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Internal mechanisms and laws exist in the evolution of cities, and the power law is widely applied in multiple areas in the real world. It is crucial to optimize the urban-scale systems through explanation studies of the urban-scale distribution pattern from the perspective of regional differences in risk attitudes. Based on computer simulation technologies, this study explores the influence of regional differences in risk attitudes of micro decision-makers on the power law through setting scenarios of same attitudes with quantitative differences and mixed multi-attitudes. In this case, we selected six provinces in China to verify the scale characteristic of the real world. The results show that the settlement scale is heavily influenced by risk attitudes with a larger slope, which are more pronounced in the mixed multi-attitudes scenario. The increase in the mixed-scale benefits less affects the utility of risk attitudes, where the slope value of the aversion attitudes has smaller variation. The averse model has a larger primary ratio than the others. However, the primary ratio does not reveal a significant bias towards large and small in the mixed multi-attitude scenario. In the six provinces, the advantageous areas with higher economic and cultural levels show larger-scale agglomeration characteristics similar to the impact of seeking attitudes. The primacy ratio increases with the variation degree in urban scales, especially in economically disadvantaged areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that concept of 'tangping' (lying flat) has become a buzzword in China, reflecting a rejection of intense competitiveness in education and the labor market. Topics include phenomenon as younger generations struggle to cope with the disintegration of the meaning of life at the stage of late capitalism; and sociopolitical characteristics of contemporary China than as a philosophical and political subject pertaining to the universal issue of work.

With the advancement of marketization, China has achieved rapid economic growth and economic class differentiation. This research analyzes the data from China's livelihood survey, divides the urban Chinese into five socio-economic classes, and tests their preferences and tendencies for income redistribution. It obtains the general attitude differences in subsidy policy and income inequality during COVID-19. Our conclusion are consistent with the existing literature to a great extent; that is, personal factors (self-interest and belief in fairness) play a crucial role in the attitude of Chinese citizens. In the analysis of situational factors, the results show that the higher the level of marketization, the people are more likely to have stronger negative emotions about subsidy or redistribution policies. Further analysis shows that people with the lowest income are susceptible to the fact that income inequality has become significant and show a strong willingness to support the government's redistribution policy. In contrast, middle-class people tend to favor the government's redistribution policy, although they will not benefit much from the redistribution policy. Therefore, they lack the motivation to support the government in vigorously implementing the subsidy policy. Significantly, high-income people are indifferent, as they lack such motivation even more. The difference in redistribution preferences between upper-class and lower-class groups signals polarization in Chinese society, especially income redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: entrepreneurial education; attitude toward enterprise; developing countries; Rasch Measurement Theory EN entrepreneurial education attitude toward enterprise developing countries Rasch Measurement Theory 1 12 12 02/18/22 20220401 NES 220401 1 Introduction A positive relationship between economic growth and entrepreneurship has been widely established for the African context ([2]). [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the work of the Charity Organisation Society (COS) in assessing applications for children's admission to care in the late nineteenth‐century. It is based on an archive study of records kept by the ‘Waifs and Strays’ Society in England and Wales between 1882 and 1899, in particular 270 family assessments conducted by the COS. The focus was on parental behaviour rather than children's needs, with a strong narrative of taking children away to relieve parents of a burden. The research illuminates contested assumptions about childhood in the period, with resonance for current issues in policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to investigate dental students' attitudes toward people living in poverty and the extent to which their perceptions were associated with their willingness to treat those patients in their future practice. All 910 dental students enrolled in three Brazilian public universities in 2010 were invited to take part in a cross-sectional survey. A total of 766 students (83.7% response rate) completed the self-administered questionnaire on their perceptions of and attitudes about poverty and their intention to provide dental care to poor people. The responding students showed slightly positive attitudes about people living in poverty; however, a high percentage (35%) reported thinking they were different from the rest of the population. Nevertheless, most of these students expressed willingness to provide care to underserved populations in their future practice; this willingness was found to be associated with their beliefs about poverty (OR 1.65; 95% CI=1.41-1.94). Overall, the study found that these dental students had altruistic views toward people living in poverty. However, they seemed to lack a deep understanding of poverty that may prevent them from acting on their good intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article is a critique of class-based affirmative action. It begins by observing that many professed politically conservative individuals have championed class-based affirmative action. However, it observes that political conservatism is not typically identified as an ideology that generally approves of improving the poor's well-being through the means that class-based affirmative action employs--that is, through redistributing wealth by taking wealth from a wealthy individual and giving it directly to a poor person. This is precisely what class-based affirmative action does: it takes a seat in an incoming class (a species of wealth) from a wealthy individual and gives it directly to a poor person. This Article attempts to reconcile this apparent contradiction. Interestingly, engaging in this project of reconciliation reveals very little about conservatism, but a lot about class-based affirmative action. This Article proposes that class-based affirmative action enjoys widespread support from people across the political spectrum because it is imagined to benefit the "deserving poor." Unlike the "undeserving poor," the "deserving poor" are those who cannot be blamed for their poverty; their impoverishment is not due to individual behavioral or character flaws, but rather to structural or macro forces well outside of an individual's control. Class-based affirmative action enjoys bipartisan political popularity because it is imagined to benefit these respectable poor people--folks who are deserving of a "leg up" in the admissions competition and deserving of programs designed to assist them, even if those programs involve a direct transfer of wealth from the wealthy to the poor. However, that political conservatives and liberals alike currently imagine class-based affirmative action to benefit the deserving poor is a reason for alarm. Alarm bells should ring because, throughout history, the categories of the deserving and undeserving poor have been racialized--and, frequently, racist. To be precise, it has been difficult for people of color--black people, particularly--to access the ranks of the deserving poor. If history is a teacher, then we might expect that it will be difficult for society to continue to imagine that the beneficiaries of class-based affirmative action are the deserving poor if these class-conscious programs disproportionately benefit racial minorities. Indeed, if history is a teacher, then class-based affirmative action will lose its popularity if poor racial minorities--who have figured within the cultural imaginary as the embodiment of undeservingness--are (or are imagined to be) class-based affirmative action's primary beneficiaries. The Article explores the case of Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and unemployed single mothers as an example of the racist nature of deservingness. It argues that if class-based affirmative action functions to assist people of color in disproportionate numbers, it, like AFDC and TANF before it, will be reimagined to be a program that assists the undeserving poor, and its political tenability will suffer as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a research method for diagnosing behavioral market failure which focuses on examining the advertisements that payday and title lenders use, and it mentions the differing opinions that policymakers, scholars, and consumer groups have with regards to consumers' utilization of short-term, high-cost loans. The impact of payday loans on lower-income Americans is assessed, along with proposed payday and title lending regulations from the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

As part of a comprehensive programme to prevent non-communicable disease in South Africa, there is a need to develop public education campaigns on healthy eating. Urban populations of lower socioeconomic status are a priority target population. This study involved formative research to guide the development of a nutrition resource appropriate to the budgetary constraints and information needs of poor households in the major urban centres of South Africa. Twenty-two focus groups were convened to explore the target audience's knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and practices as they related to healthy eating and their views about the proposed nutrition resource (N=167). A brief questionnaire assessed eating and cooking practices among focus group participants. Key informant interviews with eight dieticians/nutritionists working with this population added to the focus group findings. The research identified important issues to take into account in the development of the resource. These included the need to: directly address prevalent misconceptions about healthy eating and unhealthy eating practices; increase self-efficacy regarding the purchasing and preparation of healthy food; represent diverse cultural traditions and consider the issues of affordability and availability of food ingredients. This study demonstrates the value of using formative research in the design of nutrition-related communication in a multicultural, poor, urban South African setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite libertarianism's political popularity, tax scholarship is largely silent about the interaction between libertarian principles and the structure of our tax system. To fill that gap, this Article mines the nuances of libertarian theory for insights into one feature of our tax system--the charitable tax subsidies--and finds some surprising insights. Although one strand of libertarianism suggests that charitable tax subsidies are in and of themselves illegitimate, several other understandings of libertarianism see a role for the state to engage in a varying amount of redistribution or to provide varying amounts of public goods. Surprisingly, some readings even lend weight to the common criticism that the charitable tax subsidies do not do enough to assist the poor and disadvantaged. Only a lenient interpretation of classical liberalism that conceives of a vibrant non-profit sector as a public good in and of itself and an expansive reading of left-libertarianism support something akin to our current structure, in which elite cultural institutions such as the opera are subsidized even if they provide no free or discounted services to the poor. In addressing these questions, this Article rounds out a series on the interaction of distributive justice and the charitable tax subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research analyzes the effects of cross-national and temporal variation in income inequality on public opinion; however, research has failed to explore the impact of variation in inequality across citizens' local residential context. This article analyzes the impact of local inequality on citizens' belief in a core facet of the American ethos-meritocracy. We advance conditional effects hypotheses that collectively argue that the effect of residing in a high-inequality context will be moderated by individual income. Utilizing national survey data, we demonstrate that residing in more unequal counties heightens rejection of meritocracy among low-income residents and bolsters adherence among high-income residents. In relatively equal counties, we find no significant differences between high- and low-income citizens. We conclude by discussing the implications of class-based polarization found in response to local inequality with respect to current debates over the consequences of income inequality for American democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The working-class is typically regarded as the driving force of welfare state development. Yet, some argue that the middle-classes' beneficial involvement in the welfare state is crucial for its financial sustainability and popular legitimacy. Against this backdrop, we investigate how recent welfare state reforms in Germany which affect the status of the middle-class are viewed and discussed by this group. Germany is a particularly interesting case because its welfare state is seen to be centred on the desires of the middle-class, especially through its focus on status maintenance and horizontal redistribution over the life-course. However, the move from status maintenance to minimum income support in unemployment provision and the strengthening of private old age provision challenge this assumption. Thus, we ask how the German middle-class views the emerging abandonment of the principle of status maintenance and the shift from collective to individual responsibility. Based on qualitative material from focus groups, we find that individual responsibility is generally supported, but that the state is still assigned responsibility for providing basic levels of social security. Furthermore, for those groups seen as less capable of acting individually responsible (e.g. the poor or long-term unemployed) the 'inducement' of -- or assistance for -- individually responsible behaviour by the state is demanded. Overall, while the principle of 'individual responsibility' seems to find some resonance among the middle-class members interviewed, they still try to balance individual and collective responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented which discusses Jewish rabbis' perspectives on poor people and poverty in 3rd century Roman Palestine, including the perspectives of the Rabbinic sages the tannaim in this regard. An overview of rabbinic legal literature, including the works on Jewish law known as Mishnah and Tosefta, is provided.

The article discusses the pending expansion of America's Medicaid medical assistance program for low-income individuals in the U.S. under the nation's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), focusing on analyses of the views of various state Medicaid officials across America regarding the ACA U.S. health insurance law. The U.S. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the opinions of Medicaid directors about primary care physician services and Medicaid cost control are examined.

Background: Few children accumulate the recommended ≥60 minutes of physical activity each day. Active travel to and from school (ATS) is a potential source of increased activity for children, accounting for 22% of total trips and time spent traveling by school-aged children. Purpose: This study identifies the association of parents’ perceptions of the neighborhood, geospatial variables, and demographic characteristics with ATS among students in four low-income, densely populated urban communities with predominantly minority populations. Methods: Data were collected in 2009–2010 from households with school-attending children in four low-income New Jersey cities. Multivariate logistic regression analyses (n=765) identified predictors of ATS. Analyses were conducted in 2012. Results: In all, 54% of students actively commuted to school. Students whose parents perceived the neighborhood as very unpleasant for activity were less likely (OR=0.39) to actively commute, as were students living farther from school, with a 6% reduction in ATS for every 0.10 mile increase in distance to school. Perceptions of crime, traffic, and sidewalk conditions were not predictors of ATS. Conclusions: Parents’ perceptions of the pleasantness of the neighborhood, independent of the effects of distance from school, may outweigh concerns about crime, traffic, or conditions of sidewalks in predicting active commuting to school in the low-income urban communities studied. Efforts such as cleaning up graffiti, taking care of abandoned buildings, and providing shade trees to improve neighborhood environments are likely to increase ATS, as are efforts that encourage locating schools closer to the populations they serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the reformed Protestant Church of Scotland's charitable efforts for poor people, particularly for those not in the parish, from 1560 to 1650. The role that the Scottish parochial ecclesiastical court known as the kirk session played in raising money for poor relief, including for Christians of all denominations and foreigners in Scotland, is discussed. An overview of Scottish charities' attitudes towards poor people who were seen as undeserving of charity, including those who are referred to as sturdy beggars and gypsies, is provided.

The garbage pickers are casual workers in growing, subsisting on scavenging in landfills or dumps, resulting in a peculiar way of life with social psychological and health consequences. The study aimed to describe the social representations of the pickers about the daily work with garbage and social life as scavengers. It's a qualitative study, based on the Theory of Socials Representations, using the Technique of Content Analysis. Were interviewed twelve collectors of a landfill in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. The socials representations were configured into two symbolic matrices, showing a linkage of garbage in their own image, experiencing stigma, helplessness and feelings of shame in the face of society's prejudice and social exclusion also shows the duality inclusion/ exclusion, and dilemmas between necessity of livelihood and coping risk, no prospect of a better future. The collectors reflect the psychosocial impacts suffering for working in the garbage, requiring practices of inclusion by professional and government actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the financial lives of low-income households which are dynamic and complex. It informs that the financial behavior of families on public assistance is uniquely structured by policies. It further informs that the solution to improve the financial lives of vulnerable households is to understand their real attitudes, behaviors and financial aspirations.

This study explored the meaning of teenage fatherhood in a historically disadvantaged South African community. Open ended interviews on teenage fatherhood were conducted with sixteen teenage fathers aged between 16 and 21 years. The data were analysed using thematic content analysis. Key findings suggest that many of these early fathers were actively involved in their children's lives. Those with a history of absent fathers sought in their parenting to be 'good' fathers as compared to their absent fathers. In conclusion, their narratives suggest they embraced a diverse range of roles including emotional care, love and nurturance for their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The Public Health Center Vaccine Survey (PHCVS) examines the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about seasonal influenza and H1N1 vaccinations in a largely low-income, urban, public health clinic population in Los Angeles County, USA. Design: A cross-sectional survey of vulnerable individuals at risk for severe influenza infection was conducted in one of the nation''s largest local public health jurisdictions. Subjects: A total of 1541 clinic patients were recruited in the waiting rooms of five large public health centers in Los Angeles County from June to August, 2010. Results: Among prospective respondents who met eligibility criteria, 92% completed the survey. The majority was black or Latino and most were between the ages of 18 and 44 years. More than half were unemployed; two-thirds had no health insurance; and nearly one-half reported having a high school education or less. About one-fifth reported they had received the H1N1 vaccine during the previous flu season. In comparative analyses, negative beliefs about vaccine safety and efficacy were highly predictive of H1N1 vaccination. Blacks were less likely than non-black respondents to report receiving the H1N1 vaccine (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.6–1.0). Blacks were also less likely than other respondents to agree that vaccines can prevent disease (OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.3–0.5), that vaccines are safe (OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.4–0.6), and that they trust doctors/clinicians who recommend vaccines (OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.4–0.7). Conclusions: Study findings provide a useful risk profile of vulnerable groups in Los Angeles County, which may be generalizable to other urban jurisdictions in the United States. They also describe real world situations that can be used to forecast potential challenges that vaccine beliefs may pose to national as well as local influenza pandemic planning and response, especially for communities with limited access to these preventive services. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Previous wisdom research tended to focus on cognitive and intellectual aspects, highly educated professionals and/or prominent subjects, and wisdom as the outcome not process. In this study, based on in-depth interviews of 18 low- and moderate income older adults who were nominated as being wise by their aging-service providers, we explored the ways challenging life experiences and coping may have contributed to the development of their wisdom, their ideas/beliefs about the qualities of wisdom, and the ways they may be practicing wisdom in daily life. Their emphasis on interconnectedness and interdependence, forgiveness and patience, and gratitude appears to represent self-transcendental qualities of wisdom. Social work practice and research implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between identification with the poor, attributions for poverty and attitudes toward the poor, and to examine these associations separately for poor people (n = 102) and social workers (n = 100). In the study, the attributions for poverty factors (individualistic, structural, family/ fatalistic) were evaluated as mediators between identificiation with the poor and attitudes toward the poor. The results show that attributions for poverty factors do not mediate the relationships between identification with the poor and attitudes toward the poor. It was found that higher identification with the poor predicts stronger structural attributions and family/fatalistic attributions, which is consistent with group-serving bias, whereas more weakly rated individualistic attributions predict more positive attitudes toward the poor, which confirms the results of previous studies. The study's results show that, for both poor people and social workers, stronger individualistic attributions predict more negative attitudes toward the poor, whereas, for poor people, higher identification with the poor predicts stronger structural attribution. In addition, we found that social workers and poor people explain poverty in accordance with an in-group/out-group perspective. Social workers expressed mainly negative attitudes toward the poor, in accordance with Social Identity Theory, whereas poor people explained poverty contrary to Social Identity Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives. To describe the perceptions of breastfeeding in low-income pregnant women to understand their needs better as they plan to return to work or school. Background. Maternal employment has a negative impact on breastfeeding duration. Yet there is insufficient research on challenges and facilitators regarding breastfeeding and employment issue among low-income women in the USA. Knowing the perceptions of breastfeeding among low-income pregnant women and their plan to return to work or school may have implications for nurses and midwives in providing quality care. Design. Qualitative study using focus group interviews. Methods. The research setting consisted of three Women, Infants and Children clinics (WIC) in a midwestern city of the USA. Seventeen pregnant women (aged 19–35) participated in focus group interviews. Data were coded and analysed for themes and patterns using the QSR software – NVivo 6. Results. Eleven participants were single. Ten women were primigravida, and seven were multipara. The following five themes were identified: (1) perceived benefits of breastfeeding; (2) general perceptions of breastfeeding; (3) maternal concerns; (4) having the right support; and (5) anticipated challenges of combining breastfeeding and work. Conclusions. Low-income women anticipated substantial barriers for breastfeeding when they planned to combine breastfeeding and work or school. The results of this study have many implications for public health practice, research and policy. Educating employers and the public at large about the health and economic benefits derived from long-term breastfeeding could help promote breastfeeding awareness. Relevance to clinical practice. Strategies supporting breastfeeding among low-income working women must be provided at multiple levels to help overcome the barriers they concern. Health care providers should help women gain confidence by minimising their uncertainties and fears about breastfeeding to prepare them to continue breastfeeding successfully after returning to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Past research has demonstrated that Americans view poverty in racial terms, and that they often blame the poor for their situation. This article's objective is to determine if local contexts can influence these views. Methods. Synthesizing racial and political theories of contextual effects, I use two nationally representative surveys to explore Americans' explanations for poverty. Results. People living in areas where the poor are mostly white are less likely to attribute poverty to the failings of the poor themselves, as theories of racial threat would predict. However, a second finding is stronger: the percentage of the county that voted Republican in the last election consistently predicts less structural and more individualistic explanations of poverty. Conclusions. Local processes of partisan reinforcement play a key role in shaping explanations of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact that financial education had on the financial behaviors of (a) the agency staff who were trained to deliver the program and (b) the low-income individuals who participated in the program was investigated. Specifically, the researchers examined the relationship between total number of financial education lessons completed, prior financial experience, and improvement in individuals' financial behaviors. The results provide some evidence that financial education may result in improved financial behaviors. However, the findings suggest that prior level of financial experience may matter more than the number of lessons completed. Researchers may want to re-examine the indicators currently being used to show program impact and whether financial knowledge is the appropriate catalyst to foster behavior change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceptions toward homelessness among 23 undergraduates were explored through individual, semi-structured interviews. Several higher-education institutions have incorporated non-traditional learning components to promote altruism and empathy among students toward the poor and homeless. We focused on one Midwestern university's experiential approach that had a "poverty-immersion" experience within a selected course. We explored how the poverty-immersion weekend altered undergraduates 'perceptions of the poor and persons in homeless milieu. Students evidenced marked alterations in their understandings of the homeless: dispelling assumptions to consider individuals in light of personal and circumstantial situations that led to their states of homelessness, and the holistic nature of their needs. Students were challenged to reconsider the attitudes towards the homeless as expressed by those in the middle-class socioeconomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeptics of school choice are concerned that parents, especially low-income ones, will not choose schools based on sound academic reasoning. Many fear that, given choice, parents will sort themselves into different schools along class lines. How-ever, most surveys find that parents of all socioeconomic groups cite academic aspects as important when choosing a school. Moreover, almost no parents refer to the social composition of the student body. Many advocates of choice hold up these results as proof that choice will produce desirable outcomes. However, these results may not be reliable because they may simply be verbal responses to survey items rather than indicators of actual behavior. In this research, we report on the search behavior of parents in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, examining how they construct their school choice sets and comparing this to what they say they are seeking in choosing schools. The data indicate that parental decisions are influenced by demographics. Based on this evidence, we argue that unfettered choice may reduce the pressure on schools to improve their performance and could potentially increase stratification. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four decades of research have delineated the need for improved psychotherapeutic opportunities for poor clients, yet psychotherapists remain contradictory in their stance regarding service to the poor. Despite periodic calls within the field to address the needs of poor people, evidence from the psychotherapeutic literature suggests that the poor are still largely absent from consideration. What barriers prevent psychotherapists from enacting their professional principles more consistently on behalf of poor clients? The author suggests that unexamined classist assumptions constitute a significant obstacle for practitioners and presents the experience of confronting her own classism to illustrate the operation of these attitudinal barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional wisdom in public opinion research suggests that the white public views government spending as a single race-coded issue. This article develops an alternative theory that rests on two propositions. First, the white public sees government spending not as a single issue, but rather, as two distinct issues: spending on the deserving poor and spending on the undeserving poor. Second, political sophistication strengthens the impact racial stereotypes have on attitudes toward spending on the undeserving poor, and it does not affect the relationship between stereotypes and attitudes toward spending on the deserving poor. These hypotheses are tested using data from the 1996 and 1992 NES surveys. The empirical results provide strong support for both propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments of the author on symbolic interaction. The positions and self-meanings or identities or identities that people have within those positions, the commitments to and saliencies of those identities as well as the meanings that exist in a situation. People do seek self-verification and respond, often strongly, to threats to or disturbances of the verification process. My own work has primarily focused on examining how this basic self-process and on measuring the concepts and relationships implied by the theories and understandings we have of the process. However, I have always thought that this process is not divorced from the world or worlds in which we live. The poor aren't poor because they observe that they cannot control any monetary resources and their failures have social meaning. That is to say, most people would interpret the situation in the same way. we share a basic understanding of what it means to be poor. And, yes, variability occurs, but the shared aspects made possible by empathy and role-taking dominate our social lives.

Presents information on a study which identified specific behaviors associated with adequate fruit and vegetable consumption in low-income mothers. Methodology; Behaviors related to combined fruit and vegetable consumption; Conclusion and applications.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe the results of a process and outcome evaluation of a culturally specific, peer-led, dietary change program designed to reduce the risk of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) among low-income African American women. Method: Using an experimental, control-group design, 239 African American women completed pretest and posttest interviews that included measures of nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, fat intake, and weight. Results: Significant reductions in fat intake were found among women in the treatment condition. Participants significantly increased low-fat dietary patterns and showed higher levels of nutrition-related knowledge. Examination of physical data indicates that no significant weight differences were found between the treatment and control groups. Conclusions: This model of health promotion, which individually tailors the intervention content through staging and used community organization strategies, has potential for reducing the risk of diet-related diseases among African American women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the pro bono legal work that attorney and American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton performed during his career, focusing on Hamilton's efforts to assist poor individuals with various legal issues. The article notes that Hamilton may be the first U.S. attorney to provide pro bono work on a broad scale. Hamilton's work in drafting "The Federalist Papers" documents is examined, along with his service as the first U.S. Treasury Secretary and his duel-related death by U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr in 1804.

This study examines whether (1) impoverished persons exhibit a "culture of poverty" mentality and (2) blacks differ from whites in their attitudes toward employment, family values, and welfare. Overall we find little evidence that poor individuals adhere to different value systems than do nonpoor individuals. In addition, we do not find strong evidence of a coherent "black culture," as reflected in attitudes. However, regardless of poverty status, we do find that blacks are more likely than whites to believe that a single woman is just as capable as a married couple of raising a child and to oppose "work for welfare." Also, nonpoor blacks are less likely than nonpoor whites to condemn premarital sex, and poor blacks do not support reductions in welfare benefits. We conclude that mainstream (and conservative) discussions of poverty often conflate black culture and poverty, thereby contributing to the improper association of poverty and black minority status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study which analyzes the internal structure of nonpoor whites' emotional responses toward blacks and the poor. Attributions for these groups' disadvantaged status; Influence of group affect and attribution on opinion toward welfare and affirmative action; Ideas on how to conceptualize and measure affective and cognitive responses to outgroups.

The article examines the effectiveness of a new orientation program designed to prepare low-income white and ethnic minority outpatients for psychotherapy. For the purpose, sixty-two Hispanic, 51 black, and 60 white psychiatric outpatients in a large public psychiatric clinic participated prior to their first psychotherapy interview. These patients were presented with one of two experimental conditions. The oriented patients saw an audiovisual program that instructed them about psychotherapy, and the control patients saw a program that was neutral with regard to psychotherapy. Assessment of the patients' knowledge and attitudes toward psychotherapy were made with two questionnaires. It was noted that patients who were oriented were more knowledgeable about psychotherapy and more positive in their attitudes toward psychotherapy than were patients who had not been oriented. The article also discusses the role and utility of brief orientation programs for low-income and ethnic minority outpatients in public mental health facilities.

Poor people have long been stigmatized and blamed for their situation. According to theory about stigma and about inequality-legitimating ideologies, homeless people should be stigmatized even more severely than the "generic poor." Recent research suggests that the opposite may be true, but the data used in comparing attitudes toward homeless and other poor people have not been strictly comparable. Thus the conclusions that can be drawn are limited. Using a vignette experiment designed to directly compare attitudes toward a homeless and a domiciled poor man and to compare the effects of being labeled homeless with those of being labeled mentally ill, we find that (1) the homeless man is blamed no less than the domiciled man and generally is stigmatized more severely; (2) the strength of the stigma attached to the "homelessness' label equals that for mental hospitalization; and (3) the stigmas of homelessness and mental hospitalization are independent of one another. Thus, in addition to the hardships of the homeless condition itself, homeless people suffer stigmatization by their fellow citizens. The results also suggest that the robust tendency to blame the disadvantaged for their predicament holds true for modem homelessness as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the results of a semi-structured interview used to assess poor single-mother students' views of the factors that influence their academic success. Related studies; Social support factors; Psychological belief factors.

The article focuses on the issues related to problems faced by the unemployed and the poor in the society. The researchers conducted a survey in a county in Michigan. A random sample of households was selected from the county's 15 rural townships and the 5 small cities. A sample of 700 potential respondents was drawn. In addition to the background and demographic data, the unemployed and poor and key informants were asked to identify the major social problems in their communities, identify agencies, and identify the best ways to inform unemployed and poor of agency services. The questionnaire for the unemployed and poor was designed to allow the researchers to assess psychological attitudes using a number of valid and reliable measures. The data relating to the income of the 155 respondents who reported their annual in- come showed that 40 percent of the respondents were without employment income at the time of the interview. For the 155 respondents who were unemployed, 36 percent had been unemployed for less than one year.

Copyright of European Journal of Social Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the impact of certain attitudinal and situational factors on the use of needed and discretionary physician services. The analysis, which focuses on the low-income respondents (N = 2,551) in a 1971 national survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center for the Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago, utilizes the Goodman system of hierarchical models. In general, both attitudinal and situational factors affect the use of physicians' services. However, the variables do not always relate to utilization in the manner that would be predicted from the literature. Belief in the effectiveness of medical care has a consistent positive impact on service utilization, but trust in physicians typically is negatively correlated with the use of services. The financial variables have direct effects in only one instance, but frequently interact with other variables. Overall, the impact of the financial variables is found to be weaker than that of the attitudinal variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of attitude survey responses involving 44 business employees and 66 business administrators was made according to the paternal income of members in each group. 1. The responses of high paternal income employees differed significantly from all other groups on approximately 50 per cent of the issues presented in the survey. 2. No significant differences were found between responses of high and low paternal income groups of administrators on 85 per cent of the issues. 3. Low paternal income employees differed from high paternal income administrators on 5 per cent of the issues at the 5 per cent level of confidence and none at the I per cent level. 4. A question is raised whether the marked difference between the high paternal income group of employees and all other groups in the study is the result of basically unique characteristics of the group, or whether it is the result of a spurious and relatively small sampling of a major group? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists have made room for economic stability and for growth. But poverty for want of a theory is lost in economics notwithstanding all of the statistics that show the size distribution of personal income and the age, sex, and family composition of people with low income and with consumption below some standard. A vast catalogue of the attributes of poor people is at hand. But for all that, there is no integrated body of economic knowledge and no agenda of economic hypotheses to get at important economic questions about poverty. Although there are valuable empirical studies, there is no integrated analytical approach to determine the factors that account for the distribution of personal income and wealth. It would be a mistaken view, however, to blame those who have produced these statistics; for economists have not formulated a theory to guide the organization and analysis of facts pertaining to poverty. The purpose of this paper is, first, to consider two applications of "consumer" demand, then to present three hypotheses with respect to changes in the sources of income and the effects of these changes upon poverty, and lastly to call attention to some of the implications of this approach.

The article reports on the author's comments on the experiences of the psychologists. He describes the point related to the limiting influence of theoretical inflexibility in working with poor clients as powerful and interesting. The author agrees that psychologist's lack of care to the poor is not because they dislike poor people or are consciously lacking in concern. The classism exploration in a similar way as searching multicultural and feminist considerations in the training and practices of psychotherapists is also suggested. The psychologist's observations about the author's lack of scientific precision are precise. Several comments on the group identity, expectations, and beliefs on the social class were pointed to subjects outside the scope of the author's article. The perception between the author and the psychologist reflects their different emphases.