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The glaring failure of modern macroeconomics to predict the Global Financial Crisis, and to provide remedies for the Great Recession which followed, has led to renewed interest in alternative approaches to Macroeconomics. There is huge amount of ongoing work aimed at creating a Macroeconomics for the 21st Century. The task is of the highest priority, as failures of economic theory have led to misery for millions. Wrong measures of GDP, and cost-benefit calculation which fail to account for environmental costs, and prioritize private profits over social welfare, have created a climate catastrophe which threatens to destroy the planet. In accordance with the importance of this task, we are expanding the scope of this journal, to cover all new approaches to economics, which fall outside of the boxes of conventional macro, micro, and econometrics of the 20th Century. This article outlines seven broad categories of research directions, and four different methodological principles which fall outside the boundaries of the conventional approach, and offer promise for building a Macroeconomics for the 21st Century. We hope to invite contributions in these areas for future issues.

A Dynamic Stochastic Labor-Market Disequilibrium (DSLMD) model is proposed for Keynesian business cycle analysis. It shares the type of micro-foundation known from neoclassical Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models but characterizes economic mechanisms consistent with Traditional Post-Keynesian (TPK) models. Wage inflation is perceived as a non-market-clearing policy variable which may be subject to a collective Nash bargaining process with the state of the labor market affecting the relative bargaining power. The core insights are twofold: First, apart from assumptions regarding expectation formation, the DSGE-type of micro-foundation is, to a considerable extent, consistent with the behavioral hypotheses underlying TPK models. Second, the economy characterized by the DSLMD model is post-Keynesian rather than neoclassical. Wir präsentieren ein dynamisches, stochastisches Arbeitsmarktungleichgewichtsmodel (DSLMD), welches sich für eine keynesianische Analyse des Konjunkturzyklus eignet. Mit neoklassischen dynamischen, stochastischen allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen (DSGE) verbindet es die Art der Mikrofundierung. Dennoch beschreibt es ökonomische Mechanismen, die mit traditionellen postkeynesianischen (TPK) Modellen konsistent sind. Die Lohninflation wird nicht als den Arbeitsmarkt räumende Gleichgewichtsvariable aufgefasst, sondern als Politikvariable, die entweder konstant ist oder durch einen kollektiven Nash-Lohnverhandlungsprozess bestimmt wird. Dabei beeinflusst die Arbeitslosigkeit die relative Macht der Verhandlungsparteien. Zwei Ergebnisse sind zentral: Erstens, mit Ausnahme der Annahme rationaler Erwartungen ist die Mikrofundierung basierend auf intertemporaler Optimierung größtenteils konsistent mit den Verhaltenshypothesen, die TPK Modellen zu Grunde liegen. Zweitens, die von dem DSLMD Modell beschriebene Ökonomie ist postkeynesianisch und nicht neoklassisch.

This study assesses the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on gendered labour markets in rural Indonesia. It focuses on the gender composition of the workforce, female and male workers' employment conditions and gender wage inequality. The research strategy of »between-methods triangulation« is chosen, denoting the combination of quantitative and qualitative types of data generation and analysis.Two underlying mechanisms have been identified. A »cost effect« associated with transnational corporations' (TNCs') greater orientation towards the world market is the preferential recruitment of, on average, lower paid female workers. In light of global competitive cost considerations, this appears as a rational strategy for TNCs. Conversely, foreign firms' advanced technological endowments relative to domestic companies require a well-educated workforce with technical skills. In light of these perspectives, gender gaps in education and, on average, women's weaker labour market attachment disadvantage female workers' employment in TNCs. Both effects are mediated by a »reproductive constraint«. This refers to the asymmetric distribution of reproductive obligations between female and male household members, whereby female input into the domestic economy is more demanding relative to that of males.