Search

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a formal method that is used to support analysis, design, independent verification, and validation inherent in the development of software and hardware systems. MBSE applications are present in many areas of our daily lives, including manufacturing, robotics, healthcare, automation, etc. However, despite their rapid and sustainable growth during the last few years, the MBSE methods themselves are quite far away from perfect. There are some current problems, which resist more rapid penetration of MBSE systems in their development. One of them is that currently the majority of MBSE systems are vendor dependent and, as a result, they have poor compatibility with each other. Furthermore, currently, there is a gap between the design of a digital model and a control model of an engineering system. Currently, this problem is usually solved by involving two or more groups of engineers, where each of these groups works on their own problems. All this costs companies additional engineering time and, as a result, development costs. Therefore new, and more sophisticated approaches for the generation of MBSEs are needed in order to overwhelm the challenges highlighted above. In order to narrow the field of study and better concentrate on specific problems, smart power distribution systems have been chosen as the main research object for this dissertation. Thus, in this work, the author introduces Model-Integrated Systems Engineering (MISE), as the MBSE sub-discipline. Here and later in this paper, the author will refer to MISE as the main area of interest. Also, the author uses the term DigitalTwin to refer to the multilayered structure of a complex distributed automation system consisting of three layers, namely:– the static machine-readable information about the infrastructure of the smart energy system,– the simulation model layer,– the distributed control layer for the investigated smart energy system. In general, two new transformation approaches for automatic MISE generation are discussed in the scope of this dissertation, namely:1. Transformation of the System Configuration Design (SCD) files of an electric system(presented in IEC 61850) into the corresponding SIMULINK model.2. Transformation of specification files of electronic components into corresponding OPC UA information model.All discussed approaches are implemented in the form of a program code that is publicly available on the Internet. The IEC 61850 and OPC UA standards are considered key components of the current dissertation. IEC 61850 is an international standard covering different sides of smart energy distribution systems including communication protocols for diverse equipment in a substation, including protection, control, and measurement equipment, as well as intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Information Modeling OPC UA is a platform-independent service-oriented architecture that combines the concepts of semantic modeling. First, the structure of the IEC 61850 standard is discussed, as well as its potential benefits for the MISE of smart power distribution systems in terms of the automatic transformation of the information model. Next, the architecture of the electrical system (the SCD file) of the electrical vehicle (EV) charging station (CS) is proposed as an example. The aim is to design a mechanism for the automatic transformation of MISE in two domains, namely:- Physical model of the electrical system itself,- Automatically build a communication channel between the digital replica (the model) of the electrical system and the virtual energy management system (EMS). Thus, this work aims to contribute to the design and virtual commissioning of Digital Twin systems, as well as to improve the interoperability between IEC 61850 compliant systems and electric vehicle charging stations (paper C explains that in more detail). Finally, by narrowing down the scope of the investigation to one specific electrical device, a new approach for converting integrated circuit (IC) specification files of an electric system into an OPC UA information model is discussed. The designed transformation algorithm is based on the directed graphs theory (paper D explains that in more detail). The purpose of this work is to highlight and contribute to the problems of the MISE analysis solutions. In summary, the work presented in this dissertation raises questions about interoperability between different standards, the problems of converting the IEC 61850 information model into MISE, verification of the generated MISE compared to the original IEC 61850 information model, and the problems of forming an information model OPC UA.

The wide propagation of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure integrated into the energy distribution network poses numerous challenges for the engineering and control of the latter: the load dynamic characteristics become more unsteady, requiring more advanced control, predictions, and virtual commissioning. One step toward the automation of the design and simulation of new charging stations can be reached through the integration of the EV-specific standards and protocols with other widely spread electrical standards, thereby, improving the compatibility between standards, increasing the reuse of the intelligent work results, and promoting the development of EVs’ infrastructure. A method for virtual commissioning of electrical charging stations is proposed, implemented, and tested in a form of a software tool in which the electrical system description from the widely used IEC 61850 standard is used as an input. The designed tool builds a digital twin of the charging station that consists of its Simulink model as well as two automatically generated communication code primitives using the open charge point protocol for control and management purposes over the autogenerated model. The generated digital twin can be used for virtual commissioning purposes. The application of the method is illustrated in a case study. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-01-09 (hanlid);Funder: ERA-Net SES 2018 (RegSys)

The operation, control and protection of EHV substations have benefited immensely from advancements in electronics, computers, information and communications technology. The use of IEC61850 compliant digital protection relays, digital energy meters, smart monitoring devices and other smart interactive IEDs are being extensively used in all EHV substations. The integration and convergence of developments in computer, communication, electronics technologies with power system control and protection have revolutionized the way substations are now being operated. Nowadays, 400 KV and above voltage class new EHV substations of Indian central and state utilities are invariably being designed with IEC61850 based SAS. However, new 132 KV class substations are still constructed without Substation Automation System owing to substantial cost implication SAS. Further, for the same reason a majority of old EHV substations in Indian power utilities could not be provided with SAS so far. This paper presents a case study on low-cost implementation of IEC 61850 based substation automation in old and smaller conventional hard wired 132 KV substations and thus converting them into smart substations. The paper begins with a brief description of a typical 132 KV class substation, followed by an introduction to Substation Automation system and IEC 61850 based SAS. Thereafter, the paper discusses design aspects of implementation of economically optimized SAS in conventional hard-wired Substations and discusses benefits of implementation of SAS in 132 KV class Substations. The paper concludes with a discussion of the benefits of adoption of IEC 61850 based substation automation system in conventional EHV substations.

In the application process of distributed feeder automation (FA) that is based on peer-to-peer exchange of measurement and control data between smart terminal units (STUs), there is an urgent need for standardized communication interaction and necessary security protection. This paper proposes an IEC 61850 communication mapping scheme using built-in secure extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP) and the generic object oriented substation event based on the user datagram protocol (GOOSE over UDP) and a security protection scheme based on hash to obtain random subsets (HORS); one-time signature algorithm is used to ensure the communication safety of GOOSE messages. The agent-based distributed FA test system is developed with the STUs. The test results show the scheme can meet the requirements of the quick distributed feeder automation.

Modernisation of substations using digital-based Substation Communication Networks (SCN) enables the automation of substations, allowing effective and efficient monitoring of substation equipment and implementing complex control and protection schemes. The IEC 61850 standard for SCN’s objective is to integrate substation devices from different vendors, enabling peer-to-peer communication between the devices. The reliability investigation of the IEC 61850 based SCN architecture continues since it is left to the system designer to determine based on the network’s applications and functions. In all endeavours to designing highly available SCN architectures, redundant systems are employed in mission-critical applications. In this paper, the impact of Common Cause Failures (CCF) and the quality of repairs on the reliability performance of IEC 61850 based architecture are investigated using the Markov process and Linear Dynamical Systems, where the diagnostic coverage level of the system is based on the ISO 13849-1. The results of the case studies indicate that common engineering design and coupling factors have a negative impact on the system reliability performance, notably for systems with high diagnostic coverage. The results also indicate that the factors have less impact when the system diagnostic coverage is low, specifically at low repair efficiency levels. However, the impact becomes more pronounced as the repair efficiency increases, as observed from the responses of the transition probability matrix’s eigenvalue magnitudes. Thus, it is critical to ensure the minimum impact of common engineering design and coupling factors by diversifying the system’s subsystems to ensure a high independence level.

IEC 61850 is poised to be the communication standard of the future power networks. Due to its historical evolution, it focuses on substation automation and modeling its entities. There have been recent extensions in the standard's modeling to include other grid equipment as well as distributed generators. However, the configuration of the communication network, as it is outlined in IEC 61850-6, is very substation-focused and cannot be used for microgrids. The microgrid network is a wide-area network with multiple distributed generations (DGs) cannot be configured in a manner similar to a substation communication network detailed in IEC 61850-6. This is because the enhanced system configuration description language (SCL) files cannot be exchanged with each DG while this is not an issue for substation modeling. Also, this would result in multiple copies of enhanced SCL files and is not feasible to implement. Thus, there is a need to develop a process for configuring IEC 61850 based communication networks at the microgrid level. This paper proposes a central configurator and a step-by-step configuration procedure for modeling microgrids according to IEC 61850. Such a configurator assists in connecting IEDs in different locations and updates the system with the new deployment. The process is shown with a centralized microgrid protection scheme by employing a microgrid-level system configurator.

IEC 61850 process-bus based Substation Communication Network (SCN) architecture can facilitate the implementation of ‘all-digital’ protection and control functions in Substation Automation ...

Smart grid is a cyber-physical system with a high level of complexity due to its decentralized infrastructure. IEC 61850 and IEC 61499 are two industrial standards that can address the challenges introduced by the smart grid on the substation automation level. Development of smart grid automation software is a very time-consuming process due to the need to address many requirements and a high degree of customization in every new substation, which limits the adoption of such smart grid technologies in digital substations. This article aims at addressing this limitation by applying a semiformal boilerplates (BPs) model of functional requirements originally presented in informal natural language. The BPs are then modeled formally in an ontology for model-driven engineering (MDE) model transformation. The contribution of this article is the development of the semiformal and formal BP representation in the form of ontology to formulate smart grid requirements and demonstrating how functional requirements can be translated to IEC 61499 control codes using MDE to autogenerate an IEC 61499 protection and control system with structure and control flow. The MDE framework augmented with the requirement models is illustrated in a case study from the International Council on Large Electric Systems representing different stages of modeling in the proposed framework.

[Resumen] En este trabajo, se propone el diseño de un armario para la formación en automatización y control de subestaciones eléctricas de tracción mediante el estándar IEC 61850. Este armario incorpora diversos dispositivos electrónicos inteligentes, comunicados mediante protocolos como MMS y GOOSE, con el propósito de supervisar y controlar de forma local y remota las maniobras, así como el estado de las líneas de entrada y salida de la subestación. Los equipos son configurados para comunicarse en una red redundante, demostrando ser capaces de realizar las distintas maniobras en la subestación y asegurando en todo momento la alimentación a la catenaria, si se produce un fallo en cualquiera de las líneas. Además, se proponen un conjunto de tareas prácticas para la formación en el ámbito de la automatización y control de subestaciones de tracción, que los alumnos pueden realizar con el armario propuesto. [Abstract] In this work, we propose the design of a cabinet for training in automation and control of electrical traction substations through the IEC 61850 standard. This cabinet incorporates several intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), which communicate through MMS and GOOSE protocols, with the purpose of monitoring and control locally and remotely the electrical operations and commands, as well as the status of the input and output lines and switchgear. The devices are configured to communicate in a redundant network, so that they are able to perform different operations in the substation, guaranteeing the power supply to the train, although there is a failure in one of the lines. In addition, a set of practical tasks are proposed for training in automation and control of electrical traction substations, which students can carry out with the proposed cabinet. Esta publicación es parte de proyecto PID2020-117890RB-I00 financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ y el proyecto UNLE15-EE-2943 financiado por MINECO.

The IEC 61850 standard ‘Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation’ has resulted the integration and inter-operability of digital protective relays in a Substation Automation S...

The generation of the mix-based expansion of modern power grids has urged the utilization of digital infrastructures. The introduction of Substation Automation Systems (SAS), advanced networks and communication technologies have drastically increased the complexity of the power system, which could prone the entire power network to hackers. The exploitation of the cyber security vulnerabilities by an attacker may result in devastating consequences and can leave millions of people in severe power outage. To resolve this issue, this paper presents a network model developed in OPNET that has been subjected to various Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to demonstrate cyber security aspect of an international electrotechnical commission (IEC) 61850 based digital substations. The attack scenarios have exhibited significant increases in the system delay and the prevention of messages, i.e., Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) and Sampled Measured Values (SMV), from being transmitted within an acceptable time frame. In addition to that, it may cause malfunction of the devices such as unresponsiveness of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), which could eventually lead to catastrophic scenarios, especially under different fault conditions. The simulation results of this work focus on the DoS attack made on SAS. A detailed set of rigorous case studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effects of these attacks.

The interaction between communication technology and the power grids is a major issue in research studies to investigate the effect of cyberattacks, communication failures and other errors to the physical behavior of the power grid. Especially the interconnected digitalized substations of the modern power grids are of interest due to their high-risk potential and dependence of communication technology. Disturbances and negative influences on these key control entities can affect the entire underlying power supply as a critical infrastructure. Recent publications and research projects are trying to investigate the effects by using simulation tools within co-simulation approaches. In this paper, we present a novel approach using a conventional real-time power grid simulation and to combine it with a container-based virtualization of the communication infrastructure. The communication infrastructure contains all the important and necessary components, hosts, devices, and communication aspects to set the network traffic and interactivity of substation automation setups regarding the IEC 61850 standard. This paper will show the feasibility of combining online real-time grid simulation to a container-based virtualization on the process level. The evaluation is done by analyzing occurred time delays and latency about requirements given by IEC 61850 standard. A validation against these transmission time requirements is presented to provide an indication of the feasibility of our approach.

Distributed feeder automation (FA) needs to automatically recognize the real time feeder topology changes and configure the application topology of the corresponding distributed functions. This paper analyzes the requirements of the application topology when implementing distributed FA for the feeder with both smart terminal unit (STU) and fault passage indicator (FPI) installed. Based on IEC 61850, the functional logic node and topology configuration of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are studied. The application topology identification and data flow dynamic binding methods for fault location, fault isolation and power supply restoration are proposed. A study case verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

This paper presents a study on Smart Grid and communication standard IEC 61850. A Smart Grid is an electric power network that aims at providing economically efficient and sustainable power system through seamless integration of actions of all generation, transmission, distribution utilities and consumers in order to achieve low distribution losses, to improve quality and reliability of power supply without compromising security and safety of equipment and personnel. IEC 61850 is a family of communication standards that specifies protocols of naming devices, data and communication network pertaining to automation of electric power substation. It is has been adopted by utilities all over the world for data communication in the substation. Central utility and some state utilities in India have either developed or in the process of their own communication network with the help of Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) which will facilitate implementation of smart grid in a big way. This paper discusses use of IEC 61850 communication standard not only to develop cost effective and efficacious substation automation systems but also to realize various goals of smart grid applications and objectives. In this paper, a brief introduction of Smart Grid, IEC61850 and a summary of contents of IEC 61850 are presented sequentially, followed by an overview of implementation of IEC 61850 on Smart grid. Next, the challenges of IEC 61850 implementation on Smart grid are discussed. Thereafter, a case study of steps taken by an Indian state for adopting Smart grid is discussed. Subsequently, issues faced in development of Smart grid are presented along with suggestions and future R&D avenues. The paper concludes with a brief account on benefits and challenges of implementing IEC61850 on Smart grid.

The development of new technologies linked to Smart Grid has led to a series of technological advances in the area of power systems. The IEC 61850, since its advent in 2002, has revolutionized projects and operations in substations, bringing several improvements, such as the use of high speed and high availability data communication networks. With this, it has been possible to readjust and modernize the protection systems found in a substation. In this perspective, this article proposes the development and implementation of a substation protection architecture different from those already registered, reducing the amount of IEDs used and finding a technological-financial balance. This new architecture can be used as a model for the digitalization and improvement of other substations. This study is part of the scope of the Urban Futurability R&D project, carried out by ENEL Distribuicao Sao Paulo, located in the Vila Olimpia neighborhood, a region with very favorable characteristics to carry out this type of study because of its different types of grids, from overhead grids with medium load density to underground grids with high load density.

Over the years, several new technologies have been implemented in order to automate substations, which constitute an integral part of any electric power system. With the advent of the fully automated power grid, known as smart grid, many nations have been able to achieve this. The new international standard IEC 61850 offers several benefits for the design of a substation, the most significant one being the elimination of wired technologies, which has been replaced by wireless technologies such as ZigBee, WiMAX, WLAN, Wireless HART, etc. Wired technology poses several disadvantages such as the need for trenches, manual labor required for assembling and testing of wires and complex installation methods. Wireless technologies act as an easy solution, making wired communication redundant. Thus, extensive research and development of wireless technologies for substation automation is a necessity. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art existing wireless technologies with regards to their features, short comings as well as future work to be incorporated, in order to facilitate further development in this field.

IEC 62351-6 standard stipulates the use of digital signatures for ensuring integrity and authenticity in IEC 61850 Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) message exchanges. Yet, it does not specify any method for ensuring confidentiality in GOOSE messages. With rapid growth of IEC 61850 from substation automation to power management domain, sensitive data that requires privacy is carried over GOOSE messages. In this letter, a novel method employing Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) algorithms is proposed to achieve both confidentiality and integrity of GOOSE messages. Further, lab tests are run to observe the timing performance and applicability of these algorithms to GOOSE messages with strict timing requirements.

Automation of the distribution system may be an essential requirement in the smart grid architecture. In this paper, the architecture of the distribution system has been proposed, where Phasor Meas...

The principles of implementing a scalable microprocessor system for automation of auxiliary and d.c. power supply switchgear at power plants and substations are described taking as an example the demonstration model of the cabinet with self-contained switchgears for shutoff and control valves (of the KRUZA P type). The computerized subsystem constructed on the basis of a communication programmable logic controller is described. The controller serves for supporting digital data exchange according to the standard protocols used in the electric power industry (Modbus, IEC 61850, and IEC 60870-101/104). The field-level digital networks transmit data exchanged with distributed signal input/output modules and panel-mounted instruments. The upper-level network transmits these data to the process instrumentation and control system (process I&C). Approaches to elaborating application software that allows scalable automation system configurations to be developed are considered. Embodiment versions in the form of a self-contained automation system, process I&C subsystem, or a remote-control subsystem are given. The use of standard modules in cabinet designs and in control algorithms helps enhance the reliability in designing production process control systems.

Interoperability testing and analysis tools provide a means for achieving and assuring the integrity of multivendor intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) data exchanges. However, the testing and analysis are very time consuming and error prone, and these problems worsen when a substation becomes large and complex during the engineering process, commission, replacement, maintenance, and extension. To address this challenge, this paper presents a virtual digital substation test system (VDSTS) with interoperability analysis tools for assessing and identifying the engineering challenges for the multiple-vendors digital substation. This VDSTS consists of three parts: (i) A virtual digital substation modelling for generating real-time digital substation primary plant operation and fault conditions, (ii) a standard IEC 61850-based substation protection, automation, and control (PAC) system architecture with multivendor IEDs and bay solutions, and (iii) multivendor Substation Configuration description Language (SCL) tools and in-house built data visualisation tool. The study focuses on the interoperability testing of sampled values (SV), generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE), and manufacturing message specification (MMS) communication services, as defined in IEC 61850. The main issues identified are compatibility issues of SCL tools, protocol implementation issues, different information models, and application limitations. The outcomes will help utilities to reduce the risks associated with the general rollout of digital substations.

The deployment of infrastructures related to the Smart Grid concept introduces data communication networks in the grid operation systems (control, communication, and monitoring). The implementation of data communication networks facilitates and improves the efficiency of the tasks related to the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. In turn, network management is being permeated by new technologies such as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and network virtualization, that promote automation and innovation of communication networks aiming to overcome the lack of flexibility and the difficulties to evolve that are present in current communication networks. In this context, this paper proposes a reconceptualization of the power substations communications network architecture based on the IEC 61850 standard. Here, we present a complete view of the Smart Solution for Substation Networks (S3N) architecture, which allows modeling the future power substations communication networks taking advantage of the benefits introduced by SDN and virtualization technologies. In addition, in order to provide a better understanding of the challenges arising in this area, and to generate new research interest in this field, a review of several studies oriented to determine the feasibility of incorporating SDN as a key element to improve the management and operation of the power substations communication networks is presented.

The traditional power systems are rapidly digitalized and automated for increased monitoring and control. This automation of power system communication has made it possible to monitor and control operations remotely in a plant. However, this also opens up an exploitation vector for attackers, after they gain access to the substation network. This scenario can only be investigated through an in-depth study of communication protocols and control authority concepts associated with power system. IEC 61850 has emerged as the most popular protocol for power system communication. In this paper, we investigate realtime simulation of power systems with IEC 61850 based communication, in order to devise a testbed that can be used to validate false data injection cyberattacks and evaluate their impact. Based on the results, we discuss possible countermeasures to such attacks and outline future research directions. Scopus

With the advancement of new infrastructure, the digitalization of the substation communication network has rapidly increased, and its information security risks have become increasingly prominent. Accurate and reliable substation communication network flow models and flow anomaly detection methods have become an important means to prevent network security problems and identify network anomalies. The existing substation network analyzers and flow anomaly detection algorithms are usually based on threshold determination, which cannot reflect the inherent characteristics of substation automation flow based on IEC 61850 and have low detection accuracy. To effectively detect abnormal traffic, this paper fully explores the substation network traffic rules, extracts the frequency domain features of the station level network, and designs an abnormal traffic identification model based on the ResNeSt convolutional neural network. Transfer learning is used to solve the problem of insufficient abnormal traffic labeled samples in substation. Finally, a new method of abnormal traffic detection in smart substation station level communication network based on deep transfer learning is proposed. The T1-1 substation communication network is constructed on OPNET for abnormal simulation, and the actual network traffic in a 110kV substation is fused with CIC DDoS2019 and KDD99 data sets for algorithm performance test, respectively. The accuracy reached 98.73% and 98.95%, indicating that the detection model proposed in this paper has higher detection accuracy than existing algorithms.