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One of the benefits of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is improved traffic safety and efficiency, for example due to the capability to share vehicular messages in real-time. While most of the vehicular messages only need to be shared by nearby vehicles, some messages (e.g., announcement messages) may need to be more broadly distributed, for example to vehicles in a wider region. Finding a single trusted entity to store and distribute such messages can be challenging, and vehicles may not be inclined to participate (e.g., generation and distribution of announcement messages) unless they can benefit from such participation. In addition, achieving both security and privacy can be challenging. In this paper, we propose a blockchain based secure data sharing system to address the above challenges in an IoV setting. Specifically, in our system, announcement messages are stored using blockchain. To encourage/incentivize participation, vehicles that faithfully broadcast the announcement messages and/or contribute to the block generation will be rewarded by some cryptocurrency. Our system is also designed to be privacy-preserving and realizes both priori and posteriori countermeasures.

The use of waste paper as a fibrous semi-finished product in the production of paper and paperboard products makes it possible to somewhat reduce the consumption of cellulose. However, waste paper contains a number of water-polluting components of mineral and organic nature, which were introduced into its composition at the stage of production. One of the issues that may arise in the design of technological systems for the production of a given type of paper or cardboard or in the reconstruction of existing production to reduce losses of fibrous semi-finished products and ensure their optimal use or reduce fresh water consumption is to calculate the pollution and also to determine the impact of cardboard and paper production tanks and treatment plants on the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution. To study and analyze the paper and cardboard production processes, which belong to the class of complex technological systems, a methodology was developed that, using computer technology, allows assessing the state of a technological system until its implementation in action. However, from a practical point of view, methods still should be developed that will allow the designer to find solutions to problems that may arise at the design stage of the technological system for production of a given type of paper or cardboard or in the reconstruction of existing production. These problems are related to the calculation of the pollution level and the determination of impact from cardboard and paper production tanks and treatment facilities. The purpose of this article is to conduct research and forecast calculations based on mathematical models to determine the patterns of influence exerted by tanks on the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution in the production of paper and cardboard. The generalized technological system of cardboard production, which is presented in the form of a material flow graph, is taken as an object for research. Water-soluble contaminants of mineral and organic nature enter the production system together with fibrous raw materials, partly with fresh water, and with chemical additives used to impart certain qualities to the product at the stage of its production and at the stage of mechano-chemical water purification. In order to study their impact, it is necessary to conduct at least two stages of calculations on a personal computer using pre-designed models for the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution. At the first stage, the dynamic characteristics of each element of the technological system were equated to elements that do not have a dynamic delay and for which the passage of all watercourses is subject to the speed at which the cardboard web is cast on the mesh. The number of cycles before equilibrium is 99. In the second stage of calculations, it was taken into account that the four tanks in the technological system of production are characterized by a moment of delay and, therefore, the values ​​of delay factors were chosen based on water reserves that accumulate in these basins. The number of cycles before equilibrium in the second stage increased to 264. The main conclusion from the analysis of two options: the technological system in both cases goes to equilibrium at equal values ​​for all components of water-soluble mineral and organic components. However, there are often situations when, in the process of developing (designing) a complex technological system for the production of paper or cardboard, developers are interested in the weighted average concentration of water-soluble mineral components that most affect the state of water flows, and then the technological system can be simplified and presented as a single container linked to the environment. Analysis of the calculation formula of the time for the technological system to reach equilibrium shows that the time value is largely determined by the ratio of the water capacity (W) of the process system to the amount of water (BS) removed from the system. The greater the water capacity of the technological system and the smaller the BS, the longer the time the technological system reaches equilibrium. The next step of the study is to verify the results obtained on the basis of adequate mathematical models in actual production conditions.

This paper studies the secure transmission in a multiuser broadcast channel where only the statistical channel state information of the eavesdropper is available. We propose to apply secret dirty-paper coding (S-DPC) in this scenario to support the secure transmission of one user and the normal (unclassified) transmission of the other users. By adopting the S-DPC and encoding the secret message in the first place, all the information-bearing signals of the normal transmission are treated as noise by potential eavesdroppers and thus provide secrecy for the secure transmission. In this way, the proposed approach exploits the intrinsic secrecy of multiuser broadcasting and can serve as an energy-efficient alternative to the traditional artificial noise (AN) scheme. To evaluate the secrecy performance of this approach and compare it with the AN scheme, we propose two S-DPC-based secure transmission schemes for maximizing the secrecy rate under constraints on the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the normal transmission rates. The first scheme directly optimizes the covariance matrices of the transmit signals, and a novel approximation of the intractable SOP constraint is derived to facilitate the optimization. The second scheme combines zero-forcing dirty-paper coding and AN, and the optimization involves only power allocation. We establish efficient numerical algorithms to solve the optimization problems for both schemes. Theoretical and simulation results confirm that, in addition to supporting the normal transmission, the achievable secrecy rates of the proposed schemes can be close to that of the traditional AN scheme, which supports only the secure transmission of one user.

Electric Assisted Steering system is an Electric System, which reduces the amount of steering effort by directly applying the output from the electric motor to the steering system.In this system the mechanical link between the steering wheel and road wheels of an automobile are replaced by a control system consisting of sensors, actuators and controllers seem to offer great advantages such as enhanced system performance, simplified construction, design flexibility etc.It offers greater vehicle safety by adapting variable steering ratios to human needs, filtering drive train influences and even adjusting active steering torque in critical situations. In addition, it can make cars even lighter and more fuel efficient when compared to those using hydraulic steering systems. The central electronic elements of today’s steering systems are modern microcontrollers

Die Biointelligenz zählt derzeit zu den am meisten beachteten Innovationspfaden in Deutschland und Europa. Maßgeblich für die Entwicklung der Vision der Biointelligenz sind die jüngsten Erfolge der Bio- und Informationstechnologie. So ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass die wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft, politische Entscheidungsträger wie auch Vertreter der Industrie dem Thema Biointelligenz geradezu enthusiastisch gegenüberstehen. In der Region Stuttgart-Tübingen haben sich beispielsweise über 40 Wissenschaftler im Kompetenzzentrum Biointelligenz zusammengeschlossen, um das Thema gemeinsam, interdisziplinär voranzubringen. Nicht nur die Bundesregierung, sondern auch verschiedene Landesregierungen, planen umfangreiche Fördermaßnahmen. Auf Ebene der EU-Kommission wird hinter vorgehaltener Hand teilweise sogar der Begriff Industrie 5.0 verwendet. Fakt ist, dass die Biointelligenz enormes Potenzial für Sprunginnovationen und Standortvorteile in nahezu allen industriellen Branchen eröffnet. Vielfach wird der Begriff jedoch missverstanden, was in letzter Konsequenz dazu führt, dass die Bedeutung ausgehöhlt und damit das Potenzial für den Wirtschaftsstandort Deutschland unterminiert wird. Für Wissenschaft, Industrie und Politik ist es entscheidend einen Konsens zu finden. Dazu soll dieser Artikel einen Beitrag leisten, indem er die Begriffsherkunft zusammenfasst, einen detaillierten Definitionsvorschlag präsentiert und eine Kategorisierungssystematik erarbeitet. Biointelligence is currently one of the most noted innovation paths in Germany and Europe. Crucial to the development of the Biointelligence vision are recent biotech and information technology breakthroughs. It is therefore not surprising that the scientific community, political decision-makers as well as industry representatives are enthusiastic about the subject of biointelligence. In the Stuttgart-Tübingen region, for example, more than 40 scientists have joined forces in the Competence Center Biointelligence to promote the topic in an interdisciplinary fashion. Not only the federal government, but also various state governments are planning extensive support measures. At the level of the European Commission, the term Industry 5.0 is sometimes even used behind closed doors. The fact is that biointelligence opens up enormous potential for break through innovations, leap frogging and competitive advantages in almost all industrial sectors. In many cases, however, the term is misunderstood, which ultimately leads to undermining the meaning and thus undermining the potential for Germany as a business location. For science, industry and politics it is crucial to find a consensus. This article thus aims to contribute by summarizing the term background, presenting a detailed definition and developing a categorization system.

A Midwestern pulp and paper mill had arc-flash ratings around 100 cal/cm2 on 50 480-V unit substations. New relays were installed to replace the existing protection and add light detection to improve arc-flash detection times. During a couple of one-day outages, sample installations took place. During the cold mill outage, 44 installations were completed over 12 days by working around the clock. Old relays were removed, new plates were mounted and wired in, and fiber sensors were routed through the buswork and into the breaker cubicles. Updated arc-flash studies show an average arc-flash rating reduction of 90%.

In this study mainly concentrated on the automation method to produce new equipment. The Paper punching machine is one of the important equipment for to make holes for spiral binding process. The existing mechanism is a difficult one to form a hole based on the increasing of paper count, much more human effort is also needed. This study and design is to improve the equipment in the sense of automation, the automation help to improve spiral binding works with produce bulky spiral binding in the short period and also reduce the human effort. In this study replacing of pedal operated mechanism and introduces electric motor with drive mechanism, reduction gear box and cam mechanism.

Technological processes of paper and paperboard production are mainly the processes based on branched interconnected water streams between technological equipment of the production process and treatment facilities. By all signs, such technological processes can be classified into a class of complex systems, and therefore require a special approach to the analysis of their state using the topological analysis method [1,2]. The analysis of literary sources and additional research of complex water systems for paper and paperboard production with minimal fresh water consumption made it possible to determine the scope of experimental researches as well as factors of the process of organic substances extraction from fibrous semi-finished products, which, ultimately, will have a decisive influence on the return and waste water state [3]. As known, the experiment is the most important step in many fundamental and applied researches. An active experiment is carried out for "intelligence" analysis of the researched object and further synthesis of mathematical model that is adequate to it. The results of experimental studies allow to estimate the behavior of a complex object in terms of values that are obtained by output variable responses due to changes of input parameters (factors). For solving of forecasting problems, indirect measurement and optimal control, it is necessary to have models that allow predicting of the responses values in states (points of the factor space) that were not researched during the experiment. Since such models are created on the experimental data, the regression model basically does not allow to obtain information about the object more than this information is potentially accumulated during the experiment and recorded as a data table. The purpose of this article is the use of computer technologies to develop a plan (matrix) of experimental research with the further development of adequate mathematical models that are suitable for modelling purposes, namely: for forecasting of pollution levels of water streams of paper and paperboard production with water-soluble organic, as well as mineral components. The synthesis of such plans takes place through the use of criteria and a special dialog software that provides maximum informativity, and also (which is very important) the soundproof of experimental researches [4]. The purpose of the software complex is to construct multilevel (more than two levels) plans for an active experiment. This approach ensures that the maximum amount of information available regarding the behavior of a complex subject under study is determined on a fixed number of experiments. There are no prior information about the structure of dependencies between responses (optimization parameters) and factors. The modern theory of statistical planning of the experiment is based on the assumption that the object model is known to the accuracy of the coefficients. That allows to reduce the requirements for the plan informativeness: only 2-3 levels of factors variation are taken into account, and the experiments are concentrated on the limit of the experiment area. The breach of the adopted assumption sharply increases the probability of manifestation of extremely undesirable consequences caused by the construction of a model that is inadequate to the object, namely: flagrant errors in forecasting and decision making, and so on. In this case, it is necessary to use additional criteria for constructing an informative experiment plan by a significant restriction of the area of search versions. The specified requirements can be achieved using the criteria: the maximum of the minimum inter-experiment distance (1) and the maximum Euclidean distance (2). Thus, criterion (1) provides the maximum of an entropy estimate, which is calculated by the elimination of any column, their pair, triplet, etc. in the matrix of the experiment. Criterion (2) maximizes the scope of the experiment, which is also a condition for increasing its informativity and contributes to minimize the estimates variation of the model coefficients independently of its structure. It should be noted that the use of the criteria in sequence (1) - (2) is effective. A specially created software complex realizes the original method of an experiment. planning . Thus, in the article for the research of complex processes, where the extraction of organic substance from fibrous semi-finished products belongs, a plan of experimental research has been developed. Synthesis of such plans is going on with the use of criteria and a special dialogue software system, which provides maximum informativity, as well as soundproof of experimental research. The next step of the study is the creation, using computer technologies, of adequate mathematical models that are suitable for modelling purposes, namely: for forecasting the levels of water streams pollutions of paper and paperboard production with water-soluble organic, as well as mineral components.

Power generation from renewable sources is important for sustainable development due to the depletion of traditional fossil fuels and related environmental pollution. In this work, paper is used to generate electricity under moisture ingress. As a result, a piece of untreated print paper (1.5 cm2 in area) can induce a voltage of 0.25 V and a current of 15 nA. The power output can be conveniently tuned by changing the humidity, temperature and number of devices by simple series/parallel connections. Such paper-based moist-electric generators (PMEGs) are expected to find their applications in the daily ambient environment owing to the wide availability and low cost of paper materials. A ‘power’ book is then fabricated to prove the concept, providing new insights into moist-electric power generation and a viable approach for designing extremely simple power generators for various applications.

This paper is a case study outlining the successful Power System Study (PSS) of the electrical distribution system at a century-old paper mill. The electrical distribution system has been upgraded over the years with six in-house generators controlling the steam pressure and flow throughout the plant. Three generators operate at 13 800 Volts, and three generators operate at 2400 Volts. The self-generation makes up one half of the plant loading with the other half purchased from the local utility. This paper discusses the challenges involved in developing the computer model, and discusses the issues exposed during the analysis and how they were handled.

Renewable energy systems continue to be one of the fastest growing segments of the energy industry. This paper focuses on the understanding of how photovoltaic (PV) technology behaves under dc arc conditions. Emphasis is placed on the electrical safety aspect of DC arc flash incident energy evaluation. Because of the fast proliferation of PV systems and the lack of formal equivalent calculation guidelines such as IEEE 1584 for AC systems, it has been necessary to rely on different equations and models presented by various researchers over the last few years. This paper discusses the behavior of PV systems under arc conditions and presents the results of available methods to estimate the dc arc flash incident energy. This paper provides a comparative analysis of a proposed arc-flash incident energy calculation method against different laboratory tests including those performed for this paper at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Detailed explanations are provided regarding the effect of PV module I-V and P-V curves under arcing conditions. Examples of the application of the proposed calculation method to the test measurements are included.

Today, there are many recent developments that focus on improving the electric vehicles and their components, particularly regarding advances in batteries, energy management systems, autonomous features and charging infrastructure. This plays an important role in developing next electric vehicle generations, and encourages more efficient and sustainable eco-system. This paper not only provides insights in the latest knowledge and developments of electric vehicles (EVs), but also the new promising and novel EV technologies based on scientific facts and figures—which could be from a technological point of view feasible by 2030. In this paper, potential design and modelling tools, such as digital twin with connected Internet-of-Things (IoT), are addressed. Furthermore, the potential technological challenges and research gaps in all EV aspects from hard-core battery material sciences, power electronics and powertrain engineering up to environmental assessments and market considerations are addressed. The paper is based on the knowledge of the 140+ FTE counting multidisciplinary research centre MOBI-VUB, that has a 40-year track record in the field of electric vehicles and e-mobility.

This paper presents a case study with regard to using a low cost low power sensor network to save energy in paper machines. By using wireless sensors for measuring temperature and humidity in the dryer section of a paper machine it is possible to optimize energy consumption by adjusting heating and air flow. Because the sensors need to be battery powered with the data sent almost in real time for monitoring purposes, a low power network technology is needed, in this case ZigBee. A prototype installation with a small number of sensors was set up, running over a period of six weeks. First results show an ad hoc optimization and energy savings of some 80.000 € per year for a single machine.

Electric power equipment has complex construction. Therefore, it is very important to have enough information about the state of equipment. High voltage transformers play a very important role in the electric power system. One of the most important parts of electric power equipment is the insulation system. Insulation system must be in a good condition for reliable and safe operation of electrical devices. Insulation system of electrical equipment is exposed to various factors which could have negative influence on its condition. Oil impregnated insulation paper is one of the oldest insulation systems used in electrical power equipment. Mineral oils have been used for decades as transformer fluids because of their excellent dielectric properties and availability. However, performance of mineral oil starts to be limited due to environmental consideration. The aim of this paper is to simulate a real insulation system of transformer and to show the influence of accelerated thermal ageing on the insulation system. Properties such as relative permittivity, dissipation factor and the breakdown voltage will be described and analysed.

At present, transformer protection usually operates after failures. With the raise of voltage level and capacity of transformer, a fault easily becomes an accident, resulting in huge economic losses. Transformer insulation failure is the main cause of transformer accidents. In this paper, a new idea of transformer protection based on insulation critical breakdown prediction is proposed. According to the requirements of transformer protection, a prediction method of oil-paper insulation critical breakdown under DC voltage based on partial discharge analysis is proposed by studying partial discharge characteristics of oil-paper insulation defects under DC voltage and the development process. The results show that when partial discharge critical breakdown occurs in oil-paper insulation under DC voltage, the distribution of partial discharge lagging recovery time is concentrated, and dense discharge clusters are easy to form, which can be used to predict the critical breakdown of oil-paper insulation.

The total demand for freight transport in Europe has increased significantly in recent decades, but most of it has been handled by road transport. To fulfil the modal shift targets set in the EU White Paper 2011, it will be necessary to double rail’s market share from today’s 18 %, by 2050. Translating this into reality means rail will have to handle 3 to 4 times the cargo volume it does today. With this in mind, the paper develops a vision of an efficient rail freight system in 2050. To achieve the above objective, the research applies literature survey and group discussion methodology and applying a system approach. Keeping on board the EU Transport White Paper 2011 modal shift targets, as well as future freight demand and customer requirements, the current research attempts to answer the following three critical questions: The authors find that the service quality can be improved by better planning, application of appropriate ICT-systems and adoption of an integrated supply chain approach. A more customer-orientated service can also be achieved by further deregulation of rail. There is also an urgent need for a faster implementation of Rail Freight Corridors (RFC). As well as liner trains, future rail freight services should be offering end-point trains, with semi/ fully automated loading/unloading equipment in hub-terminals, as well as terminals at sidings to improve the availability of intermodal operation. To offer a competitive price and reliable service, a reduction in operating costs will be vital by implementing a number of measures, including operation of heavier and longer trains, wider loading gauge, higher average speed, and better utilisation of wagon space and all assets. This will bring increased capacity, as well as better timetable planning, signalling systems and infrastructure improvements.

In early 2003, CPFL Energia, a Brazilian utility, was interested on evaluating the performance of natural ester filled transformers, especially regarding the highly increased overloading capability. As a field test, in association with the transformer manufacturer “Itaipu Transformadores”, they built two prototype transformers. Based on original overhead distribution line three phases transformers of 15kV/45kVA, after small adjustments in the windings and cooling system, keeping same core and tank, associated with the use of natural ester based dielectric liquid, and increasing the average winding temperature rise limit from 55°C to 85°C and a hotspot temperature rise limit of 100°C, the transformer nominal rating was shifted to 88kVA.

In this paper, a detailed dryer section audit was conducted on a paper machine to evaluate its energy performance. The methodology and instruments used for field measurements are introduced as an important part of dryer audit. The deficiency points which limit drying performance of the paper machine are identified based on the tested data. It was found that significant energy savings can be achieved in the studied paper machine.

After introducing the principle of ventilation and dehumidification for closed steam hood, the key and difficulty points of its control are analyzed. Aiming at the production line of coating white board with surface sizing and high steam consumption, DCS system of steam hood based on SIMATIC S7-300 PLC is designed. The hardware structure and control algorithms are illustrated in detail. The control system has been applied on the paper machine with nearly 10 board paper plants of the coating white board paper base in Fuyang, Zhejiang province, and the good energy-saving control effect has been obtained.

J.A. Moral-Munoz holds a FPU scholarship (AP2012-1789) from the Spanish Ministry of Education., Citation classics offer an outlook on those papers that have attracted great and historical interest by a research community and that could be also considered the basis of the research field. A new approach, which is called H-Classics, has been developed to identify such highly cited papers. It is based on the H-index and is sensitive to both the own characteristics of the corresponding research discipline and its evolution. The present study provides a useful insight into the development of the intelligent transport systems research field, revealing those scientific actors (authors, countries, and institutions) that have made the biggest research contribution to its development., Spanish Government AP2012-1789

In 2015, the Board of Governors of IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society had approved the proposal to name the Best Paper Award in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems as the George N. Saridis Best Transactions Paper Award. After nearly five years of preparation and planning, and almost one year of hard and concentrated effort by the Award Committee, we are pleased to announce the 2014–2017 George N. Saridis Best Transactions Paper Award for papers published in the IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

By applying the ceramic coated paper process, filtration specialist Mann+Hummel has developed a new method of producing diesel particulate filters. Coiled paper elements are used. The new manufacturing method provides greater scope for design and optimises filtration characteristics.

In this paper, we extend the interference channel with degraded message sets model by introducing multiple secondaries. The new model allows for multiple concurrent transmissions in a wireless network by employing dirty paper and superposition coding. We apply the proposed scheme to the communication between nodes in a wireless mesh network (WMN). The cases of different WMN topologies are analyzed, and numerical results show that considerable capacity gains are achieved when using the proposed model with multiple secondaries.

This paper investigates an optimization of the conventional relay selection for multirelay environments. In contrast with previously reported selection schemes, where a selected relay accesses the channel in a dedicated cooperative slot, the proposed scheme recovers the bandwidth loss of the half-duplex constraint by allowing two relays to simultaneously access the channels. Based on an appropriate dirty-paper coding (DPC) technique among relays, the proposed scheme enables a relay to establish communication with the destination at the same time that another relay forwards the data from the source. It is proven that the interplay between relay selection and the superposition DPC weight factor provides a tradeoff between relaying and new data performance. Hence, an appropriate codesign of the superposition DPC parameter and opportunistic relay selection can achieve efficient communication for the new data without affecting the relaying performance. The proposed scheme is compared with conventional relaying approaches, and its enhancements are provided through theoretical studies and numerical results.

In this paper, it is described how the reconstruction of the facility of paper machine has been conducted, at the press and drying part of the machine in June 2001, as well as the expansion of the Paper Machine with the "third coating" introducing, that has been done in July 2002, in the board factory "Umka". The existing old drive of the press and the drive of drying groups were established as a Line Shaft Drive, 76 m long. The novel drive is developed on the basis of conventional squirrel cage induction motor application, with frequency converter. The system control is carried out with the programmable controller, and the communication between controllers, converters, and control boards is accomplished trough profibus. Reconstruction of the coating part of the machine, during technological reconstruction of this part of the machine, was being conducted with a purpose to improve performance of the machine by adding device for spreading "third coating". The demands for the power facility were to replace existing facility with the new one, based on energy efficiency principles and to provide adequate facility for new technological sections. Also, new part of the facility had to be connected with the remaining part of the machine, i.e. with the press and drying part, which have been reconstructed in 2001. It has to be stressed that energy efficiency principles means to realize new, modernized drive with better performances and greater capacity for the as small as possible amount of increased installed power of separate drives. In the paper are also, graphically presented achieved energy savings results, based on measurements performed on separate parts of paper machine, before and after reconstruction. .

Variable-speed operation of wind turbines (WTs) achieved through electronic converters can decouple wind generator dynamics from power systems. Besides, the wide rotor operation range makes it possible for the WT to tap the potential of kinetic energy (KE) in the rotating mass. This study provides an overview of utilising KE from WTs for grid connections. The availability of KE in WTs is acquired by the rotor speed alternation, both in static and dynamic processes. For the static state, the rotors of WTs operate at a pre-defined power curve which leaves the generation margin for KE release; while for the dynamic process, the KE is passively changed by the imbalance between mechanical and electrical power. Some emerging technologies in frequency regulation and low-voltage ride through capability with the participation of KE stored in WTs are investigated. The applications of KE in terms of wind smoothing are summarised as well. Finally, this literature review also discusses some potential future applications of KE management.

Since power transformers are valuable components of power networks, reliable determination of the remaining lifetime of a transformer is very important for power utilities. Power transformers consist of oil, a core, wire, and paper (cellulose), and their performance and remaining useful lifetime depend on the state of the oil-impregnated paper. Changing the oil over the lifetime of a transformer is possible, but it is not possible to change the insulation paper. Thus, the end of the paper lifetime will also be the end of the transformer lifetime (typically more than 40 years). The health condition of an in-service power transformer can be assessed by chemical and electrical tests of the oil and the paper [1].

Purpose\ud This paper presents a rail freight forecast for the EU27 for the period up to 2050.\ud \ud Background\ud Rail freight’s market share of the transport sector in Europe has been falling or remained stagnant since 1970. In contrast, the share of road freight has been increasing. As rail freight transport is generally considered an environmentally friendly option, various measures have been implemented for more than two decades, at national and European level, to encourage a modal shift from road to rail. In the latest EU Transport White paper policy paper of 2011, an optimistic target is set for greater use of rail freight transport, in both the near and the longer term future. Specifically: a modal shift, from road to rail, and waterway transport, of 30 % by 2030 and 50 % by 2050 - for distances greater than 300 km.\ud \ud Methodology\ud With the aforesaid policy objectives, the current research examines the possible effects of these aims in terms of future levels of rail freight demand. This research relies heavily upon the EU TRANS-TOOLS modelling tool and explores three scenarios. A Reference scenario - with no significant change to current rail freight policy, infrastructure and existing trends is considered alongside two White Paper scenarios (High and Low) which take more optimistic views of the white paper policy objectives.\ud \ud Results\ud The study finds that the Reference and White Paper Low scenarios demonstrate similar results in terms of growth and modal split. In stark contrast, the White paper High scenario results show that demand for rail freight services almost doubles compared to the Reference values.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud The rail sector is expected to attract new commodities from road transport such as foodstuffs and building and transport materials. To meet this demand, the rail industry - including operators, infrastructure managers and governments - will have to invest in technologies, infrastructure and terminals with a view to significantly increasing productivity against current levels.

This paper reviews the motor temperature operating consideration for totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC), open dripproof (ODP) and weather protected II (WP-II) type of motor through 500 HP, both low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV). The IEEE Standard 841 has been revised as IEEE-Std 841-2001 and is expected to be in use for at least five years. The TEFC motors covered in this standard have found wide acceptance in the pulp and paper industry. Much of the material also applies to large motors sizes. The thermal impact on the stator winding, rotor core, bearings and lubrications as specified in standards and applied in mills are considered.

In this work we describe the technology employed to develop a second generation high efficiency amber OLED panel for the healthcare industry. The significant difference between this and the first generation offering is that the new product utilizes phosphorescent emitting materials, resulting in 60 lm/W power efficacy. Additionally, long lifetime and good uniformity was achieved by stacking of multiple emissive layers. Development of this amber product utilized extensive reliability and qualification testing including usage of modern statistical methodologies to ensure a robust product with excellent quality.

This article presents an algorithm for modelling an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for power transformer paper conditions in order to estimate the transformer’s expected life. The dielectric characteristics, dissolved gasses, and furfural of 108 running transformers were collected, which were divided into 76 training datasets and another 32 testing datasets. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the transformer paper was predicted using the ANFIS model based on using the dielectric characteristics and dissolved gases as input. These inputs were analyzed, and the best combination was selected, whereas CO + CO2, acidity, interfacial tension, and color were correlated with the paper’s deterioration condition and were chosen as the input variables. The best combination of input variables and membership function was selected to build the optimal ANFIS model, which was then compared and evaluated. The proposed ANFIS model has 89.07% training accuracy and 85.75% testing accuracy and was applied to a transformer paper insulation assessment and an estimation of the expected life of four Indonesian transformers for which furfural data is unavailable. This proposed algorithm can be used as a furfural alternative for the general assessment of transformer paper conditions and the estimation of expected life and provides a helpful assistance for experts in transformer condition assessment.

Chemical Equilibrium misconceptions impaired the learning of many biochemicalundergraduate content. It was widely reinforced by chemical education data. On the otherhand there was no data for the consequences in biochemistry learning. OBJECTIVE Weproposed the construction of an Aminoacid Paper Electrophoresis software as a tool forChemical Equilibrium teaching and learning which aims to integrate the representationallevels, being macroscopic, microscopic and symbolic in a way to evidence to student thedynamic character of the equilibrium phenomena. It attenuates misconceptions andreduces impairments on biochemistry learning. Although the simulator is based onclassical biochemistry topic it is designed to deal with chemical equilibrium concepts in thecontext of biochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The software is an PaperElectrophoresis Simulator programmed in HTML5 language. It guides the student stepstoward the simulation showing the technique fundamentals and variables allowing tochoose aminoacids in a list, as well as build even tetrapeptides and run even four samplesin a single simulation after what is defined a pH for simulation. The simulation results areshown in a depiction of a paper electrophoresis device (macroscopic) the speciesproportion in the medium based on the Handerson-Hasselbalch formula (symbolic) and thespecies charge change based on the medium pH (microscopic). All activities are guided bya task list based on previous diagnostic on chemical equilibrium misconceptions.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results were based on observation of students classdiscussion and survey. Many of previously diagnosed misconceptions were attenuated intests of chemical equilibrium falling from a 72% to 35% error average; and a studentssurvey agreed with simulator objectives (90%), ease of use (94%), chemicalrepresentations straightness (82%), simulation results (71%) integration ofrepresentational levels (87%). CONCLUSIONS: Students declared the software usabilityand reduced its misconceptions on chemical equilibrium.

The concept of industrial ecology (IE) adopts the ecosystem principle of roundput in human industrial systems as the emphasis is on the utilization of wastes between different industrial actors. IE faces new challenges, as the emission and waste structures of the industrial world are continuously changing and the importance of the latter steps of the industrial material flows, i.e. the ‘consumption emissions’, is increasing. There is also a lack of waste processors and handlers in these latter steps. This paper considers the IE thesis by focusing on the cascade chain of the paper industry. It is suggested here that SMEs can serve as potential participants in industrial ecosystems, for example as waste processors and waste handlers. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

The rotary blade type pulp consistency meter which has been used widely since before can indicate only relative consistency of fiber. There fore, it is one of the difficulties of operation that the totalsolids consistency can't be measured on-line in the real time to control the pulp consistency, especiallywhen there is a change in the consistency.The microwave consistency meter manufactured by Toshiba Corporation was installed as a pulpconsistency meter for the new paper machine PM 8 which was established in our Niigata Mill inJuly, 1998.