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Why have emerging market economies (EMEs) been stockpiling international reserves? We find that motives have varied over time; vulnerability to current account shocks was relatively important in the 1980s but, as EMEs became more financially integrated, factors related to the magnitude of potential capital outflows gained importance. Reserve accumulation as a by-product of undervalued currencies has also become more important since the Asian crisis. Correspondingly, using quantile regressions, we find that the reason for holding reserves varies according to the country's position in the global reserves distribution. High-reserve holders, who tend to be more financially integrated, are motivated by insurance against capital account rather than current account shocks and are more sensitive to the cost of holding reserves than are low-reserve holders. Currency undervaluation is a significant determinant across the reserves distribution, albeit for different reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature believes that a commercial depreciation is associated with higher financial premium and more depletion of foreign reserves. This study re-investigates this belief. Analytical results indicate that a commercial depreciation with higher financial premium and more depletion of foreign reserves depend on the combined influences of the conditions that individuals are impatient as well as foreign interest rates are bigger than time preference rates rather than only policies of commercial depreciation. Non-distortion taxation does not solve the balance-of-payments difficulties. An exact negative relationship between foreign reserves and the financial premium cannot be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal reserve level theory aims to protect the economy against external shocks to its balance of payments, providing the international liquidity needed in emergency situations. The methodological applications available have limitations that compromise the results of the analysis of the optimal level in Colombia. This article offers an alternative approach to optimal international reserves and a consistent methodological framework to overcome these limitations and add trust to the monetary authorities and international agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Using a small macroeconometric model that examines the determinants of India''s trade and inflation, this paper addresses the effects of a reform policy package similar to those implemented in 1991. Policy simulations using dynamic simulation method compare the responses to devaluation with the responses to tight credit policy. It is shown that the trade balance effects of tight credit policy are more enduring than that of devaluation, conditional on inflation being modelled in an open economy context. The simulations demonstrate that the devaluation actually worsens trade balance and hence devaluation cannot be an option in response to a negative trade shock, whereas the reduction in domestic credit reflecting demand contraction can produce a desirable improvement in the trade balance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

El artículo presenta resultados obtenidos por un modelo económico que analiza la influencia sobre la demanda de reservas internacionales y balanza de pagos en América Latina. Los resultados sugieren que las importaciones contestan a la disponibilidad total de reservas. Además, el incremento del déficit es obvio en los países en vías de desarrollo a causa de el aumento tremendo en los precios de petróleo.

Se presentan noticias que tratan de la economía de los Estados Unidos. Se prevía que la recuperación económica continuaría durante un largo periodo. Se hablan de medidas para suprimir la reserva obligatoria de plata. Se esperaba que la balanza de pagos quedara equilibrada a finales de 1963.

El artículo habla de los movimientos adversos de los tipos de cambio, las reservas internacionales, y las deudas externas de los países latinoamericanos. La ruptura del sistema de Bretton Woods ha impuesto un dilema serio a los países a causa de desequilibrios en las balanzas de pagos. La situación ha contribuida a la deterioro de las reservas internacionales así como el aumento de precios del petróleo.