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Obruta collector sp. nov. Figures 23 & 24 Material examined. Holotype: CASIZ236660 / IZC00048466, La Jolla Cove, San Diego (32.85227, -117.27239), 10–16 m, 8/14/20. Paratypes: Goalpost Reef, San Diego (32.69438, -117.26860), 12–15 m, 2/8/20; IZC00048464, Isla Vista Reef, Santa Barbara (34.40278 -119.85755), 9–12 m, 8/1/19; IZC00048462, Arroyo Quemado Reef, Santa Barbara (34.46775, -120.11905), 7–11 m, 6/14/19; SBMNH700907, Arroyo Quemado Reef, Santa Barbara (34.46775, -120.11905), 7–11 m, 7/29/19; IZC00048465, Whaler's Cove, Point Lobos, Carmel (36.52172, - 121.93894), 6–15 m, 11/23/19; SBMNH700924, Otter Cove, Pacific Grove (36.62920, -121.92031), 7–12 m, 11/24/19; IZC00048463, Inner Carmel Pinnacle (36.55852, -121.96820), 10–24 m, 9/22/21; SBMNH700915, Goalpost, San Diego, (32.69438, -117.26860), 12–15 m, 2/8/20. Etymology. "Debris collector," because the long protruding spicules tend to collect copious detritus in the habitats where it is found. Morphology. A thickly encrusting sponge with upright lobes. Samples 3 mm to 2 cm thick; incompletely sampled individuals likely exceeded 4 cm in height. Color in life apricot (light yellow-orange); some samples variegated with peach and white; all samples beige when preserved. Surface is thick with protruding spicules, giving the sponge a furry appearance, often with sediment and debris ensnared on hispid surface. Skeleton. Upright, slightly plumose bundles of oxeas, 5–10 spicules wide, project towards sponge surface, where they pierce the tissue and create a hispid surface. Many spicules also found outside of bundles; near sponge surface, these are mostly upright, adding to a generally plumose impression; near the sponge base, oxeas are found in utter confusion. Some megascleres found horizontally where sponge attaches to substrate; a minority of these have multiple bends resulting in a U or S shape and could be dubbed sinuous. No ectosomal specialization. No apparent spongin; spicules are unbound after proteinase K digestion. Spicule density is high; sponges are firm and incompressible. Spicules. Oxeas, styles, and intermediates; sinuous oxeas. Oxeas: slightly curved or straight; majority with sharp points at both ends, but minority have asymmetrical points, with one tip blunt or rounded; some of these approach styles. Holotype: 502–750-1208 x 5–14–31 μm (n=80). Dimensions vary greatly within and among samples. Average length was significantly associated with latitude (r 2 = 0.6, p = 0.02), but width was not (r 2 = 0.4, p = 0.08). Average lengths: San Diego samples = 750 and 747 μm; Santa Barbara samples = 743, 796, and 878 μm; Monterey samples = 932, 1138, and 1439 μm. All samples pooled: 477–948–2155 x 3–15–31 μm (n=360). Styles: shaped like oxeas, but with one untapered, rounded end; less common than oxeas in all samples, with frequencies of approximately 1%–15%, depending on sample. Shorter than oxeas in all samples, with average lengths 75%–85% as long. Holotype: 521–612–729 x 8–12–15 μm (n=5); all samples pooled: 486–717–1321 x 5–12–23 μm (n=38). Sinuous oxeas: oxeas with multiple bends and curves such that they are sinuous or U-shaped; some are only slightly sinuous and hard to differentiate from normal oxeas. Found in 5 of 8 samples. Holotype: 371–504–630 x 7–11–16 μm (n=12); all samples pooled: 231–510–1692 x 7–11–18 μm (n=43). Distribution and habitat. Found on shallow subtidal reefs in Central and Southern California; not found in the intertidal or on human structures. Fairly common around Monterey and Carmel Bays, where it was found at 50% of subtidal reefs investigated. Less common in Southern California, where it was found at only 7% of subtidal reefs. Remarks. Obruta collector sp. nov. is confidently placed in this nominal Bubarida clade at both loci, forming a subclade with Phakellia ventilabrum, type of its genus, and Axinellia cannabina (considered by some authors to be an Acanthella (Gazave et al. 2010)). The close evolutionary relationship of these three species highlights how difficult it will be to revise this order based on traditional characters. The two previously described species possess an axial skeleton of sinuous strongyles complemented by styles, and the new species possesses mostly oxeas. Phakellia ventilabrum is upright and fan-shaped, Axinella cannabina is branching and tubular, and Obruta collector sp. nov. is thickly encrusting and lobed. The high spicule density, hispid surface, and basal skeleton of sinuous diactines of O. collector sp. nov. are consistent with placement in the Bubaridae, and not consistent with the other bubarid families (Dictyonellidae and Desmanthidae). However, none of the existing genera placed within the Bubaridae, nor other genera that may be included in the Bubarida after revision, are a good fit for O. collector sp. nov. The close relationship of this new species to the type species of Phakellia is intriguing, but that genus is currently defined by its planer habit, multiple axes of sinuous strongyles, and styles, none of which are possessed by O. collector sp. nov. The genus Bubaris is more similar to the new species, as it is encrusting with sinuous diactines along the substrate. However, Bubaris is defined by having sinuous strongyles and styles, a thinly encrusting habit, and a skeleton of single styles erect on the substrate. Though some species currently placed in this genus have other growth forms (e.g., B. sarayi Ilan e t al. 1994, B. conulosa Vacelet & Vasseur 1971), they all possess only sinuous strongyles and styles. As O. collector sp. nov. possesses primarily oxeas and is thickly encrusting, we deem it necessary to create a new genus to house this species. The presence of sinuous diactines and lack of an ectosomal skeleton are morphological characters that unite this species with most other members of the Bubarida and other species that will likely be revised into the genus based on the phylogenies shown. Obruta collector sp. nov. can be easily differentiated from other named species, as evidenced by the need to create a new genus to house it. Due to the ill-defined boundaries of some genera of Bubarida, Axinella, and Halichondriidae, however, it is worth listing the similarities and differences of species from several other genera that occur in the North East Pacific. The only previous Bubarida known from the region is Rhaphoxya laubenfelsi Dickinson, 1945 from Pacific Mexico. This species is differentiated by being ramose and branching, possessing sharply bent styles, and being green after preservation. Two Axinyssa are known from the northeast Pacific, and some members of this genus have genetic affinities to the Bubarida. Axinyssa tuscara (Ristau, 1978) is sympatric with O. collector sp. nov., but is dark brown with smaller oxeas. Another species from Pacific Mexico, Axinyssa isabela Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2008, has similar spicules and a somewhat similar skeleton to O. collector sp. nov., but is yellow, sprawling, and is not macroscopically hispid. Young or small individuals of this species may be difficult to identify in the field, but larger individuals have a distinctive combination of growth form, color, and very hispid surface. All individuals of this form were correctly identified to species before verification with spicules and DNA sequencing, and no other samples were erroneously assigned to this species, so tentative field identifications are likely to be fairly reliable with experienced observers. Individuals from this species from Southern California were the focus of recent research on terpene biosynthesis in sponges (Wilson et al. 2023).

Endectyon (Endectyon) hyle (de Laubenfels, 1930) Figure 1F., Published as part of Turner, Thomas L. & Lonhart, Steve I., 2023, The Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles Marine Protected Area, pp. 151-194 in Zootaxa 5318 (2) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8162357, {"references":["de Laubenfels, M. W. (1930) The Sponges of California. Stanford University Bulletin, 5, 24 - 29."]}

Obruta gen. nov. Type species. Obruta collector sp. nov. Diagnosis. Bubaridae with oxeas as primary spicules, thickly encrusting growth habit, and very hispid surface. Slightly sinuous oxeas found near the sponge base, mixed in confusion with non-sinuous oxeas; ill-defined tracts of non-sinuous oxeas rise vertically from this base. Etymology. Named for the copious debris often trapped by the long protruding spicules. From the latin obruta, meaning debris.

Obruta gen. nov. Type species. Obruta collector sp. nov. Diagnosis. Bubaridae with oxeas as primary spicules, thickly encrusting growth habit, and very hispid surface. Slightly sinuous oxeas found near the sponge base, mixed in confusion with non-sinuous oxeas; ill-defined tracts of non-sinuous oxeas rise vertically from this base. Etymology. Named for the copious debris often trapped by the long protruding spicules. From the latin obruta, meaning debris., Published as part of Turner, Thomas L. & Lonhart, Steve I., 2023, The Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles Marine Protected Area, pp. 151-194 in Zootaxa 5318 (2) on page 185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8162357

Turner, Thomas L., Lonhart, Steve I. (2023): The Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles Marine Protected Area. Zootaxa 5318 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1

Obruta collector sp. nov. Figures 23 & 24 Material examined. Holotype: CASIZ236660 / IZC00048466, La Jolla Cove, San Diego (32.85227, -117.27239), 10–16 m, 8/14/20. Paratypes: Goalpost Reef, San Diego (32.69438, -117.26860), 12–15 m, 2/8/20; IZC00048464, Isla Vista Reef, Santa Barbara (34.40278 -119.85755), 9–12 m, 8/1/19; IZC00048462, Arroyo Quemado Reef, Santa Barbara (34.46775, -120.11905), 7–11 m, 6/14/19; SBMNH700907, Arroyo Quemado Reef, Santa Barbara (34.46775, -120.11905), 7–11 m, 7/29/19; IZC00048465, Whaler's Cove, Point Lobos, Carmel (36.52172, - 121.93894), 6–15 m, 11/23/19; SBMNH700924, Otter Cove, Pacific Grove (36.62920, -121.92031), 7–12 m, 11/24/19; IZC00048463, Inner Carmel Pinnacle (36.55852, -121.96820), 10–24 m, 9/22/21; SBMNH700915, Goalpost, San Diego, (32.69438, -117.26860), 12–15 m, 2/8/20. Etymology. "Debris collector," because the long protruding spicules tend to collect copious detritus in the habitats where it is found. Morphology. A thickly encrusting sponge with upright lobes. Samples 3 mm to 2 cm thick; incompletely sampled individuals likely exceeded 4 cm in height. Color in life apricot (light yellow-orange); some samples variegated with peach and white; all samples beige when preserved. Surface is thick with protruding spicules, giving the sponge a furry appearance, often with sediment and debris ensnared on hispid surface. Skeleton. Upright, slightly plumose bundles of oxeas, 5–10 spicules wide, project towards sponge surface, where they pierce the tissue and create a hispid surface. Many spicules also found outside of bundles; near sponge surface, these are mostly upright, adding to a generally plumose impression; near the sponge base, oxeas are found in utter confusion. Some megascleres found horizontally where sponge attaches to substrate; a minority of these have multiple bends resulting in a U or S shape and could be dubbed sinuous. No ectosomal specialization. No apparent spongin; spicules are unbound after proteinase K digestion. Spicule density is high; sponges are firm and incompressible. Spicules. Oxeas, styles, and intermediates; sinuous oxeas. Oxeas: slightly curved or straight; majority with sharp points at both ends, but minority have asymmetrical points, with one tip blunt or rounded; some of these approach styles. Holotype: 502–750-1208 x 5–14–31 μm (n=80). Dimensions vary greatly within and among samples. Average length was significantly associated with latitude (r 2 = 0.6, p = 0.02), but width was not (r 2 = 0.4, p = 0.08). Average lengths: San Diego samples = 750 and 747 μm; Santa Barbara samples = 743, 796, and 878 μm; Monterey samples = 932, 1138, and 1439 μm. All samples pooled: 477–948–2155 x 3–15–31 μm (n=360). Styles: shaped like oxeas, but with one untapered, rounded end; less common than oxeas in all samples, with frequencies of approximately 1%–15%, depending on sample. Shorter than oxeas in all samples, with average lengths 75%–85% as long. Holotype: 521–612–729 x 8–12–15 μm (n=5); all samples pooled: 486–717–1321 x 5–12–23 μm (n=38). Sinuous oxeas: oxeas with multiple bends and curves such that they are sinuous or U-shaped; some are only slightly sinuous and hard to differentiate from normal oxeas. Found in 5 of 8 samples. Holotype: 371–504–630 x 7–11–16 μm (n=12); all samples pooled: 231–510–1692 x 7–11–18 μm (n=43). Distribution and habitat. Found on shallow subtidal reefs in Central and Southern California; not found in the intertidal or on human structures. Fairly common around Monterey and Carmel Bays, where it was found at 50% of subtidal reefs investigated. Less common in Southern California, where it was found at only 7% of subtidal reefs. Remarks. Obruta collector sp. nov. is confidently placed in this nominal Bubarida clade at both loci, forming a subclade with Phakellia ventilabrum, type of its genus, and Axinellia cannabina (considered by some authors to be an Acanthella (Gazave et al. 2010)). The close evolutionary relationship of these three species highlights how difficult it will be to revise this order based on traditional characters. The two previously described species possess an axial skeleton of sinuous strongyles complemented by styles, and the new species possesses mostly oxeas. Phakellia ventilabrum is upright and fan-shaped, Axinella cannabina is branching and tubular, and Obruta collector sp. nov. is thickly encrusting and lobed. The high spicule density, hispid surface, and basal skeleton of sinuous diactines of O. collector sp. nov. are consistent with placement in the Bubaridae, and not consistent with the other bubarid families (Dictyonellidae and Desmanthidae). However, none of the existing genera placed within the Bubaridae, nor other genera that may be included in the Bubarida after revision, are a good fit for O. collector sp. nov. The close relationship of this new species to the type species of Phakellia is intriguing, but that genus is currently defined by its planer habit, multiple axes of sinuous strongyles, and styles, none of which are possessed by O. collector sp. nov. The genus Bubaris is more similar to the new species, as it is encrusting with sinuous diactines along the substrate. However, Bubaris is defined by having sinuous strongyles and styles, a thinly encrusting habit, and a skeleton of single styles erect on the substrate. Though some species currently placed in this genus have other growth forms (e.g., B. sarayi Ilan e t al. 1994, B. conulosa Vacelet & Vasseur 1971), they all possess only sinuous strongyles and styles. As O. collector sp. nov. possesses primarily oxeas and is thickly encrusting, we deem it necessary to create a new genus to house this species. The presence of sinuous diactines and lack of an ectosomal skeleton are morphological characters that unite this species with most other members of the Bubarida and other species that will likely be revised into the genus based on the phylogenies shown. Obruta collector sp. nov. can be easily differentiated from other named species, as evidenced by the need to create a new genus to house it. Due to the ill-defined boundaries of some genera of Bubarida, Axinella, and Halichondriidae, however, it is worth listing the similarities and differences of species from several other genera that occur in the North East Pacific. The only previous Bubarida known from the region is Rhaphoxya laubenfelsi Dickinson, 1945 from Pacific Mexico. This species is differentiated by being ramose and branching, possessing sharply bent styles, and being green after preservation. Two Axinyssa are known from the northeast Pacific, and some members of this genus have genetic affinities to the Bubarida. Axinyssa tuscara (Ristau, 1978) is sympatric with O. collector sp. nov., but is dark brown with smaller oxeas. Another species from Pacific Mexico, Axinyssa isabela Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2008, has similar spicules and a somewhat similar skeleton to O. collector sp. nov., but is yellow, sprawling, and is not macroscopically hispid. Young or small individuals of this species may be difficult to identify in the field, but larger individuals have a distinctive combination of growth form, color, and very hispid surface. All individuals of this form were correctly identified to species before verification with spicules and DNA sequencing, and no other samples were erroneously assigned to this species, so tentative field identifications are likely to be fairly reliable with experienced observers. Individuals from this species from Southern California were the focus of recent research on terpene biosynthesis in sponges (Wilson et al. 2023)., Published as part of Turner, Thomas L. & Lonhart, Steve I., 2023, The Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles Marine Protected Area, pp. 151-194 in Zootaxa 5318 (2) on pages 185-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8162357, {"references":["Gazave, E., Carteron, S., Chenuil, A., Richelle-Maurer, E., Boury-Esnault, N. & Borchiellini, C. (2010) Polyphyly of the genus Axinella and of the family Axinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 35 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.05.028","Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1, 51 - 126.","Dickinson, M. G. (1945) Sponges of the Gulf of California. In: Reports on the collections obtained by Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions of Velero III off the coast of Mexico, Central America, South America, and Galapagos Islands in 1932, in 1933, in 1934, in 1935, in 1936, in 1937, in 1939, and 1940. The University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, California, pp. 1 - 55.","Ristau, D. A. (1978) Six new species of shallow-water marine demosponges from California. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 91, 569 - 589.","Carballo, J. L. & Cruz-Barraza, J. A. (2008) First record of Axinyssa Lendenfeld, 1897 (Demospongiae, Halichondrida) from the East Pacific Ocean, with the description of Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. Zootaxa, 1784 (1), 58 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1784.1.4","Wilson, K., de Rond, T., Burkhardt, I., Steele, T. S., Schafer, R. J. B., Podell, S., Allen, E. E. & Moore, B. S. (2023) Terpene biosynthesis in marine sponge animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120, e 2220934120. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 2220934120"]}

Until now, 127 species of marine sponges have been recorded in the southern Gulf of Mexico (SGoM). In this study, we describe the sponge fauna recorded on 16 coral reefs of the SGoM, defined as the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), during a period from 2005 to 2019. We report 80 sponge species, including 34 first geographic records for the southern GoM region. The latter are fully described and illustrated, taking into account 24 that represent new records for the GoM: Agelas conifera, Agelas sventres, Agelas wiedenmayeri, Prosuberites carriebowensis, Desmanthus meandroides, Cliona aprica, Cliona dioryssa, Placospongia ruetzleri, Haliclona (Gellius) megasclera, Haliclona (Reniera) aff. portroyalensis, Neopetrosia proxima, Xestospongia arenosa, Calyx podatypa, Shiphonodictyon xamaycaense, Acarnus innominatus, Iotrochota arenosa, Polymastia tenax, Svenzea cristinae, Svenzea flava, Svenzea tubulosa, Svenzea zeai, Timea stenosclera, Stellettinopsis megastylifera, Suberea flavolivescens. The present work highlights the understimated and remarkable diversity of reef-associated sponges within the Campeche Bank Coral reef systems. Present work data was compiled with existing published information to produce an updated list of 161 known sponges in the southern GoM.

Ectyoplasia ferox (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Tables 6, 7; Figs. 9A–E, 16H–I Synonymy and references: Amphimedon ferox Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 81); Hymeniacidon amphilecta: de Laubenfels (1936: 137); Ectyoplasia ferox: Gómez (2007: 59), Hajdu et al. (2011: 140), Rützler et al. (2009: 299), Muricy et al. (2011: 149), and Rützler et al. (2014: 63); Ectyoplasia ferox surgens, see references compiled in Muricy et al. (2011: 149). Type locality. St. Thomas. Material examined. CNPGG-2186, CNPGG-2187, Cayo Arcas reef (20.21208°N, - 91.96083°W), 2.8–3 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 18 August 2018; CNPGG-2200, Cayo Arcas reef (20.19566°N, - 91.95997°W), 5.9 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 20 August 2018; CNPGG-2214, Cayo Arcas reef (20.19963°N, - 91.96680°W), 4.1 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 22 August 2018; CNPGG-1167, Alacranes reef (22.38830°N, - 89.70244°W), 12 m depth, coll. Patricia Gómez, 8 August 2009; CNPGG-2220, 2240, Triangulo Oeste reef (20.96185°N, - 92.30246°W), 6 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 08 August 2018; CNPGG-2407, Hornos reef (19.19083°N, - 96.11777°W), 4 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 27 August 2018; CNPGG-2411, CNPGG-2420, Isla Verde reef (19.19844°N, - 96.06863°W), 8 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 28 August 2018; CNPGG-2436, Cabezo reef (19.05086°N, - 95.82388°W), 9.5 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 30 August 2018. Distribution. Mexico (Gómez 2002, 2007; De la Cruz-Francisco & Gónzalez-Gónzalez 2016; current records), Cuba (Alcolado 2002), Bahamas, US (Florida), other countries in the Caribbean Sea, Brazil (Hajdu et al. 2011). Remarks. Ectyoplasia ferox is a common inhabitant of the coral reefs. It occurs around the reefs of Veracruz Reef System (Gómez 2002, 2007), Campeche Bank Reefs (current records), and off Quintana Roo (Maas-Vargas 2004), as well as other Caribbean countries. The species bears some colour and habit variation. Specimens can be ochre-yellow to orange, purplish, and greyish-brown, and they can inhabit variously exposed or cryptic microhabitats. According to Rützler et al. (2014), specimens from the light-exposed open reef more commonly form groups of laterally fused tubes, while those with encrusting shape seem typical for caves and other cryptic habitats. All of these have the same skeletal arrangement of plumose tracts formed by styles and clavulate acanthostyles, as well as no ectosomal specialization. For a detailed description, refer to Hajdu et al. (2011) and the references cited above., Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Duchassaing, F. P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936) A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1936, 1 - 225.","Gomez, P. (2007) Inventario de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, con nuevos Registros de Especies (Porifera: Demospongiae). In: Jimenez-Hernandez, M. J.; Granados-Barba, A. & Ortiz-Lozano, L. (Eds.), Investigaciones Cientificas en el Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Campeche, pp. 51 - 72.","Hajdu, E., Peixinho, S. & Fernandez, J. C. (2011) Esponjas marinhas da Bahia: guia de campo e laboratorio. Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 276 pp.","Rutzler, K., Soest, R. W. M. Van & Piantoni, C. (2009) Sponges (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota. Texas A & M Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 285 - 313.","Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. D. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. & Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Serie livros 46. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 300 pp.","Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1","Gomez, P. (2002) Esponjas marinas del Golfo de Mexico y el Caribe. AGT Editors S. A, Mexico, D. F., 134 pp.","De la Cruz-Francisco, V. & Gonzalez-Gonzalez, M. (2016) Nuevos Registros de esponjas para el sistema Arrecifal Lobos Tuxpan, con ampliaciones de ambito de distribucion para el Golfo de Mexico. Boletin del Instituto de Oceanografia de Venezuela, 55, 51 - 59.","Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72.","Maas-Vargas, M. G. (2004) Inventario de las esponjas marinas (Porifera: Demospongiae) de la Coleccion de Referencia de bentos costeros de ECOSUR. Universidad y ciencia, 20, 23 - 28."]}

Currently 26 sponge species are known for the Peruvian coast, but so far no raspailiids had been recorded from this region. Raspailiidae are distributed worldwide and its species are characterized by encrusting, massive, lobate, fan-shaped or branching growth forms, usually with a very hispid surface. In the present study, three new species of Raspailiidae are described from the Peruvian coast. Two new Eurypon spp. were collected at Islas Lobos de Afuera (Lambayeque). Eurypon lacertus sp. nov. is a thinly encrusting orange sponge with choanosomal skeleton composed of large tylostyles and small acanthostyles, and ectosomal skeleton with anisoxeas. Eurypon hookeri sp. nov. is a crustose, ruby red sponge, with choanosomal skeleton composed of large (subtylo)styles and acanthostyles, and ectosomal skeleton pierced by acanthostyles and (subtylo)styles, often surrounded by bouquets of smaller styles. The third new species, Plocamione matarani sp. nov., was collected at Matarani (Arequipa). It is a thinly encrusting orange sponge, the only Plocamione with two categories of choanosomal styles, and a single category of ectosomal styles, acanthostyles and anisoacanthostrongyles. These are the first records of Eurypon and Plocamione for the Peruvian coast, and the entire Southeastern Pacific, in the case of the latter.

The demosponge genus Endectyon is characterized by the presence of acanthostyles with recurved or clavulate spines. Two subgenera are recognized, Endectyon and Hemectyon, distinguished mainly by the acanthostyles being located only in the periphery of the axial skeleton in Endectyon, or forming the ectosomal brushes in Hemectyon. Sixteen species are known worldwide, of which only two were reported from the Western Atlantic Ocean. However, the type locality of Endectyon xerampelina is uncertain, and it could be located either in the Western Atlantic or in Australia. In the present study, we describe new records of E. xerampelina from the Brazilian coast and propose that Raspailia (R.) johnhooperi from the Guyana shelf is a junior synonym of E. xerampelina. Our results support the hypothesis that the type locality of E. xerampelina is located somewhere in the Tropical Western Atlantic Ocean and also that the species belongs to the subgenus Endectyon (Endectyon). We amended the diagnosis of the subgenus Endectyon (Endectyon) to account for the variability of acanthostyle shape in E. (E.) xerampelina, assigning greater taxonomic value to the position of the echinating megascleres than to their shape and pattern of spination.

Genus Hymeraphia Bowerbank, 1864 Type species: Hymeraphia stellifera Bowerbank, 1864:189 (by original designation). Diagnosis: see Hooper, 2002., Published as part of Morrow, Christine, Allcock, Louise A. & Mccormack, Grace, 2018, A new species of Hymeraphia Bowerbank, 1864 (Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from a deep-water canyon southwest off Ireland, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 4466 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1442108, {"references":["Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 469 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 - 53"]}

The genus Hymeraphia currently comprises three species and all records of the genus are from the northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. The present paper describes a new species, H. vaceleti sp. nov. from a deep-water canyon, off southwest Ireland. H. vaceleti sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from other Hymeraphia species and 28S rRNA sequences show substantial differences between our new species and other Hymeraphia spp. We present data on the prevalence of sponge species established on the basis of single specimens (singletons) or uniques (species only known from a single locality). We argue for the recognition of singletons for species that are rare or from habitats that are very difficult to survey or sample, such as the deep sea.

Hymeraphia vaceleti sp. nov. Morrow (Figure 3 a���b) Material examined: The holotype of Hymeraphia vaceleti sp. nov. (BELUM Mc2018.1) was collected during cruise CE13008, R.V. Celtic Explorer using the ROV Holland I, southwest off Ireland, 48.583, -10.46, 14/06/2013, 1541 m depth. Diagnosis: Hymeraphia with markedly bent acanthostyles with a large crown of stellate spines at their distal end. Holotype description: Thin encrustation measuring 8mm x 5 mm x 1.5 mm, growing on dead Desmophyllum pertusum (Linnaeus, 1758). Long tylostyles project through surface giving hispid appearance. Consistency soft and compressible. Colour white in ethanol. Skeleton: Choanosomal skeleton with hymedesmoid arrangement consisting of a basal membrane attached to substratum, bases of echinating acanthostyles and long tylostyles embedded in membrane and arranged perpendicular to it. Long tylostyles protrude a long way through ectosome, surrounded by bouquets of very fine hair-like, ectosomal styles. Spicules: Tylostyles are long and thin, gently curving and tapering to a fine point, with an asymmetric base, occasionally base is subtylote (125��� 690 ��� 2000 x 7��� 10 ���12 ��m n=3). Echinating acanthostyles have a markedly bent, slightly inflated smooth base, base frequently subtylote. Distal ends of acanthostyles have a large stellate crown composed of approximately 16 spines (acanthostyle length = 57��� 69 ���83 ��m; base = 7��� 10 ���12.5 ��m; crown = 12��� 29 ���45 ��m n =20). Ectosomal styles, very fine and hair-like (340��� 415 ���460 ��m x 1���2 ��m n=20). See Fig. 2 for spicule morphology and Table 2 for spicule dimensions. Etymology: The specific epithet vaceleti is given in honour of our dear friend and colleague, Dr. Jean Vacelet, for the friendship and encouragement he has consistently shown and for his overwhelming contribution to sponge science. Remarks: Hymeraphia vaceleti sp. nov. differs from other species of Hymeraphia by the distinctive acanthostyles which are shorter than those of the other congeners and have a much larger stellate crown of spines. The shaft of the acanthostyle is markedly bent just above the tylote base (Table 1)., Published as part of Morrow, Christine, Allcock, Louise A. & Mccormack, Grace, 2018, A new species of Hymeraphia Bowerbank, 1864 (Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from a deep-water canyon southwest off Ireland, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 4466 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1442108

WOS:000430461000007; International audience; A new species of Raspailia (Raspaxilla) frondosa sp. nov. is described from the deep seamounts of the Norfolk and New Caledonia Ridges. The morphology of the species resembles that of a frond or a fern, and its unique highly compressed axial skeleton of interlaced spongin fibres without spicules in combination with a radial extra axial skeleton of a perpendicular palisade of spicules, differentiate it from all other species of the subgenus. This species is compared morphologically to all 18 other valid species described in Raspailia (Raspaxilla).

Genus Raspailia Nardo, 1833 Raspailiidae with a more-or-less compressed axial skeleton and a radial, plumose or simply reticulate extra-axial skeleton, with choanosomal spicules consisting of two, three or more different size classes (styles and/or oxeas), and echinating acanthostyles microcionid-like or secondarily modified (from Hooper et al. 2008)., Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Debitus, C��cile, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2018, A new species of the sponge Raspailia (Raspaxilla) (Porifera: Demospongiae: Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from deep seamounts of the Western Pacific, pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on page 380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1221670, {"references":["Nardo, G. D. (1833) Auszug aus einem neuen System der Spongiarien, wonach bereits die Aufstellung in der Universitats - Sammlung zu Padua gemacht ist. In: Isis, oder Encyclopadische Zeitung Coll. Oken, Jena, pp. 519 - 523.","Hooper, J. N. A., Sutcliffe, P. & Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A. (2008) New species of Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from southeast Queensland. In: Davie, P. J. F. & Phillips, J. A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum-Nature, 54 (1), 1 - 22."]}

Subgenus Raspaxilla Topsent, 1913 Synonymy: Raspaxilla Topsent, 1913: 616 (Type species: Raspaxilla phakellina Topsent, 1913: 617, by monotypy). Echinaxia Hallmann, 1916a: 543; 1917: 391 (Type species: Axinella frondula Whitelegge, 1907: 509, by original designation). Axinectya Hallmann, 1917: 393 (Type species: Axinella mariana Ridley & Dendy, 1886: 480, by original designation). Definition. Raspailia with echinating rhabdostyles geometrically very different from the usually longer choanosomal styles (the latter without any basal rhabd); extra-axial styles forming a radial skeleton perpendicular to the axis; and well differentiated axial and extra-axial skeletons (the former compressed, the latter plumoreticulate and/or radial) (from Hooper et al. 2008)., Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Debitus, C��cile, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2018, A new species of the sponge Raspailia (Raspaxilla) (Porifera: Demospongiae: Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from deep seamounts of the Western Pacific, pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on page 380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1221670, {"references":["Hallmann, E. F. (1916) A Revision of the Genera with Microscleres included, or provisionally included, in the Family Axinellidae, with Descriptions of some Australian Species. Part ii. (Porifera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 41 (3), 495 - 552.","Hallmann, E. F. (1917) On the Genera Echinaxia and Rhabdosigma [Porifera]. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 42 (2), 391 - 405. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4856","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by the H. M. S. \" Challenger \". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18 (108), 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998","Hooper, J. N. A., Sutcliffe, P. & Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A. (2008) New species of Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from southeast Queensland. In: Davie, P. J. F. & Phillips, J. A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum-Nature, 54 (1), 1 - 22."]}

Raspailia (Raspaxilla) frondosa sp. nov. (Figs 1–4, Table 1) Etymology. Latin for leafy, reflecting the gross morphology of the sponge resembling the frond of a fern. Material examined. Holotype: MNHN-IP-2015-1402 (fragment of the holotype QM G335124) Station DW3110, New Caledonia Ridge 23o1.35’ S 168o16.99’ E to 23o1.71’S 168o15.86E, 270–310 m, Coll. Cécile Debitus, 28.x.2008 (Samadi 2008). Paratypes: QM G335144 (same data as holotype). QM G318701 NORFOLK 1 Station DW 1724, Norfolk Ridge Seamount Banc.no.1. 23o17.05’S 168o14.28’E, Dredge 200–291 m, Coll. Bertrand Richer de Forges, 27.vi.2001 (Richer de Forges 2001). Description. Growth form: A stalked foliaceous, flabellate to reniform sponge growing mainly in one plane but showing some undulations. The blades are between 55 and 65 mm high and 55 to 85 mm wide, with a maximum thickness of 3 mm at the base sloping to less than 1 mm at the apex. It has a circular stalked base with a diameter of 10 mm and small basal holdfast. Colour: Pale cream to orange on deck and beige to brown in ethanol. Texture: Firm and barely compressible, but easy to tear. Surface: Oscules are not visible, however on the surface the absence of parchment-like ectosome over the aquiferous channels resembles leaf veins (this is could also be due to friction or predation). Otherwise the surface is highly hispid and velvety from protruding long styles. Ectosomal skeleton: Membranous, parchment-like, without a specialised ‘raspailiid’ skeleton of spiculebouquets, but with a thick palisade of subectosomal styles protruding through the ectosome up to 0.5–2 mm. Choanosomal skeleton: With well-differentiated axial and extra-axial skeletons. The axial skeleton is compressed, lacking spicules, but with heavy interlaced spongin fibres forming a wide core up to 50% of the diameter of the skeleton. Long subectosomal styles and shorter choanosomal rhabdostyles have their bases embedded in the axial spongin skeleton, standing perpendicular to the axis forming a radial extra-axial skeleton, with the subectosomal styles protruding through the ectosome and the choanosomal rhabdostyles supporting the parchment-like ectosome on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the sponge. Megascleres (Table 1). There are only two categories of megascleres. Choanosomal rhabdostyles are very smooth, moderately thick, with a smooth non-tylote base, varying from slight to well-developed rhabds (97–469 x 6.2–31.6 µm). Subectosomal styles are rare ( Microscleres: Absent. Molecular data. DNA barcodes for 28S and CO1 could not be retrieved for the holotype or for the paratypes. All samples underwent two different DNA extractions (see Methods section) and multiple amplification attempts with different deviations from the PCR protocol, but amplification success could not be achieved under the described methods.

Raspailia (Raspaxilla) frondosa sp. nov. (Figs 1���4, Table 1) Etymology. Latin for leafy, reflecting the gross morphology of the sponge resembling the frond of a fern. Material examined. Holotype: MNHN-IP-2015-1402 (fragment of the holotype QM G335124) Station DW3110, New Caledonia Ridge 23o1.35��� S 168o16.99��� E to 23o1.71���S 168o15.86E, 270���310 m, Coll. C��cile Debitus, 28.x.2008 (Samadi 2008). Paratypes: QM G335144 (same data as holotype). QM G318701 NORFOLK 1 Station DW 1724, Norfolk Ridge Seamount Banc.no.1. 23o17.05���S 168o14.28���E, Dredge 200���291 m, Coll. Bertrand Richer de Forges, 27.vi.2001 (Richer de Forges 2001). Description. Growth form: A stalked foliaceous, flabellate to reniform sponge growing mainly in one plane but showing some undulations. The blades are between 55 and 65 mm high and 55 to 85 mm wide, with a maximum thickness of 3 mm at the base sloping to less than 1 mm at the apex. It has a circular stalked base with a diameter of 10 mm and small basal holdfast. Colour: Pale cream to orange on deck and beige to brown in ethanol. Texture: Firm and barely compressible, but easy to tear. Surface: Oscules are not visible, however on the surface the absence of parchment-like ectosome over the aquiferous channels resembles leaf veins (this is could also be due to friction or predation). Otherwise the surface is highly hispid and velvety from protruding long styles. Ectosomal skeleton: Membranous, parchment-like, without a specialised ���raspailiid��� skeleton of spiculebouquets, but with a thick palisade of subectosomal styles protruding through the ectosome up to 0.5���2 mm. Choanosomal skeleton: With well-differentiated axial and extra-axial skeletons. The axial skeleton is compressed, lacking spicules, but with heavy interlaced spongin fibres forming a wide core up to 50% of the diameter of the skeleton. Long subectosomal styles and shorter choanosomal rhabdostyles have their bases embedded in the axial spongin skeleton, standing perpendicular to the axis forming a radial extra-axial skeleton, with the subectosomal styles protruding through the ectosome and the choanosomal rhabdostyles supporting the parchment-like ectosome on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the sponge. Megascleres (Table 1). There are only two categories of megascleres. Choanosomal rhabdostyles are very smooth, moderately thick, with a smooth non-tylote base, varying from slight to well-developed rhabds (97���469 x 6.2���31.6 ��m). Subectosomal styles are rare (Microscleres: Absent. Molecular data. DNA barcodes for 28S and CO1 could not be retrieved for the holotype or for the paratypes. All samples underwent two different DNA extractions (see Methods section) and multiple amplification attempts with different deviations from the PCR protocol, but amplification success could not be achieved under the described methods., Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Debitus, C��cile, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2018, A new species of the sponge Raspailia (Raspaxilla) (Porifera: Demospongiae: Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from deep seamounts of the Western Pacific, pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on pages 380-383, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1221670, {"references":["Samadi, S. (2008) Terrasse cruise, RV Alis. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.17600 / 8100100 (accessed 18 September 2017)","Richer de Forges, B. (2001) Norfolk 1 cruise, RV Alis https: // doi. org / 10.17600 / 1100050"]}

Eurypon pulitzeri nom. nov. Eurypon coronula Topsent, 1936: 66 ���67, fig. 12 (not Hymeraphia coronula Bowerbank, 1874: 246 ���248, pl. LXXIX). Eurypon topsenti Pulitzer-Finalli, 1983: 531 ���533, fig. 50 (not Dragmatyle topsenti Burton, 1954: 235, pl. 9, fig. 7; text-fig. 9). Remarks. Topsent (1936) identified a specimen as Eurypon coronula (Bowerbank, 1874). Pulitzer-Finalli (1983) revised Topsent���s material and proposed a new species: Eurypon topsenti (from Western Mediterranean). However, when Hooper (2002) transferred Dragmatyle Topsent, 1904 to Eurypon, it was established the secondary homonym of Burton���s material (previously as Dragmatyle topsenti Burton, 1954). Following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: art. 52.2), Eurypon topsenti Pulitzer-Finalli, 1983 must be rejected. Eurypon pulitzeri nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Eurypon topsenti Pulitzer-Finalli, 1983, a secondary homonym of Eurypon topsenti (Burton, 1954). Etymology. Named after Gustavo Pulitzer-Finalli, who designated the species name of Topsent���s material., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855, {"references":["Topsent, E. (1936) Eponges observees dans les parages de Monaco. (Deuxieme partie). Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 686, 1 - 70.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 3. Ray Society, London, xvii + 367 pp., XCII pls.","Burton, M. (1954) Sponges. In: The ' Rosaura' Expedition. Part 5. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 2, pp. 6.","Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 469 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 53","Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls. 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61852"]}

Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2018): Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti. Zootaxa 4388 (1): 89-101, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6

Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. (Figures 1, 4–5, Table 1) Type locality: Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte State, Potiguar Basin. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 1949, Bacia Potiguar (04° 36.7198' S – 036° 46.7554' W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, depth 157 m, trawl, col. Petrobras, (22/V/2011). Diagnosis. Thinly encrusting sponge with a spicule complement composed by large tylostyles (1000–2315 / 6– 10 µm), acanthostyles I (119–300 / 6–12 µm), acanthostyles II (62–98 / 2–8 µm) and oxeas (207–550 / 2–5 µm). External morphology (Fig. 4A–B). Thinly encrusting sponge, approximately 0.5 mm thick. Hispid surface, consistency fragile and oscula absent. Colour in life is unknown and brown when preserved (80% ethanol). Skeleton (Fig. 4B). No special ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton composed of typical microcionid structure. Tylostyles, acanthostyles and oxeas protruded through surface forming projections of single spicules over the sponge. Spicules (Fig. 5A–H). Choanosomal tylostyles, eventually subtylostyles ( 1000– 1418.5 –2315 / 6– 8.1 –10 µm): elongated, smooth, curved, and with blunt tips and rounded tyla (Fig. 5A–B); Acanthostyles I (119– 205.5 –300 / 6– 9.0 –12 µm): long, robust, erect to slightly curved, with few little spines over the shaft, more abundant at the sponge basement (Fig. 5E–F); Acanthostyles II (62– 74.3 –98 / 2– 4.1 –8 µm): smaller than acanthostyles I, thin, straight, with big curved spines (hook-shaped) directed to the base projected all over the shaft (Fig. 5G–H); Thin oxeas (207– 443.7 –550 / 2– 2.7 –5.5 µm): long, slightly curved, and with blunt tips (Fig. 5C–D). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Known from the type locality Potiguar Basin (Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Region, Brazil), at 157 m. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. was found over a sand aggregate on the bryozoan Cupuladria sp. Etymology. The species name refers to the type locality Potiguar Basin, Brazil. Remarks. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differ from other Atlantic species of the genus, in spicules complement composed by large tylostyles, two categories of acanthostyles and oxeas, and dimensions (Tab. 1). The most similar species are E. mucronale and E. urizae, which have (sub)tylostyles, two size categories of acanthostyles and oxeas. However, the new species has much smaller tylostyles and oxeas are greater than those exhibited by E. urizae and E. mucronale (Tab. 1). Eurypon fulvum and E. major share with E. potiguaris sp. nov. the presence of choanosomal tylostyles, acanthostyles and oxeas. Nevertheless, they present only one category of acanthostyles and differ regarding the spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differs from E. clavilectuarium, E. miniaceum and E. suassunai by the presence of choanosomal subtylostyles and styles. The new species differ from E. hispidulum, E. incipiens, E. scabiosum and E. simplex for presenting oxeas. Acanthostyles are absent in E. lictor and E. topsenti. Eurypon clavatella, E. clavatum, E. cinctum, E. coronula, E. distyli, E. longispiculum, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum, E. toureti and E. viride present only one category of acanthostyles, while the new species has two acanthostyle categories. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differs from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. in spicules complement.

Eurypon oxychaetum sp. nov. (Figures 1–3, Table 1) Type locality: Brazil, Paraíba State. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 3007, off Conde Municipality (07° 21' S – 034° 38' W), Paraíba State, Brazil, depth 30 m, st. 20, Algas Project (01/VII/1969). Paratype. UFPEPOR 3023 and UFPEPOR 3026, off Pitimbu Municipality (07° 30' S – 034° 45' W), Paraíba State, Brazil, depth 10 m, st. 28, Algas Project (06/X/1969). Diagnosis. Eurypon with large subtylostyles (1025–2125 / 13–39 µm), subectosomal styles (283–412 / 2–5 µm), two categories of acanthostyles (I = 290–650 / 13–26; II = 68–135 / 3–6 µm, length / width) and oxychaetes (77–119 µm). External morphology (Fig. 2A–B). Thinly encrusting sponge, 0.5–1.0 mm thick. Projecting spicules through surface. Consistency is fragile. Oscula were not found. Colour is beige (preserved in ethanol 80 %), colour in vivo unknown. Skeleton (Fig. 2C). No special ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeletal arrangement microcionid. Dense basal layer echinated by subtylostyles and acanthostyles protruding through surface. Styles and oxychaetes dispersed in the subectosomal region. Spicules (Fig. 3A–J). Choanosomal subtylostyles, occasionally tylostyles (1025– 1727.5 –2125 / 13– 24.4 –39 µm): long, thin, smooth, curved and blunt tips (Fig. 3A–B); Subectosomal styles (283– 354.5 –412 / 2– 3.2 –5): thin, smooth and curved (Fig. 3C–D); Acanthostyles I (290– 426.5 –650 / 13– 19.6 –26 µm): robust, slightly curved, and with few curved spines over the shaft directed to the base (Fig. 3G–H); Acanthostyles II (68– 97.9 –135 / 3– 4.9 –6 µm): small, thin, straight to slightly curved, abundant curved spines directed to the base (Fig. 3I –J); Oxychaetes (77– 100.8 –119): small, straight and with of spines over the whole shaft (Fig. 3E–F). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Paraíba State, between 10– 30 m. Found on calcareous algae during a historical expedition at Paraíba State in 1969. Etymology. The specific epithet oxychaetum refers to the presence of oxychaete spicules, exclusive of the new species. Remarks. Eurypon oxychaetum sp. nov. is characterized for possessing a spicule complement composed by tylostyles, styles, acanthostyles in two size categories, oxychaetes and an encrusting growth form. The most similar species are E. clavilectuarium and E. suassunai which share two categories of acanthostyles, subectosomal styles and choanosomal subtylostyles but they differ from the new species for presenting raphideform styles and spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). The new species is distinguished from E. clavatella Little, 1963, E. clavatum (Bowerbank, 1866), E. coronula (Bowerbank, 1874), E. distyli, E. fulvum Lévi, 1969, E. lacazei (Topsent, 1891), E. longispiculum (Carter, 1876), E. major Sarà & Siribelli, 1960, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum (Bowerbank, 1866), E. toureti (Topsent, 1894) and E. viride (Topsent, 1889) because these species have only one category of acanthostyles. In the species E. lictor (Topsent, 1904) and E. topsenti (Burton, 1954) acanthostyles are absent. E. oxychaetum sp. nov. differ from E. hispidulum (Topsent, 1904), E. incipiens Topsent, 1927, E. mucronale (Topsent, 1928), E. scabiosum (Topsent, 1927), E. simplex (Bowerbank, 1874) and E. urizae (Hooper, 1996), because they do not have subectosomal styles. Eurypon miniaceum Thiele, 1905 and E. mixtum (Topsent, 1928) are distinguished from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. by their spicules dimensions (Tab.1).

Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. (Figures 1, 6���7, Table 1���2) Type locality: Brazil, Pernambuco State, Goiana Municipality, Ponta de Pedras Beach. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 1966, Ponta de Pedras (07��37���00������S ��� 34��48���51������W), Goiana Municipality, Pernambuco State, Brazil, intertidal, coll. T. Cavalcanti and U. Pinheiro (30/VII/2015). Paratype. UFPEPOR 1967 and UFPEPOR 1968 (31/VIII/2015), UFPEPOR 1969 (29/IX/2015), collected at the type locality. Diagnosis. Eurypon with blue color and long tylostyles (400���1100 / 2���9 ��m), verticillate acanthostyles (I = 81���287 / 3���7 ��m; II = 60���141 / 2���6 ��m) and raphides (36���62 ��m). External morphology (Fig. 6A���B). Thinly encrusting sponge, covering surfaces up to 40 cm �� and 0.5���1.0 mm thick. Hispid surface and consistency firm but easy to tear. Oscula absent. Colour in life is blue which is kept when preserved (80% ethanol). Skeleton (Fig. 6C). No special ectosomal skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton has a microcionid structure. The majority of tylostyles and acanthostyles are embedded in a dense spongin layer which protrude externally. Raphides are dispersed in the subectosomal region. Spicules (Fig. 7A���G). Choanosomal tylostyles (460��� 774.3 ���1100 / 3��� 5.7 ���8 ��m): elongated, smooth, curved, with hastate tips and rounded tyla (Fig. 7A���B); Acanthostyles I (121��� 179.2 ���236 / 3��� 4.7 ���6 ��m): long, thin, straight to slightly curved, with few little spines on the shaft, concentrated on the base, and with subterminal tyla bearing bigger verticillate spines (Fig. 7C���D); Acanthostyles II (60��� 80.4 ���110 / 2��� 4.2 ���6 ��m): straight, fusiform, with a flat base, abundant spines on the shaft, and with verticillate curved spines (hook-shaped) directed to the tips (Fig. 7E��� F); Raphides (40��� 49.9 ���57 ��m): small, smooth and abundant (Fig. 7G). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Pernambuco State: Goiana Municipality, intertidal zone. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is abundant at ���Ponta de Pedras��� reefs. All the sponges were found in an epibenthic association with bryozoan species. The bryozoans Amathia vidovici Heller,1867, Amathia sp. and Nolella stipata Gosse, 1855 were found over the new species surface (Fig. 6A). Etymology. The specific epithet verticillatum refer to the verticillate spines next to base of acanthostyle I and II. Remarks. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is assigned to Eurypon for the possessing a spicule complement typical of the genus, composed by choanosomal tylostyles, echinating acanthostyles, raphides, a microcionid skeletal arrangement and encrusting habit. It differs from the Atlantic Ocean species of the genus for presenting exclusive verticillate acanthostyles. Additionally, it differs from others features. The species more similar to E. verticillatum sp. nov. is E. viride, which shares with the new species the presence of choanosomal tylostyles, raphides and acanthostyles. However, E. viride has only one category of typical acanthostyles, while the new species has two size classes of verticillate acanthostyles. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is distinguished from E. lictor and E. topsenti for presenting acanthostyles. The new species differ from E. clavatella, E. clavatum, E. coronula, E. distyli, E. fulvum, E. lacazei , E. longispiculum, E. major, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum, E. toureti and E. viride, because these species have one category of acanthostyles while the new species has two categories of acanthostyles. The presence of choanossomal subtylostyles in combination with two categories of acanthostyles is found in E. clavilectuarium, E. hispidulum, E. incipiens, E. miniaceum, E. mucronale, E. scabiosum, E. simplex, E. suassunai and E. urizae. The new species differs from the latter species, by the choanosomal tylostyles and in spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is distinguished from E. mixtum, which has the spicules components of tylostyles, acanthostyles I, II, and ectosomal styles or subtylostyles. The new species differ from E. mixtum in presenting raphides and in spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Finally, it is distinguished from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. and E. potiguaris sp. nov. by their spicules complement and dimensions (Tab. 1). TABLE]. Comparative micrometric đata on the spicules, shape anđ đistribution overview of the new Eurypon species from the Atlantic Ocean. Values are in micrometers (��m), expresseđ as follows: minimum��maximum or minimum�� mean ��maximum length/wiđth. References are numbeređ in parentheses anđ listeđ after the table. ������continued on the next page TABLE]. (Continueđ) References: (1) Pulitzer-Finali (1983); (2) Topsent (1936); (3) Little (1963); (4) Boury-Esnault et al. (1994); (5) Santos et al. (2014); (6) Boury-Esnault & Lopes (1985); (7) L��vi (1969); (8) Topsent 1904); (9) Topsent (1928); (10) Carter (1876); (11) Sar��� & Siribelli (1960); (12) Pulitzer-Finali (1978); (13) Uriz (1988); (14) Bowerbank, 1866; (15) Topsent (1927); (16) Bowerbank (1874); (17) Burton (1954); (18) Topsent (1894); (19) Topsent (1889)., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on pages 95-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855, {"references":["Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621.","Topsent, E. (1936) Eponges observees dans les parages de Monaco. (Deuxieme partie). Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 686, 1 - 70.","Little, F. J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11, 2, 31 - 71.","Boury-Esnault, N., Pansini, M. & Uriz, M. J. (1994) Spongiaires bathyaux de la mer d'Alboran et du golfe ibero-marocain. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 160, 1 - 174. Available from: http: // bibliotheques. mnhn. fr / EXPLOITATION / infodoc / ged / viewportalpublished. ashx? eid = IFD _ FICJOINT _ MNHN _ MMNHN _ S 000 _ 1994 _ T 160 _ N 00 _ 1 (accessed 24 January 2018)","Santos, G. G., Franca, F. & Pinheiro, U. (2014) Three new species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 from Northeastern Brazil (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa, 3895 (2), 273 - 284. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3895.2.8","Boury-Esnault, N. & Lopes, M. T. (1985) Les Demosponges littorales de l'Archipel des Acores. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 61 (2), 149 - 225.","Levi, C. (1969) Spongiaires du Vema Seamount (Atlantique Sud). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 41 (4), 952 - 973.","Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls. 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61852","Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls. I - XI.","Carter, H. J. (1876). Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (105 - 108), 226 - 240; 307 - 324; 388 - 410; 458 - 479, pls. XII - XVI.","Sara, M. & Siribelli, L. (1960) La fauna di Poriferi delle ' secche' del Golfo di Napoli. 1. La ' secca' della Gaiola. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, 12, 3, 1 - 93.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1978) Report on a Collection of Sponges from the Bay of Naples. III Hadromerida, Axinellida, Poecilosclerida, Halichondrida, Haplosclerida. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici della (R.) Universita di Genova, 45, 7 - 89.","Uriz, M. J. (1988) Deep-water sponges from the continental shelf and slope off Namibia (Southwest Africa): Classses Hexactinellida and Demospongia. Monografias de Zoologia Marina, 3, 9 - 157.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp.","Topsent, E. (1927) Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco, 502, 1 - 19.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 3. Ray Society, London, xvii + 367 pp., XCII pls.","Burton, M. (1954) Sponges. In: The ' Rosaura' Expedition. Part 5. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 2, pp. 6.","Topsent, E. (1894) Application de la taxonomie actuelle a une collection de spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Guadeloupe decrite precedemment. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 7, 27 - 36.","Topsent, E. (1889) Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 2, 30 - 52."]}

Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. (Figures 1, 6–7, Table 1–2) Type locality: Brazil, Pernambuco State, Goiana Municipality, Ponta de Pedras Beach. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 1966, Ponta de Pedras (07°37’00’’S – 34°48’51’’W), Goiana Municipality, Pernambuco State, Brazil, intertidal, coll. T. Cavalcanti and U. Pinheiro (30/VII/2015). Paratype. UFPEPOR 1967 and UFPEPOR 1968 (31/VIII/2015), UFPEPOR 1969 (29/IX/2015), collected at the type locality. Diagnosis. Eurypon with blue color and long tylostyles (400–1100 / 2–9 µm), verticillate acanthostyles (I = 81–287 / 3–7 µm; II = 60–141 / 2–6 µm) and raphides (36–62 µm). External morphology (Fig. 6A–B). Thinly encrusting sponge, covering surfaces up to 40 cm ² and 0.5–1.0 mm thick. Hispid surface and consistency firm but easy to tear. Oscula absent. Colour in life is blue which is kept when preserved (80% ethanol). Skeleton (Fig. 6C). No special ectosomal skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton has a microcionid structure. The majority of tylostyles and acanthostyles are embedded in a dense spongin layer which protrude externally. Raphides are dispersed in the subectosomal region. Spicules (Fig. 7A–G). Choanosomal tylostyles (460– 774.3 –1100 / 3– 5.7 –8 µm): elongated, smooth, curved, with hastate tips and rounded tyla (Fig. 7A–B); Acanthostyles I (121– 179.2 –236 / 3– 4.7 –6 µm): long, thin, straight to slightly curved, with few little spines on the shaft, concentrated on the base, and with subterminal tyla bearing bigger verticillate spines (Fig. 7C–D); Acanthostyles II (60– 80.4 –110 / 2– 4.2 –6 µm): straight, fusiform, with a flat base, abundant spines on the shaft, and with verticillate curved spines (hook-shaped) directed to the tips (Fig. 7E– F); Raphides (40– 49.9 –57 µm): small, smooth and abundant (Fig. 7G). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Pernambuco State: Goiana Municipality, intertidal zone. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is abundant at ‘Ponta de Pedras’ reefs. All the sponges were found in an epibenthic association with bryozoan species. The bryozoans Amathia vidovici Heller,1867, Amathia sp. and Nolella stipata Gosse, 1855 were found over the new species surface (Fig. 6A). Etymology. The specific epithet verticillatum refer to the verticillate spines next to base of acanthostyle I and II. Remarks. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is assigned to Eurypon for the possessing a spicule complement typical of the genus, composed by choanosomal tylostyles, echinating acanthostyles, raphides, a microcionid skeletal arrangement and encrusting habit. It differs from the Atlantic Ocean species of the genus for presenting exclusive verticillate acanthostyles. Additionally, it differs from others features. The species more similar to E. verticillatum sp. nov. is E. viride, which shares with the new species the presence of choanosomal tylostyles, raphides and acanthostyles. However, E. viride has only one category of typical acanthostyles, while the new species has two size classes of verticillate acanthostyles. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is distinguished from E. lictor and E. topsenti for presenting acanthostyles. The new species differ from E. clavatella, E. clavatum, E. coronula, E. distyli, E. fulvum, E. lacazei , E. longispiculum, E. major, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum, E. toureti and E. viride, because these species have one category of acanthostyles while the new species has two categories of acanthostyles. The presence of choanossomal subtylostyles in combination with two categories of acanthostyles is found in E. clavilectuarium, E. hispidulum, E. incipiens, E. miniaceum, E. mucronale, E. scabiosum, E. simplex, E. suassunai and E. urizae. The new species differs from the latter species, by the choanosomal tylostyles and in spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is distinguished from E. mixtum, which has the spicules components of tylostyles, acanthostyles I, II, and ectosomal styles or subtylostyles. The new species differ from E. mixtum in presenting raphides and in spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Finally, it is distinguished from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. and E. potiguaris sp. nov. by their spicules complement and dimensions (Tab. 1). TABLE]. Comparative micrometric đata on the spicules, shape anđ đistribution overview of the new Eurypon species from the Atlantic Ocean. Values are in micrometers (µm), expresseđ as follows: minimum̅maximum or minimum̅ mean ̅maximum length/wiđth. References are numbeređ in parentheses anđ listeđ after the table. ……continued on the next page TABLE]. (Continueđ) References: (1) Pulitzer-Finali (1983); (2) Topsent (1936); (3) Little (1963); (4) Boury-Esnault et al. (1994); (5) Santos et al. (2014); (6) Boury-Esnault & Lopes (1985); (7) Lévi (1969); (8) Topsent 1904); (9) Topsent (1928); (10) Carter (1876); (11) Sarả & Siribelli (1960); (12) Pulitzer-Finali (1978); (13) Uriz (1988); (14) Bowerbank, 1866; (15) Topsent (1927); (16) Bowerbank (1874); (17) Burton (1954); (18) Topsent (1894); (19) Topsent (1889).

Eurypon oxychaetum sp. nov. (Figures 1���3, Table 1) Type locality: Brazil, Para��ba State. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 3007, off Conde Municipality (07�� 21' S ��� 034�� 38' W), Para��ba State, Brazil, depth 30 m, st. 20, Algas Project (01/VII/1969). Paratype. UFPEPOR 3023 and UFPEPOR 3026, off Pitimbu Municipality (07�� 30' S ��� 034�� 45' W), Para��ba State, Brazil, depth 10 m, st. 28, Algas Project (06/X/1969). Diagnosis. Eurypon with large subtylostyles (1025���2125 / 13���39 ��m), subectosomal styles (283���412 / 2���5 ��m), two categories of acanthostyles (I = 290���650 / 13���26; II = 68���135 / 3���6 ��m, length / width) and oxychaetes (77���119 ��m). External morphology (Fig. 2A���B). Thinly encrusting sponge, 0.5���1.0 mm thick. Projecting spicules through surface. Consistency is fragile. Oscula were not found. Colour is beige (preserved in ethanol 80 %), colour in vivo unknown. Skeleton (Fig. 2C). No special ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeletal arrangement microcionid. Dense basal layer echinated by subtylostyles and acanthostyles protruding through surface. Styles and oxychaetes dispersed in the subectosomal region. Spicules (Fig. 3A���J). Choanosomal subtylostyles, occasionally tylostyles (1025��� 1727.5 ���2125 / 13��� 24.4 ���39 ��m): long, thin, smooth, curved and blunt tips (Fig. 3A���B); Subectosomal styles (283��� 354.5 ���412 / 2��� 3.2 ���5): thin, smooth and curved (Fig. 3C���D); Acanthostyles I (290��� 426.5 ���650 / 13��� 19.6 ���26 ��m): robust, slightly curved, and with few curved spines over the shaft directed to the base (Fig. 3G���H); Acanthostyles II (68��� 97.9 ���135 / 3��� 4.9 ���6 ��m): small, thin, straight to slightly curved, abundant curved spines directed to the base (Fig. 3I ���J); Oxychaetes (77��� 100.8 ���119): small, straight and with of spines over the whole shaft (Fig. 3E���F). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Para��ba State, between 10��� 30 m. Found on calcareous algae during a historical expedition at Para��ba State in 1969. Etymology. The specific epithet oxychaetum refers to the presence of oxychaete spicules, exclusive of the new species. Remarks. Eurypon oxychaetum sp. nov. is characterized for possessing a spicule complement composed by tylostyles, styles, acanthostyles in two size categories, oxychaetes and an encrusting growth form. The most similar species are E. clavilectuarium and E. suassunai which share two categories of acanthostyles, subectosomal styles and choanosomal subtylostyles but they differ from the new species for presenting raphideform styles and spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). The new species is distinguished from E. clavatella Little, 1963, E. clavatum (Bowerbank, 1866), E. coronula (Bowerbank, 1874), E. distyli, E. fulvum L��vi, 1969, E. lacazei (Topsent, 1891), E. longispiculum (Carter, 1876), E. major Sar�� & Siribelli, 1960, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum (Bowerbank, 1866), E. toureti (Topsent, 1894) and E. viride (Topsent, 1889) because these species have only one category of acanthostyles. In the species E. lictor (Topsent, 1904) and E. topsenti (Burton, 1954) acanthostyles are absent. E. oxychaetum sp. nov. differ from E. hispidulum (Topsent, 1904), E. incipiens Topsent, 1927, E. mucronale (Topsent, 1928), E. scabiosum (Topsent, 1927), E. simplex (Bowerbank, 1874) and E. urizae (Hooper, 1996), because they do not have subectosomal styles. Eurypon miniaceum Thiele, 1905 and E. mixtum (Topsent, 1928) are distinguished from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. by their spicules dimensions (Tab.1)., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on pages 91-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855, {"references":["Little, F. J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11, 2, 31 - 71.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 3. Ray Society, London, xvii + 367 pp., XCII pls.","Levi, C. (1969) Spongiaires du Vema Seamount (Atlantique Sud). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 41 (4), 952 - 973.","Carter, H. J. (1876). Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (105 - 108), 226 - 240; 307 - 324; 388 - 410; 458 - 479, pls. XII - XVI.","Sara, M. & Siribelli, L. (1960) La fauna di Poriferi delle ' secche' del Golfo di Napoli. 1. La ' secca' della Gaiola. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, 12, 3, 1 - 93.","Topsent, E. (1894) Application de la taxonomie actuelle a une collection de spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Guadeloupe decrite precedemment. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 7, 27 - 36.","Topsent, E. (1889) Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 2, 30 - 52.","Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls. 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61852","Burton, M. (1954) Sponges. In: The ' Rosaura' Expedition. Part 5. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 2, pp. 6.","Topsent, E. (1927) Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco, 502, 1 - 19.","Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls. I - XI."]}

Genus Eurypon Gray, 1867 Synonymy. For synonymy list see Hooper (2002). Type species: Hymeraphia clavata Bowerbank, 1866 (by monotypy). Definition. Typically encrusting Raspailiidae with microcionid skeletal structure in which fiber nodes ascend from the basal layer of spongin (Hooper 2002). Diagnosis. Encrusting, massive or digitate growth forms. Surface hispid, even, granular or conulose. Encrusting species have a microcionid choanosomal skeletal structure with a basally compressed layer of spongin fibres lying on the substrate producing small spongin-fibre nodes echinated by acanthostyles, and radially disposed extra-axial skeleton composed of subectosomal styles standing perpendicular to and embedded in basal fibres. Massive species have slightly axially compressed plumose tracts of extra-axial styles, often forming fanlike bundles, and tracts lightly echinated by acanthostyles. Extra-axial styles may be partially or entirely spined (Acantheurypon). Ectosomal specialization present (s.s.) or absent; if present ectosomal skeleton consists of fine monactinal (or diactinal) spicule brushes surrounding single protruding extra-axial styles. Structural megascleres consist of 1���2 categories of styles or (sub-)tylostyles (rarely modified to oxeas); echinating acanthostyles microcionid-like, typically long and with subtylote bases, or verticillate. Several species have raphides in trichodragmata. Oxychaetes are found in some species (emended from Hooper 2002, changes are in bold). Remarks. Hooper (2002) indicates the presence of styles and (sub-)tylostyles, echinating acanthostyles and raphides as the spicule complement. However, different spicules have been recorded for the genus in the present study. Oxychaetes are exclusive of E. oxychaetum sp. nov. Additionally, the presence of verticillate acanthostyles (found only in E. verticillatum sp. nov.) is also a new character for diagnosing the genus., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855, {"references":["Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 469 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 53","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp."]}

Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. (Figures 1, 4���5, Table 1) Type locality: Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte State, Potiguar Basin. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 1949, Bacia Potiguar (04�� 36.7198' S ��� 036�� 46.7554' W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, depth 157 m, trawl, col. Petrobras, (22/V/2011). Diagnosis. Thinly encrusting sponge with a spicule complement composed by large tylostyles (1000���2315 / 6��� 10 ��m), acanthostyles I (119���300 / 6���12 ��m), acanthostyles II (62���98 / 2���8 ��m) and oxeas (207���550 / 2���5 ��m). External morphology (Fig. 4A���B). Thinly encrusting sponge, approximately 0.5 mm thick. Hispid surface, consistency fragile and oscula absent. Colour in life is unknown and brown when preserved (80% ethanol). Skeleton (Fig. 4B). No special ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton composed of typical microcionid structure. Tylostyles, acanthostyles and oxeas protruded through surface forming projections of single spicules over the sponge. Spicules (Fig. 5A���H). Choanosomal tylostyles, eventually subtylostyles ( 1000��� 1418.5 ���2315 / 6��� 8.1 ���10 ��m): elongated, smooth, curved, and with blunt tips and rounded tyla (Fig. 5A���B); Acanthostyles I (119��� 205.5 ���300 / 6��� 9.0 ���12 ��m): long, robust, erect to slightly curved, with few little spines over the shaft, more abundant at the sponge basement (Fig. 5E���F); Acanthostyles II (62��� 74.3 ���98 / 2��� 4.1 ���8 ��m): smaller than acanthostyles I, thin, straight, with big curved spines (hook-shaped) directed to the base projected all over the shaft (Fig. 5G���H); Thin oxeas (207��� 443.7 ���550 / 2��� 2.7 ���5.5 ��m): long, slightly curved, and with blunt tips (Fig. 5C���D). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Known from the type locality Potiguar Basin (Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Region, Brazil), at 157 m. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. was found over a sand aggregate on the bryozoan Cupuladria sp. Etymology. The species name refers to the type locality Potiguar Basin, Brazil. Remarks. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differ from other Atlantic species of the genus, in spicules complement composed by large tylostyles, two categories of acanthostyles and oxeas, and dimensions (Tab. 1). The most similar species are E. mucronale and E. urizae, which have (sub)tylostyles, two size categories of acanthostyles and oxeas. However, the new species has much smaller tylostyles and oxeas are greater than those exhibited by E. urizae and E. mucronale (Tab. 1). Eurypon fulvum and E. major share with E. potiguaris sp. nov. the presence of choanosomal tylostyles, acanthostyles and oxeas. Nevertheless, they present only one category of acanthostyles and differ regarding the spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differs from E. clavilectuarium, E. miniaceum and E. suassunai by the presence of choanosomal subtylostyles and styles. The new species differ from E. hispidulum, E. incipiens, E. scabiosum and E. simplex for presenting oxeas. Acanthostyles are absent in E. lictor and E. topsenti. Eurypon clavatella, E. clavatum, E. cinctum, E. coronula, E. distyli, E. longispiculum, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum, E. toureti and E. viride present only one category of acanthostyles, while the new species has two acanthostyle categories. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differs from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. in spicules complement., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on pages 93-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855

The taxonomy of the family Raspailiidae has always been controversial. The family was first included in the order Poecilosclerida. It was then allocated to the order Axinellida and later moved back to Poecilosclerida. Currently with the development of molecular tools it has been assigned to the order Axinellida. In this contribution we describe 10 species from the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Seven of them are new to science: Raspailia (Parasyringella) rubra sp. nov., Raspailia (Raspaxilla) hymani (Dickinson 1945), Raspailia (Raspaxilla) hyle (de Laubenfels 1930), Aulospongus cerebella (Dickinson 1945), Aulospongus californianus sp. nov., Aulospongus aurantiacus sp. nov., Eurypon patriciae sp. nov., Eurypon tylospinosum sp. nov., Eurypon diversicolor sp. nov. and Eurypon brunus sp. nov. We discuss the genus Eurypon and include a table for all the species described worldwide with some comments about this genus. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D462084B-EE9C-4C61-884A-C9DB70003B4A

Subgenus Hymeraphiopsis Hooper, 1991 Type species: Raspailia irregularis Hentschel, 1914 (by original designation), Published as part of Lehnert, Helmut & Stone, Robert P., 2015, New species of sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, pp. 451-483 in Zootaxa 4033 (4) on page 477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/253595, {"references":["Hooper, J. N. A. (1991) Revision of the family Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 5 (6), 1179 - 1418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9911179","Hentschel, E. (1914) Monaxone Kieselschwamme und Hornschwamme der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 03, 15 (1), 35 - 141, pls. IV - VIII."]}

Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert P. (2015): New species of sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska. Zootaxa 4033 (4): 451-483, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4033.4.1

Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte (2013): Demospongiae of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition—Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa 3692 (1): 28-101, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3692.1.5

Subgenus Hymeraphiopsis Hooper, 1991, Published as part of G��cke, Christian & Janussen, Dorte, 2013, Demospongiae of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition ��� Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea, pp. 28-101 in Zootaxa 3692 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3692.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/249019

Subgenus Raspaxilla Topsent, 1913 Definition. Raspailia with echinating acanthose rhabdostyles geometrically very different from the usually longer choanosomal styles (the latter without any basal rhabd); extraaxial styles forming a radial skeleton perpendicular to the axis; and well differentiated axial and extra��axial skeletons (the former compressed, the latter plumo��reticulate and/or radial) (Hooper, 2002)., Published as part of Lerner, Cl��a, Carraro, Jo��o L. & Soest, Rob Van, 2006, Raspailia (Raspaxilla) bouryesnaultae, a new name for Brazilian Raspaxilla elegans Boury��Esnault, 1973 (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Raspailiidae) with a redescription and a new record, pp. 37-45 in Zootaxa 1129 on page 39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171860, {"references":["Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, v. 1, pp."]}

Echinodictyum asperum Ridley et Dendy. PI. XX, fig. 23. Un spécimen, détaché de son support, mais intact, haut de cinq centimètres, large de quatre. Distribution. Tahiti (Challenger); Amboine., Published as part of Topsent, Émile, 1896, Spongiaires de la baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'archipel Malais.), pp. 421-487 in Revue Suisse de Zoologie 4 (3) on page 446, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.35507