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The influence of the detection direction on the quality of spectral data was not taken into account, which is catastrophic for some samples where the reflectivity direction was very different. To explore the directional characteristics of mixed pixels reflectivity, we used an ASD FieldSpec3 spectroradiometer to carry out multi-angle spectral measurement experiments in the laboratory, and the direction error model is established. As a result, the proportions of black area (PBA) and the observed azimuths (Φ) will affect the reflectivity of the mixed pixel in the visible light band. It is found that when the PBA is close to 0, the reflectivity distribution of mixed pixels is characterized by the reflected energy reflecting uniformly around the entire hemisphere space. When PBA is close to 1, there is a significant difference in the reflectivity of mixed pixels in 2π space. The direction error model better reflects the reflectivity changes caused by PBA and observed azimuth. The mean absolute error of the estimated reflectivity compared with the measured value is only 0.047. When the PBA is large, the estimation accuracy of the model is higher. When the PBA is small, and the observed azimuth is large, the accuracy of the model is slightly worse. The "two-block" mixed pixel is an ideal sample to satisfy the direction error model, while a dispersed "multi-block" mixed pixel is not applicable to the correction model. When conducting mixed pixel spectral measurement experiment, the influence of the detection azimuth on the spectral reflectivity should be fully considered, which is beneficial to improve the reliability of experiments on multi-angle spectral measurements of mixed pixels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lineaments whose dominant azimuth reflects the basic framework of regional structure are mainly related to faults, but their spatial morphology and characteristics are different at different scales. The changing characteristics of multi-scale lineaments extracted by wavelet edge detection are quantitatively analyzed through image characteristics, azimuth characteristics, histogram, box-plot and paired-samples T test. As the result, the difference of "proportion of NE structure" in different areas becomes more and more significant with the increasing of wavelet transformation scale. Three geological variables extracted based on wavelet edge image of Level 3, "proportion of NE structure", "density of NE structure" and "entropy", are synthesize by factor analysis, then the results show that the distribution of the values referring to the "dominance of NE structure" are basically consistent with the structure framework of Huize lead-zinc mine area, that is, the dominant position of NE lineaments in the triangular region enclosed by the large main faults such as Kuangshanchang Fault and Qilinchang Fault is the most obvious. The potential relation between remote sensing lineaments and actual geological structure can be found through multi-scale edge detection and characteristics analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]