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This research investigated some determinants of classroom environment in Australian Catholic high schools. The Catholic School Classroom Environment Questionnaire (CSCEQ) was used to assess 7 dimensions of the classroom psychosocial environment: student affiliation, interactions, cooperation, task orientation, order and organization, individualization, and teacher control. The sample consisted of 1,719 students from 80 classes in 20 Catholic coeducational and single-sex schools. Validation data attested to the sound structural properties of the CSCEQ. Because the data were nested (i.e., students within classes within schools), multilevel analyses were used to investigate the influence of student gender, grade, subject, and school type on students' perceptions of the classroom environment. Statistically significant associations between some of these grouping variables and some of the CSCEQ scales were evident, with student gender and grade the main explanatory variables. Variance in order and organization was not explained by any of the four hypothesized grouping variables. (Contains 5 tables.)

This paper reports the partitioning of variance in scale scores from the use of three classroom environment instruments. Data sets from the administration of the What Is Happening In this Class (WIHIC) to 4,146 students, the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI) to 2,167 students and the Catholic School Classroom Environment Questionnaire (CSCEQ) to 2,211 students in Australian schools were analysed using MLwiN. Variance components models with three levels (viz. student, class and school) for each of the 22 scales were created. Results revealed that statistically significant proportions of variance in all scale scores could be attributed to the student and class levels. Apart from one scale, no school level variance in scale scores was statistically significant. Typically, variance proportions were above 75% at the student level, above 15% at the class level, and below 5% at the school level. Multilevel analyses should be conducted with classroom environment data. (Contains 3 tables.)

Research employing the Technology-Rich Outcomes-Focused Learning Environment Inventory (TROFLEI) was conducted in Australian secondary schools. A sample of 4,146 students from 286 classes responded to the TROFLEI which assesses 10 classroom environment dimensions: student cohesiveness, teacher support, involvement, task orientation, investigation, cooperation, equity, differentiation, computer usage and young adult ethos. Validation data attested to the sound structural characteristics of the TROFLEI. Cluster analysis was used to develop a classroom typology of five relatively homogeneous groups of classes which were described as exemplary; safe and conservative; non-technological teacher-centred; contested technological and contested non-technological. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.)

This paper describes the validation of actual and preferred forms of a new classroom environment instrument--the Technology-Rich Outcomes-Focused Learning Environment Inventory (TROFLEI)--using multitrait-multimethod modelling. The 80-item TROFLEI assesses 10 classroom environment dimensions: Student Cohesiveness, Teacher Support, Involvement, Investigation, Task Orientation, Cooperation, Equity, Differentiation, Computer Usage and Young Adult Ethos. A sample of 1,249 high school students from Western Australia and Tasmania responded to actual and preferred forms of the TROFLEI. Separate exploratory factor analyses for the actual and preferred forms supported the 10 scale "a priori" structure of the instrument. The use of multitrait-multimethod modelling with the 10 scales as traits and the two forms of the instrument as methods supported the TROFLEI's construct validity. The results of this research provide strong evidence of the sound psychometric properties of this new learning environment instrument. (Contains 7 tables and 1 figure.)

Research in rural and remote schools and communities of Queensland resulted in the development and validation of the Rural and Remote Teaching, Working, Living and Learning Environment Survey (RRTWLLES). Samples of 252 teachers and 191 community members were used to validate the structure of this questionnaire. It was developed within the standard psychometric framework of instrument design. Eleven dimensions of importance to teachers in rural and remote communities were identified: Community Involvement, Personal Safety, Personal Dislocation, Community Services, Social Inclusivity, Staff Affiliation, Administration Team Support, Mission Consensus, Teacher Aide Support, Opportunities for Professional Learning, and Resource Adequacy. Very sound internal consistency reliability was found for all 11 scales. Multilevel analysis revealed significant differences between teacher and community member scores for Personal Dislocation and Social Inclusivity. The RRTWLLES has the potential to assist rural and remote educators, researchers, teachers and community members.

Research linking university students' perceptions of their classroom environment and course experiences was conducted in one Australian university. A sample of 495 students responded to the College and University Classroom Environment Inventory (CUCEI) and the Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that several CUCEI scales were significant predictors of CEQ scales. Overall, task orientation was the most potent predictor of all five CEQ scales: clear goals and standards, generic skills, good teaching, appropriate workload and appropriate assessment. Improvements in the classroom environment were linked to more positive course experiences which are being taken as indicators of institutional performance. It is recommended that more attention be paid to classroom environment in colleges and universities.

In this paper we examine how agency is characterised by teachers and students when personalised learning is enacted in the contemporary open classroom. A case study is outlined that identifies teacher reasoning for practice, the use of physical and virtual learning spaces, and student reaction to teacher facilitation of personalised learning. Agency is conceptualized as a multi-faceted set of behavioural, affective and cognitive choices, as realised by both teachers and students, drawing upon the action possibilities of contemporary educational contexts. A model of the mutuality of teacher and student agency is outlined. The model shows how a shared understanding of the affordances of flexible learning spaces and personalised learning interact to both produce teacher and student expectations and perceptions of their own and other's choices and actions. Specific student choices and actions are examined in relation to problem-solving and open access of resources to achieve the task requirements. Implications are noted for teaching and learning in modern school contexts.

Personalised learning is now broadly endorsed as a key strategy to improve student curricular engagement and academic attainment, but there is also strong critique of this construct. We review claims made for this approach, as well as concerns about its conceptual coherence and effects on different learner cohorts. Drawing on literature around differentiation of the curriculum, self-regulated learning, and "relational agency" we propose a framework for conceptualising and enacting this construct. We then report on an attempt to introduce personalised learning as one strategy, among several, to improve student academic performance and wellbeing in four low SES regional secondary schools in Australia. We report on a survey of 2407 students' perceptions of the extent to which their school provided a personalised learning environment, and a case study of a programme within one school that aimed to apply a personalised approach to the mathematics curriculum. We found that while there were ongoing challenges in this approach, there was also evidence of success in the mathematics case. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.)

This study reports the first development in Australia of primary science teacher typologies of teacher-student interpersonal behaviour, which was measured by students' perceptions using the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI). Earlier work with the QTI in The Netherlands has revealed eight different interpersonal styles, which were later confirmed with an American sample of secondary-school teachers and which were similar to types found with Australian secondary-school science teachers. The present study investigated the extent to which typologies found in earlier studies also apply to primary teachers. A cluster analysis was used to determine Australian typologies and to compare these with earlier findings. Prior typologies could only be partially confirmed, and the found typology of six styles was able to explain variance in both student outcomes and perceptions of cultural elements of the learning environment. (Contains 5 figures and 5 tables.)

This research investigated associations between classroom environment and student affective outcomes in Australian secondary schools. The Technology-Rich Outcomes-Focused Learning Environment Inventory (TROFLEI) was used to assess 10 classroom environment dimensions: student cohesiveness, teacher support, involvement, investigation, task orientation, cooperation, equity, differentiation, computer usage, and young adult ethos. A sample of 4,407 secondary school students from 286 classes in Queensland and Western Australia responded to the TROFLEI and three student outcome measures: academic efficacy, attitude to the subject, and attitude to computer use. Multilevel analyses with the 10 TROFLEI scales as explanatory variables and the three outcome scales as response variables were conducted. Statistically significant associations between classroom environment and these student affective outcomes were evident. (Contains 5 tables.)

The purpose of this study was to examine students' psychosocial perceptions of their science classroom learning environment in order to identify exemplary teachers. This mixed-method study used the valid and reliable What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaire with over 3,000 middle school students in 150 classrooms in Australia. Exemplary teachers were defined as those whose students' perceptions were more than one standard deviation above the mean for three of the five scales of Student Cohesiveness, Teacher Support, Involvement, Task Orientation and Equity. The reliability of the WIHIC scales ranged from 0.75 to 0.87. Eta[superscript 2] showed that the WIHIC was able to distinguish between the perceptions of the students in the classroom. The construct validity of the WIHIC for identifying these exemplary teachers was confirmed through interviews with students and these views are reported in the article.

Research investigated classroom environment antecedent variables and student affective outcomes in Australian high schools. The Technology-Rich Outcomes-Focused Learning Environment Inventory (TROFLEI) was used to assess 10 classroom environment dimensions: student cohesiveness, teacher support, involvement, investigation, task orientation, cooperation, equity, differentiation, computer usage and young adult ethos. A sample of 4,146 high school students from Western Australia and Tasmania responded to the TROFLEI and three student outcome measures: attitude to the subject, attitude to computer use and academic efficacy. Confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL supported the 10 scale a priori structure of the instrument. Structural equation modeling using LISREL was used to test a postulated model involving antecedent variables, classroom environment and outcomes. The modeling indicated that: improving classroom environment has the potential to improve student outcomes, antecedents did not have any significant direct effect on outcomes, and academic efficacy mediated the effect of several classroom environment dimensions on attitude to subject and attitude to computer use.

Students' perceptions of actual and preferred classroom environment were investigated using the "What is happening in this class? questionnaire" (WIHIC). The WIHIC assesses seven classroom environment dimensions: student cohesiveness, teacher support, involvement, task orientation, investigation, cooperation and equity. A sample of 978 secondary school students from 63 classes in Queensland responded to the WIHIC. For each item on the WIHIC, students recorded their perceptions of the actual (or real) and preferred (or ideal) classroom environment. Results revealed that statistically significant differences between actual and preferred environments, and that the gap between actual and preferred environment was smaller for more positive classroom environments. (Contains 4 tables.)

This article describes the validation of scores on actual and preferred forms of the What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC). The WIHIC is a 56-item instrument that assesses seven classroom environment dimensions: Student Cohesiveness, Teacher Support, Involvement, Investigation, Task Orientation, Cooperation and Equity. A sample of 978 secondary school students from Australia responded to actual and preferred forms of the WIHIC. Separate confirmatory factor analyses for the actual and preferred forms supported the seven-scale a priori structure of the instrument. Fit statistics indicated a good fit of the models to the data. The use of multitrait-multimethod modelling with the seven scales as traits and the two forms of the instrument as methods supported the WIHIC's construct validity. This research has provided strong evidence of the sound psychometric properties of the WIHIC.

This paper reports the reanalysis of data collected in a study of 3 determinants of classroom environment (viz. year level, subject, and school type) using multivariate analysis of variance and multilevel analysis. Data were collected from 2,211 students in Queensland Catholic and government schools. The Catholic School Classroom Environment Questionnaire, which assesses student affiliation, interactions, cooperation, task orientation, order and organisation, individualisation, and teacher control, was administered to the sample. The original multivariate analyses which used the class as the unit of analysis were supplemented by similar analyses using the student as the unit of analysis and multilevel analyses. While multilevel analyses yielded tests of significance results similar to multivariate analyses conducted with the class as the unit of analysis, effect sizes for the multilevel analyses were similar to those reported for multivariate tests conducted with the student as the unit of analysis. (Contains 4 tables.)

The paper reports on part of a large-scale study aimed at examining students' perceptions of teacher-student interactions. This paper will report on a study utilising mixed methodology in 12 Queensland primary classrooms. After the students' perceptions were established, the teachers, through a consultative process, developed strategies to change the students' perceptions of their classroom over a 3 month period. The paper reports on what strategies these teachers utilised and what changes in students' perceptions resulted. The classroom teachers were interviewed about the change in students' perceptions, what changes they had sought to promote in their classrooms, and what they felt had been achieved in their classrooms. The study found that students were able to articulate what changes the teacher had implemented, what their reaction was to these changes and their perception of the classroom environment as a result of these implemented strategies.

Research investigating science teaching efficacy was conducted in 1 Australian university. A sample of 314 elementary preservice teachers responded to the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (STEBI; L. G. Enochs & I. M. Riggs, 1990), which assesses 2 teaching efficacy dimensions: Personal Science Teaching Efficacy Beliefs (PSTEB) and Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy (STOE). Confirmatory factor analysis substantiated this 2-factor structure. The use of this instrument revealed that the completion of 2 science teaching subjects within the preservice program had a significant effect on the PSTEB, but not the STOE. Similarly, the number of high school science subjects studied by these elementary preservice teachers had a significant effect on PSTEB, but not STOE. However, neither gender nor the particular high school science subjects studied by these elementary preservice teachers had a significant effect on either the PSTEB or the STOE.

Research investigating the relationship between classroom environment and self-handicapping was conducted in Australian and Canadian high schools. A sample of 2,006 students responded to a questionnaire that assessed student perceptions of classroom environment and self-handicapping. Simple and multiple correlational analyses showed that classroom environment accounted for small but significant proportions of variance in self-handicapping. Enhanced affective dimensions of the classroom environment were associated with reduced levels of self-handicapping. For Australian and Canadian students, the relationship between each classroom environment scale and self-handicapping was very similar. There were no significant gender differences in the relationship between each classroom environment scale and self-handicapping. A commonality analysis revealed that conventional rather than constructivist classroom environment dimensions accounted for most of the variance in self-handicapping. (Contains 4 tables.)

Describes the design and validation of the Impediments to Leadership Succession Inventory, a 32-item survey instrument to determent why good candidates are not applying for principal positions in Australian Catholic schools. (Contains 40 references.) (PKP)

Reports on research conducted on leadership succession in New South Wales Catholic schools in order to identify potential principals using data collected from middle and senior management staff (n=943). Explains that short-term targeting of this population may be helpful, but impediments to leadership succession need to be addressed. (CMK)

Over the past thirty years, independent lines of research in the fields of classroom environment and student attitudes toward Christianity have been conducted. This research brought these two fields together by investigating the relationship between student perceptions of religion classroom environment and their attitudes toward Christianity. A Personal Form of the Catholic School Classroom Environment Questionnaire, which assesses seven classroom environment dimensions and four Attitude to Christianity scales, were administered to a sample of 1,317 students in Australian Catholic secondary school. Simple, multiple, and canonical correlation analyses revealed statistically significant relationships between dimensions of the classroom environment and the four attitude to Christianity measures. This study provided evidence that positive classroom environments enhance student's attitudes toward Christianity. (Contains 8 tables.)

Presents an investigation of the relationship between classroom environment and self-handicapping in Australian, Canadian, and British secondary schools. Explores student perceptions of classroom environment, self-handicapping, and academic efficacy. Reports that classroom environment scales accounted for variance in self-handicapping beyond what could be attributable to academic efficacy. Includes references. (CMK)

Describes research that was conducted on associations between classroom psychosocial environment and academic efficacy based on a sample of mathematics students from Australian secondary schools. Discusses measures used and results from single and multiple correlation analyses that showed classroom environment relates positively with academic efficacy. (Author/LRW)

Reports an analysis of Australian universities using academics' perceptions of their university-level environment. Focuses on a sample of 514 academics in 26 publicly funded universities who responded to the university-level environment questionnaires. Suggests that new universities must improve their level of research and scholarship to become more like other Australian universities. (CMK)

The "University-Level Environment Questionnaire" (ULEQ) was field-tested and validated on a sample of 489 academics from 52 departments in 28 Australian universities. The final form of the ULEQ consists of 42 items assigned to seven scales: Academic Freedom, Concern for Undergraduate Learning, Concern for Research and Scholarship, Empowerment, Affiliation, Mission Consensus, and Work Pressure. (Contains 54 references.)(AEF)