “absence or loss of hair”. The word ‘alopecia’ was first coined from the Greek word for fox which refers to the constant shedding of hairs seen in the lifetime of this animal. Hair follicle loss may be due to follicular agenesis, dysgenesis, or destruction while loss of hair shafts can result from shedding, plucking, miniaturization, or breakage. A thorough general physical and systemic examination was carried out to look for any abnormalities. Scalp examination included type of hair loss, hair thinning, temporal recession and hair pull test was done in all cases. Diagnosis was made clinically based on the history and pattern of hair loss. The overall mean haemoglobin was 11.0 ± 2g/dl. Mean haemoglobin in ATE, CTE, FPHL was also 11g/dl. The overall mean S. Ferritin value is 21.7 ± 23.3 g/dl. Mean serum ferritin levels were lowest in patients with CTE (15.9± 16.0) as compared to those with TE (23.3± 26.7) and highest in FPHL (27.8± 25.6) in our study. The overall mean S. TSH value is 3.7 µIU/ml. Mean S. TSH value in ATE, CTE, FPHL is 6.0 µIU/ml, 2.2 µIU/ml, 2.5 µIU/ml respectively. In our study, 317.0 ± 162.5 pg/ml is the overall mean for serum vitamin B12. Mean value is lowest in 300.9±111 pg/ml in CTE, followed by 308.8 ± 97.1 pg/ml in ATE, and highest in FPHL being 355 ± 277 pg/ml. The overall mean for S Vitamin D3 is 17.9 ± 12.4 ng/ml. Mean value is lowest in FPHL being 15.5 ± 5.9 ng/ml, followed by 18.3 ± 13.3 ng/ml in CTE, and highest in ATE being 19 ± 14.3 ng/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease that has a complex underlying immunopathogenesis characterized by nonscarring hair loss ranging from small bald patches to complete loss of scalp, face, and/or body hair. Although the etiopathogenesis of AA has not yet been fully characterized, immune privilege collapse at the hair follicle (HF) followed by T-cell receptor recognition of exposed HF autoantigens by autoreactive cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is now understood to play a central role. Few treatment options are available, with the Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor baricitinib (2022) and the selective JAK3/tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (TEC) inhibitor ritlecitinib (2023) being the only US Food and Drug Administration--approved systemic medications thus far for severe AA. Several other treatments are used off-label with limited efficacy and/or suboptimal safety and tolerability. With an increased understanding of the T-cell--mediated autoimmune and inflammatory pathogenesis of AA, additional therapeutic pathways beyond JAK inhibition are currently under investigation for the development of AA therapies. This narrative review presents a detailed overview about the role of T cells and T-cell--signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of AA, with a focus on those pathways targeted by drugs in clinical development for the treatment of AA. A detailed summary of new drugs targeting these pathways with expert commentary on future directions for AA drug development and the importance of targeting multiple T-cell--signaling pathways is also provided in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]