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Microbial dysbiosis is increasingly understood to influence allergic sensitization and skin barrier defects in dermatitis. Occlusion, such as from moisturizers, fosters microbial dysbiosis, and increases itch in many patients with dermatitis. Nevertheless, use of moisturizers in dermatitis remains part of dermatologic guidelines. This is a review of the evidence of benefits and adverse effects of moisturizers in dermatitis and a proposal for moderation in their clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion Moisturizers are a crucial baseline therapy for atopic dermatitis (AD).To evaluate the real‐life experience of using moisturizers in AD patients and to assess parents' opinions and challenges regarding moisturizer use.This cross‐sectional study used a questionnaire completed by the parents of pediatric AD patients. The assessment questionnaire evaluated demographic factors as well as practices, opinions, and challenges regarding the use of moisturizers in AD treatment. Applying moisturizers twice daily, considered sufficient use, was evaluated across demographic levels using bivariate analysis.A total of 425 patients with AD participated in the study. The median age was 4 years, 51% of patients were female, 61% had moderate to severe AD, 34% had a family history of AD, and 41% of cases reported sufficient moisturizer use. Factors associated with increased frequency of application of moisturizers included younger age at diagnosis, higher parents' educational level, and increased family income. The twice‐daily application versus less frequent application was associated with fewer monthly flare‐ups (33% vs. 17%, p < 0.001). Overall, 54% of patient guardians believed that moisturizers were necessary for treating AD, 69% considered fragrance‐free formulas to be better, and 86% thought there to be a need for counseling from their physician on using moisturizers in AD treatment. Factors undermining the application of moisturizers included the time needed for application, cost, and lack of patient cooperation.In real‐world practice, parents tend to underutilize moisturizers. To address this issue, treating physicians must provide additional education, and health insurance companies should consider covering moisturizers to ensure their accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nIntroduction: So far, no definitive conclusions have been reached regarding the preventive effect of moisturizers on atopic dermatitis (AD). The variability in results may be due to differences in skin care methods, including bathing and washing, among studies and study design. In hot and humid Japan, bathing and gauze washing have been routinely practiced from the neonatal period, but this may impair the skin barrier function. To address this gap, we determined whether a combination of minimally invasive cleaning methods and moisturizing may prevent AD in infants in Japan. Methods: Mothers of children born between January and September 2019 were instructed in traditional skin care methods (control group; 132 subjects), and mothers of children born between January and September 2020 were instructed in a new skin care method combining less invasive washing and moisturizing (intervention group; 140 subjects). Mothers and babies with and without a history of allergy were recruited, and the incidence of AD at 1 year of age was investigated by questionnaire. Results: Skin care-related behaviors such as face washing, hand washing, and use of moisturizers were more frequent in the intervention group than in the control group. At 6 and 12 months of age, there was no difference in the incidence of AD between the two groups. However, for children born between January and March, the prevalence of AD at 12 months was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (2.9% vs. 21.2%, p = 0.0253). Conclusions: This study suggests that for children born during dry and cold seasons, strengthening the skin barrier function early in life through routine skin care with less invasive washing and moisturizing may prevent AD in Japan. Appropriate skin care practices for newborns and infants may vary in regions and environments. Impaired skin barrier function is one of the main causes of atopic dermatitis (AD). European guidelines recommend reducing the frequency of bathing so as not to impair the skin barrier function. In addition, to date, many studies have attempted to prevent AD by using moisturizers starting in infancy, with conflicting results. The variation in these results may be due to differences in skin care methods such as washing and moisturizing. In Japan, frequent bathing and gauze washing are commonly used from the neonatal period. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combination of less invasive washing methods and moisturizing could prevent AD in infants. Mothers of infants born between January and September 2019 were instructed in conventional skin care methods (control group; 132 subjects), and mothers of infants born between January and September 2020 were instructed in a new, less invasive skin care regimen combining washing and moisturizing (intervention group; 140 mothers). Mother/infant dyads with and without a history of allergies were recruited and the incidence of AD at 1 year of age was investigated. The prevalence of AD at 12 months was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group for infants born between January and March (2.9% vs. 21.2%). This study suggests that for children born during the dry, cold season, strengthening the skin barrier function early in life with less invasive cleaning and moisturizing skin care may prevent AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is a prevalent chronic skin condition affecting over 10 % of the pediatric population, with its pathogenesis rooted in immunological factors. Despite the advancements in understanding its triggers and pathophysiology, the frequency of AD remains high, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach for effective management. This article discusses therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the collaboration between pediatric dermatologists and allergists, along with the potential role of psychologists for addressing the psychosocial impact. The severity of AD is assessed using validated clinical scores, such as SCORAD and EASI, guiding treatment decisions. The article provides a detailed overview of acute phase management for mild cases, highlighting the importance of topical corticosteroids based on potency and absorption considerations. Additionally, it explores the use of topical calcineurin inhibitors in sensitive areas. For moderate cases with relapses, proactive therapy and considerations for bacterial over-infection are discussed. Lately there has been a shift from immunosuppressants to biologic drugs like dupilumab for severe forms, demonstrating efficacy even in pediatric cases. The article outlines approved dosing for dupilumab across different age groups. In the remission phase, environmental measures and psychological support are crucial, while emollient therapy, categorized by occlusive, humectant, and emollient actions, remains a cornerstone. Furthermore, the incorporation of non-medicated active ingredients in emollients is explored. The multidisciplinary approach and stepwise therapeutic strategies outlined in this article aim to assist clinicians in managing AD cases effectively based on clinical severity, ensuring optimal outcomes for pediatric patients.

Background: Moisturizers are first‐line therapy for treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Although there are multiple types of moisturizers available, head‐to‐head trials between different moisturizers are limited. Objective: To evaluate if a paraffin‐based moisturizer is as effective as ceramide‐based moisturizer in children with AD. Materials and Methods: In this double‐blind, randomized comparative trial of pediatric patients with mild to moderate AD, subjects applied either a paraffin‐based or ceramide‐based moisturizer twice daily. Clinical disease activity using SCOring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), quality of life using Children/Infants Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI/IDLQI), and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured at baseline and at follow‐up at 1, 3, and 6 months. Results: Fifty‐three patients were recruited (27 ceramide group and 26 paraffin group) with a mean age of 8.2 years and mean disease duration of 60 months. The mean change in SCORAD at 3 months in the ceramide‐based and paraffin‐based moisturizer groups was 22.1 and 21.4, respectively (p =.37). The change in CDLQI/IDLQI, TEWL over forearm and back, amount and days of topical corticosteroid required, median time to remission and disease‐free days at 3 months were similar in both groups. As the 95% confidence interval (CI) of mean change in SCORAD at 3 months in both groups (0.78, 95% CI: −7.21 to 7.52) was not within the predefined margin of equivalence (−4 to +4), the conclusion of equivalence could not be proven. Conclusion: Both the paraffin‐based and ceramide‐based moisturizers were comparable in improving the disease activity in children with mild to moderate AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anatomic layers of the skin are well-defined, and a functional model of the skin barrier has recently been described. Barrier disruption plays a key role in several skin conditions, and moisturization is recommended as an initial treatment in conditions such as atopic dermatitis. This review aimed to analyze the skin barrier in the context of the function model, with a focus on the mechanisms by which moisturizers support each of the functional layers of the skin barrier to promote homeostasis and repair. Summary: The skin barrier is comprised of four interdependent layers – physical, chemical, microbiologic, and immunologic – which maintain barrier structure and function. Moisturizers target disruption affecting each of these four layers through several mechanisms and were shown to improve transepidermal water loss in several studies. Occlusives, humectants, and emollients occlude the surface of the stratum corneum (SC), draw water from the dermis into the epidermis, and assimilate into the SC, respectively, in order to strengthen the physical skin barrier. Acidic moisturizers bolster the chemical skin barrier by supporting optimal enzymatic function, increasing ceramide production, and facilitating ideal conditions for commensal microorganisms. Regular moisturization may strengthen the immunologic skin barrier by reducing permeability and subsequent allergen penetration and sensitization. Key Messages: The physical, chemical, microbiologic, and immunologic layers of the skin barrier are each uniquely impacted in states of skin barrier disruption. Moisturizers target each of the layers of the skin barrier to maintain homeostasis and facilitate repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment, cleansing, moisturizing, and photoprotection are four major components of holistic skin care for dermatological conditions. While treatment (T) is recognized as a key component in the management of dermatological conditions, there is a lack of practical guidance on the adjunctive role of cleansing, moisturizing, and photoprotection ("CMP"). Limited patient knowledge, confusion over product selection, and lack of guidance on how to choose and use CMP skin care products (in conjunction with pharmacological therapy) are the main barriers to establishing a holistic skin care routine for dermatological conditions. Aims: This study aimed to review current clinical evidence, identify gaps, and provide practical guidance on conceptualization and implementation of CMP routine in the management of sensitive skin due to underlying acne, atopic dermatitis, or rosacea, including conditions with idiopathic causes referred to as idiopathic sensitive skin syndrome. Methods: An expert panel comprising of 10 dermatologists from Australia, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand convened to develop consensus statements on holistic skin care in acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, and idiopathic sensitive skin syndrome using the Delphi approach. Results: Consensus was defined as ≥80% of panel rating statement as ≥8 or median rating of ≥8. The final statements were collated to develop consensus recommendations on holistic skin care. Conclusion: A dermatologist‐guided holistic skin care routine is essential to improve patient confidence and reduce confusion over product selection. The consensus recommendations presented here highlight the importance of cleansing, moisturization, and photoprotection in holistic skin care and how it can be utilized as a communication tool for physicians and patients to achieve overall better patient compliance, satisfaction, and treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis, the most common form of eczema, is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition that occurs with dry skin, persistent itching, and scaly lesions. This debilitating condition significantly compromises the patient's quality of life due to the intractable itching and other associated factors such as disfigurement, sleeping disturbances, and social stigmatization from the visible lesions. The treatment mainstay of atopic dermatitis involves applying topical glucocorticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, combined with regular use of moisturizers. However, conventional treatments possess a certain degree of adverse effects, which raised concerns among the patients resulting in non-adherence to treatment. Hence, the modern use of moisturizers to improve barrier repair and function is of great value. One of the approaches includes incorporating bioactive ingredients with clinically proven therapeutic benefits into dermocosmetics emollient. The current evidence suggests that these dermocosmetics emollients aid in the improvement of the skin barrier and alleviate inflammation, pruritus and xerosis. We carried out a critical and comprehensive narrative review of the literature. Studies and trials focusing on moisturizers that include phytochemicals, natural moisturizing factors, essential fatty acids, endocannabinoids, and antioxidants were identified by searching electronic databases (PubMed and MEDLINE). We introduce the current knowledge on the roles of moisturizers in alleviating symptoms of atopic dermatitis. We then further summarize the science and rationale of the active ingredients in dermocosmetics and medical device emollients for treating atopic dermatitis. Finally, we highlight the limitations of the current evidence and future perspectives of cosmeceutical research on atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, burdensome inflammatory skin disease. In recent years, multiple safe and effective monotherapy treatments directly targeting immune dysregulation in AD have been approved and integrated into clinical practice. Although the etiopathogenesis of AD is complex, it is widely recognized that alongside immune dysregulation, skin barrier disruption also plays an essential role in disease pathophysiology. For this reason, regular moisturization has been a foundational mainstay of therapy, consistently recommended by treatment guidelines regardless of disease severity or therapeutic approach. It is vital for healthcare providers to continuously educate patients and caregivers about the importance of optimizing skin barrier function by maintaining proper moisturization as part of their treatment plan and help them make data-driven decisions to navigate the wide array of available products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediatric atopic dermatitis(AD) is very common, but its management is frustrating for the dermatologist, child and parents alike as this chronic inflammatory skin disease is marked with numerous difficult to control flares. Although country specific guidelines for AD exist, there is paucity of data with respect to dedicated topical care regimens for AD management in pediatric population. Purpose: This is a broad based review exploring various topical practices and management options to manage pediatric AD during flares and in remissions. Scope: The PubMed database was searched (to 1 June 2020) for English-language articles containing the keywords atopic dermatitis, atopic eczema, topical calcineurin inhibitor(TCI), topical corticosteroid(TCS), topical phosphodiesterase inhibitors, crisaborole, topical therapy. Articles focusing on topical managment for children with AD were chosen for further review. A limitation is that this is not a systematic review of the literature. We have relied heavily on The Indian Dermatology Expert Board Members 2019 Management Guidelines on AD and the 2014 American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) guidelines, soon to be updated. In our review, we focus on Skin directed therapies to repair and maintain healthy skin barrier, suppress inflammatory response, control flares, control itch and manage infectious triggers. Topicals can be used as first line therapy in mild AD, adjuvant for moderate-severe AD or as maintenance to keep the disease in remission. Topical therapy in AD is not limited to TCS, TCI, Crisaborole or newer molecules but also involves moisturization, emollient care and bathing practices; which have been discussed. Conclusion: Multiple topical therapies and practices have been successfully used to treat children with AD. An understanding of the available treatment options will help dermatologists striving to achieve best practice in the management of pediatric AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Atopic dermatitis/eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition, and emollients are the first-line treatment. Despite their widespread use, there is uncertainty about the frequency and type of adverse events associated with different emollients. We conducted a restricted review of published data on adverse events associated with emollient use in eczema. Medline (Ovid) was searched from inception (1946) to June 2018. All types of studies, with the exception of reviews, were included. Eligibility was assessed using a two-stage screening process against inclusion and exclusion criteria. References of all included papers were screened for any additional eligible papers. Data were subsequently extracted from all eligible publications. A limited body of data were found in the published data: 24 papers reported on adverse events with 29 different emollients (3 containing urea, 5 containing ceramide, 4 containing glycerol, 4 were herbal and 13 contained “other” ingredients). Interpretation of the results and comparison of the emollients were difficult due to poor reporting and missing data. Many publications contained no data at all on adverse events, and no study reported serious treatment-related adverse events for any emollient. The proportion of participants in the studies experiencing treatment-related adverse events varied between 2 and 59%. The most common adverse events were skin related and often mild. The range of participants experiencing non-treatment-related adverse events varied between 4 and 43%. From this restricted review, clinicians and patients can be reassured that the emollients studied appear to be generally safe to use. Better studies and reporting of adverse events associated with emollients in common use are needed.

Keywords: Atopic dermatitis; Eczema; Moisturizers; Emollient; Topical corticosteroids; Cochrane review EN Atopic dermatitis Eczema Moisturizers Emollient Topical corticosteroids Cochrane review 594 596 3 05/09/22 20220501 NES 220501 Dear Editor, Although moisturizers are widely used for the management of atopic dermatitis (AD), evidence regarding their efficacy and safety remains largely unexplored. Atopic dermatitis, Eczema, Moisturizers, Emollient, Topical corticosteroids, Cochrane review For this reason, a systematic Cochrane review, "Emollients and Moisturisers for Eczema" [[1]], was performed. [Extracted from the article]

In recent years, there has been an increasing incidence of atopic dermatitis in children. This paper provides a literature review on the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis, and the pharmacological features of various background skin care products.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a global public health problem and one of the most common chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin diseases. Successful AD management strategies are implemented in a stepwise approach tailored to the individual patient and are severity-based. This review highlights bathing and daily use of moisturizers as the cornerstone of AD management. This foundational skin care is required for every patient with AD, regardless of additional therapy. Patients are often unclear about the specific instructions to complete this skin care. Every pediatric care provider plays an important role in ensuring good foundational skin care incorporating bathing and daily moisturizer use for all patients with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an increase in atopic dermatitis all over the world. The disease is more common in highly developed countries, in cities, less often in rural areas and with a higher socioeconomic status, which implies insufficient exposure to infectious agents. Children attending preschool institutions with extensive contacts with their peers are less likely to have atopic dermatitis than their peers with a low index of infectious morbidity. In this article, the author provides a literature review of new pathogenetic factors in the development of atopic dermatitis, a mitigating effect of emollients in the therapy and prevention of atopic dermatitis in children, describes his own clinical experience.

Atopic dermatitis/eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition, and emollients are the first-line treatment. Despite their widespread use, there is uncertainty about the frequency and type of adverse events associated with different emollients. We conducted a restricted review of published data on adverse events associated with emollient use in eczema. Medline (Ovid) was searched from inception (1946) to June 2018. All types of studies, with the exception of reviews, were included. Eligibility was assessed using a two-stage screening process against inclusion and exclusion criteria. References of all included papers were screened for any additional eligible papers. Data were subsequently extracted from all eligible publications. A limited body of data were found in the published data: 24 papers reported on adverse events with 29 different emollients (3 containing urea, 5 containing ceramide, 4 containing glycerol, 4 were herbal and 13 contained "other" ingredients). Interpretation of the results and comparison of the emollients were difficult due to poor reporting and missing data. Many publications contained no data at all on adverse events, and no study reported serious treatment-related adverse events for any emollient. The proportion of participants in the studies experiencing treatment-related adverse events varied between 2 and 59%. The most common adverse events were skin related and often mild. The range of participants experiencing non-treatment-related adverse events varied between 4 and 43%. From this restricted review, clinicians and patients can be reassured that the emollients studied appear to be generally safe to use. Better studies and reporting of adverse events associated with emollients in common use are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare here the principal characteristics of over-the-counter moisturizers with physiologic lipid-based barrier repair therapy. Moisturizers are standard ancillary therapy for anti-inflammatory skin disorders, like atopic dermatitis (AD), and can attenuate the emergence of AD, the initial step in the "atopic march." But not all moisturizers are beneficial; some can make skin function worse, and can even induce inflammation, possibly accounting for the frequent occurrence of "sensitive skin" in women. In contrast, physiologic lipid-based barrier repair therapy, if comprised of the 3 key stratum corneum lipids, in sufficient quantities and at an appropriate molar ratio, can correct the barrier abnormality and reduce inflammation in AD, and perhaps in other inflammatory dermatoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Based upon the efficacy of recently developed biologics, the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is being attributed once again to the prominent inflammation that occurs in this disorder. Yet, molecular genetics has clearly shown that the aetiology of AD can be attributed to mutations in stratum corneum structural proteins that impact epidermal barrier function, while inflammation instead emerges as a downstream consequence of a sustained, barrier‐driven cytokine cascade. Although several different mutations that compromise barrier function are associated with AD, all of these mutations compromise either the contents or secretion of epidermal lamellar bodies. Therapies directed at specific immune participants, though effective temporarily, inevitably are followed by “rebound flares,” just as occur following glucocorticoid therapy. While occlusive moisturizers dampen inflammation, they do not address the underlying lipid biochemical abnormality in AD, which can be corrected more specifically with topical, physiologic lipid‐based forms of barrier repair therapy (BRT). Accordingly, BRT has been shown to be as effective as topical, mid‐potency steroids for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe paediatric AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic cutaneous inflammatory disease, intensely pruritic, presenting frequent relapses, all these characteristics making it difficult to treat. The disease has an important impact on the patients' quality of life. Due to chronic evolution, the treatment requires a long-term perspective. More than 10% of the population has atopic dermatitis, most of them at a very young age. As time passes, the symptoms may disappear or, in some cases, it can take a chronic course, with periods of exacerbation. The complete etiopathology of the atopic dermatitis is yet unknown, the etiology being multifactorial. Recent studies have shown the importance of the genetic components. The most common factors related to atopic dermatitis are: the socio-economic status, the number of family members, polution, soaps and detergents. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between the impairment of the skin barrier functions, the environmental factors and the genetics ones. The diagnosis is based on the presence of some well established major and minor criteria, but the key symptom is the chronic pruritus. The main differential diagnoses that should be taken into consideration are: seborrheic dermatitis, nummular eczema, irritant contact dermatitis.The therapeutic strategies are based on the severity of the disease, a large number of treatment options being available nowadays, topic (wet dressings, occlusive dressings, topical steroids, calcineurin inhibitors) and systemic (cyclosporin, steroids, azathioprine, intravenous immunoglobulin, histaminoglobin vaccine). The moisturizers play an essential role in the treatment strategy, alleviating the pruritus, preventing the relapses and allowing a lower dose of topical steroids to be used. In some cases, phototherapy can be associated. If left untreated, the lesions may persist for an indefinite period of time, but in some cases there are spontaneous remissions, especially during childhood. Some patients may develop asthma or any other type of allergy. Moreover, atopic dermatitis increases the risk of infection of the lesions, which can extend and complicate, sometimes threatening the patients' life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisturizer is a major component of basic daily skin care, particularly in presence of epidermal barrier alteration and reduced epidermal water content. It is an important part of a dermatologist's strategy to maintain skin health as well as treating various dermatoses which co-exist with skin dryness and are linked to impaired skin barrier function, such as in atopic disorders as well as other types of dermatitis. Mastering the knowledge regarding mechanism of action, application, dosage, adverse effects as well as specific clinical usage of moisturizers is a must for a dermatologist in order to support their use, particularly for evidence-based, therapeutic purposes. This review discusses the use of moisturizer both for skin health maintenance as well as a definitive or adjuvant therapy for many kinds of dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Moisturizers play a prominent role in the management of atopic dermatitis by improving the impaired skin barrier function and enhancing skin hydration. Their efficacy was evaluated in a recently published Cochrane Review 'Emollients and moisturizers for eczema'. Objective: In the present review, we summarize the performance and safety of Cetaphil® and Excipial® moisturizing products. Methods: This review was carried out in compliance with standard Cochrane methodological procedures, which means independent study selection, data extraction, assessment of risk of bias, and analyses by two review authors. The quality of evidence for the predefined outcomes was rated with the GRADE approach. The prespecified outcomes of the review included participant assessments, satisfaction, adverse events, investigator assessments, prevention of flares, change in use of topical active treatment, skin barrier function and quality of life. Results: Four randomized controlled studies examining these moisturizers were included in the previously published Cochrane Review. For the performance and tolerability of these moisturizers, there was very low to moderate quality evidence for the prespecified outcomes. Conclusion: The results from these four studies are in line with those of the Cochrane Review that moisturizers themselves have beneficial effects, and that combining moisturizers with active topical treatment produced better results when compared to active topical treatment alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Topical treatments of atopic dermatitis (AD) may be responsible for cutaneous allergies. Percutaneous sensitization to oat used in emollients/moisturizers has already been reported. Our objectives were to measure the prevalence of oat sensitization in AD children, to assess its relevance, and to look at related parameters. Methods: We recruited prospectively children with AD referred for allergy testing between June 2001 and December 2004. Atopy patch tests (APT) and skin prick tests (SPT) to oat proteins (1%, 3% and 5%) and to the European standard series were performed followed by oral food challenge (OFC) and repeated open application test (ROAT) in the oat-sensitized group. Results: About 302 children were enrolled. Oat APT and SPT were positive in 14.6% and 19.2% of cases, respectively. Children under 2 years of age were more likely to have positive APT. In oat-sensitized children, OFC and ROAT were positive in 15.6% (five of 32) and 28% (seven of 25) of cases, respectively. Thirty-two percentage of oat cream users had oat-positive atopy patch test (APT) vs 0% in the nonusers group. Conclusions: Oat sensitization in AD children seen for allergy testing is higher than expected. It may be the result of repeated applications of cosmetics with oats on a predisposed impaired epidermal barrier. We suggest avoiding topical-containing oat proteins in infants with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synopsis Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease which usually starts during the first years of life. In patients with the disease, the quality of skin is severely affected, and this is closely linked to a reduced quality of life. An increasing prevalence of the disease has also been observed during recent years, which has been attributed to potential provocation factors in the environment. The environmental influence of the disease is complex, but the role of stratum corneum as a biosensor regulating the response to a variety of insults has been suggested as one crucial factor. Therefore, our daily hygiene and treatment of dryness are necessary measures to improve the quality of life and possibly reduce the frequency of the disease. Soaps as well as moisturizers show important differences in their impact on barrier function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]