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Summary The fine morphology of the buccal capsule and intestine (midgut) of the marine free-living nematode Odontophora deconincki was investigated. The cheilostome is armed with six equal claw-like odontia that can evert radially by opening the mouth. Light-refracting accessory buccal structures within the cheilostomatal cuticle alternate with odontia and consist of two elements: anterior armilloids and posterior granular armilliths. The buccal cavity (pharyngostome) is surrounded by a complex of longitudinal and oblique muscles partially attached to the cheilostome cuticle at the sites of the accessory buccal structures and enabling a wide opening of the mouth. With the described stoma condition, the nematode probably scrapes food particles from the substrate surface. In cross-section, the midgut consists of 5-7 cells that appear uniform throughout its length. An extracellular matrix (glycocalyx) over the microvillar brush varies in thickness and stratification depending on presence or absence of food content in the lumen. Abundant spherocrystals (globular inclusions with concentric striations) were present in all gut cells. No indication of endocytosis or digestive vacuoles was observed in the gut cells and extracellular digestion predominates. Most specimens had a gut content formed from a long cylinder of compressed flocculent material with some barely identifiable components and few spherocrystals expelled from the enterocytes. We assume that the nematode diet comprises a wide range of objects, mainly eukariotic epigrowth organisms, which are shorn off and scraped from the surface of sand grains and then ingested.

Shimada, Daisuke, Suzuki, Atsushi C., Tsujimoto, Megumu, Imura, Satoshi, Kakui, Keiichi (2021): Two New Species of Free-living Marine Nematodes (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae and Tripyloididae) from the Coast of Antarctica. Species Diversity 26 (1): 49-63, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.26.49, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.26.49

Genus Odontophora Bütschli, 1874 Diagnosis (modified from Leduc & Zhao 2016) Tapering anterior end with rounded cephalic region. Cuticle smooth or finely striated. Cephalic setae long; 4–12 subcephalic setae present. Amphidial fovea loop-shaped, longitudinally elongated or with almost circular outline. Buccal cavity deep and funnel shaped, with six odontia in anterior portion. One or two circles of cuticularized accessory buccal structures often present, alternating with odontia and often oval- or kidney-shaped or denticulate. Pharynx gradually widening posteriorly or with weak posterior bulb. Female with two outstretched ovaries, male with two opposed testes. Spicules arcuate, bent or L-shaped, gubernacular apophyses usually present. Pore-like or tubular precloacal supplements present or absent. Tail conical or conico-cylindrical. Type species: Odontophora marina Bütschli, 1874 (= species inquirenda), Published as part of Pinto, Taciana Kramer & Neres, Patricia Fernandes, 2020, Four new species of free-living nematodes from shallow continental shelf of Portugal, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 4722 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4722.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3603616, {"references":["Butschli, O. (1874) Zur Kenntniss der freilebenden Nematoden, insbesondere der des Kieler Hafens. Abhandlungen, Herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 9, 236 - 292.","Leduc, D. & Zhao, Z. Q. (2016) Review of the genus Odontophora (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae), with a key to valid species and description of Odontophora atrox sp. n. from the New Zealand coast. Nematology, 18 (10), 1125 - 1139. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00003018"]}

Odontophora sinapophysis sp. n. (Figures 10–13, Table 5) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 292388EA-5980-43A3-8B2B-7ABB8F693831 Type material. Five males and one female were collected at station 38. Holotype (♂) MUHNAC / MB 26–000026. Paratype (♀) MUHNAC / MB26–000027. Other paratypes: UFALPEN/ LEB 0010–0013 Type locality. Sandy sediments adjacent to an artificial reef (Shipwreck) (Table 1) Etymology. The specific epithet “ sinapophysis ” (sine —meaning without or lacking) is given because this species is the first to have gubernaculum without apophysis. Measurements. Table 5. Description. Male. Body cylindrical 4440–4950 µm long. Anterior region slightly attenuated, head diameter corresponding to 62–88% of body diameter in pharynx end. Cuticle finely striated, striations sometimes difficult to observe. Somatic setae present in pharynx region (4–8.5 µm), distributed in four rows, two lateroventral and two laterodorsal. Some caudal setae present. Anterior sensilla arranged according to the pattern 6+6+4: inner labial and outer labial papilliform, cephalic setae setiform (0.95–1.2 times corresponding body diameter). Single mediolateral subcephalic seta immediately posterior to each amphidial fovea. Other subcephalic setae present (9–12.5 µm) located near middle of funnel shaped portion of buccal cavity. Amphidial fovea loop shaped, rounded (27–39% of corresponding body diameter) located between cephalic setae and 2.5–5 µm behind anterior end. Buccal cavity separated into two portions: anterior portion with six strongly cuticularized and eversible odontia, 9–10 µm long; posterior portion funnel shaped and with cuticularized walls, 18.5–20 µm deep and 7–8.5 µm wide at anterior extremity. Cylindrical pharynx (192–200 µm or 3–4% of the total body length), posterior end slightly enlarged. Cardia completely inserted into intestine. Secretory–excretory pore not observed. Ventral gland posterior to the pharynx end. Never ring 83.4–128 µm from anterior end. Two testes left of intestine, one branch extended and one reflexed. Spicules strongly bent in their proximal third (1.2–1.34 times cloacal body diameter), cephalate proximally and distal portion rounded. Gubernaculum (12.5–14 µm) without apophyses. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail conical (4.9–6.1 times cloacal body diameter). Three caudal glands and triangular spinneret present. Female. Largely similar to male. Cephalic setae (1.17 times corresponding body diameter). Amphidial fovea loop shaped, rounded, 31% of corresponding body diameter, located 3.5 µm behind anterior end. Two opposed outstretched ovaries, anterior branch (360 µm) left of intestine and posterior branch (432 µm) right of intestine. A mass of sperm is attached to the vulva with something like a mucosal clump. Vulva located slightly posterior to mid-body (57% of total length). Large seminal receptacle. Tail conical, slightly smaller than in male (3.6 times anal body diameter), with three caudal glands and triangular spinneret. Diagnosis. The new species presents as main characteristics: cuticle finely striated, cephalic setae setiform about one corresponding body diameter, single mediolateral subcephalic seta immediately posterior to each amphidial fovea and other subcephalic setae at about middle region of the funnel shaped portion of the buccal cavity; amphidial fovea loop shaped, rounded, very close to the anterior end (27–39% of corresponding body diameter); spicules strongly bent in their proximal third (1.2–1.4 time cloacal body diameter), cephalate proximally and with distal portion rounded; gubernaculum without apophyses measuring 0.3 times spicule length, precloacal supplements absent, tail conical (5–6 times cloacal body diameter) in male and 3.6 times anal body diameter in female; female with large seminal receptacle. Differential diagnosis. The new species differs from all the others already described in the genus by the absence of apophysis in the gubernaculum; therefore, an amendment in the genus diagnosis is necessary. In Leduc & Zhao (2016), the authors subdivided Odontophora species according to the position of the subcephalic setae and the spicule shape. The species described here belong to the group that has single mediolateral subcephalic seta immediately posterior to each amphidial fovea, just like O. wieseri Luc & De Coninck 1959, O. octoseta Boucher & Helléouët 1977 and O. tenuicaudata Allgén, 1935. However, these species possess gubernaculum with apophysis and other characteristic different from new species. O. wieseri presents cephalic setae 2 times corresponding body diameter, almost twice as long as in new species; O. octoseta present spicules strongly bent and without capitulum and O. tenuicaudata has spicules arcuate and with capitulum, while the new species has spicules L-shaped and capitulum. Females have a well-developed seminal receptacle as in O. falcifera Ott, 1972. The accessory buccal structures in anterior portion of buccal cavity, as described in Leduc & Zhao (2016), were not observed because the odontia were retracted in the buccal cavity. Systematics (According to De Ley et al. 2006)

Odontophora sinapophysis sp. n. (Figures 10–13, Table 5) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 292388EA-5980-43A3-8B2B-7ABB8F693831 Type material. Five males and one female were collected at station 38. Holotype (♂) MUHNAC / MB 26–000026. Paratype (♀) MUHNAC / MB26–000027. Other paratypes: UFALPEN/ LEB 0010–0013 Type locality. Sandy sediments adjacent to an artificial reef (Shipwreck) (Table 1) Etymology. The specific epithet “ sinapophysis ” (sine —meaning without or lacking) is given because this species is the first to have gubernaculum without apophysis. Measurements. Table 5. Description. Male. Body cylindrical 4440–4950 µm long. Anterior region slightly attenuated, head diameter corresponding to 62–88% of body diameter in pharynx end. Cuticle finely striated, striations sometimes difficult to observe. Somatic setae present in pharynx region (4–8.5 µm), distributed in four rows, two lateroventral and two laterodorsal. Some caudal setae present. Anterior sensilla arranged according to the pattern 6+6+4: inner labial and outer labial papilliform, cephalic setae setiform (0.95–1.2 times corresponding body diameter). Single mediolateral subcephalic seta immediately posterior to each amphidial fovea. Other subcephalic setae present (9–12.5 µm) located near middle of funnel shaped portion of buccal cavity. Amphidial fovea loop shaped, rounded (27–39% of corresponding body diameter) located between cephalic setae and 2.5–5 µm behind anterior end. Buccal cavity separated into two portions: anterior portion with six strongly cuticularized and eversible odontia, 9–10 µm long; posterior portion funnel shaped and with cuticularized walls, 18.5–20 µm deep and 7–8.5 µm wide at anterior extremity. Cylindrical pharynx (192–200 µm or 3–4% of the total body length), posterior end slightly enlarged. Cardia completely inserted into intestine. Secretory–excretory pore not observed. Ventral gland posterior to the pharynx end. Never ring 83.4–128 µm from anterior end. Two testes left of intestine, one branch extended and one reflexed. Spicules strongly bent in their proximal third (1.2–1.34 times cloacal body diameter), cephalate proximally and distal portion rounded. Gubernaculum (12.5–14 µm) without apophyses. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail conical (4.9–6.1 times cloacal body diameter). Three caudal glands and triangular spinneret present. Female. Largely similar to male. Cephalic setae (1.17 times corresponding body diameter). Amphidial fovea loop shaped, rounded, 31% of corresponding body diameter, located 3.5 µm behind anterior end. Two opposed outstretched ovaries, anterior branch (360 µm) left of intestine and posterior branch (432 µm) right of intestine. A mass of sperm is attached to the vulva with something like a mucosal clump. Vulva located slightly posterior to mid-body (57% of total length). Large seminal receptacle. Tail conical, slightly smaller than in male (3.6 times anal body diameter), with three caudal glands and triangular spinneret. Diagnosis. The new species presents as main characteristics: cuticle finely striated, cephalic setae setiform about one corresponding body diameter, single mediolateral subcephalic seta immediately posterior to each amphidial fovea and other subcephalic setae at about middle region of the funnel shaped portion of the buccal cavity; amphidial fovea loop shaped, rounded, very close to the anterior end (27–39% of corresponding body diameter); spicules strongly bent in their proximal third (1.2–1.4 time cloacal body diameter), cephalate proximally and with distal portion rounded; gubernaculum without apophyses measuring 0.3 times spicule length, precloacal supplements absent, tail conical (5–6 times cloacal body diameter) in male and 3.6 times anal body diameter in female; female with large seminal receptacle. Differential diagnosis. The new species differs from all the others already described in the genus by the absence of apophysis in the gubernaculum; therefore, an amendment in the genus diagnosis is necessary. In Leduc & Zhao (2016), the authors subdivided Odontophora species according to the position of the subcephalic setae and the spicule shape. The species described here belong to the group that has single mediolateral subcephalic seta immediately posterior to each amphidial fovea, just like O. wieseri Luc & De Coninck 1959, O. octoseta Boucher & Helléouët 1977 and O. tenuicaudata Allgén, 1935. However, these species possess gubernaculum with apophysis and other characteristic different from new species. O. wieseri presents cephalic setae 2 times corresponding body diameter, almost twice as long as in new species; O. octoseta present spicules strongly bent and without capitulum and O. tenuicaudata has spicules arcuate and with capitulum, while the new species has spicules L-shaped and capitulum. Females have a well-developed seminal receptacle as in O. falcifera Ott, 1972. The accessory buccal structures in anterior portion of buccal cavity, as described in Leduc & Zhao (2016), were not observed because the odontia were retracted in the buccal cavity. Systematics (According to De Ley et al. 2006), Published as part of Pinto, Taciana Kramer & Neres, Patricia Fernandes, 2020, Four new species of free-living nematodes from shallow continental shelf of Portugal, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 4722 (1) on pages 18-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4722.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3603616, {"references":["Leduc, D. & Zhao, Z. Q. (2016) Review of the genus Odontophora (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae), with a key to valid species and description of Odontophora atrox sp. n. from the New Zealand coast. Nematology, 18 (10), 1125 - 1139. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00003018","Luc, M. & De Coninck, L. A. (1959) Nematodes libres marins de la region de Roscoff. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 98, 103 - 165.","Boucher, G. & Helleouet, M. N. (1977) Nematodes des sables fins infralittoraux de la Pierre Noire (Manche occidentale). III. Araeolaimida et Monhysterida. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 427, 85 - 122.","Allgen, C. A. (1935) Die freilebenden Nematoden des Oresunds. Capita Zoologica, 6 (3), 1 - 192.","Ott, J. A. (1972) Twelve new species of nematodes from an intertidal sandflat in North Carolina. International Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 57, 463 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19720570307","De Ley P., Decraemer W. & Eyualem-Abebe (2006) Introduction: summary of present knowledge and research addressing the ecology and taxonomy of freshwater nematodes. In: Eyualem-Abebe Traunspurger, W. & Andrassy, I. (Eds.), Freshwater nematodes: ecology and taxonomy. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 3 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851990095.0003"]}

Pinto, Taciana Kramer, Neres, Patricia Fernandes (2020): Four new species of free-living nematodes from shallow continental shelf of Portugal. Zootaxa 4722 (1): 1-33, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4722.1.1

The genus Campylaimus is a broadly distributed but relatively uncommon genus of marine and brackish nematodes with 20 nominal species and one nomen nudum. Many species descriptions and redescriptions are based on very few (single) individuals, which limits our understanding of inter- and intra-specific variability and morphology-based species boundaries. Two new species were found in the Skagerrak off the west coast of Sweden. Campylaimus triclados sp. n. is characterised by body 0.59–0.69 mm long; cuticle without longitudinal striation; anteriormost edge of the amphid anterior to the oral opening; dorsal limb of the amphid equal to 1.6–2.5 labial region diameters in male, 1.9 labial region diameters in female; ventral limb of the amphid extends towards anterior part of the intestine in male and midpharynx in female, 4.3–5.5 times the length of the dorsal limb in male and 2.2–2.8 times the length of the dorsal limb in female; ventral limb of the amphid is as wide as the dorsal limb; interamphideal space extends further than the posterior end of the dorsal limb but not reaching the posterior end of the ventral limb; secretory-excretory pore opens posterior to the cardia; spicules 19–24 µm long; two precloacal supplements; tail equal to 4.3–5.6 anal body diameters in length, with conoid terminal part. Campylaimus longispiculus sp. n. is characterised by body 0.56–0.65 mm long; cuticle without longitudinal striation; anteriormost edge of the amphid anterior to the oral opening; dorsal limb of the amphid equal to 1.8–2.1 labial region diameters in male; ventral limb of the amphid extends towards anterior part of the intestine in male, 2.8–3.5 times the length of the dorsal limb in male; ventral limb of the amphid is as wide as the dorsal limb; interamphideal space absent; secretory-excretory pore opens posterior to the cardia; spicules 28–35 µm long; two precloacal supplements; tail equal to 4.9–5.3 anal body diameters in length, with clavate terminal part. In addition, following nine species are new records for the fauna of Sweden: Campylaimus amphidialis, C. inaequalis, C. lefeverei, C. minutus, C. orientalis, C. rimatus, C. siwaschensis, C. striatus and C. tkatchevi.

Southerniella parasimplex sp. n. (Figs. 7���9, Table 2) Diagnosis. Southerniella parasimplex sp. n. is characterised by 840���1130 ��m body length, cephalic setae 0.3 cbd long, amphids 0.5���0.6 cbd wide and situated immediately posterior to the cephalic setae, buccal cavity ~12 ��m deep, secretory-excretory system with three renette cells, presence of progaster consisting of densely granulated cells, conicocylindrical tail, female with two outstretched ovaries and single anterior spermathecum, and male with outstretched anterior testis and reflexed posterior testis directed anteriorly, and gubernaculum surrounding spicules distally and with apophyses directed dorsally. Etymology. The species name refers to the similarity between the new species and Southerniella simplex. Holotype. Male (NIWA 115454), collected 15 April 2010 (voyage TAN 1004, station 4), Hikurangi Margin (1046 m water depth), 41.6837 ��S, 175.6642 ��E, mean grain size: 12 ��m, %silt/clay particles: 94.7%. Paratype. Female (NIWA 115455), same data as holotype. Description. Males. Colourless cylindrical body tapering slightly towards anterior end, with rounded anterior extremity and conicocylindrical tail. Cuticle with faint transverse striations; no somatic setae observed. Walls of numerous epidermal cells visible throughout length of body; content of epidermal cells transparent. Cephalic region narrow and set off from rest of body. Inner and outer labial sensilla not observed; four cephalic setae, 0.3 cbd long. Subcephalic setae absent. Circular amphideal fovea and aperture, situated immediately posterior to cephalic setae. Buccal cavity cylindrical, narrow, ~12 ��m deep, weakly cuticularised, surrounded by pharyngeal tissue. Cylindrical pharynx with anteriormost portion (corpus) thinner than the rest of pharynx, and with slight posterior bulb; pharyngeal tubes present but difficult to observe. Nerve ring at ~60% of pharynx length from anterior. Secretory-excretory system with three renette cells situated immediately posterior to pharynx; pore not observed. Anteriormost portion of intestine differentiated as enlarged, densely granulated cells surrounding cardia (progaster). Reproductive system diorchic with anterior outstretched testis located to the left of intestine and anteriorly oriented and reflexed posterior testis situated ventrally relative to intestine. Mature sperm cells globular, 5 �� 7 ��m, with oval nuclei. Spicules paired, equal, strongly bent, almost L-shaped, 1.2 cloacal body diameters long, without capitulum. Gubernaculum surrounding distal ends of spicules, with pair of apophyses directed dorsally and parallel with proximal end of spicules. Four rectal glands present; two glands situated laterally and slightly anteriorly to spicules, one gland situated dorsally relative to spicules, and one gland immediately posterior to spicules. Three pairs of ejaculatory glands also present further anteriorly. Precloacal supplements and precloacal seta not observed. Tail conicocylindrical, with short cylindrical terminal portion. Three caudal glands and spinneret present. Species Diplopeltula cuspidiboja sp. n. Southerniella parasimplex sp. n. Female. Similar to male, but with walls of epidermal cells not as conspicuous, slightly smaller amphid, pharyngeal tubes conspicuous in anterior half of pharynx, and slightly shorter tail. Reproductive system didelphic, with anterior outstretched ovary to the left of intestine and posterior outstretched ovary to the right of intestine. Single anterior spermathecum present with several sperm cells. Vulva located slightly posterior to mid-body. A single posterior granular vaginal gland present, proximal portion of vagina uterina surrounded by constrictor muscle. Differential diagnosis. Southerniella parasimplex sp. n. is most similar to S. simplex in having relatively large amphids located immediately or almost immediately posterior to the cephalic setae, as well as a relatively short buccal cavity. Southerniella parasimplex sp. n. can be differentiated from S. simplex by the orientation of the gubernacular apophyses (dorsally-directed and parallel to spicules in S. parasimplex sp. n. versus dorso-caudally directed and perpendicular to spicules in S. simplex), and the shape of the tail (conicocylindrical in S. parasimplex sp. n. versus conical in S. simplex). The new species is also similar to S. conicauda in having a relatively short buccal cavity but can be differentiated from the latter by the presence of a gubernaculum (absent in S. conicauda) and the shape of the tail (conicocylindrical in S. parasimplex sp. n. versus usually conical and sometimes conicocylindrical in S. conicauda). Remarks. The progaster in Southerniella conicauda, Intasia amblynema and Intasia lympha usually comprises four enlarged and non-granular cells. Progaster cells in Southerniella parasimplex sp. n. have an unusual granulated appearance, and their number could not be determined with certainty. Jensen (1991) noted the presence of a progaster in other genera of the Order Araeolaimida, namely Cylindrolaimus de Man, 1880 (Diplopeltidae) and Bodonema Jensen, 1991 (Bodonematidae), as well as in some Monhysteridae., Published as part of Leduc, Daniel, 2017, Four new nematode species (Araeolaimida: Comesomatidae, Diplopeltidae) from the New Zealand continental slope, pp. 244-264 in Zootaxa 4237 (2) on pages 254-259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/343781, {"references":["Jensen, P. (1991) Bodonematidae fam. n. (Nematoda, Monhysterida) accommodating Bodonema vossi gen. et sp. n. from the deep-sea benthos of the Norwegian Sea. Sarsia, 76, 11 - 15."]}

Diplopeltula cuspidiboja sp. n. (Figs. 10���12, Table 2) Diagnosis. Diplopeltula cuspidiboja sp. n. is characterised by 1150���2080 ��m body length, a striated cuticle, the presence of amphideal plates, a dorsally oriented mouth opening, cup-shaped buccal cavity with pointed ring giving appearance of small teeth, arcuate spicules and gubernaculum with strongly cuticularised apophyses, vulva located at three quarters of body length from anterior, and short conical tail. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin cuspidis (= pointed end) and boja (= collar), and refers to the pointed ring projecting into the buccal cavity of this species. Holotype. Male (NIWA 115456), collected 20 February 2011 (voyage TAN1103, station 69), crest of Chatham Rise (350 m water depth), 43.331�� S, 178.288�� E, mean grain size: 55���59 ��m, %silt/clay particles: 43���45%. Paratype. Female (NIWA 115457), collected 17 April 2010 (voyage TAN1004, station 17), Hikurangi Margin (1514 m water depth), 41.6288 ��S, 175.8682 ��E, mean grain size 9.0 ��m, % silt/clay particles: 97.8%. Description. Male. Colourless cylindrical body tapering slightly towards anterior and posterior ends, with rounded anterior and posterior extremities and conical tail. Cuticle with light transverse striations and sparse somatic setae restricted to anteriormost and posteriormost body regions, 1���2 ��m long. Six minute inner labial papilla present on lip region; six outer labial papilla in a separate circle and four cephalic setae situated further posteriorly, 0.3 cbd long. Loop-shaped amphideal fovea and aperture, situated on cuticularised amphideal plate immediately posterior to cephalic setae. Mouth opening oriented dorsally; buccal cavity cup-shaped, lightly cuticularised, with pointed ring giving appearance of small teeth in optical cross-section. Cylindrical pharynx partially surrounding buccal cavity and widening posteriorly without forming a true bulb; pharyngeal tubes not observed. Nerve ring at about 40% of pharynx length from anterior. Secretory-excretory system present, excretory pore slightly posterior to nerve ring; small ampulla and renette cell located immediately anterior to posterior swelling of pharynx. Cardia 5 ��m long, partially surrounded by intestine. Reproductive system diorchic with anterior outstretched testis located to the left of intestine and posterior outstretched testis to the right of intestine. Mature sperm cells indistinct. Spicules paired, equal, arcuate, 1.8 cloacal body diameters long, with weakly defined capitulum and short central cuticularised projection (lamella) at proximal end. Gubernaculum surrounding distal ends of spicules, with pair of strongly cuticularised apophyses directed dorso-caudally. Rectal and ejaculatory glands not observed. Tubular precloacal supplements and precloacal seta not observed. Tail short, conical, with rounded distal tip sometimes with sparse lateroventral setae. Three caudal glands with three separate outlets. Female. Similar to males, but with longer and wider body, and pharynx with well-defined posterior bulb and pharyngeal gland visible. Reproductive system didelphic, with anterior outstretched ovary to the left of intestine and posterior outstretched ovary to the right of intestine. Mature eggs not observed. Spermatheca present in both genital branches, both with numerous sperm. Vulva located at three quarters of body length from anterior. Vaginal glands not observed, proximal portion of vagina uterina surrounded by constrictor muscle. Differential diagnosis. Diplopeltula cuspidiboja sp. n. resembles other species of the genus with a dorsally oriented mouth opening, namely D. bathmanni, D. belgica, D. dulcis, D. incisa, D. longiloba, D. ostrita, D. striolata and D. tenuis. It is most similar to D. incisa in the body dimensions, presence of amphideal plates, shape and size of the copulatory apparatus, and short conical tail. The new species can be differentiated from D. incisa by the presence of a pointed and lightly cuticularised ring projecting into the buccal cavity (versus unarmed buccal cavity in D. incisa), and the position of the vulva located further posteriorly (74% versus 62���64% of body length from anterior extremity in D. incisa). In the original description of D. incisa by Southern (1914), the buccal cavity is almost terminal and only slightly displaced dorsally in the drawings (although this is not noted in the description), the buccal cavity is cylindrical and without teeth, the amphideal plate is characterised by notches laterally and anteriorly, and the vulva is described as being some distance behind the middle of the body. Subsequent descriptions of the species show some variation in these traits, such as the absence of notches in the amphideal plate (Vitiello 1972, Warwick 1998), a larger, ovoid buccal cavity (Gerlach 1950, Warwick 1998), and a mouth situated far dorsally resulting in a displacement of the cephalic setae (Vitiello 1972). The descriptions of Gerlach (1950), Vitiello (1972), and Warwick (1998), however, all show the vulva to be at 62���64% of body length from the anterior extremity, and none show any buccal cavity armature., Published as part of Leduc, Daniel, 2017, Four new nematode species (Araeolaimida: Comesomatidae, Diplopeltidae) from the New Zealand continental slope, pp. 244-264 in Zootaxa 4237 (2) on pages 260-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/343781, {"references":["Southern, R. (1914) Nemathelmia, Kinorhyncha, and Chaetognatha (Clare Island Survey, Part 54). Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 31, 1 - 80.","Vitiello, P. (1972) Sur quelques especes de Diplopeltula (Nematoda Araeolaimida). Fie et Milieu, 21, 535 - 544.","Warwick, R. M., Platt, H. M. & Somerfield, P. J. (1998) Free-living Marine Nematodes Part III Monhysterids. In: Synopses of the British fauna. New Series. Fol. 53. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, pp. 1 - 296.","Gerlach, S. A. (1950) Die Diplopeltiden, eine gruppe freilebender nematoden. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 7, 138 - 156."]}

Four new nematode species of the order Araeolaimida are described from the continental slope of New Zealand: Sabatieria megadena sp. n., Pararaeolaimus tetradenus sp. n., Southerniella parasimplex sp. n., and Diplopeltula cuspidiboja sp. n. The present study provides the first record of the genus Pararaeolaimus in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone. Pararaeolaimus megaloamphidus Timm, 1961, Diplopeltula mollis Bussau, 1993 and Diplopeltula peruensis Bussau, 1993 are considered species inquirendae due to the incomplete nature of the original descriptions. Southerniella amblynema Bussau, 1993, Southerniella lympha Bussau, 1993, and Southerniella nojii Jensen, 1991 are transferred to the genus Intasia Tchesunov & Miljutina, 2008 due to the presence of a single anterior outsretched ovary. A key to valid Southerniella species is provided.

Genus Diplopeltula Gerlach, 1950 Type species. Diplopeltula breviceps Gerlach, 1950 Diagnosis. (Modified from Fonseca & Bezerra (2014).) Striated cuticle, sometimes with longitudinal bars. Loopshaped and elongated amphideal fovea, may be located on cuticularised amphideal plate. Ocelli absent. Buccal cavity cup- or barrel-shaped, sometimes minute, situated terminally or slightly dorsally. Pharynx cylindrical, with or without posterior bulb. Female reproductive system with two outstretched ovaries. Tail usually conical, sometimes conicocylindrical. Remarks. The taxonomy of the genus Diplopeltula was most recently reviewed by Holovachov et al. (2009). They considered D. botula Wieser (1959) Gerlach, 1962, D. lucanica Boucher & Hell��ou��t, 1977 and D. striata Gerlach, 1956 to be species inquirendae due to lack of information on pharynx morphology and female reproductive system. They also transferred the species Diplopeltis bathmanni Jensen, 1991 to the genus Diplopeltula, Diplopeltula curtus Vincx & Gourbault, 1992 to the genus Pararaeolaimus, and Diplopeltula pulcher and Diplopeltula sundensis to the genus Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962. More recently, Diplopeltula nellyae Vincx & Gourbault, 1992 was transferred to the genus Mudwigglus by Leduc (2013). Some species described by Bussau (1993), namely D. mollis Bussau, 1993 and D. peruensis Bussau, 1993, lack information on the female reproductive system and are therefore considered species inquirendae., Published as part of Leduc, Daniel, 2017, Four new nematode species (Araeolaimida: Comesomatidae, Diplopeltidae) from the New Zealand continental slope, pp. 244-264 in Zootaxa 4237 (2) on page 259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/343781, {"references":["Gerlach, S. A. (1950) Die Diplopeltiden, eine gruppe freilebender nematoden. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 7, 138 - 156.","Fonseca, G. & Bezerra, T. N. (2014) Order Araeolaimida De Coninck & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933. In: Shmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cyclioneura and Gnathifera. Fol. 2. Nematoda. De Gruyter, Hamburg, pp. 467 - 486.","Holovachov, O., De Ley, I. T., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Gingold, R. & De Ley, P. (2009) Nematodes from the Gulf of California. Part 3. Three new species of the genus Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 (Nematoda: Diplopeltoididae) with overviews of the genera Diplopeltis Gerlach, 1962 and Diplopeltula Gerlach, 1950. Russian Journal of Nematology, 17, 43 - 57","Jensen, P. (1991) Bodonematidae fam. n. (Nematoda, Monhysterida) accommodating Bodonema vossi gen. et sp. n. from the deep-sea benthos of the Norwegian Sea. Sarsia, 76, 11 - 15.","Leduc, D. (2013) Mudwigglus gen. n. (Nematoda: Diplopeltidae) from the continental slope of New Zealand, with description of three new species and notes on their distributions. Zootaxa, 3682 (2), 351 - 370.","Bussau, C. (1993) Taxonomische und okologische Untersuchungen an Nematoden des Peru-Beckens. PhD thesis, Christian- Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, 621 pp."]}

Diplopeltoides nudus (Gerlach, 1956) Fig. 7; Table 4 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides nudus is characterised by by a body of 0.94���1.35 mm long; cuticle without longitudinal striation; cuticularised plate absent; cephalic sensilla papilliform, 1���1.5 ��m long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 17���28 ��m long and 6���8 ��m wide; narrow space between amphidial branches with crenated edge; secretory-excretory pore located opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; tail subcylindrical with bluntly rounded terminus; testes outstretched; spicules 29���38 ��m long, strongly curved, with dorsally bent manubrium and subcylindrical, gradually narrowing shaft; gubernaculum plate-like, with or without caudal apophyses. Material examined SWEDEN: 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Skagerrak, 58��23���00.8������22���00.8��� N, 10��20���28.8������38.3��� E, soft bottom 390��� 428 m deep, 10 Oct. 2012, ���Inventering Bratten��� leg. (SMNH-159566); 2 ♂♂, Skagerrak, 58��22���17.8������ 19.4��� N, 10��23���50.8������24���03.2��� E, soft bottom 351���387 m deep, 10 Oct. 2012, ���Inventering Bratten��� leg. (SMNH-159567). Description Adult Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in the tail region, straight or curved upon fixation. Cuticle coarsely annulated along entire body, except for smooth anterior end and terminal part of tail; annules 2���2.5 ��m wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation not observed under light microscope. Somatic setae present on tail. Labial region bluntly rounded. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid absent. Inner and outer labial sensilla not seen. Cephalic sensilla papilliform, equal to 0.1 labial region diameter in length, their bases are located 3.5���4 ��m from anterior end. Amphids similar in shape and size between sexes: amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with dorsal branch longer than ventral branch. Narrow space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) cuticularised with crenated edge. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining uniform with lining of the pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus cylindrical or slightly fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and pear-shaped glandular basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Secretoryexcretory system present; secretory-excretory pore located along ventral body line opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; secretory-excretory duct very short, leading from pore to ampulla; renette cell obscure. Tail subcylindrical with bluntly rounded terminus. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Female Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed; ovary branches symmetrical. Anterior ovary situated to either right or left of intestine; posterior ovary situated to left of intestine. Vulva located immediately posterior to mid-body. Vagina straight, 0.3 of vulval body diameter, with thick walls and developed sphincter muscle at its proximal part; pars refringens vaginae absent. Intrauterine egg not seen; sperm is visible in the uterus. Rectum short, 0.6���0.9 of the corresponding body diameter long. Male Reproductive system diorchic, both testes outstretched. Spicules paired and symmetrical, strongly curved, with dorsally bent manubrium and subcylindrical, gradually narrowing shaft. Gubernaculum plate-like, with a pair of strong closely set caudal apophyses. Caudal setae present, arranged in subventral and subdorsal rows but difficult to observe and count. Remarks The recently collected population of D. nudus is similar to the type specimens in general morphology and measurements, including the characteristic spicule shape, except for the somewhat longer spicules (35���38 ��m vs 29 ��m in type specimens) and the presence of gubernaculum apophyses (vs absent in type specimens). As noted in the redescription of D. bulbosus, gubernaculum apophyses may be indistinct or absent in some specimens and should not be used as the sole diagnostic character., Published as part of Holovachov, Oleksandr & Bostr��m, Sven, 2017, Three new and five known species of Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 (Nematoda, Diplopeltoididae) from Sweden, and a revision of the genus, pp. 1-35 in European Journal of Taxonomy 369 on pages 17-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.369, http://zenodo.org/record/3838436, {"references":["Gerlach S. A. 1956. Diagnosen neuer Nematoden aus der Kieler Bucht. Kieler Meeresforschungen 12: 85 - 109."]}

Diplopeltoides longicaudatus sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 048C4270-0463-408E-89EE-8D6B2A8E61C3 Fig. 9 D���G; Table 6 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides longicaudatus sp. nov. is characterised by a body of 1.03 mm long; cuticle without longitudinal striation; cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid present; cephalic sensilla setiform, 13 ��m long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 6 ��m long and 4 ��m wide; narrow space between amphidial branches not ornamented; excretory pore indistinct; tail elongate conoid; spicules unequal in size, 27���31 ��m long, arcuate, with small ovoid manubrium and subcylindrical shaft; gubernaculum absent; midventral precloacal cuticular ridge present. Etymology The specific epithet refers to the characteristic long tail in this species. Type material Holotype SWEDEN: ♂, Skagerrak, 58��20.32������20.38��� N, 11��12.73������12.68��� E, coarse shell sand 14���17 m deep, 19 Aug. 2014, O. Holovachov and U. Jondelius leg. (SMNH Type-8843). Description Adult male Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in tail region, strongly ventrally curved upon fixation. Cuticle finely annulated along entire body, except for smooth anterior end and terminal part of tail; annules 1.5 ��m wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation not observed under light microscope. Somatic setae indistinct. Labial region truncate conoid; lips fused. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid weakly developed, extending from level of cephalic setae bases to posteriormost edge of amphid, 9 ��m long and 7.5 ��m wide at base; cuticular plates connected with each other on ventral and on dorsal sides. Inner and outer labial sensilla not observed. Cephalic sensilla setiform, equal to 2.7 labial region diameters in length, their bases are located 1.5 ��m from anterior end. Amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with dorsal branch longer than ventral branch. Narrow space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) not cuticularised and not ornamented. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining uniform with lining of the pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and weakly developed basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring not observed. Secretory-excretory system not observed. Tail elongate conoid. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Reproductive system obscure. Spicules paired and somewhat unequal in size, arcuate, with small ovoid manubrium and subcylindrical shaft. Gubernaculum absent. Midventral cuticular ridge extending anteriorly from about level of middle of spicules for 150 ��m towards mid-body. Caudal setae not observed. Female Not found. Remarks Diplopeltoides longicaudatus sp. nov. is unique among known species of Diplopeltoides in having a precloacal cuticular ridge in males ��� a feature found in several species of the related genus Tarvaia Allg��n, 1934 (Holovachov et al. 2012). In having a cuticularised plate underlying the cuticle of the anterior end, the new species is similar to D. ornatus, D. linkei, D. axayacatli, D. grandis sp. nov. and D. suecicus sp. nov. The new species further differs from D. ornatus and D. linkei in the structure of cuticle (smooth vs striated under the light microscope); a body length of 1.03 mm vs 0.43���0.63 mm, the length of the cephalic setae (13 ��m vs 2���4 ��m) and tail (c��� = 6.4 vs 3.2���4.2); it differs from D. axayacatli, D. grandis sp. nov. and D. suecicus sp. nov. in having no interamphideal shield (vs present and ornamented)., Published as part of Holovachov, Oleksandr & Bostr��m, Sven, 2017, Three new and five known species of Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 (Nematoda, Diplopeltoididae) from Sweden, and a revision of the genus, pp. 1-35 in European Journal of Taxonomy 369 on page 26, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.369, http://zenodo.org/record/3838436, {"references":["Holovachov O., Fadeeva N., Tandingan De Ley I., Mundo-Ocampo M., Gingold R. & De Ley P. 2012. Revision and phylogeny of Tarvaia Allgen, 1934 (Nematoda: Tarvaiidae). Nematology 14: 677 - 708. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854112 X 627255"]}

Diplopeltoides grandis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1954B3FA-0622-45CD-AF8C-EA3954F9EE3C Figs 10, 11 B–C; Table 6 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides grandis sp. nov. is characterised by a body of 2.06 mm long; cuticle with longitudinal striation; cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid present; cephalic sensilla setiform, 18.5 µm long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 30 µm long and 14 µm wide; wide space between amphidial branches punctate; excretory pore indistinct; tail conoid. Etymology The specific epithet refers to the large body size in this species. Type material Holotype SWEDEN: ♀, Skagerrak, 58°20.32′–20.38′ N, 11°12.73′–12.68′ E, coarse shell sand 14–17 m deep, 19 Aug. 2014, O. Holovachov and U. Jondelius leg. (SMNH Type-8844). Description Adult female Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in tail region, curved upon fixation. Cuticle coarsely annulated along entire body, except for smooth anterior end and terminal part of the tail; annules 3 µm wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation is distinct under light microscope, covers annules over entire body length. Somatic setae indistinct. Labial region truncate conoid, lips fused. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid strongly developed, extending from the level of cephalic setae bases to the posteriormost edge of amphid, 38 µm long and 23 µm wide at base; cuticular plates connected with each other on ventral and on dorsal sides. Inner labial sensilla not seen, outer labial sensilla small papilliform, located on the anterior surface of lips. Cephalic sensilla setiform, equal to 1.4 labial region diameters in length, their bases located 4 µm from anterior end. Amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with dorsal branch longer than ventral branch. Wide space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) heavily cuticularised and punctate. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining uniform with lining of the pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and pear-shaped glandular basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Secretory-excretory system not observed. Tail conoid. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed; ovary branches symmetrical. Anterior ovary situated to right of intestine; posterior ovary situated to left of intestine. Vulva a transverse slit, located immediately posterior to mid-body. Vagina straight, 0.2 of the vulval body diameter, with thick walls; pars refringens vaginae absent. Intrauterine egg or sperm not observed. Rectum short, 0.6 of the corresponding body diameter long. Male Not found. Remarks Diplopeltoides grandis sp. nov. is most similar to D. axayacatli in having a relatively large body size, a distinctly striated cuticle and a developed cuticularised plate. The new species differs from D. axayacatli in the shape of the amphid (loop-shaped, with parallel branches vs hook-shaped, with one of the branches bent inward, in D. axayacatli) and its size (30 × 14 µm vs 11–15 × 8–9 µm in D. axayacatli).

Diplopeltoides pumilus (Vincx & Gourbault, 1992) comb. nov. Fig. 8; Table 5 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides pumilus is characterised by by a body of 0.43���0.58 mm long; cuticle with longitudinal striation; cuticularised plate absent; cephalic sensilla setiform, 2���3 ��m long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 8���17 ��m long and 8���11 ��m wide in female and 13���19 ��m long and 8���9 ��m wide in male; narrow space between amphidial branches not ornamented; secretory-excretory pore indistinct; tail conoid; testes opposed; spicules 24���27 ��m long, strongly curved, with weakly defined manubrium and conoid shaft; gubernaculum plate-like, without apophyses. Material examined SWEDEN: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Gullmarn Fjord near Fiskeb��ckskil, 58��15���13��� N, 11��27���31��� E, mud from 30���39 m deep, 21 Aug. 2010, M. Cl��ment leg. (SMNH-159551); 1 ♂, Skagerrak, 58��20���06��� N, 11��09���24��� E, muddy sediment from 53 m deep, 9 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH-159549); 2 ♀♀, Gullmarn Fjord near Fiskeb��ckskil, 58��15���09��� N, 11��27���54��� E, muddy sand from 8���15 m deep, 11 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH-159550). Description Adult Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in tail region, straight or curved upon fixation. Cuticle coarsely annulated along entire body, except for smooth anterior end (annulation starts at level of anterior �� of amphid) and terminal part of tail; annules 2.5 ��m wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation is distinct under light microscope, covers annules over entire body length. Somatic setae present on tail. Labial region bluntly rounded. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid absent. Inner and outer labial sensilla not seen. Cephalic sensilla setiform, equal to 0.2���0.3 labial region diameters in length, their bases are located 2���5 ��m from anterior end. Amphids similar in shape and size between sexes: amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with branches equal in length. Narrow space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) not cuticularised and not ornamented. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining is uniform with lining of pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus cylindrical or slightly fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and pear-shaped glandular basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Secretory-excretory system indistinct. Tail conoid. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Female Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed; ovary branches symmetrical. Anterior ovary situated to either right or left of intestine; posterior ovary situated to either left or right of intestine. Vulva located immediately posterior to mid-body. Vagina straight, 0.2 of the vulval body diameter, with thick walls; pars refringens vaginae absent. Intrauterine egg not seen; sperm is sometimes visible in the uterus. Rectum short, 0.7���0.8 of corresponding body diameter long. Male Reproductive system diorchic, testes opposed: anterior testis outstretched and posterior testis reflexed. Spicules paired and symmetrical, strongly curved, with weakly defined manubrium and conoid shaft. Gubernaculum plate-like, without apophyses. Caudal setae present, arranged in subventral and subdorsal rows but difficult to observe and count. Remarks The recently collected population of D. pumilus is similar to the type specimen in general morphology and measurements, structure of cuticle and anterior end, differing only in the larger body size (0.50��� 0.58 mm vs 0.29 mm in the type specimen), the longer amphid (16���19 ��m vs 10 ��m in the type specimen), the longer tail (c���= 4.0���4.5 vs c���= 3.5 in the type specimen) and the longer spicules (24���26 ��m vs 19 ��m in the type specimen). It is also similar to D. holovachovi from the Sea of Japan in general morphology, structure of cuticle and anterior end, except for the longer body (0.50���0.58 mm vs 0.43���0.50 mm in D. holovachovi) and less pronounced sexual dimorphism in the shape of the amphid (more elongated in females vs more rounded in females from the type population)., Published as part of Holovachov, Oleksandr & Bostr��m, Sven, 2017, Three new and five known species of Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 (Nematoda, Diplopeltoididae) from Sweden, and a revision of the genus, pp. 1-35 in European Journal of Taxonomy 369 on pages 20-22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.369, http://zenodo.org/record/3838436, {"references":["Vincx M. & Gourbault N. 1992. Six new species of the genus Diplopeltula (Nematoda: Diplopeltidae) with remarks on the heterogeneity of the taxon. Hydrobiologia 230: 165 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00036563"]}

Diplopeltoides grandis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1954B3FA-0622-45CD-AF8C-EA3954F9EE3C Figs 10, 11 B���C; Table 6 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides grandis sp. nov. is characterised by a body of 2.06 mm long; cuticle with longitudinal striation; cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid present; cephalic sensilla setiform, 18.5 ��m long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 30 ��m long and 14 ��m wide; wide space between amphidial branches punctate; excretory pore indistinct; tail conoid. Etymology The specific epithet refers to the large body size in this species. Type material Holotype SWEDEN: ♀, Skagerrak, 58��20.32������20.38��� N, 11��12.73������12.68��� E, coarse shell sand 14���17 m deep, 19 Aug. 2014, O. Holovachov and U. Jondelius leg. (SMNH Type-8844). Description Adult female Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in tail region, curved upon fixation. Cuticle coarsely annulated along entire body, except for smooth anterior end and terminal part of the tail; annules 3 ��m wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation is distinct under light microscope, covers annules over entire body length. Somatic setae indistinct. Labial region truncate conoid, lips fused. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid strongly developed, extending from the level of cephalic setae bases to the posteriormost edge of amphid, 38 ��m long and 23 ��m wide at base; cuticular plates connected with each other on ventral and on dorsal sides. Inner labial sensilla not seen, outer labial sensilla small papilliform, located on the anterior surface of lips. Cephalic sensilla setiform, equal to 1.4 labial region diameters in length, their bases located 4 ��m from anterior end. Amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with dorsal branch longer than ventral branch. Wide space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) heavily cuticularised and punctate. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining uniform with lining of the pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and pear-shaped glandular basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Secretory-excretory system not observed. Tail conoid. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed; ovary branches symmetrical. Anterior ovary situated to right of intestine; posterior ovary situated to left of intestine. Vulva a transverse slit, located immediately posterior to mid-body. Vagina straight, 0.2 of the vulval body diameter, with thick walls; pars refringens vaginae absent. Intrauterine egg or sperm not observed. Rectum short, 0.6 of the corresponding body diameter long. Male Not found. Remarks Diplopeltoides grandis sp. nov. is most similar to D. axayacatli in having a relatively large body size, a distinctly striated cuticle and a developed cuticularised plate. The new species differs from D. axayacatli in the shape of the amphid (loop-shaped, with parallel branches vs hook-shaped, with one of the branches bent inward, in D. axayacatli) and its size (30 �� 14 ��m vs 11���15 �� 8���9 ��m in D. axayacatli)., Published as part of Holovachov, Oleksandr & Bostr��m, Sven, 2017, Three new and five known species of Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 (Nematoda, Diplopeltoididae) from Sweden, and a revision of the genus, pp. 1-35 in European Journal of Taxonomy 369 on pages 27-29, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.369, http://zenodo.org/record/3838436

Eight species of Diplopeltoides are described from the Swedish west coast. Diplopeltoides suecicus sp. nov. has the cuticle with longitudinal striation visible only under SEM; cuticular plate underlying the cephalic cuticle around the amphid present; cephalic sensilla 4–6 µm long; amphid an inverted U-shape; wide space between amphidial branches areolated; spicules 27–31 µm long; gubernaculum with caudal apophysis. Diplopeltoides longicaudatus sp. nov. is characterized by a cuticle without longitudinal striation; cuticular plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid present; cephalic sensilla 13 µm long; amphid an inverted U-shape; narrow space between amphidial branches not ornamented; spicules unequal in size, 27–31 µm long; gubernaculum absent; midventral precloacal cuticular ridge present. D. grandis sp. nov. is characterized by a cuticle with longitudinal striation; cuticular plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid present; cephalic sensilla 18.5 µm long; amphid an inverted U-shape; wide space between amphidial branches punctate. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: Diplopeltoides asetosus (Juario, 1974) comb. nov., Diplopeltoides botulus (Wieser, 1959) comb. nov., Diplopeltoides bulbosus (Vitiello, 1972) comb. nov., Diplopeltoides lucanicus (Boucher & Helléouët, 1977) comb. nov., Diplopeltoides pumilus (Vincx & Gourbault, 1992) comb. nov. and Diplopeltoides striatus (Gerlach, 1956) comb. nov. Diplopeltoides holovachovi Fadeeva & Mordukhovich, 2013 is synonymised with Diplopeltoides pumilus comb. nov. An updated key to the species of Diplopeltoides is provided.

Diplopeltoides longicaudatus sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 048C4270-0463-408E-89EE-8D6B2A8E61C3 Fig. 9 D–G; Table 6 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides longicaudatus sp. nov. is characterised by a body of 1.03 mm long; cuticle without longitudinal striation; cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid present; cephalic sensilla setiform, 13 µm long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 6 µm long and 4 µm wide; narrow space between amphidial branches not ornamented; excretory pore indistinct; tail elongate conoid; spicules unequal in size, 27–31 µm long, arcuate, with small ovoid manubrium and subcylindrical shaft; gubernaculum absent; midventral precloacal cuticular ridge present. Etymology The specific epithet refers to the characteristic long tail in this species. Type material Holotype SWEDEN: ♂, Skagerrak, 58°20.32′–20.38′ N, 11°12.73′–12.68′ E, coarse shell sand 14–17 m deep, 19 Aug. 2014, O. Holovachov and U. Jondelius leg. (SMNH Type-8843). Description Adult male Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in tail region, strongly ventrally curved upon fixation. Cuticle finely annulated along entire body, except for smooth anterior end and terminal part of tail; annules 1.5 µm wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation not observed under light microscope. Somatic setae indistinct. Labial region truncate conoid; lips fused. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid weakly developed, extending from level of cephalic setae bases to posteriormost edge of amphid, 9 µm long and 7.5 µm wide at base; cuticular plates connected with each other on ventral and on dorsal sides. Inner and outer labial sensilla not observed. Cephalic sensilla setiform, equal to 2.7 labial region diameters in length, their bases are located 1.5 µm from anterior end. Amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with dorsal branch longer than ventral branch. Narrow space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) not cuticularised and not ornamented. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining uniform with lining of the pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and weakly developed basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring not observed. Secretory-excretory system not observed. Tail elongate conoid. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Reproductive system obscure. Spicules paired and somewhat unequal in size, arcuate, with small ovoid manubrium and subcylindrical shaft. Gubernaculum absent. Midventral cuticular ridge extending anteriorly from about level of middle of spicules for 150 µm towards mid-body. Caudal setae not observed. Female Not found. Remarks Diplopeltoides longicaudatus sp. nov. is unique among known species of Diplopeltoides in having a precloacal cuticular ridge in males – a feature found in several species of the related genus Tarvaia Allgén, 1934 (Holovachov et al. 2012). In having a cuticularised plate underlying the cuticle of the anterior end, the new species is similar to D. ornatus, D. linkei, D. axayacatli, D. grandis sp. nov. and D. suecicus sp. nov. The new species further differs from D. ornatus and D. linkei in the structure of cuticle (smooth vs striated under the light microscope); a body length of 1.03 mm vs 0.43–0.63 mm, the length of the cephalic setae (13 µm vs 2–4 µm) and tail (c’ = 6.4 vs 3.2–4.2); it differs from D. axayacatli, D. grandis sp. nov. and D. suecicus sp. nov. in having no interamphideal shield (vs present and ornamented).

Diplopeltoides bulbosus (Vitiello, 1972) comb. nov. Figs 5–6, 11A; Table 3 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides bulbosus is characterised by by a body of 1.12–1.58 mm long; cuticle with longitudinal striation visible only under SEM; cuticularised plate absent; cephalic sensilla papilliform, 1–2 µm long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 21–28 µm long and 7–11 µm wide, with fine striation; narrow space between amphidial branches not cuticularised; secretory-excretory pore located opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; tail cylindrical or clavate with bluntly rounded terminus; testes outstretched; spicules 34–50 µm long, strongly curved, with dorsally bent manubrium and subcylindrical, gradually narrowing shaft; gubernaculum plate-like, with or without caudal apophysis. Material examined SWEDEN: 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Skagerrak, 58°19′15.6″–20.9″ N, 10°29′33.5″–34.0″ E, soft bottom 352– 374 m deep, 10 Oct. 2012, “ Inventering Bratten ” leg. (SMNH-159537); 1 ♂, soft bottom 232–240 m deep, Skagerrak, 58°27′36.7″–43.3″ N, 10°32′52.0″–59.4″ E, 12 Oct. 2012, “ Inventering Bratten ” leg. (SMNH-159538); 7 ♀♀ (used for SEM), Skagerrak, 58°22′17.8″–19.4″ N, 10°23′50.8″–24′03.2″ E, soft bottom 351–387 m deep, 10 Oct. 2012, “ Inventering Bratten ” leg. Description Adult Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in the tail region, straight or variously curved upon fixation. Cuticle coarsely annulated along entire body, except for smooth anterior end and terminal part of tail; annules 2.5–3 µm wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation not observed under light microscope, but distinct under scanning electron microscope, covers annules over most of body length, except for anteriormost and posteriormost parts. Somatic setae present along pharyngeal region and on tail. Labial region bluntly rounded. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid absent. Inner and outer labial sensilla not seen. Cephalic sensilla papilliform, equal to 0.1 labial region diameter in length, their bases are located 3.5–6 µm from anterior end. Amphids similar in shape and size between sexes: amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with ventral branch longer than dorsal branch; tip of ventral branch bent to dorsal side. Interior of amphideal fovea with fine striation visible under light and scanning electron microscopes. Narrow space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) not cuticularised. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining uniform with lining of pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus cylindrical or slightly fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and pear-shaped glandular basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Secretory-excretory system present; secretory-excretory pore located along ventral body line opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; secretory-excretory duct very short, leading from pore to ampulla; renette cell obscure. Tail cylindrical or clavate, with bluntly rounded terminus. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Female Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed; ovary branches symmetrical. Anterior ovary situated to either right (usually) or left (rarely) of intestine; posterior ovary situated to either left (usually) or right (rarely) of intestine. Vulva pore-like, located posterior to mid-body. Vagina straight, 0.3–0.4 of vulval body diameter, with thick walls and developed sphincter muscle at proximal part; pars refringens vaginae absent. Intrauterine egg not seen; sperm is visible in uterus. Rectum short, 0.7–0.9 of corresponding body diameter long. Male Reproductive system diorchic, both testes outstretched. Spicules paired and symmetrical, strongly curved, with dorsally bent manubrium and subcylindrical, gradually narrowing shaft. Gubernaculum plate-like, with caudal apophysis that is variable in size and can be indistinct in some specimens. Caudal setae present, arranged in subventral and subdorsal rows, but difficult to observe. Remarks The recently collected population of D. bulbosus is similar to type specimens in general morphology, measurements and shape of amphids, except for the spicule length. Vitiello (1972) stated in the original description that the spicules are 25 µm long, compared to 45–50 µm in our specimens. Measured from the drawings in the original description, the spicule length of the type specimen appears to be closer to 34 µm.

Diplopeltoides linkei Jensen, 1991 Fig 9. A���C; Table 6 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides linkei is characterised by a body of 0.48���0.63 mm long; cuticle with longitudinal striation; cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid present; cephalic sensilla setiform, 2���3 ��m long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 14���19 ��m long and 7���8 ��m wide; narrow space between amphidial branches not ornamented; secretory-excretory pore located opposite to isthmus; tail conoid; testes opposed; spicules 29���36 ��m long, strongly curved, with round manubrium and subcylindrical shaft; gubernaculum plate-like, without apophyses. Material examined SWEDEN: 1 ♂, Skagerrak, 58��28���22.1������19.2��� N, 10��29���35.6������43.6��� E, soft bottom 248���316 m deep, 11 Oct. 2012, ���Inventering Bratten��� leg. (SMNH-159564); 1 ♂, Gullmarn Fjord near Lysekil, 58��15.73��� N, 11��26.10��� E, mud from 53 m deep, 14 Aug. 2014, O. Holovachov and U. Jondelius leg. (SMNH-159565). Description Adult male Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in tail region, weakly curved upon fixation. Cuticle coarsely annulated along entire body, except for smooth anterior end (annulation starts at level of posterior �� of amphid) and terminal part of tail; annules 3���4 ��m wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation is distinct under the light microscope, covers annules over entire body length. Somatic setae not observed. Labial region bluntly rounded. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid strongly developed, extending from level of anteriormost edge of amphid to level of posteriormost edge, 18.5���19 ��m long and 13���14.5 ��m wide at base; cuticular plates connected with each other on ventral and on dorsal sides. Inner and outer labial sensilla not seen. Cephalic sensilla setiform, equal to 0.3 labial region diameters in length, their bases are located 3.5���4 ��m from anterior end. Amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with ventral branch longer than dorsal branch. Narrow space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) not cuticularised and not ornamented. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining is uniform with lining of the pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus cylindrical or slightly fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and pear-shaped glandular basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei large, orifices of pharyngeal glands indistinct. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Secretory-excretory system present; secretory-excretory pore located along ventral body line opposite to isthmus; secretory-excretory duct very short; renette cell not observed. Tail conoid. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Reproductive system diorchic, testes opposed: anterior testis outstretched and posterior testis reflexed. Spicules paired and symmetrical, strongly curved, with round manubrium and subcylindrical shaft. Gubernaculum plate-like, without apophyses. Caudal setae: two subventral pairs and single subdorsal. Female Not found. Remarks The recently collected population of D. linkei is similar to the type specimens from the Norwegian Sea in general morphology, structure of cuticle and anterior end, except for the somewhat longer body (0.62���0.63 mm vs 0.48���0.50 mm in type specimens) and longer spicules (32���36 ��m vs 29 ��m)., Published as part of Holovachov, Oleksandr & Bostr��m, Sven, 2017, Three new and five known species of Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 (Nematoda, Diplopeltoididae) from Sweden, and a revision of the genus, pp. 1-35 in European Journal of Taxonomy 369 on pages 23-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.369, http://zenodo.org/record/3838436, {"references":["Jensen P. 1991. Nine new and less known nematode species from the deep-sea benthos of the Norwegian Sea. Hydrobiologia 222: 57 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00017500"]}

Genus Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 Type species Diplopeltoides ornatus (Gerlach, 1950). Diagnosis (emended after Holovachov 2014) Cuticle annulated, annulation starts at level with the amphids; annules smooth or with fine longitudinal striation. Annules unequal in width; annule width increases gradually from first postcephalic annule to annule located somewhat posterior to the pharyngo- intestinal junction, which is followed by a much narrower one; annules increase in width posterior towards mid-body region. Posterior to two-thirds of body length, annule width gradually decreases again, with the most narrow annule located on tail; the most narrow caudal annule is followed posteriorly by one much wider annule and then by caudal annules, in which the width gradually decreases toward the tail terminus. Lateral alae absent. Body pores and epidermal glands absent. Somatic sensilla present. Labial region bluntly rounded; lip pairs fused into three small lobes. Inner labial sensilla invisible if present. Outer labial sensilla pore-like, located on the anterior surface of lips. Cephalic sensilla setiform or papilliform; their bases located at the base of the labial region, anterior to amphid. Subcephalic and cervical sensilla, deirid and ocelli absent. Amphids in some species lie on strongly cuticularised lateral subcuticular plates that are partly or completely connected together on the ventral and dorsal sides forming a ���cephalic framework���. Amphidial fovea loop-shaped (inverted U-shaped). Secretory-excretory system usually present; renette cell elongate, located opposite to the cardia and anterior part of intestine. Secretory-excretory ampulla present, located at the level of the posterior part of pharynx. Cuticularized secretory-excretory duct very short, opens to the exterior posterior to the nerve ring level. Buccal cavity small funnel-shaped: cheilostom can usually be seen as the cylindrical or funnel-shaped anterior-most part, not cuticularised; gymnostom short and not cuticularised; stegostom closed, linear, its slender lining continuous with that of the corpus. Pharyngeal tubes absent. Pharynx subdivided by breaks in muscular tissue into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus cylindrical or fusiform, muscular, with evenly distributed myofilaments; postcorpus glandular, consisting of anterior narrower isthmus and basal swelling; dorsal sector of the basal bulb is often enlarged to accommodate dorsal pharyngeal gland; pharyngeal lumen uniform in thickness along the entire pharynx length; valves absent. Dorsal and two subventral gland orifices penetrate pharyngeal lumen at the base of stoma. Dorsal gland nucleus is visible in the basal swelling. Cardia conoid, glandular. Female reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic with equally developed branches, ovaries reflexed antidromously. Spermatheca absent. Vulva equatorial, transverse or pore-like. Vagina straight; pars proximalis vaginae encircled by sphincter muscle; pars refringens vaginae and epiptygmata absent. Male reproductive system diorchic, testes outstretched or opposed in different species. Spicules symmetrical, arcuate; gubernaculum usually present. Supplements, precloacal and postcloacal sensilla absent. Setae in caudal region of males arranged in subventral and subdorsal pairs along the tail. Three caudal glands present, open via three separate openings, their nuclei are incaudal. Spinneret absent. Valid species Diplopeltoides anatolii (Voronov, 1982) = Diplopeltula anatolii Voronov, 1982 Diplopeltoides asetosus (Juario, 1974) comb. nov. = Diplopeltula asetosa Juario, 1974 Diplopeltoides axayacatli Holovachov, Tandingan De Ley, Mundo-Ocampo, Gingold & De Ley, 2009 Diplopeltoides botulus (Wieser, 1959) comb. nov. = Diplopeltula botula Wieser, 1959 Diplopeltoides bulbosus (Vitiello, 1972) comb. nov. = Diplopeltula bulbosa Vitiello, 1972 Diplopeltoides grandis sp. nov. Diplopeltoides linkei Jensen, 1991 Diplopeltoides longicaudatus sp. nov. Diplopeltoides lucanicus (Boucher & Hell��ou��t, 1977) comb. nov. = Diplopeltula lucanica Boucher & Hell��ou��t, 1977 Diplopeltoides mastigia Tchesunov, 1990 Diplopeltoides nudus (Gerlach, 1956) = Diplopeltula nuda Gerlach, 1956 Diplopeltoides ornatus (Gerlach, 1950) = Diplopeltis ornatus Gerlach, 1950 Diplopeltoides paramastigia Holovachov, Tandingan De Ley, Mundo-Ocampo, Gingold & De Ley, 2009 Diplopeltoides pulcher (Vincx & Gourbault, 1992) = Diplopeltula pulchra Vincx & Gourbault, 1992 Diplopeltoides pumilus (Vincx & Gourbault, 1992) comb. nov. = Diplopeltula pumila Vincx & Gourbault, 1992 = Diplopeltoides holovachovi Fadeeva & Mordukhovich, 2013 syn. nov. Diplopeltoides santaclarae Holovachov, Tandingan De Ley, Mundo-Ocampo, Gingold & De Ley, 2009 Diplopeltoides striatus (Gerlach, 1956) comb. nov. = Diplopeltula striata Gerlach, 1956 Diplopeltoides suecicus sp. nov. Diplopeltoides sundensis (Jensen, 1978) = Diplopeltula sundensis Jensen, 1978 Nomenclatorial changes 1) Diplopeltula asetosa Juario, 1974 is here transferred to the genus Diplopeltoides based on the morphology of the female reproductive system with reflexed ovaries in this species vs outstretched ovaries as defined for the genus Diplopeltula by Fonseca & Bezerra (2014) and Leduc (2017). 2) Diplopeltula botula Wieser, 1959 is here transferred to the genus Diplopeltoides based on the fact that it shows no qualitative differences from several species currently assigned to the genus Diplopeltoides. 3) Diplopeltula bulbosa Vitiello, 1972 is here transferred to the genus Diplopeltoides based on the morphology of the female reproductive system with reflexed ovaries in this species vs outstretched ovaries as defined for the genus Diplopeltula by Fonseca & Bezerra (2014) and Leduc (2017). 4) Diplopeltula lucanica Boucher & Hell��ou��t, 1977 is here transferred to the genus Diplopeltoides based on the characteristic morphology of the amphid (with a crenate interamphideal shield ��� a feature common to other species of Diplopeltoides, but not in Diplopeltula and its type species Diplopeltula breviceps Gerlach, 1950). 5) Diplopeltula pumila Vincx & Gourbault, 1992 is here transferred to the genus Diplopeltoides based on its close morphological affinities to Diplopeltoides holovachovi Fadeeva & Mordukhovich, 2013 in general morphology, structure of cuticle, anterior end and spicules. Since the only known difference between the two species is in the length of the spicules, Diplopeltoides holovachovi is here considered a junior synonym of Diplopeltoides pumilus. 6) Diplopeltula striata Gerlach, 1956 is here transferred to the genus Diplopeltoides based on unpublished observations on the morphology of the female reproductive system (reflexed ovaries) in this species., Published as part of Holovachov, Oleksandr & Bostr��m, Sven, 2017, Three new and five known species of Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 (Nematoda, Diplopeltoididae) from Sweden, and a revision of the genus, pp. 1-35 in European Journal of Taxonomy 369 on pages 3-5, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.369, http://zenodo.org/record/3838436, {"references":["Gerlach S. A. 1962. Freilebende Meeresnematoden von den Malediven. Kieler Meeresforschungen 18: 81 - 108.","Gerlach S. A. 1950. Die Diplopeltiden, eine Gruppe freilebender Nematoden. Kieler Meeresforschungen 7: 138 - 156.","Holovachov O. 2014. 7.16 Order Plectida Gadea, 1973. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. (ed.) Handbook of Zoology. Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnatifera. Volume 2: Nematoda: 487 - 536. de Gruyter, Berlin.","Holovachov O., Tandingan De Ley I., Mundo-Ocampo M., Gingold R. & De Ley P. 2009. Nematodes from the Gulf of California. Part 3. Three new species of the genus Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 (Nematoda: Diplopeltoididae) with overviews of the genera Diplopeltis Gerlach, 1962 and Diplopeltula Gerlach, 1950. Russian Journal of Nematology 17: 43 - 57.","Vitiello P. 1972. Sur quelques especes de Diplopeltula (Nematoda, Araeolaimida). Vie et Milieu 21: 535 - 544.","Jensen P. 1991. Nine new and less known nematode species from the deep-sea benthos of the Norwegian Sea. Hydrobiologia 222: 57 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00017500","Tchesunov A. V. 1990. A critical analysis of the family Aegialoalaimidae (Nematoda, Chromadoria), trends in evolutionary development of marine nematode pharynx and a proposal of two new families. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 69: 5 - 18.","Gerlach S. A. 1956. Diagnosen neuer Nematoden aus der Kieler Bucht. Kieler Meeresforschungen 12: 85 - 109.","Vincx M. & Gourbault N. 1992. Six new species of the genus Diplopeltula (Nematoda: Diplopeltidae) with remarks on the heterogeneity of the taxon. Hydrobiologia 230: 165 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00036563","Fadeeva N. & Mordukhovich V. 2013. Some new and poorly known nematode species from the Sea of Japan. Deep-Sea Research II 86 - 87: 119 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2012.07.044","Jensen P. 1978. Four nematoda Araeolaimida from Oresund, Denmark, with remarks on the oesophageal structure in Aegialoalaimus. Cahiers de Biologie marine 19: 221 - 231.","Fonseca G. & Bezerra T. N. 2014. 7.15 Order Araeolaimida De Coninck & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. (ed.) Handbook of Zoology. Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia, Gnathifera. Volume 2: Nematoda: 467 - 486. de Gruyter, Berlin.","Leduc D. 2017. Four new nematode species (Araeolaimida: Comesomatidae, Diplopeltidae) from the New Zealand continental slope. Zootaxa 4237: 244 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4237.2.2"]}

Diplopeltoides suecicus sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BD6CBB55-4DF6-4E17-802B-093C3DE95BD5 Figs 1–3; Table 1 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides suecicus sp. nov. is characterised by a body of 0.82–1.02 mm long; cuticle with longitudinal striation visible only under SEM; cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid present; cephalic sensilla setiform, 4–6 µm long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 14– 21 µm long and 6–9 µm wide; wide space between amphidial branches areolated; secretory-excretory pore located opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; tail subcylindrical with bluntly rounded terminus; testes outstretched; spicules 27–31 µm long, strongly curved, with weakly defined manubrium and subcylindrical shaft; gubernaculum plate-like, with caudal apophyses. Etymology The specific epithet “ suecicus ” (masculine) – Swedish, refers to the country where the new species was first discovered. Type material Holotype SWEDEN: ♂, Gullmarn Fjord near Fiskebäckskil, 58°15′25″ N, 11°27′30″ E, soft mud from 30 m deep, 11 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH Type-8840). Paratypes SWEDEN: 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Gullmarn Fjord near Fiskebäckskil, 58°15′25″ N, 11°27′30″ E, soft mud from 30 m deep, 11 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH Type-8841); 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, Gullmarn Fjord near Fiskebäckskil, 58°15′37″ N, 11°27′43″ E, soft mud from 44 m, 11 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH Type-8842). Description Adult Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in the tail region, straight or weakly ventrally curved upon fixation. Cuticle coarsely annulated along entire body, except for visually smooth anterior end (faint annulation is visible under the scanning electron microscope) and terminal part of the tail; annules 1.5–2.5 µm wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation not observed under the light microscope but distinct under the scanning electron microscope, covers annules over entire body length. Somatic setae visible on tail. Labial region bluntly rounded, lips fused. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid, extending from the level of the anteriormost edge of amphid to the posteriormost edge of amphid, 17– 21.5 µm long and 12–14.5 µm wide at its base; cuticular plates are connected with each other on ventral and on dorsal sides. Inner labial sensilla not seen; outer labial sensilla small papilliform, located on the anterior surface of lips. Cephalic sensilla setiform, equal to 0.5–0.8 labial region diameters in length, their bases are located 1.5–2 µm from anterior end. Amphids similar in shape and size between sexes: amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with its dorsal branch longer than ventral branch. Wide space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) strongly cuticularised and areolated. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining is uniform with the lining of the pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus cylindrical or slightly fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and pear-shaped glandular basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Secretory-excretory system present; secretory-excretory pore located along the ventral body line opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; secretory-excretory duct very short, leading from pore to ampulla; renette cell small, its body adjacent and ventral to anterior part of intestine. Tail subcylindrical with bluntly rounded terminus. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Female Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed; ovary branches symmetrical. Anterior ovary situated to either right or left of intestine; posterior ovary situated to either right or left of intestine. Vulva pore-like, located at or immediately posterior to mid-body. Vagina straight, 0.2–0.3 of the vulval body diameter, with developed sphincter muscle at its proximal part; pars refringens vaginae absent. Intrauterine egg not seen; sperm is often present in the uterus. Rectum short, 0.7–0.9 of the corresponding body diameter long. Male Reproductive system diorchic, both testes outstretched. Spicules paired and symmetrical, strongly curved, with weakly defined manubrium and subcylindrical shaft. Gubernaculum plate-like, with a pair of strong closely set caudal apophyses. Caudal setae present, arranged in subventral and subdorsal rows, but difficult to observe and count. Remarks Diplopeltoides suecicus sp. nov. is most similar to D. axayacatli and D. grandis sp. nov. in having strongly developed cuticularised plate and amphid with wide and ornamented interamphideal shield. The new species differs from D. axayacatli in the shape of the amphid (loop-shaped vs hook-shaped in D. axayacatli), shorter cephalic setae (4–6 µm vs 15–20 µm in D. axayacatli), gubernaculum with strong apophyses (vs without apophyses in D. axayacatli) and shorter tail (c’ = 2.8–3.7 vs 5.0–6.0 in D. axayacatli); it differs from D. grandis sp. nov. in shorter body (0.82–1.02 mm vs 2.06 mm in D. grandis sp. nov.) and shorter cephalic setae (4–6 µm vs 18.5 µm in D. grandis sp. nov.).

Diplopeltoides asetosus (Juario, 1974) comb. nov. Fig. 4; Table 2 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides asetosus is characterised by a body of 0.76–1.19 mm long; cuticle without longitudinal striation; cuticularised plate absent; cephalic sensilla setiform, 3.5–7.0 µm long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 14–19 µm long and 6–9 µm wide; wide space between amphidial branches punctuated or crenate; secretory-excretory pore located opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; tail subcylindrical with rounded terminus; testes outstretched; spicules 17–31 µm long, strongly curved, with dorsally bent manubrium and subcylindrical shaft; gubernaculum plate-like, with caudal apophyses. Material examined SWEDEN: 1 ♀, Skagerrak, 58°20′06″ N, 11°09′24″ E, muddy sediment from 53 m deep, 9 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH-159532); 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Skagerrak, 58°15′25″ N, 11°27′30″ E, soft mud from 30 m deep, 11 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH-159533-534); 1 ♀, Skagerrak, 58°15′37″ N, 11°27′43″ E, soft mud from 44 m deep, 11 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH-159534). Description Adult Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in tail region, straight or ventrally curved upon fixation, more so in the posterior part of males. Cuticle coarsely annulated along entire body, except for smooth anterior end and terminal part of the tail; annules 1.5–2.5 µm wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation not observed under the light microscope. Somatic setae visible on tail. Labial region bluntly rounded, lips fused. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid absent. Inner and outer labial sensilla not seen. Cephalic sensilla setiform, equal to 0.3–0.6 labial region diameters in length, their bases are located 3–3.5 µm from anterior end. Amphids similar in shape and size between sexes: amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with dorsal branch longer than ventral branch. Wide space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) strongly cuticularised, punctuated or crenate. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining is uniform with lining of pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus cylindrical or slightly fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and pear-shaped glandular basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Secretory-excretory system present; secretory-excretory pore located along ventral body line opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; secretory-excretory duct very short, leading from pore to ampulla; renette cell ovoid, its body adjacent and ventrosublateral to anterior part of intestine. Tail subcylindrical with rounded terminus. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Female Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed; ovary branches symmetrical. Anterior ovary situated to right of intestine; posterior ovary situated to left of intestine. Vulva at or immediately posterior to mid-body. Vagina straight, 0.3 of the vulval body diameter, with developed sphincter muscle at its proximal part; pars refringens vaginae absent. Intrauterine egg not seen; sperm is visible in the uterus. Rectum short, 0.7–1 of the corresponding body diameter long. Male Reproductive system diorchic, both testes outstretched. Spicules paired and symmetrical, strongly curved, with dorsally bent manubrium and subcylindrical shaft. Gubernaculum plate-like, with a pair of strong closely set caudal apophyses. Caudal setae present, arranged in subventral and subdorsal rows but difficult to observe and count. Remarks The recently collected population of D. asetosus is similar to the type specimens in general morphology and measurements, except for the relatively broader amphid and longer spicules (26–31 µm vs 17 µm (along chord) in the text of the original description or 21 µm as re-measured along curved median line using the original drawing).

Diplopeltoides suecicus sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BD6CBB55-4DF6-4E17-802B-093C3DE95BD5 Figs 1���3; Table 1 Diagnosis Diplopeltoides suecicus sp. nov. is characterised by a body of 0.82���1.02 mm long; cuticle with longitudinal striation visible only under SEM; cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid present; cephalic sensilla setiform, 4���6 ��m long; amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape, 14��� 21 ��m long and 6���9 ��m wide; wide space between amphidial branches areolated; secretory-excretory pore located opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; tail subcylindrical with bluntly rounded terminus; testes outstretched; spicules 27���31 ��m long, strongly curved, with weakly defined manubrium and subcylindrical shaft; gubernaculum plate-like, with caudal apophyses. Etymology The specific epithet ��� suecicus ��� (masculine) ��� Swedish, refers to the country where the new species was first discovered. Type material Holotype SWEDEN: ♂, Gullmarn Fjord near Fiskeb��ckskil, 58��15���25��� N, 11��27���30��� E, soft mud from 30 m deep, 11 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH Type-8840). Paratypes SWEDEN: 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Gullmarn Fjord near Fiskeb��ckskil, 58��15���25��� N, 11��27���30��� E, soft mud from 30 m deep, 11 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH Type-8841); 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, Gullmarn Fjord near Fiskeb��ckskil, 58��15���37��� N, 11��27���43��� E, soft mud from 44 m, 11 Aug. 2011, O. Holovachov leg. (SMNH Type-8842). Description Adult Body cylindrical, posteriorly tapering in the tail region, straight or weakly ventrally curved upon fixation. Cuticle coarsely annulated along entire body, except for visually smooth anterior end (faint annulation is visible under the scanning electron microscope) and terminal part of the tail; annules 1.5���2.5 ��m wide at mid-body region; longitudinal striation not observed under the light microscope but distinct under the scanning electron microscope, covers annules over entire body length. Somatic setae visible on tail. Labial region bluntly rounded, lips fused. Cuticularised plate underlying cephalic cuticle around amphid, extending from the level of the anteriormost edge of amphid to the posteriormost edge of amphid, 17��� 21.5 ��m long and 12���14.5 ��m wide at its base; cuticular plates are connected with each other on ventral and on dorsal sides. Inner labial sensilla not seen; outer labial sensilla small papilliform, located on the anterior surface of lips. Cephalic sensilla setiform, equal to 0.5���0.8 labial region diameters in length, their bases are located 1.5���2 ��m from anterior end. Amphids similar in shape and size between sexes: amphidial fovea an inverted U-shape with its dorsal branch longer than ventral branch. Wide space between amphidial branches (amphidial shield) strongly cuticularised and areolated. Stoma very small, its cuticularised lining is uniform with the lining of the pharynx. Pharynx distinctly subdivided into anterior corpus and posterior postcorpus; corpus cylindrical or slightly fusiform, muscular; postcorpus consists of anterior narrow non-muscular isthmus and pear-shaped glandular basal swelling. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and orifices indistinct. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus. Secretory-excretory system present; secretory-excretory pore located along the ventral body line opposite to basal pharyngeal swelling; secretory-excretory duct very short, leading from pore to ampulla; renette cell small, its body adjacent and ventral to anterior part of intestine. Tail subcylindrical with bluntly rounded terminus. Caudal glands opening via three separate openings, spinneret absent. Female Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, reflexed; ovary branches symmetrical. Anterior ovary situated to either right or left of intestine; posterior ovary situated to either right or left of intestine. Vulva pore-like, located at or immediately posterior to mid-body. Vagina straight, 0.2���0.3 of the vulval body diameter, with developed sphincter muscle at its proximal part; pars refringens vaginae absent. Intrauterine egg not seen; sperm is often present in the uterus. Rectum short, 0.7���0.9 of the corresponding body diameter long. Male Reproductive system diorchic, both testes outstretched. Spicules paired and symmetrical, strongly curved, with weakly defined manubrium and subcylindrical shaft. Gubernaculum plate-like, with a pair of strong closely set caudal apophyses. Caudal setae present, arranged in subventral and subdorsal rows, but difficult to observe and count. Remarks Diplopeltoides suecicus sp. nov. is most similar to D. axayacatli and D. grandis sp. nov. in having strongly developed cuticularised plate and amphid with wide and ornamented interamphideal shield. The new species differs from D. axayacatli in the shape of the amphid (loop-shaped vs hook-shaped in D. axayacatli), shorter cephalic setae (4���6 ��m vs 15���20 ��m in D. axayacatli), gubernaculum with strong apophyses (vs without apophyses in D. axayacatli) and shorter tail (c��� = 2.8���3.7 vs 5.0���6.0 in D. axayacatli); it differs from D. grandis sp. nov. in shorter body (0.82���1.02 mm vs 2.06 mm in D. grandis sp. nov.) and shorter cephalic setae (4���6 ��m vs 18.5 ��m in D. grandis sp. nov.)., Published as part of Holovachov, Oleksandr & Bostr��m, Sven, 2017, Three new and five known species of Diplopeltoides Gerlach, 1962 (Nematoda, Diplopeltoididae) from Sweden, and a revision of the genus, pp. 1-35 in European Journal of Taxonomy 369 on pages 5-10, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.369, http://zenodo.org/record/3838436

Key to species of Campylaimus (based on male and female characters) 1 (2) Lateral field absent.............................................................. С. abditus Bussau, 1993. 2 (1) Lateral field present 3 (20) Lateral field a prominent narrow ala 4 (15) Ventral and dorsal parallel limbs without gap between them 5 (12) Ventral and dorsal limbs almost equal in length 6 (7) Cuticular annules with transverse banding....................................... C. striatus Boucher, Hell��ou��t, 1977 7 (6) Cuticular annules smooth 8 (9) Body> 1 mm, tail cylindrical........................................................ C. cylindricus Gerlach, 1956 9 (8) Body C. minor Timm, 1961 11 (10) Index c> 5............................................................................ C. pulcher sp.nov. 12 (5) Ventral and dorsal limbs not equal in length 13 (14) Small limb shorter than length of the pharynx......................................... C. inaequalis Cobb, 1920 14 (13) Ventral limb of amphid extends to the end of the pharynx.................................. C. amphidialis sp. nov 15 (4) Amphid with widely spaced limbs 16 (19) Spicules cephalated at proximal end 17 (16) Spicule with gubernaculum............................................................. C. orientalis sp. nov. 18 (17) Spicule without gubernaculum......................................................... C. rimatus Vitiello, 1974 19 (16) Spicules non-cephalated at proximal end................................................... C. mirus Gerlach, 1950 20 (3) Wide lateral field completely fused with ventral amphideal limb of equal width 21 (31) Precloacal papillae absent 22 (23) Tail> 7 anal body diameter.................................................. C. siwaschensis Sergeeva, 1981 23 (22) Tail C. minutus sp. nov. 26 (25) Tail> 5 anal body diameters 27 (28) Spicules C. gerlachi Timm, 1961 27 (27) Spicules> 20 ��m long........................................................... C. ponticus Sergeeva, 1981 28 (24) Lateral field> 4 ��m wide 29 (30) Spicules tkatchevi Tchesunov, 1978 30 (29) Spicules> 20 ��m long............................................................ C. lefeverei Gerlach, 1956 31 (21) Precloacal papillae present 32 (35) Tail tip swollen 33 (34) Males with three precloacal papillae....................... C. bonariensis Villares, Martelli, Lo Russo & Pastor, 2013 34 (33) Males with five precloacal papillae C. arcuatus Villares, Martelli, Lo Russo & Pastor, 2013 35 (32) Tail tip not swollen................................... C. patagonicus Villares, Martelli, Lo Russo & Pastor, 2013., Published as part of Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir & Zograf, Julia, 2016, RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan, pp. 222-238 in Zootaxa 4107 (2) on pages 236-237, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/260893, {"references":["Bussau, C. (1993) Taxonomische und okologischeUntersu-chungen an Nematoden des Peru-Beckens. Ph. D. Thesis, University Kiel, Kiel, 621 pp.","Boucher, G. & Helleouet, M. N. (1977) Nematodes des sables fins infralittoraux de la Pierreoire (Mancheoccidentale). III. Araeolaimida et Monhysterida. Bulletin du Museum National d´Histoire Naturelle, 427, 85 - 122.","Gerlach, S. A. (1956) Diagnosen neuer Nematodenaus der Kieler Bucht. Kieler Meeresforsch, 12, 85 - 109.","Timm, R. W. (1961) The marine nematodes of the Bay of Bengal. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 1, 1 - 84.","Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology (Baltimore), 9, 217 - 343.","Vitiello, P. (1974) Considerationssur la systematique des Nematodes Araeolaimida et description d' especes nouvelle soupeuconnus. Archives de Zoologie Experimentaleetgenerale, 115, 651 - 669.","Gerlach, S. A. (1950) Die Diplopeltiden, eine Gruppe freileben der Nematoden. Kieler Meeresforsch, 7, 138 - 156.","Sergeeva, N. G. (1981) New species of the genus Campylaimus (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from the Black Sea and Sivash Lake. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 60, 1717 - 1719.","Tchesunov, A. V. (1978) New nematodes of the order Araeolaimida from the Caspian Sea. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 57, 19 - 25. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1134 / S 1063074011050117","Villares, C, Martelli, A., Lo Russo, V. & Pastor, C. (2013) Three new species and one new record of Campylaimus (Diplopeltidae, Nematoda) from Argentine coasts (Buenos Aires and Santa Cruz, Argentina). Zootaxa, 3613 (1), 83 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3613.1.4"]}

Campylaimus pulcher sp. nov. (Figs. 7, 8) Locality: Table 1. Measurements. Table 5. Material examined. Holotype. Adult male, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 251 - 3), in glycerin. Allotype. Adult female, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 362 - 2), in glycerin. Paratype. Male, slides (AA 362 - 2) same data as allotype. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin ��� pulcher ��� meaning ���noble, beautiful���. Description. Males. Plump nematodes (a = 18���19) with distinct annulation (each annule 2.0 ��m in height), extending along entire body. Anterior end with a clearly visible cuticular cap (Fig. 7). Oral opening located subterminally, on dorsal side of body. Buccal cavity unarmed. Four short (2 ��m) cephalic setae asymmetrically placed: latero-dorsal pair of short setae located a little posterior to latero-ventral pair. Amphids comprising an elongate loop with almost equal parallel limbs connected behind the oral opening, amphidial fovea 2.6 ��m wide. Prominent narrow longitudinal alae (1.5���2 ��m) extending along body to posterior end; arising from ventral limb of amphid (Fig. 7). Amphidial glands large, prominent, situated 120 ��m from anterior end of body. Significant secretory discharge visible around amphids. Pharynx cylindrical for most of length, muscular, gradually widening to the base with developed cardia. Nerve ring located in posterior part of pharynx. Cardia short, embedded in intestine. Male reproductive system diorchic, both testes short, outstretched, opposed. Spicules equal in length, curved, cephalated at proximal end. Gubernaculum absent. Short conical tail, 103���115 ��m long (4.1 - 3 a.b.d), gradually tapering toward the distal end, tip swollen (Fig. 7). Females similar to male. Gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, not reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries located on the left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulval orifice ventral, located in anterior part of body (V = 48 %). Vagina short, not thickened. Two glands surround the vulva. Diagnosis. The distinctive feature of C. pulcher sp. nov. is the elongate loop-shaped amphid with almost equal parallel limbs with invisible gap, prominent narrow longitudinal alae and cephalated proximal spicules without gubernaculum. Differential diagnosis. In amphid structure, C. pulcher sp. nov. is similar to four congeners: C. cylindricus, С. abditus, C. minor, and C. orientalis sp. nov.. The specimens of C. pulcher sp. nov. differ from C. cylindricus (described only from females) by having a shorter (690���755 ��m vs 1095 ��m in C. cylindricus) and broader body (a = 19 vs 31, respectively), and a shorter amphid (32���37 ��m vs 48 ��m). The new species differs from С. abditus by the presence of the prominent narrow longitudinal alae (vs absent in C. abditus), absence of the gubernaculum (vs present in C. abditus) and relatively longer tail (c = 6.6���6.9 vs 9.1). Campylaimus pulcher sp. nov. differs from C. minor (described only from females) by the size of the body (690 ��m vs 384 ��m) and by having a relatively shorter tail (4.3 a.b.d. vs 5 a.b.d.). The new species differs from C. orientalis sp. nov. in numerous respects, including the amphid shape (ventral and dorsal parallel limbs without space between them vs space about 2 ��m between them in C. orientalis) and in the absence of two pairs of small postcloacal setae (vs present in C. orientalis sp. nov.)., Published as part of Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir & Zograf, Julia, 2016, RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan, pp. 222-238 in Zootaxa 4107 (2) on pages 233-236, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/260893

Parodontophora irregularis sp. nov. (Figure 4, Figure 5, Table 3, Table 4) Type material. Five males and two females were collected from Station ZZHS in September 2012. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3105. Paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3102, ♂ 3 and ♂ 4 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3107, ♂ 5 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3116, ♀ 1 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3112, ♀ 2 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3112. The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen. Type locality and habitat. All specimens were collected from intertidal sandy sediment at Huoshan Island, Zhangzhou City, East China Sea. Station ZZHS: 118.025 °E, 24.213 °N. Etymology. This species is named irregularis (latin: irregularis, irregular) for its irregular opisthocephalic setae arranged. Measurements. Table 3. Description. Body narrows gradually in the anterior region. Cuticle with faint outer striation discernible in the lateral field. Lip region more or less rounded, with six outer labial papillae. Four cephalic setae 4–5 µm, 31–42 % of head diameter, 3–4 µm from the anterior end. Opisthocephalic setae 2–3 µm, arranged irregular. Among specimens collected, each specimens expresses different opisthocephalic setae arrangement, and both sides of buccal cavity inconsistent. Somatic setae scattered, length 2–3 µm. Buccal cavity 27–30 µm long and 4–6 µm wide, cylindrical with conspicuous sclerotized parallel walls and conoid posterior parts. Six bifurcate teeth at the tip of the buccal cavity with the anterior tip narrower than the posterior one. Armilliths absent. Amphid 2–3 µm from the anterior end, crook-shaped with the shorter dorsal branch and parallel much longer ventral branch reaching the base of buccal cavity. Length of the dorsal branch equals 0.33–0.41 of ventral branch length and the amphid length is 0.93–1.07 times the buccal cavity length. Pharynx starts at the base of buccal cavity, muscular, and gradually broadens to the base and forms a bulb. Cardia small, rounded-conoid, surrounded with intestinal tissue. Renette cell behind the base of pharynx, elongated oval, 46–63 µm, 32–42 % of the pharynx length. Nerve ring at 64–67 % of pharynx length. Excretory pore indistinct near cephalic setae at the anterior part of buccal cavity. Tail length 130–146 µm, conical anteriorly and cylindrical posteriorly without terminal setae. Three caudal glands open to the tail terminal. Male: Several indistinct setae on the conical portion of the tail, length 4 µm. Due to the posterior part of body spiraling in all measured specimens, it is difficult to detect whether there are regular subventral setae. Reproductive system diorchic. Testes paired, opposed and outstretched. Anterior testis to the left and posterior testis to the right of the intestine. Vas deferens well developed. Spicules length 33–36 µm, paired, equal and arcuate, several slight thickened septa closes to dorsal sides, circle aperture in distal end and enlarged thickened proximal end with a front and dorsal constriction. Gubernaculum with dorsal-caudally directed apophysis 12–14 µm long, thickened rib-like ventral edge extended into two small points. About 9 fibriform precloacal supplements present, they extend 246–249 µm from cloaca to the anterior end, 19–23 % of body length. Female: Morphologically similar to the male. Unpaired setae on tail. Reproductive system ampdidelphic, ovaries outstretched. Anterior gonad to the right and posterior gonad to the left of the intestine. Vulva is at 49–51 % of the total body length. Short vagina with thick walls is perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis. Vulval glands are present anterior and posterior to the vagina. No spermathecae and spermatozoa are found in uteris. Diagnosis and relationships. Parodontophora irregularis sp. nov. is characterized by relatively short cephalic setae (0.31–0.42 h. d.); the positon of the posterior end of the amphid extending slightly beyond the base of the buccal cavity (0.93–1.07 times the length of the buccal cavity); opisthocephalic setae arranged irregular; excretory pore near cephalic setae at the anterior part of buccal cavity; armilliths absent; renette cell occupying 32–42 % of the pharynx length; about 9 fibriform precloacal supplements present and extend 246–249 µm anteriad. P. irregularis sp. nov. comes close to P. paragranulifera Timm, 1952, P. deltensis Zhang, 2005 and P. chiliensis Murphy, 1966 in the ratio of dorsal branch length of the amphid to the ventral branch length, the ratio of ventral branch length of the amphid to buccal cavity length. The new species differs from P. paragranulifera and P. deltensis in having a more anterior position of the excretory pore (near cephalic setae at the anterior part of buccal cavity) and opisthocephalic setae arrangement (Table 4). Although the opisthocephalic setae of P.chiliensis are simple in original description, we still can found opisthocephalic setae are present in the published pictures no matter whether irregular arranged, and we also know that about 15 precloacal supplements are present and extend about 300 µm anteriad. P. irregularis sp. nov. is also similar to P. chiliensis in relatively short cephalic setae (0.34 h. d. vs. 0.31–0.42 h. d.). However, it can be separated from P. chiliensis in shorter spicule length as arc (33–36 µm vs. 80 µm), the number of supplements (about 9 ind vs. about 15 ind) and the length of supplements field (246–249 µm vs. about 300 µm). Notes: Base, at the base of buccal cavity; Middle, at the middle of buccal cavity; 1, excretory pore about at the level of cephalic setae; *, the data were calculated from original data or published pictures; -, no data; Y, present; N, absent.

Parodontophora microseta sp. nov. (Figure 8, Figure 9, Table 7, Table 8) Type material. ♂ 1 and ♀ 2 were collected respectively from Station ZZJL in October 2013 and January 2013, ♂ 2 was collected from Station XMFL in July 2013, and ♂ 3, ♂ 4, ♂ 5, ♀ 1 were collected from Station QZLY in October 2012. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide number ZZJL 201310 L 1105. Paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide number XMFL 201307 H 4114, ♂ 3 on slide number QZLY 201210 M 3102, ♂ 4 on slide number QZLY 201210 M 4109, ♂ 5 on slide number QZLY 201210 L 4106, ♀ 1 on slide number QZLY 201210 L 3106, ♀ 2 on slide number ZZJL 201301 L 1102. The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen. Type locality and habitat. All specimens were collected from mangrove forests in Luoyang River estuary in Quanzhou City, East China Sea, Fenglin mangrove forest in Xiamen City, East China Sea, and Jiulong River estuary in Zhangzhou City, East China Sea. Station ZZJL: 117.82 ��E, 24.45 ��N. Station XMFL: 118.10 ��E, 24.58 ��N. Station QZLY: 118.67 ��E, 24.94 ��N. Etymology. This species is named microseta (latin: micro, micro; latin: seta, seta) for its micro opisthocephalic setae, only 1 ��m long. Measurements. Table 7. Description. Body narrows gradually in the anterior region. Cuticle with distinct outer striation discernible in the lateral field. Lip region more or less rounded, with six outer labial papillae. Four cephalic setae 3���4 ��m, 19���29 % of head diameter, 3���4 ��m from the anterior end. The head behind the cephalic setae has a distinct constriction. Opisthocephalic setae 1 ��m, arranged as two single subdorsal setae and two single subventral setae, i.e. (1 D- 1 V) 2. Somatic setae length 2���3 ��m, arranged as two groups of two longitudinally arranged setae respectively located on both sides of the amphid, extended from the posterior part of buccal cavity to the conical portion of the tail. Buccal cavity 33���35 ��m long and 6���7 ��m wide, cylindrical with conspicuous sclerotized parallel walls and conoid posterior parts. Six bifurcate teeth at the tip of the buccal cavity with the anterior tip narrower than the posterior one. Armilliths absent. Amphid 3���4 ��m from the anterior end, crook-shaped with the shorter dorsal branch and parallel much longer ventral branch extending past the base of buccal cavity. Length of the dorsal branch equals 0.13���0.16 of ventral branch length and the amphid length is 1.71���2.1 times the buccal cavity length. Pharynx starts at the base of buccal cavity, muscular, and gradually broadens to the base. Cardia small, roundedconoid, surrounded with intestinal tissue. Renette cell slightly behind the base of pharynx, elongated oval or rectangular, 63���84 ��m, 34���41 % of the pharynx length. Nerve ring at 58���63 % of pharynx length. Excretory pore located at 1 ��m from the anterior end of body. Tail length 168���218 ��m, conical anteriorly and cylindrical posteriorly, pointed terminal end without terminal setae. Three caudal glands open to the tail terminal. Male: Five pairs of subventral setae and several irregular setae on the conical portion of the tail, length 4���5 ��m. Reproductive system diorchic. Testes paired, opposed and outstretched. Anterior testis to the right and posterior testis to the left of the intestine. Vas deferens well developed. Spicules length 44���46 ��m, paired, equal and arcuate, several slight thickened septa respectively closes to dorsal sides and ventral sides, circle aperture next to posterior-ventral rib in distal end and enlarged thickened proximal end with a front, ventral and dorsal constriction. Gubernaculum with dorsal-caudally directed apophysis 14���16 ��m long, thickened rib-like edge extended into two distinct points. A precloacal seta present, length 3���4 ��m, about 13���15 fibriform precloacal supplements present in front of it, they extend 346���482 ��m from cloaca to the anterior end, 27���30 % of body length. Female: Morphologically similar to the male. Unpaired setae on tail. Reproductive system ampdidelphic, ovaries outstretched. Anterior gonad to the right and posterior gonad to the left of the intestine. Vulva is at the midbody. Short vagina with thick walls is perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis. Vulval glands are present anterior and posterior to the vagina. No spermathecae and spermatozoa are found in uteris. Diagnosis and relationships. Parodontophora microseta sp. nov. is characterized by relatively short cephalic setae (0.19���0.29 h. d.); the positon of the posterior end of the amphid extending past the base of the buccal cavity (1.71���2.1 times the length of the buccal cavity); opisthocephalic setae arranged as (1 D- 1 V) 2; regular arranged somatic setae respectively located on both sides of the amphid from the posterior part of buccal cavity to the conical portion of the tail; excretory pore almost at the anterior end of body; armilliths absent; renette cell occupying 34���41 % of the pharynx length; a precloacal seta present; 13���15 fibriform precloacal supplements present and extend 346���482 ��m anteriad; anterior gonad to the right and posterior gonad to the left of the intestine. P. microseta sp. nov. comes close to P. obesa Gagarin & Thanh, 2008 and P. leptosoma Gagarin & Thanh, 2008 in relatively short cephalic setae, the ratio of dorsal branch length of the amphid to the ventral branch length, the ratio of amphid ventral branch length to buccal cavity length and the size of renette cell. Whereas it can be separated from P. obesa and P. leptosome by opisthocephalic and somatic setae present, a more anterior position of the excretory pore (almost at the anterior end of body), longer spicule as arc and males have supplements (Table 8). Notes: 1, excretory pore about at the level of cephalic setae; 2, excretory pore almost at the anterior end of body; *, the data were calculated from original data or published pictures; Y, present; N, absent., Published as part of Li, Yongxiang & Guo, Yuqing, 2016, Free living marine nematodes of the genus Parodontophora (Axonolaimidae) from the East China Sea, with descriptions of five new species and a pictorial key, pp. 401-427 in Zootaxa 4109 (4) on pages 414-419, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/266789, {"references":["Gagarin, V. G. & Thanh, N. V. (2008) Four new species of free-living nematodes of family Axonolaimidae (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from mangrove of Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. International Journal of Nematology, 18 (2), 133 - 143."]}

Parodontophora paramicroseta sp. nov. (Figure 10, Figure 11, Table 9) Type material. ♂ 1 and ♀ 1 were collected from Station NDWU in January 2013, and ♂ 2 and ♀ 2 were collected respectively from Station ZZZJ in July 2012 and October 2012. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide number NDWW 201310 H 2104. Paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide number ZZZJ 201207 M 2114, ♀ 1 on slide number NDWW 201310 H 2110, ♀ 2 on slide number ZZZJ 201210 L 1104. The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen. Type locality and habitat. All specimens were collected from mangrove forests in Wanwu mangrove forest in Ningde City, East China Sea, and Zhang River estuary in Zhangzhou City, East China Sea. Station NAFA: 119.86 ��E, 26.85 ��N. Station ZZZJ: 117.35 ��E, 23.96 ��N. Etymology. This species is named paramicroseta (english: para-, like) because its morphological characters are similar to those of P. microseta sp. nov.. Measurements. Table 9. Description. Body narrows gradually in the anterior region. Cuticle with distinct outer striation discernible in the lateral field. Lip region more or less rounded, with six outer labial papillae. Four cephalic setae 3���4 ��m, 20���29 % of head diameter, 3���4 ��m from the anterior end. The head behind the cephalic setae has a distinct constriction. Opisthocephalic setae 1 ��m, arranged as two single subdorsal setae and two single subventral setae, i.e. (1 D- 1 V) 2. Somatic setae length 2���3 ��m, arranged as two groups of two longitudinally arranged setae respectively located on both sides of the amphid, extended from the posterior part of buccal cavity to the conical portion of the tail. Buccal cavity 32���34 ��m long and 6���7 ��m wide, cylindrical with conspicuous sclerotized parallel walls and conoid posterior parts. Six bifurcate teeth at the tip of the buccal cavity with the anterior tip narrower than the posterior one. Armilliths absent. Amphid 3���4 ��m from the anterior end, crook-shaped with the shorter dorsal branch and parallel much longer ventral branch extending past the base of buccal cavity. Length of the dorsal branch equals 0.19���0.21 of ventral branch length and the amphid length is 1.35���1.5 times the buccal cavity length. Pharynx starts at the base of buccal cavity, muscular, and gradually broadens to the base and forms a bulb. Cardia small, rounded-conoid, surrounded with intestinal tissue. Renette cell slightly behind the base of pharynx, elongated oval or rectangular, 53���70 ��m, 33���37 % of the pharynx length. Nerve ring at 57���67 % of pharynx length. Excretory pore located at 1 ��m from the anterior end of body. Tail length 164���212 ��m, conical anteriorly and cylindrical posteriorly, pointed terminal end without terminal setae. Three caudal glands open to the spinneret. Male: Five pairs of subventral setae and several irregular setae on the conical portion of the tail, length 3 ��m. Reproductive system diorchic. Testes paired, opposed and outstretched. Anterior testis to the right and posterior testis to the left of the intestine. Vas deferens well developed. Spicules length 44���48 ��m, paired, equal and arcuate, several slight thickened septa respectively closes to dorsal sides and ventral sides, circle aperture in distal end and enlarged thickened proximal end with a front, ventral and dorsal constriction. Gubernaculum with dorsal-caudally directed apophysis 14���15 ��m long, thickened rib-like edge extended into two distinct points. A precloacal seta present, length 3 ��m, 11���12 fibriform precloacal supplements in front of it, they extend 290���489 ��m from cloaca to the anterior end, 27���28 % of body length. Female: Morphologically similar to the male. Unpaired setae on tail. Reproductive system ampdidelphic, ovaries outstretched. Anterior gonad to the left and posterior gonad to the right of the intestine. Vulva is at 50���52 % of the total body length. Short vagina with thick walls is perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis. Vulval glands are present anterior and posterior to the vagina. No spermathecae and spermatozoa are found in uteris. Diagnosis and relationships. Parodontophora paramicroseta sp. nov. is characterized by relatively short cephalic setae (0.2���0.29 h. d.); the positon of the posterior end of the amphid extending past the base of the buccal cavity (1.35���1.5 times the length of the buccal cavity); opisthocephalic setae arranged as (1 D- 1 V) 2; regular arranged somatic setae respectively located on both sides of the amphid from the posterior part of buccal cavity to the conical portion of the tail; excretory pore almost at the anterior end of body; armilliths absent; renette cell occupying 33���37 % of the pharynx length; 11���12 fibriform precloacal supplements present and extend 290���489 ��m anteriad; anterior gonad to the left and posterior gonad to the right of the intestine. P. paramicroseta sp. nov. is almost similar to P. microseta sp. nov. than others species in which the positon of the posterior end of the amphid extending past the base of the buccal cavity. Both P. paramicroseta sp. nov. and P. microseta sp. nov. as new species of mangrove forest habitats in different regions of Fujian Province have relatively high morphological similarity, whereas it still differs from that species in the ventral branch length of the amphid (45���48 ��m vs. 55���69 ��m), the ratio of ventral branch length of the amphid to the buccal cavity length (1.35���1.5 vs. 1.71���2.1), female gonads arrangement (anterior gonad to the left and posterior gonad to the right of the intestine vs. anterior gonad to the right and posterior gonad to the left of the intestine) and the number of supplements (11���12 ind vs. 13���15 ind), which shows in Table 8. In morphological difference of the spicule, P. microseta sp. nov. has a posterior-ventral rib next to circle aperture in distal end, while P. paramicroseta sp. nov. does not., Published as part of Li, Yongxiang & Guo, Yuqing, 2016, Free living marine nematodes of the genus Parodontophora (Axonolaimidae) from the East China Sea, with descriptions of five new species and a pictorial key, pp. 401-427 in Zootaxa 4109 (4) on pages 419-421, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/266789

Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. (Fig. 6) Locality: Table 1. Measurements. Table 4. Material examined. Holotype. Adult female, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 373 - 5), in glycerin. Paratypes. Two females, slides (A 373 - 5 and A 372 - 2), same data as holotype. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Greek ���amphid���. Description. Female. Medium-sized, thread-like worms, uniformly cylindrical over most of length, with a clearly visible cuticular cephalic cap. Body narrows at both extremities. Cuticle with very weak annulations; anterior-most annule appears posterior to amphid and cephalic sensilla bases. Oral opening subterminal, displaced on dorsal side of the body. Six inner labial papillae not seen. Four cephalic setae (2 ��m) long, latero-dorsal pair located a little posterior to latero-ventral pair. Amphids well developed, with unequal limbs. Dorsal short limb of amphid connects with ventral limb anterior to the oral opening. Long ventral limb (107 ��m in holotype) extending to middle or the end of the pharynx, imperceptibly transforming into the narrow lateral alae extending along length of the body, terminating near tail tip. Amphidial fovea width 3.5���4 ��m; lateral alae width 1.2���2 ��m. Boundary between ventral amphid limb and lateral alae is well-defined. Long ventral limb of amphid extends to end of the cylindrical, weakly developed pharynx. Nerve ring surrounds posterior part of pharynx. Large well-developed amphidial glands. Buccal cavity small, cylindrical, displaced dorsally and weakly sclerotized. Pharynx cylindrical, typical generic construction; nerve ring shifted to posterior end. Cardia small. Renette body not seen. Female gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, not reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries located on the left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulva a transverse slit, post equatorial (V= 52���56 %). Vagina short, not thickened. Two glands surround the vulva. Male. Not collected. Diagnosis. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. is characterized by having a very long ventral limb of the amphidial fovea, which occupies nearly the entire length of the pharynx (75���110 ��m) and is wider than the lateral alae. Differential diagnosis. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. differs from all other valid species of the genus by having a very long ventral limb of the amphidial fovea which is separated from a narrow lateral alae. In body size, the new species resembles C. gerlachi, but differs from it by having a shorter tail (4.2���4.7 vs 6.6���6.7 a.b.d., respectively) and in amphid form. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. differs from C. tkatchevi by having narrower lateral alae (1���2 ��m vs 13 ��m (female), respectively)., Published as part of Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir & Zograf, Julia, 2016, RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan, pp. 222-238 in Zootaxa 4107 (2) on pages 231-233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/260893

Campylaimus orientalis sp. nov. (Figs 2���4) Locality: Table 1. Measurements. Table 2. Material examined. Holotype. Adult male, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 374 - 3), in glycerin. Allotype. Adult female, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 372 - 2), in glycerin. Paratypes. Male, slides (A 371 - 23) and female (A 373 - 3), same data as holotype. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin ��� orientalis ���, meaning ���eastern���. Description. Spindle-shaped plump nematodes with clearly annulated cuticle (ring height 2.0 ��m), extending from the oral opening to the terminal part of the tail (Figs 2, 3 A, 3 B). Anterior end with a clearly visible cuticular cap (Fig. 4 D). Oral opening small, rhomboid, displaced on dorsal side of body. Buccal cavity unarmed. Inner labial papillae and outer labial setae not seen. Four short (2.5���3 ��m) cephalic setae asymmetrically placed: latero-dorsal pair of short setae is located a little posterior to latero-ventral pair (Fig. 3 С). Amphids well developed, comprising 2 parallel limbs connected posterior to the oral opening; dorsal limb somewhat shorter (32���40 ��m) than ventral (37���43 ��m). Amphids with wide gap between limbs (Fig. 3 C). Prominent narrow longitudinal alae extend along body to posterior end, arising immediately from ventral (long) limb of the amphid (Fig. 3 A). Pharynx cylindrical for most of its length, muscular, gradually widening to the base with developed cardia. Nerve ring surrounding posterior part of pharynx. Cardia short, embedded in intestine. Tail conico-cylindrical, 123���135 ��m long (4.6���5.9 a.b.d), gradually tapering toward the distal end, tip swollen, similar in shape in both sexes (Figs 2, 3 B). Males with two testes, anterior testis situated left, posterior testis right of the intestine. Spicules equal in length, arcuate with cephalated proximal end. Gubernaculum tubular, 7 ��m long. Two pairs of small postcloacal setae; first pair 4 ��m long, situated 63 ��m posterior to cloacal opening; second pair 90 ��m posterior to cloacal opening (Figs 2, 4 B���C). Females similar to male. Gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, non-reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries on left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulval orifice ventral; vagina short, not thickened. Postcloacal setae absent. Two glands surrounding the vulva. Diagnosis. Campylaimus orientalis sp. nov. is characterized by being spindle-shaped, having moderate body, cuticle with clear annulations, small rhomboid oral opening displaced on the dorsal side of the body, amphid with unequal limbs, prominent narrow longitudinal alae, spicules with a cephalated proximal end, and tubular gubernaculum. Differential diagnosis. Based on the amphid structure, C. orientalis sp. nov. is similar to two congeners: C. mirus Gerlach, 1950 and C. rimatus Vitiello, 1974, that are characterized by the prominent narrow longitudinal alae passing immediately from ventral limb of amphid along the body to the posterior end. The specimens of C. orientalis sp. nov. differ from C. rimatus by the presence of a tubular gubernaculum (vs absent in C. rimatus) and index c (5���6 vs 7���8, respectively). Campylaimus orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. mirus in numerous respects, including the amphid shape, long cardia embedded in the intestine (vs short in C. mirus) and by having cephalated spicules (vs non-cephalated in C. mirus) and a relatively broader body (а = 19���20 vs 42, respectively)., Published as part of Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir & Zograf, Julia, 2016, RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan, pp. 222-238 in Zootaxa 4107 (2) on pages 225-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/260893, {"references":["Gerlach, S. A. (1950) Die Diplopeltiden, eine Gruppe freileben der Nematoden. Kieler Meeresforsch, 7, 138 - 156.","Vitiello, P. (1974) Considerationssur la systematique des Nematodes Araeolaimida et description d' especes nouvelle soupeuconnus. Archives de Zoologie Experimentaleetgenerale, 115, 651 - 669."]}

Parodontophora huoshanensis sp. nov. (Figure 6, Figure 7, Table 5, Table 6) Type material. Two males and two females were collected from Station ZZHS in September 2012. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3113. Paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3112, ♀ 1 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3111, ♀ 2 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3102. The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen. Type locality and habitat. All specimens were collected from intertidal sandy sediment at Huoshan Island, Zhangzhou City, East China Sea. Station ZZHS: 118.025 ��E, 24.213 ��N. Etymology. This species is named for the type locality, intertidal sediments on Huoshan Island. Measurements. Table 5. Description. Body narrows gradually in the anterior region. Cuticle with faint outer striation discernible in the lateral field. Lip region more or less rounded, with six outer labial papillae. Four cephalic setae 3���4 ��m, 27���33 % of head diameter, 3 ��m from the anterior end. Opisthocephalic setae 2���3 ��m, arranged as two subdorsal groups of two longitudinally arranged setae and two single subventral setae, i.e. (2 D- 1 V) 2. Somatic setae scattered, length 2���3 ��m. Buccal cavity 26���29 ��m long and 4���6 ��m wide, cylindrical with conspicuous sclerotized parallel walls. Six bifurcate teeth at the tip of the buccal cavity with the anterior tip narrower than the posterior one. Armilliths absent. Amphid 3 ��m from the anterior end, crook-shaped with the shorter dorsal branch and parallel much longer ventral branch. Posterior end of the amphid near the base of the buccal cavity. Length of the dorsal branch equals 0.54���0.65 of ventral branch length and the amphid length is 0.77���0.83 times the buccal cavity length. Pharynx starts at the base of buccal cavity, muscular, and gradually broadens to the base. Cardia small, rounded-conoid, surrounded with intestinal tissue. Renette cell slightly behind the base of pharynx, elongated oval, 56���91 ��m, 34���60 % of the pharynx length. Nerve ring at 63���65 % of pharynx length. Excretory pore indistinct near cephalic setae at the anterior part of buccal cavity. Tail length 130���146 ��m, conical anteriorly and cylindrical posteriorly, pointed terminal end without terminal setae. Three caudal glands open to the spinneret. Male: Several irregular setae on the conical portion of the tail, length 3���4 ��m. Reproductive system diorchic. Testes paired, opposed and outstretched. Anterior testis to the left and posterior testis to the right of the intestine. Vas deferens well developed. Spicules length 34���35 ��m, paired, equal and arcuate, several slight thickened septa closes to dorsal sides, circle aperture in distal end and enlarged thickened proximal end with a front and dorsal constriction. Gubernaculum with dorsal-caudally directed apophysis 11���13 ��m long, thickened edge extended into two small points. 6 fibriform precloacal supplements present, they extend 218���223 ��m from cloaca to the anterior end, 16���18 % of body length. Female: Morphologically similar to the male. Unpaired setae on tail. Reproductive system ampdidelphic, ovaries outstretched. Anterior gonad to the right and posterior gonad to the left of the intestine. Vulva is at 50 % of the total body length. Short vagina with thick walls is perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis. Vulval glands are present anterior and posterior to the vagina. Two spermathecae and no spermatozoa are found in uteris. Diagnosis and relationships. Parodontophora huoshanensis sp. nov. is characterized by relatively short cephalic setae (0.27���0.33 h. d.); the positon of the posterior end of the amphid far from the base of the buccal cavity (0.77���0.83 times the length of the buccal cavity); opisthocephalic setae arranged as (2 D- 1 V) 2; excretory pore near cephalic setae at the anterior part of buccal cavity; armilliths absent; renette cell occupying 34���60 % of the pharynx length; 6 fibriform precloacal supplements present and extend 218���223 ��m anteriad. P. huoshanensis sp. nov. comes close to P. brevamphida Timm, 1952, P. probata Smolyanko & Belogurov, 1995, P. limnophila Wu, 2000, P. amoyensis Zou, 2000 and P. fluviatilis Gagarin & Thanh, 2008 in the ratio of dorsal branch length of the amphid to the ventral branch length, the ratio of amphid ventral branch length to buccal cavity length, the size of renette cell and the positon of excretory pore. However, the new species can be separated from P. probata by armilliths absent, while P. probata has the large, roundedly heart-shaped in the buccal cavity. It also can differ from P. brevamphida, P. limnophila, P. amoyensis and P. fluviatilis in males have supplements and different opisthocephalic setae arrangement (Table 6). continued. Notes: Anterior, at the anterior part of buccal cavity; Middle, at the middle of buccal cavity; 1, excretory pore about at the level of cephalic setae; 2, excretory pore almost at the anterior end of body; *, the data were calculated from original data or published pictures; -, no data; Y, present; N, absent., Published as part of Li, Yongxiang & Guo, Yuqing, 2016, Free living marine nematodes of the genus Parodontophora (Axonolaimidae) from the East China Sea, with descriptions of five new species and a pictorial key, pp. 401-427 in Zootaxa 4109 (4) on pages 411-414, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/266789, {"references":["Timm, R. W. (1952) A survey of the marine nematodes of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons Island, MD, 70 pp.","Smolyanko, O. I. & Belogurov, O. I. (1995) On the morphology of four species of free-living marine nematodes of the genus Paradontophora (Araeolaimida, Axonolaimidae). Hydrobiological Journal, 31 (2), 94 - 108.","Wu, J. H., Somerfield, P. J., Austen, M. C. & Liang Y. L. (2000) The freeliving nematode genus Parodontophora Timm 1963 (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae) is not exclusively marine: Parodontophora limnophila sp. nov. from freshwater in China. Hydrobiologia, 431 (2 - 3), 205 - 210. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1004052531906","Zou, C. Z. (2000) Research on the Free-living Marine Nematodes near the Xiamen Island II - Description of two species of the family Axonolaimidae (Filipjev, 1918). Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science), 39 (6), 862 - 868. [in Chinese] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3321 / j. issn: 0438 - 0479.2000.06.024","Gagarin, V. G. & Thanh, N. V. (2008) Four new species of free-living nematodes of family Axonolaimidae (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from mangrove of Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. International Journal of Nematology, 18 (2), 133 - 143."]}

Campylaimus orientalis sp. nov. (Figs 2–4) Locality: Table 1. Measurements. Table 2. Material examined. Holotype. Adult male, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 374 - 3), in glycerin. Allotype. Adult female, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 372 - 2), in glycerin. Paratypes. Male, slides (A 371 - 23) and female (A 373 - 3), same data as holotype. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin “ orientalis ”, meaning “eastern”. Description. Spindle-shaped plump nematodes with clearly annulated cuticle (ring height 2.0 µm), extending from the oral opening to the terminal part of the tail (Figs 2, 3 A, 3 B). Anterior end with a clearly visible cuticular cap (Fig. 4 D). Oral opening small, rhomboid, displaced on dorsal side of body. Buccal cavity unarmed. Inner labial papillae and outer labial setae not seen. Four short (2.5–3 µm) cephalic setae asymmetrically placed: latero-dorsal pair of short setae is located a little posterior to latero-ventral pair (Fig. 3 С). Amphids well developed, comprising 2 parallel limbs connected posterior to the oral opening; dorsal limb somewhat shorter (32–40 µm) than ventral (37–43 µm). Amphids with wide gap between limbs (Fig. 3 C). Prominent narrow longitudinal alae extend along body to posterior end, arising immediately from ventral (long) limb of the amphid (Fig. 3 A). Pharynx cylindrical for most of its length, muscular, gradually widening to the base with developed cardia. Nerve ring surrounding posterior part of pharynx. Cardia short, embedded in intestine. Tail conico-cylindrical, 123–135 µm long (4.6–5.9 a.b.d), gradually tapering toward the distal end, tip swollen, similar in shape in both sexes (Figs 2, 3 B). Males with two testes, anterior testis situated left, posterior testis right of the intestine. Spicules equal in length, arcuate with cephalated proximal end. Gubernaculum tubular, 7 µm long. Two pairs of small postcloacal setae; first pair 4 µm long, situated 63 µm posterior to cloacal opening; second pair 90 µm posterior to cloacal opening (Figs 2, 4 B–C). Females similar to male. Gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, non-reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries on left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulval orifice ventral; vagina short, not thickened. Postcloacal setae absent. Two glands surrounding the vulva. Diagnosis. Campylaimus orientalis sp. nov. is characterized by being spindle-shaped, having moderate body, cuticle with clear annulations, small rhomboid oral opening displaced on the dorsal side of the body, amphid with unequal limbs, prominent narrow longitudinal alae, spicules with a cephalated proximal end, and tubular gubernaculum. Differential diagnosis. Based on the amphid structure, C. orientalis sp. nov. is similar to two congeners: C. mirus Gerlach, 1950 and C. rimatus Vitiello, 1974, that are characterized by the prominent narrow longitudinal alae passing immediately from ventral limb of amphid along the body to the posterior end. The specimens of C. orientalis sp. nov. differ from C. rimatus by the presence of a tubular gubernaculum (vs absent in C. rimatus) and index c (5–6 vs 7–8, respectively). Campylaimus orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. mirus in numerous respects, including the amphid shape, long cardia embedded in the intestine (vs short in C. mirus) and by having cephalated spicules (vs non-cephalated in C. mirus) and a relatively broader body (а = 19–20 vs 42, respectively).

Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5

Campylaimus minutus sp. nov. (Fig. 5) Locality: Table 1. Measurements. Table 3. Material examined. Holotype. Adult male, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 756 1���2), in glycerin. Allotype. Adult female, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 256 - 2), in glycerin. Paratypes. Nine males, slides (A 254 - 3, A 262 - 3, A 373 - 2, A 373 - 1), the Sea of Japan, depth 515���1530 m; ten females, slides (A 253 - 3, A 251 - 2, A 265 - 2, A 372 - 3, A 373 - 1), 10 juveniles, same data as paratypes (table 1). Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin ��� minutus ���, meaning ���small or diminutive���. Description. Small thread-like worms, body cylindrical over the most of its length, with very weak annulations. Anterior-most annuli posterior to oral opening and cephalic sensilla bases. Anterior end broad, with a clear terminal cap. Oral opening located sub-terminally, on dorsal side of body. Narrow, small buccal cavity. Labial papillae not seen. Four setiform cephalic setae 1.5 ��m long; two cephalic setae located at level of the oral opening, others posterior to level of oral opening. Amphids well developed, comprising 2 parallel limbs connected behind the oral opening; dorsal limb somewhat shorter (25���35 ��m or 25���44 % of pharynx length). Ventral amphidial limb (3���4 ��m wide) completely fused with lateral field (4 ��m wide). Lateral field comprises two very close lines extending from base of amphid to tail tip. No visible boundary between ventral amphid limb and lateral field. Pharynx muscular, cylindrical; without bulb. Nerve ring surrounds posterior part of pharynx. Cardia welldeveloped, short, embedded in intestine. Pharyngeal glands indistinct. Tail similar in shape in both sexes, short, conoid, terminus ventrally curved. Male tail 4.1���5.3 a.b.d., female tail 2.1���5.7 a.b.d. Tail setae not seen. Male reproductive system diorchic, both testes short, outstretched, opposed. Spicules paired, symmetrical, slender, weakly arcuate, with proximally developed capitulum. Gubernaculum present, plate-like, with paired dorsal arcuate apophysis (2���4 ��m). Females similar to male. Gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, not reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries located on left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulva a transverse slit, post equatorial (V 54 ���60%). Vagina short, not thickened. Two glands surround the vulva. Diagnosis. Campylaimus minutus sp. nov. is characterized by having a uniformly cylindrical body with weak cuticular annulations, amphids well developed with 2 parallel limbs connected posterior to the oral opening, dorsal limb short (25���44 % of pharynx length), ventral limb fully fused with lateral alae of equal width, extending from the base of the amphid to the tail tip. Spicules slender, with proximal capitulums. Gubernaculum plate-like, with dorsal arcuate apophysis. Differential diagnosis. Campylaimus minutus sp. nov. from the Sea of Japan has the typical form of the amphid, as described in diagnoses of the genus Campylaimus, the ventral limb being fused with a broad lateral field, extending from the base of the amphid to the tail tip. In the width of the lateral alae (3���4 ��m), C. minutus sp. nov. resembles C. gerlachi and C. ponticus. It differs from C. gerlachi in the relative length of the cephalic setae (20 % h. b. d. vs 50 %, respectively) and the tail (vs > 5 anal body diameters); it differs from C. ponticus in the length of the spicules (10���21 ��m vs 28 ��m, respectively) and longer dorsal limb of amphids (22���32 ��m vs 11 ��m)., Published as part of Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir & Zograf, Julia, 2016, RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan, pp. 222-238 in Zootaxa 4107 (2) on pages 229-231, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/260893

Parodontophora paramicroseta sp. nov. (Figure 10, Figure 11, Table 9) Type material. ♂ 1 and ♀ 1 were collected from Station NDWU in January 2013, and ♂ 2 and ♀ 2 were collected respectively from Station ZZZJ in July 2012 and October 2012. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide number NDWW 201310 H 2104. Paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide number ZZZJ 201207 M 2114, ♀ 1 on slide number NDWW 201310 H 2110, ♀ 2 on slide number ZZZJ 201210 L 1104. The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen. Type locality and habitat. All specimens were collected from mangrove forests in Wanwu mangrove forest in Ningde City, East China Sea, and Zhang River estuary in Zhangzhou City, East China Sea. Station NAFA: 119.86 °E, 26.85 °N. Station ZZZJ: 117.35 °E, 23.96 °N. Etymology. This species is named paramicroseta (english: para-, like) because its morphological characters are similar to those of P. microseta sp. nov.. Measurements. Table 9. Description. Body narrows gradually in the anterior region. Cuticle with distinct outer striation discernible in the lateral field. Lip region more or less rounded, with six outer labial papillae. Four cephalic setae 3–4 µm, 20–29 % of head diameter, 3–4 µm from the anterior end. The head behind the cephalic setae has a distinct constriction. Opisthocephalic setae 1 µm, arranged as two single subdorsal setae and two single subventral setae, i.e. (1 D- 1 V) 2. Somatic setae length 2–3 µm, arranged as two groups of two longitudinally arranged setae respectively located on both sides of the amphid, extended from the posterior part of buccal cavity to the conical portion of the tail. Buccal cavity 32–34 µm long and 6–7 µm wide, cylindrical with conspicuous sclerotized parallel walls and conoid posterior parts. Six bifurcate teeth at the tip of the buccal cavity with the anterior tip narrower than the posterior one. Armilliths absent. Amphid 3–4 µm from the anterior end, crook-shaped with the shorter dorsal branch and parallel much longer ventral branch extending past the base of buccal cavity. Length of the dorsal branch equals 0.19–0.21 of ventral branch length and the amphid length is 1.35–1.5 times the buccal cavity length. Pharynx starts at the base of buccal cavity, muscular, and gradually broadens to the base and forms a bulb. Cardia small, rounded-conoid, surrounded with intestinal tissue. Renette cell slightly behind the base of pharynx, elongated oval or rectangular, 53–70 µm, 33–37 % of the pharynx length. Nerve ring at 57–67 % of pharynx length. Excretory pore located at 1 µm from the anterior end of body. Tail length 164–212 µm, conical anteriorly and cylindrical posteriorly, pointed terminal end without terminal setae. Three caudal glands open to the spinneret. Male: Five pairs of subventral setae and several irregular setae on the conical portion of the tail, length 3 µm. Reproductive system diorchic. Testes paired, opposed and outstretched. Anterior testis to the right and posterior testis to the left of the intestine. Vas deferens well developed. Spicules length 44–48 µm, paired, equal and arcuate, several slight thickened septa respectively closes to dorsal sides and ventral sides, circle aperture in distal end and enlarged thickened proximal end with a front, ventral and dorsal constriction. Gubernaculum with dorsal-caudally directed apophysis 14–15 µm long, thickened rib-like edge extended into two distinct points. A precloacal seta present, length 3 µm, 11–12 fibriform precloacal supplements in front of it, they extend 290–489 µm from cloaca to the anterior end, 27–28 % of body length. Female: Morphologically similar to the male. Unpaired setae on tail. Reproductive system ampdidelphic, ovaries outstretched. Anterior gonad to the left and posterior gonad to the right of the intestine. Vulva is at 50–52 % of the total body length. Short vagina with thick walls is perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis. Vulval glands are present anterior and posterior to the vagina. No spermathecae and spermatozoa are found in uteris. Diagnosis and relationships. Parodontophora paramicroseta sp. nov. is characterized by relatively short cephalic setae (0.2–0.29 h. d.); the positon of the posterior end of the amphid extending past the base of the buccal cavity (1.35–1.5 times the length of the buccal cavity); opisthocephalic setae arranged as (1 D- 1 V) 2; regular arranged somatic setae respectively located on both sides of the amphid from the posterior part of buccal cavity to the conical portion of the tail; excretory pore almost at the anterior end of body; armilliths absent; renette cell occupying 33–37 % of the pharynx length; 11–12 fibriform precloacal supplements present and extend 290–489 µm anteriad; anterior gonad to the left and posterior gonad to the right of the intestine. P. paramicroseta sp. nov. is almost similar to P. microseta sp. nov. than others species in which the positon of the posterior end of the amphid extending past the base of the buccal cavity. Both P. paramicroseta sp. nov. and P. microseta sp. nov. as new species of mangrove forest habitats in different regions of Fujian Province have relatively high morphological similarity, whereas it still differs from that species in the ventral branch length of the amphid (45–48 µm vs. 55–69 µm), the ratio of ventral branch length of the amphid to the buccal cavity length (1.35–1.5 vs. 1.71–2.1), female gonads arrangement (anterior gonad to the left and posterior gonad to the right of the intestine vs. anterior gonad to the right and posterior gonad to the left of the intestine) and the number of supplements (11–12 ind vs. 13–15 ind), which shows in Table 8. In morphological difference of the spicule, P. microseta sp. nov. has a posterior-ventral rib next to circle aperture in distal end, while P. paramicroseta sp. nov. does not.

Parodontophora irregularis sp. nov. (Figure 4, Figure 5, Table 3, Table 4) Type material. Five males and two females were collected from Station ZZHS in September 2012. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3105. Paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3102, ♂ 3 and ♂ 4 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3107, ♂ 5 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3116, ♀ 1 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3112, ♀ 2 on slide number ZZHS 201209 L 3112. The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen. Type locality and habitat. All specimens were collected from intertidal sandy sediment at Huoshan Island, Zhangzhou City, East China Sea. Station ZZHS: 118.025 ��E, 24.213 ��N. Etymology. This species is named irregularis (latin: irregularis, irregular) for its irregular opisthocephalic setae arranged. Measurements. Table 3. Description. Body narrows gradually in the anterior region. Cuticle with faint outer striation discernible in the lateral field. Lip region more or less rounded, with six outer labial papillae. Four cephalic setae 4���5 ��m, 31���42 % of head diameter, 3���4 ��m from the anterior end. Opisthocephalic setae 2���3 ��m, arranged irregular. Among specimens collected, each specimens expresses different opisthocephalic setae arrangement, and both sides of buccal cavity inconsistent. Somatic setae scattered, length 2���3 ��m. Buccal cavity 27���30 ��m long and 4���6 ��m wide, cylindrical with conspicuous sclerotized parallel walls and conoid posterior parts. Six bifurcate teeth at the tip of the buccal cavity with the anterior tip narrower than the posterior one. Armilliths absent. Amphid 2���3 ��m from the anterior end, crook-shaped with the shorter dorsal branch and parallel much longer ventral branch reaching the base of buccal cavity. Length of the dorsal branch equals 0.33���0.41 of ventral branch length and the amphid length is 0.93���1.07 times the buccal cavity length. Pharynx starts at the base of buccal cavity, muscular, and gradually broadens to the base and forms a bulb. Cardia small, rounded-conoid, surrounded with intestinal tissue. Renette cell behind the base of pharynx, elongated oval, 46���63 ��m, 32���42 % of the pharynx length. Nerve ring at 64���67 % of pharynx length. Excretory pore indistinct near cephalic setae at the anterior part of buccal cavity. Tail length 130���146 ��m, conical anteriorly and cylindrical posteriorly without terminal setae. Three caudal glands open to the tail terminal. Male: Several indistinct setae on the conical portion of the tail, length 4 ��m. Due to the posterior part of body spiraling in all measured specimens, it is difficult to detect whether there are regular subventral setae. Reproductive system diorchic. Testes paired, opposed and outstretched. Anterior testis to the left and posterior testis to the right of the intestine. Vas deferens well developed. Spicules length 33���36 ��m, paired, equal and arcuate, several slight thickened septa closes to dorsal sides, circle aperture in distal end and enlarged thickened proximal end with a front and dorsal constriction. Gubernaculum with dorsal-caudally directed apophysis 12���14 ��m long, thickened rib-like ventral edge extended into two small points. About 9 fibriform precloacal supplements present, they extend 246���249 ��m from cloaca to the anterior end, 19���23 % of body length. Female: Morphologically similar to the male. Unpaired setae on tail. Reproductive system ampdidelphic, ovaries outstretched. Anterior gonad to the right and posterior gonad to the left of the intestine. Vulva is at 49���51 % of the total body length. Short vagina with thick walls is perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis. Vulval glands are present anterior and posterior to the vagina. No spermathecae and spermatozoa are found in uteris. Diagnosis and relationships. Parodontophora irregularis sp. nov. is characterized by relatively short cephalic setae (0.31���0.42 h. d.); the positon of the posterior end of the amphid extending slightly beyond the base of the buccal cavity (0.93���1.07 times the length of the buccal cavity); opisthocephalic setae arranged irregular; excretory pore near cephalic setae at the anterior part of buccal cavity; armilliths absent; renette cell occupying 32���42 % of the pharynx length; about 9 fibriform precloacal supplements present and extend 246���249 ��m anteriad. P. irregularis sp. nov. comes close to P. paragranulifera Timm, 1952, P. deltensis Zhang, 2005 and P. chiliensis Murphy, 1966 in the ratio of dorsal branch length of the amphid to the ventral branch length, the ratio of ventral branch length of the amphid to buccal cavity length. The new species differs from P. paragranulifera and P. deltensis in having a more anterior position of the excretory pore (near cephalic setae at the anterior part of buccal cavity) and opisthocephalic setae arrangement (Table 4). Although the opisthocephalic setae of P.chiliensis are simple in original description, we still can found opisthocephalic setae are present in the published pictures no matter whether irregular arranged, and we also know that about 15 precloacal supplements are present and extend about 300 ��m anteriad. P. irregularis sp. nov. is also similar to P. chiliensis in relatively short cephalic setae (0.34 h. d. vs. 0.31���0.42 h. d.). However, it can be separated from P. chiliensis in shorter spicule length as arc (33���36 ��m vs. 80 ��m), the number of supplements (about 9 ind vs. about 15 ind) and the length of supplements field (246���249 ��m vs. about 300 ��m). Notes: Base, at the base of buccal cavity; Middle, at the middle of buccal cavity; 1, excretory pore about at the level of cephalic setae; *, the data were calculated from original data or published pictures; -, no data; Y, present; N, absent., Published as part of Li, Yongxiang & Guo, Yuqing, 2016, Free living marine nematodes of the genus Parodontophora (Axonolaimidae) from the East China Sea, with descriptions of five new species and a pictorial key, pp. 401-427 in Zootaxa 4109 (4) on pages 407-411, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/266789, {"references":["Timm, R. W. (1952) A survey of the marine nematodes of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons Island, MD, 70 pp.","Zhang, Z. N. (2005) Three new species of free-living marine nematodes from the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, China. Journal of Natural History, 39 (23), 2109 - 2123. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930500082029","Murphy, D. G. (1966) An initial report on a collection of Chilean marine nematodes. Mitteilungen Aus Dem Hamburgischen Zoologische Museum Und Institut, 63, 29 - 50."]}

Li, Yongxiang, Guo, Yuqing (2016): Free living marine nematodes of the genus Parodontophora (Axonolaimidae) from the East China Sea, with descriptions of five new species and a pictorial key. Zootaxa 4109 (4): 401-427, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4109.4.1

Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. (Fig. 6) Locality: Table 1. Measurements. Table 4. Material examined. Holotype. Adult female, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 373 - 5), in glycerin. Paratypes. Two females, slides (A 373 - 5 and A 372 - 2), same data as holotype. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Greek “amphid”. Description. Female. Medium-sized, thread-like worms, uniformly cylindrical over most of length, with a clearly visible cuticular cephalic cap. Body narrows at both extremities. Cuticle with very weak annulations; anterior-most annule appears posterior to amphid and cephalic sensilla bases. Oral opening subterminal, displaced on dorsal side of the body. Six inner labial papillae not seen. Four cephalic setae (2 µm) long, latero-dorsal pair located a little posterior to latero-ventral pair. Amphids well developed, with unequal limbs. Dorsal short limb of amphid connects with ventral limb anterior to the oral opening. Long ventral limb (107 µm in holotype) extending to middle or the end of the pharynx, imperceptibly transforming into the narrow lateral alae extending along length of the body, terminating near tail tip. Amphidial fovea width 3.5–4 µm; lateral alae width 1.2–2 µm. Boundary between ventral amphid limb and lateral alae is well-defined. Long ventral limb of amphid extends to end of the cylindrical, weakly developed pharynx. Nerve ring surrounds posterior part of pharynx. Large well-developed amphidial glands. Buccal cavity small, cylindrical, displaced dorsally and weakly sclerotized. Pharynx cylindrical, typical generic construction; nerve ring shifted to posterior end. Cardia small. Renette body not seen. Female gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, not reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries located on the left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulva a transverse slit, post equatorial (V= 52–56 %). Vagina short, not thickened. Two glands surround the vulva. Male. Not collected. Diagnosis. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. is characterized by having a very long ventral limb of the amphidial fovea, which occupies nearly the entire length of the pharynx (75–110 µm) and is wider than the lateral alae. Differential diagnosis. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. differs from all other valid species of the genus by having a very long ventral limb of the amphidial fovea which is separated from a narrow lateral alae. In body size, the new species resembles C. gerlachi, but differs from it by having a shorter tail (4.2–4.7 vs 6.6–6.7 a.b.d., respectively) and in amphid form. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. differs from C. tkatchevi by having narrower lateral alae (1–2 µm vs 13 µm (female), respectively).

Key to species of Campylaimus (based on male and female characters) 1 (2) Lateral field absent.............................................................. С. abditus Bussau, 1993. 2 (1) Lateral field present 3 (20) Lateral field a prominent narrow ala 4 (15) Ventral and dorsal parallel limbs without gap between them 5 (12) Ventral and dorsal limbs almost equal in length 6 (7) Cuticular annules with transverse banding....................................... C. striatus Boucher, Helléouët, 1977 7 (6) Cuticular annules smooth 8 (9) Body> 1 mm, tail cylindrical........................................................ C. cylindricus Gerlach, 1956 9 (8) Body 10 (11) Index c = 5........................................................................ C. minor Timm, 1961 11 (10) Index c> 5............................................................................ C. pulcher sp.nov. 12 (5) Ventral and dorsal limbs not equal in length 13 (14) Small limb shorter than length of the pharynx......................................... C. inaequalis Cobb, 1920 14 (13) Ventral limb of amphid extends to the end of the pharynx.................................. C. amphidialis sp. nov 15 (4) Amphid with widely spaced limbs 16 (19) Spicules cephalated at proximal end 17 (16) Spicule with gubernaculum............................................................. C. orientalis sp. nov. 18 (17) Spicule without gubernaculum......................................................... C. rimatus Vitiello, 1974 19 (16) Spicules non-cephalated at proximal end................................................... C. mirus Gerlach, 1950 20 (3) Wide lateral field completely fused with ventral amphideal limb of equal width 21 (31) Precloacal papillae absent 22 (23) Tail> 7 anal body diameter.................................................. C. siwaschensis Sergeeva, 1981 23 (22) Tail 24 (28) Lateral field 3–4 µm wide 25 (26) Tail C. minutus sp. nov. 26 (25) Tail> 5 anal body diameters 27 (28) Spicules C. gerlachi Timm, 1961 27 (27) Spicules> 20 µm long........................................................... C. ponticus Sergeeva, 1981 28 (24) Lateral field> 4 µm wide 29 (30) Spicules tkatchevi Tchesunov, 1978 30 (29) Spicules> 20 µm long............................................................ C. lefeverei Gerlach, 1956 31 (21) Precloacal papillae present 32 (35) Tail tip swollen 33 (34) Males with three precloacal papillae....................... C. bonariensis Villares, Martelli, Lo Russo & Pastor, 2013 34 (33) Males with five precloacal papillae C. arcuatus Villares, Martelli, Lo Russo & Pastor, 2013 35 (32) Tail tip not swollen................................... C. patagonicus Villares, Martelli, Lo Russo & Pastor, 2013.

Parodontophora breviamphida (Timm, 1952) Timm, 1963 (Figs 11 I,J & 13) Material examined. One female has been examined. Measurements. See Table 2. Description. Female: Body 1.31 mm long, with sigmoid habitus. Cuticle with transverse striations. Lip region with six fused lips with four well-developed cephalic setae, 8 ��m long or 0.6 times the lip region diameter long. Amphideal fovea open-looped, shepherd's crook in form, overlapping anterior part of stoma, with shorter branch extending one third of the stoma length and the longer extending a half, to the mid-length of the tubular stoma. Stoma divided into two parts, anterior with six protrusible odontia and comprising one third of the its length and posterior with strongly cuticularized walls, comprising two thirds. Pharynx short and posteriorly swollen (in bad condition). Excretory pore not observed. Cardia and intestine in bad condition. Reproductive system didelphicamphidelphic; ovaries short, outstretched, with oocytes in two rows in germinative part and in one row in trest; oviducts poorly developed; uteri swollen, length about 3.5 times corresponding body diameter, with rounded uterine eggs 58 ��m in diameter; vagina short. Rectum slightly shorter than anal body diameter. Tail conoidelongate, anterior half convex-conoid dorsally, tapering to a sub-cylindrical part slightly swollen at terminus and ending in a spinneret. Male: Not found. Distribution. Parodontophora breviamphida was reported previously from Maryland, USA in bottom mud (Timm 1952), the Maldives (Gerlach 1962) and Florida, USA (Wieser & Hopper 1967). This is its first report from Brazil (see Venekey et al. 2010). Remarks. The specimen examined agrees well with the material examined by Wieser and Hopper (1967). However, from the type females examined by Timm (1952) and the material examined by Gerlach (1962), as Odontophora pacifica Allg��n, 1947, it has somewhat smaller females (1.31 vs 1.55���1.60 and 1.4 mm long, respectively)., Published as part of Abolafia, Joaqu��n, Ruiz-Cuenca, Alba N., Fernandes, Berenice M. M., Cohen, Simone C. & C��rdenas, Melissa Q., 2015, Description of free-living marine nematodes found in the intestine of fishes from the Brazilian coast, pp. 549-572 in Zootaxa 3948 (3) on page 567, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/288375, {"references":["Timm, R. W. (1952) A survey of the marine nematodes of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons Islands, Maryland, 95, 1 - 70.","Gerlach, S. A. (1962) Freilebende Meeresnematoden von den Malediven. I. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 18, 81 - 108.","Wieser, W. & Hopper, B. (1967) Marine nematodes of the east coast of North America. I. Florida. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 135, 239 - 344.","Venekey, V., Fonseca-Genevois, V. G. & Santos, P. J. P. (2010) Biodiversity of free-living marine nematodes on the coast of Brazil, a review. Zootaxa, 2568, 39 - 66."]}

Genus Domorganus Goodey, 1947 Domorganus gigas sp. n. (Figs 1, 2; Table) Type material. Holotype male, slide reference number 102 / 49, deposited in the Helminthological Museum RAS, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Center of Parasitology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Paratypes: 10 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀ deposited in the collection of the Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia. Measurements. Table 2. Type habitat and locality. Bolshie Koty Bay (near Dva Brata rock), Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia, depth 3 m, sand. Etymology. The specific epithet ��� gigas ��� means ���very big���, ���gigantic���. Description. Male. Body comparatively long and thin. Anterior and posterior ends of body narrowed. Cuticle finely annulated, 2���3 ��m thick. Lateral alae in the shape of narrow, smooth bands demarcated by two straight lines beginning at the level of middle of the pharynx and terminating at middle of the tail. Lateral alae about 0.3 times as wide the corresponding diameter at mid-body, narrower at the level of pharynx and on tail. Hypodermal somatic setae, glands and body pores absent. Anterior edge of head truncated. Labial sensillae very small, not seen under light microscope. Cephalic sensillae in the shape of thin setae 8���11 ��m long (51���55 % of labial region diameter). Stoma very small, its walls not cuticularized. Amphidial fovea circular, open in its posterior part, occupying 30���35 % of the corresponding body diameter, situated about 0.4 labial region diameter from the anterior body end. Pharynx muscular with metacorpal and basal bulbs. Valvular apparatus in basal bulb absent. Cardia small, oval in shape, muscular, surrounded by intestinal tissue. Ventral gland not visible. Excretory pore situated 76���98 ��m behind cardia. Excretory canal is not cuticularized. Testes paired, outstretched, opposed. Anterior testis situated on the left side and posterior testis on the right side of the intestine. Spicules comparatively short, curved, cephalated, 1.3���1.5 times as long as cloacal body diameter. Gubernaculum short, in the shape of a curved plate with long caudal apophysis. One precloacal supplement appearing as a large papilla and located 43���55 ��m from cloaca (at the level of proximal end of spicules). Tail slender, comparatively long, gradually narrowing to the terminus. Caudal setae absent. Three caudal glands open through a terminal spinneret appearing like a short tube. TABLE. Morphometrics of Domorganus gigas sp. n. Female. General morphology, structure of the cuticle and anterior portion of the body similar to that of male. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic. Anterior ovary situated on the left side of intestine, posterior ovary on right side of intestine. Ovaries comparatively long, often with two flexures and reaching almost to vulva. Vulva a transverse slit, situated about mid-body. Vulva lips sclerotized, protruding beyond body contour. Vagina short, straight, with muscular walls. Numerous oogonia present in blind end of ovaries, followed by an oocyte zone, from which extends the thin oviduct made up of one row of small cells. Uterus spacious with one-two mature eggs measuring 93���122 x 37 ��� 48 ��m. Tail slender, comparatively long, gradually narrowing to terminus. Three caudal glands open through the short, tube-shaped spinneret. Diagnosis. Body comparatively long and thin (males: L = 2258���3084 ��m, a = 39���56; females L = 2648���3282 ��m, a = 34���44). Cuticle finely annulated, with lateral alae in the shape of narrow, smooth bands. Somatic setae, hypodermal glands and body pores absent. Labial sensillae very small, not seen under light microscope. Cephalic sensillae in the shape of thin setae, 9���11 ��m or 51���55 % of labial region diameter. Stoma very small. Amphidial fovea circular, occupying 30���35 % of the corresponding body diameter, situated about 0.4 labial region diameter from the anterior body end. Pharynx muscular with metacorpal and cardial bulbs. Excretory pore situated 76���98 ��m behind cardia. Female reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic. Vulva equatorial. Ovaries comparatively long, often with two bends. One or two mature eggs measuring 93���122 x 37 ���48 ��m. Testes paired, outstretched, opposed. Spicules curved, cephalated, 50���54 ��m long. Gubernaculum short, plate-shaped with long caudal apophysis. One precloacal papilliform supplement. Tail slender, comparatively long, gradually narrowing to the terminus. Three caudal glands open through short, tubeshaped spinneret. Differential diagnosis. At present, the genus Domorganus Goodey, 1947 contains nine valid species: D. macronephriticus Goodey, 1947 (type species); D. delgadoi Hernandez & Jordana, 1990; D. navarrensis Hernandez & Jordana, 1990; D. oligochaetophilus Thun, 1967; D. beklemishevi Valovaya, 1989; D. bathybius (Schneider, 1943) Lorenzen, 1981; D. acutus (Tsalolikhin, 1977) Lorenzen, 1981; D. subtilis (Tchesunov, 1978) Lorenzen, 1981; and D. suecicus Holovachov, 2012 (Holovachov 2012). D. gigas sp. n. is morphologically close to D. acutus, also found in Lake Baikal (Tsalolikhin 1977, Gagarin & Naumova 2011), but differs in the longer body (L = 2258���3282 ��m versus L = 1439���2200 ��m in D. acutus), position of vulva (V = 47.9 ���52.0% versus V = 54���60 % in D. acutus), longer cephalic setae (9���11 ��m long, 51���55 % of labial region diameter versus 1.0��� 1.5 ��m long, 10���15 % of labial region diameter, position of amphidial fovea (0.4 labial region diameter from anterior body end versus 0.7 labial region diameter in D. acutus), longer spicules (50���54 ��m long versus 36���41 ��m long in D. acutus) and location of excretory pore (at distance 76���98 ��m behind cardia versus 12���14 ��m behind cardia in D. acutus (Tsalolikhin 1977, Gagarin & Naumova 2011)., Published as part of Gagarin, Vladimir G. & Naumova, Tatyana V., 2015, Domorganus gigas sp. n. (Nematoda) from Lake Baikal, Russia, pp. 490-494 in Zootaxa 4052 (4) on pages 490-494, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4052.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/237113, {"references":["Goodey, T. (1947) Domorganus macronephriticus n. g., n. sp., a new cylindrolaimid free-living soil nematode. Journal of Helminthology, 21, 175 - 180. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 00032053","Hernandez, M. A. & Jordana, R. (1990) Dos nuevas especies del genero Domorganus Goodey, 1947 (Nematoda, Araeolaimida). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Seccion Biologica, 86, 65 - 73.","von Thun, W. (1967) Domorganus oligochaetophilus n. sp., ein endoparasitischer Vertreter der Nematoda Adenophorea im Darm von Oligochaeten aus dem Litoral der Kieler Bucht. Marine Biology, 1, 36 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00346692","Valovaya, M. A. (1989) Domorganus oligochaetophilus and D. beklemishevi sp. n. from Enchytraeus albidus worms of the White Sea's supralitoral. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 68, 5 - 12. [in Russian]","Schneider, W. (1943) Freilebende Nematoden aus dem Ohridsee. Posebna izdanja. Srpska Kralevska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti. Nauke Prirodne i Matematicke (Spisi), 136, 135 - 184.","Lorenzen, S. (1981) Entwurf eines phylogenetischen Systems der freilebenden Nematoden. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fur Meeresforschung Bremerhaven, 7 (Supplement), 1 - 472.","Tsalolikhin, S. Ya. (1977) New species of nematodes from the Baikal Lake. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 56, 989 - 995. [in Russian]","Tchesunov, A. V. (1978) Free-living nematodes of the family Linhomoeidae from the Caspian Sea. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 57, 1623 - 1631. [in Russian]","Holovachov, O. (2012) Swedish Plectida (Nematoda). Part 1. Domorganus suecicus sp. n. from Skagerrak. Zootaxa, 3263, 63 - 68.","Gagarin, V. G. & Naumova, T. V. (2011) Paratrilobus granulosus sp. n., Tobrilus longisetosus sp. n. and Domorganus acutus (Tsalolikhin, 1977) from Lake Baikal, Russia. International Journal of Nematology, 21, 1 - 11."]}

Abolafia, Joaquín, Ruiz-Cuenca, Alba N., Fernandes, Berenice M. M., Cohen, Simone C., Cárdenas, Melissa Q. (2015): Description of free-living marine nematodes found in the intestine of fishes from the Brazilian coast. Zootaxa 3948 (3): 549-572, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3948.3.8

Gagarin, Vladimir G., Naumova, Tatyana V. (2015): Domorganus gigas sp. n. (Nematoda) from Lake Baikal, Russia. Zootaxa 4052 (4): 490-494, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4052.4.9

Campylaimus gerlachi Timm, 1961 (Fig. 4 J: Table 4) Material. Male; registration number CNP NEM 650. Locality. Mirage, San Julián Bay, Santa Cruz province, Argentina. Coordinates: 49°18’S, 67°42’W; water depth: low littoral. Collected by Catalina Pastor, 12 January 2009. Discussion. The Argentinian specimen found resembles the description of C. gerlachi Timm, 1961 in the general shape of the body, length of cephalic setae, shape, width and position of the amphidial fovea, de Man’s ratios, shape of the spicule, gubernaculum and tail and ventral buccal cavity. It differs in the presence of two precloacal papillae, a character not found in the original descriptions probably overlooked., Published as part of Villares, Gabriela, Martelli, Antonela, Russo, Virginia Lo & Pastor, Catalina, 2013, Three new species and one new record of Campylaimus (Diplopeltidae, Nematoda) from Argentine coasts (Buenos Aires and Santa Cruz, Argentina), pp. 83-96 in Zootaxa 3613 (1) on page 93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5292650, {"references":["Timm, R. W. (1961) The marine nematodes of the Bay of Bengal. Proceedings Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 1, 1 - 84."]}

Villares, Gabriela, Martelli, Antonela, Russo, Virginia Lo, Pastor, Catalina (2013): Three new species and one new record of Campylaimus (Diplopeltidae, Nematoda) from Argentine coasts (Buenos Aires and Santa Cruz, Argentina). Zootaxa 3613 (1): 83-96, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.1.4

Key to species of Campylaimus (Based on male characteristics) 1 Oral opening ventral...................................................................................2 - Oral opening dorsal.................................................................................... 4 2 Anterior border of the amphids anterior to oral opening....................................................... 3 - Anterior border of the amphids posterior to oral opening..................................... C. gerlachi Timm, 1961 3 One testis........................................................................ C. inaequalis Cobb, 1920 - Twotestes......................................................................... C. mirus Gerlach, 1950 4 With precloacal papillae................................................................................ 5 - Without precloacal papillae.............................................................................. 7 5 Tail with swollen tip................................................................................... 6 - Tail without swollen tip.......................................................... C. patagonicus Villares, 2012 6 With three precloacal papillae..................................................... C. bonariensis Villares, 2012 - With five precloacal papillae......................................................... C. arcuatus Villares, 2012 7 Gubernaculum absent.................................................................................. 8 - Gubernaculum present................................................................................. 10 8 Lateral field varying in width and is interrupted along the body lenght....................... C. ponticus Sergeeva, 1981 - Lateral field continuous over the body length................................................................ 9 9 Body longer than 1200 µm.......................................................... C. lefeverei Gerlach, 1956 - Body shorter than 800 µm........................................................... C. rimatus Vitiello, 1974 10 Tail conical......................................................................................... 11 - Tail cylindrical.......................................................... C. striatus Boucher & Helléouët, 1977 11 Value of a less than 20........................................................... C. tkatchevi Tchesunov, 1978 - Valueof a greater than 30.................................................. C. abnormis Thanh & Gagarin, 2011, Published as part of Villares, Gabriela, Martelli, Antonela, Russo, Virginia Lo & Pastor, Catalina, 2013, Three new species and one new record of Campylaimus (Diplopeltidae, Nematoda) from Argentine coasts (Buenos Aires and Santa Cruz, Argentina), pp. 83-96 in Zootaxa 3613 (1) on pages 94-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5292650, {"references":["Timm, R. W. (1961) The marine nematodes of the Bay of Bengal. Proceedings Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 1, 1 - 84.","Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology (Baltimore), 9, 217 - 343.","Gerlach, S. A. (1950) Die Diplopeltiden, eine Gruppe freilebender Nematoden. Kieler Meeresforsch, 7, 138 - 156.","Sergeeva, N. G. (1981) New species of the genus Campylaimus (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from the Black sea and Sivash Lake. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 60, 1717 - 1719.","Gerlach, S. A. (1956) Diagnosen neuer Nematoden aus der Kieler Bucht. Kieler Meeresforsch, 12, 85 - 109.","Vitiello, P. (1974) Considerations sur la systematique des Nematodes Araeolaimida et description d' especes nouvelles ou peu connus. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 115, 651 - 669.","Boucher, G. & Helleouet, M. N. (1977) Nematodes des sables fins infralittoraux de la Pierre Noire (Manche occidentale). III. Araeolaimida et Monhysterida. Bulletin du Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, 427, 85 - 122.","Tchesunov, A. V. (1978) New nematodes of the order Araeolaimida from the Caspian Sea. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 57, 19 - 25.","Thanh, N. V. & Gagarin, V. G. (2011) A new genus and two new species of marine free-living nematodes from the coastal waters of Southern Vietnam, Russian. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 37, 366 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1134 / S 1063074011050117"]}

A new species of Domorganus, D. suecicus sp. n., is described from bottom sediments collected in Skagerrak off the westcoast of Sweden. It is characterised by its long body (1.3–1.6 mm), lateral field originating immediately posterior toamphid, excretory pore located at the level of basal pharyngeal bulb, absence of advulval sensilla, straight spicules andabsence of gubernaculum. The new species has a unique set of characters (position of excretory pore and absence of thegubernaculum) separating it from all other known species of the genus. It shows some resemblance to the previouslydescribed species D. acutus and D. subtilis in body size and most measurements, but can be easily separated from both bythe relatively longer tail, shorter spicules, position of the anterior end of the lateral field near amphid, position of theexcretory pore anterior to pharyngo-intestinal junction, and absence of gubernaculum. A tabular compendium of species of the genus Domorganus is also given.

Zhang, Z. N. (2005): Three new species of free-living marine nematodes from the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, China. Journal of Natural History 39 (23): 2109-2123, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500082029, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500082029