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The azimuthal anisotropic flow of identified and unidentified charged particles has been systematically studied in Cu+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV for harmonics n=1–4 in the pseudorapidity range |η

Pion-nucleus elastic scattering at energies above the {Delta}(1232) resonance is studied using both {pi}{sup +} and {pi}{sup {minus}} beams on {sup 12}C, {sup 40}Ca, {sup 90}Zr, and {sup 208}Pb. The present data provide an opportunity to study the interaction of pions with nuclei at energies where second-order corrections to impulse approximation calculations should be small. The results are compared with other data sets at similar energies and with four different first-order impulse approximation calculations. Significant disagreement exists between the calculations and the data from this experiment. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

We have measured the absolute cross section {sigma}({theta}) and complete sets of spin observables {ital A}{sub 00{ital i}{ital j}} in {sup 3}He({ital p},{ital p}) elastic scattering at energies of 200 and 500 MeV. The observables depend on linear combinations of six complex scattering amplitudes for the {ital p}-{sup 3}He system and provide a severe test of current reaction models. The in-scattering plane observables ({ital A}{sub 00{ital m}{ital m}}, {ital A}{sub 00{ital l}{ital l}}, {ital A}{sub 00{ital l}{ital m}}, and {ital A}{sub 00{ital m}{ital l}}) are all in quantitative disagreement with fully microscopic nonrelativistic optical model calculations and nonrelativistic distorted wave Born approximation calculations.

A polarized 3 He gas target of 6.44 atm pressure has been used to measure beam-and target-related asymmetries, A 00 N 0 and A 000 N , and spin correlation parameters, A 00 NN , for proton elastic scattering from 3 He. Between 200 and 500 MeV, and in the range of momentum transfers q = 2–5.1 fm −1 , differences between A 000 N and A 00 N 0 are found which provide unambiguous evidence for a significant f amplitude in p- 3 He scattering even though this amplitude vanishes for the NN system. The new target-related observables are only in fair agreement with results of two model calculations based on a non-relativistic momentum space optical potential and on a nonrelativistic distorted wave Born approximation model.

Coupled channel calculations for proton-nucleus inelastic scattering are performed using the Dirac formalism. The inelastic scattering of 362, 500, and 800 MeV protons from [sup 40]Ca, [sup 90]Zr, and [sup 208]Pb are considered. Transition potentials for the low-lying collective states are obtained using a simple collective model. Phenomenological as well as parameter-free relativistic impulse approximation (RIA) optical potentials are used for the direct potentials. It is found that reasonable descriptions of both elastic and inelastic observables are obtained. It is shown that the coupling to low-lying states greatly improves the agreement with the large angle data.

A nonrelativistic nucleon-nucleon ({ital NN}) coupled channels isobar model is used to calculate nuclear medium corrections to the first-order Watson optical potential for nucleon-nucleus scattering. The {ital NN} interaction includes {pi}, 2{pi}, {rho}, {eta}, and {omega} exchange for the pure nucleonic sector, one-pion exchange for nucleon-isobar coupling, and phenomenological short-range interactions for both the diagonal and coupling terms. Good fits to {ital NN} elastic phase shifts from 0--1 GeV have been obtained with this model. The specific nuclear medium effects studied here include Pauli blocking of intermediate nucleon scattering states and off-shell binding energy shifts. On-momentum-shell matrix elements of the density dependent, effective {ital NN} {ital t} matrix are used to calculate the local proton-nucleus optical potential assuming the local density approximation. The model is applied to proton elastic scattering from {sup 16}O, {sup 40}Ca, {sup 48}Ca, and {sup 208}Pb at 320, 400, 500, 650, and 800 MeV and the predictions are compared with available data. In general, the medium modifications significantly affect the nonrelativistic predictions, even at 800 MeV, and bring about a substantial, overall improvement in the description of differential cross section and spin observable data. The improvements occur for each case and at all angles studied, butmore » the agreement is most successful for forward angle differential cross sections and for spin observable data from 1 to 3 fm{sup {minus}1}. Deficiencies remain in the density dependent, nonrelativistic predictions for the forward angle spin observables where relativistic models are quite successful. The relation of this work to other nonrelativistic models which include nuclear medium corrections, off-shell effects, and full-folding contributions is also discussed.« less

We report precision measurements of the polarization transfer parameter ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{NN}}$ for 500 MeV polarized proton elastic scattering from $^{12,13}\mathrm{C}$ at the first diffractive minima in the differential cross sections. The ratio ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{NN}}$${(}^{13}$C)/${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{NN}}$${(}^{12}$C) (1.000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.028) is consistent with zero spin-flip probability (S) for $^{13}\mathrm{C}$, where S (1-${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{NN}}$). Comparisons are made with results of theoretical calculations reported in the literature. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

The spin correlation parameter [ital A][sub 00[ital N][ital N]] for 497.5 MeV proton + proton elastic scattering was determined over the center-of-momentum scattering angle region 23.1[degree]--64.9 [degree]. The new [ital A][sub 00[ital N][ital N]] extend to more forward angles than existing [ital A][sub 00[ital N][ital N]] and have significantly smaller statistical errors ([plus minus]0.01--0.04). The [ital A][sub 00[ital N][ital N]] are qualitatively described by recent phase shift analyses, but a quantitative shape and normalization discrepancy remains in the forward angle region. These new data provide important constraints for nucleon-nucleon spin-dependent amplitudes at forward angles which are used in theoretical models of nucleon-nucleus scattering.

High quality analyzing power data ({Delta}{ital A}{sub {ital y}}{le}0.05) for 800 MeV {sup 208}Pb({ital {rvec p}},{ital p}{prime}) scattering to the 0{sup +} ground state and to the 3{sup {minus}} 2.61 MeV collective state were obtained for {theta}{sub c.m.}=22{degree} to 37{degree}, extending the range of momentum transfer out to 4.7 fm{sup {minus}1}. Theoretical predictions for these data were obtained using analyses based on both a nonrelativistic impulse approximation approach and a relativistic impulse approximation approach. For both the elastic and inelastic analyzing powers, the relativistic impulse approximation approach provided a better description at these large momentum transfers.

Angular distributions for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 0.8 GeV protons from /sup 24/Mg and /sup 26/Mg are presented. Cross sections for protons exciting states of energy up to about 10 MeV are measured using a high resolution spectrometer. Coupled channels analyses of scattering data to the 0/sup +/, 2/sup +/, 4/sup +/, and 6/sup +/ states in the ground state rotational band, the 2/sup +/, 3/sup +/, 4/sup +/, and 6/sup +/ states in the ..gamma..-vibrational band, the 0/sup +/, 2/sup +/, and 4/sup +/ states in the ..beta..-vibrational band, and the 3/sup -/ and 5/sup -/ members of the K/sup ..pi../ = 0/sup -/ and 3/sup -/ vibrational bands in /sup 24/Mg are presented. Also reported are coupled channels analyses of the experimental angular distributions in /sup 26/Mg for the 0/sup +/, 2/sup +/, and 4/sup +/ states in the ground state band, the possible 2/sup +/, 3/sup +/, and 4/sup +/, ..gamma..-band members, and several 3/sup -/ members of K/sup ..pi../ = 0/sup -/ and 3/sup -/ bands. The data for the 3/sup -/ states in both /sup 24/Mg and /sup 26/Mg differ both in shape and angular positions of the maxima and minima. Coupled channelsmore » analyses are able to account for these differences in the 3/sup -/ experimental cross sections by selecting K/sup ..pi../ = 0/sup -/ or 3/sup -/. This is believed to be the first observation of ''K dependence'' for l = 3 excitations in inelastic scattering by s-d shell nuclei. Distorted wave Born approximation analyses of the other states in /sup 26/Mg excited by l transfers from 2 to 4 are also described. Several new assignments of J/sup ..pi../ for excited states in /sup 26/Mg are proposed based upon the distinctive l transfer dependence found in the positions of the first maximum and in the general shapes of the angular distributions. Multipole moments extracted from the deformed optical potentials are related to those of the matter distributions by Satchler's theorem. These are compared to multipole moments obtained from analyses of hadronic scattering data, as well as with the moments of the charge distributions determined by electromagnetic measurements.« less

Angular distribution data for 800 MeV $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ (2.61 MeV, ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of the analysis to the neutron component of the transition density. The analysis employs the first order Kerman, McManus, and Thaler optical potential model (distorted wave Born approximation together with the impulse approximation). The total error in the multipole moment of the deduced transition density, ${M}_{n}(E3)$, is computed based on uncertainties in (1) the elastic and inelastic scattering data, (2) the geometry of the transition density, (3) the nucleon-nucleon amplitudes, (4) the proton transition density, (5) correlation corrections, and (6) medium modifications to the effective interactions. Under the presumption of an accurate theoretical model, the minimal uncertainty in ${M}_{n}(E3)$ is \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8.5%. Such accuracy permits meaningful comparisons with results from nuclear structure theory.

Large angle elastic differential cross section and analyzing power data are reported for 497.5 MeV p-arrow-right+/sup 40/Ca. The characteristic diffraction pattern extends to the largest momentum transfer, 5.3 fm/sup -1/. Theoretical models which incorporate either relativistic or nonrelativistic dynamics do not quantitatively describe the data for q>3.5 fm/sup -1/. Possible explanations for the discrepancy are suggested

Different descriptions of the reaction /sup 28/Si(/sup 13/C, /sup 12/C)/sup 29/Si at 36 MeV leading to the ground and first excited states of /sup 29/Si are examined. Sensitivity of the reaction cross section to various families of optical parameters is investigated and the so-called ''surface transparent potential'' is used as an alternate treatment. Exact finite range distorted-wave Born approximation and coupled-channels Born approximation analyses of the reaction are performed, showing that the coupled-channels Born approximation analysis, even in its presently restricted form, leads to an improvement over the distorted-wave Born approximation predictions. (AIP)

Angular distributions for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 800 MeV protons from /sup 24/Mg are presented. Results of distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) and coupled-channels (CC) analyses of the data for the 0/sup +//sub 1/, 2/sup +//sub 1/, 4/sup +//sub 1/, and 6/sup +//sub 1/ members of the ground state rotational band, the 2/sup +//sub 2/, 3/sup +//sub 2/, 4/sup +//sub 2/, and 5/sup +//sub 2/ members of the ..gamma.. band and the 0/sup +/ member of the ..beta.. band are discussed, and the effects of ground state deformation and multistep contributions are assessed. The DWBA calculations for the 4/sup +//sub 1/ and 6/sup +//sub 1/ angular distributions fail to even qualitatively reproduce the data, while a CC calculation, using a symmetric rotator model with quadrupole and hexadecapole ground state deformations, provides good fits for the 0/sup +//sub 1/, 2/sup +//sub 1/, and 4/sup +//sub 1/ angular distributions. A CC calculation in which the ground band is coupled to the ..gamma.. band, with an assumed asymmetric vibrational amplitude, gives a fair fit to the data for the 2/sup +//sub 2/ state, but fails to fit the 3/sup +//sub 2/, 4/sup +//sub 2/, and 5/sup +//sub 2/ data. This failure in themore » calculation may be due to the lack of a direct step to the 4/sup +//sub 2/ state, as well as neglect of the spin-flip process. The result of coupling the ground band with the 6.43 MeV 0/sup +//sub ..beta../ state indicates that this axially symmetric deformed vibrational model may be essentially correct, but also seems to indicate that a direct 0/sup +//sub 1/-0/sup +//sub ..beta../ step needs to be considered, based on the behavior of the forward angle 0/sup +//sub ..beta../ data. Additional coupling of a 2/sup +//sub ..beta../ state does not dramatically improve the fit to the 0/sup +//sub ..beta../ data. The results obtained here from analyses of the 800 MeV data are compared with those obtained through analyses of lower energy data.« less

The second order Kerman, McManus and Thaler optical potential model is used in the analysis of 800 MeV proton elastic scattering data from 144,154 Sm. Correlation terms arising from the large intrinsic deformation of 154 Sm are included and are found to be quite significant. Neutron isotopic density distribution and rms radius differences are determined and are seen to be in good agreement with deformed basis, Hartree-Fock predictions.

Medium energy proton elastic and inelastic scattering to states of 58 Ni and 208 Pb, and 4 He elastic and inelastic scattering to states of 40 Ca, are analyzed using the partial wave approach, by solving the Schrodinger equation with relativistic kinematics and using the distorted wave Born approximation. Our results can be compared with results of several previous analyses of the nucleon inelastic data using the Glauber approximation. Our calculations are absolute, using nuclear collective parameters obtained from a survey of a large number of low-energy analyses of inelastic scattering of electrons, nucleons and nuclei from 40 Ca, 58 Ni and 208 Pb.

Lorentz vector and scalar, isovector and isoscalar proton-nucleus optical potentials are obtained from invariant nucleon-nucleon amplitudes using a relativistic impulse approximation. Cross sections, analyzing powers, and spin rotation functions for $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$(p,p) and the $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$(p,n)$^{90}\mathrm{Nb}$ (isobaric analog state) reaction at 160 and 500 MeV are calculated using a relativistic generalization of the Lane equations. These predictions are compared to nonrelativistic impulse approximation results and to experimental data at 160 MeV.

Differential cross sections and analyzing powers have been measured for elastic and inelastic scattering of 800-MeV protons by /sup 16/O. Microscopic analyses utilizing the impulse approximation are used to study the ground-state neutron distribution of /sup 16/O, and to demonstrate the importance of the spin-orbit amplitudes for the inelastic transitions.

Elastic differential cross sections and analyzing powers for 800 MeV p+ /sup 48/Ca and /sup 54/Fe are analyzed to obtain the isotonic proton density difference. The calculations employ a local, spin-dependent, second order Kerman, McManus, and Thaler optical potential model; care is given to isovector, spin-unsaturated subshell, and phenomenological nuclear medium corrections. The results obtained here are compared with those from electron scattering experiments and theoretical expectations. The results of this analysis provide an overall consistency check on corresponding studies which start with known charge densities and determine neutron isotopic density differences.

A variety of nuclear structure and proton-nucleus dynamical effects are shown to significantly influence the behavior of the large angle 800 MeV p+ /sup 208/Pb elastic angular distribution. While coupled channels effects are found to be important, they are significantly smaller than recently suggested.

Neutron resonances in $sup 24$Na from E/subr/ = 0 to 1 MeV are studied with the $sup 23$Na(d, p)$sup 24$Na reaction at E/subd/ = 11.0 MeV using a biased quadrupole spectrometer. Fractionated single-particle states are identified via their forward angle cross sections, using distorted wave Born-approximation predictions with resonance state form factors for the residual $sup 24$Na system. Spectroscopic results are compared with those from (n, n) and/or (n, $gamma$) studies over the same region of excitation. (AIP)

A total of 21 states of $^{33}\mathrm{S}$ in the region of excitation from about 8.6 to 9.5 MeV have been studied using the reaction $^{32}\mathrm{S}(d, p)$ at 12 MeV incident deuteron energy and a biased quadrupole spectrometer. Fractionated single-particle states are identified via their forward-angle cross sections, using distorted-wave Born-approximation predictions with resonance state form factors for the residual $^{33}\mathrm{S}$ system. Results are compared with those from ($n, n$) and/or ($n, \ensuremath{\gamma}$) studies over the same region of excitation, where this is possible. It is shown that states strongly populated in ($n, n$) do not often show up in ($d, p$) spectra and vice versa.

Using a liquid deuterium target, 800 MeV quasielastic $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}+n$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}+p$ analyzing powers were measured over the center-of-momentum angular range 14\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-75\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Elastic $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}+p$ analyzing powers were measured over the center-of-momentum angular range 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-47\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} using a liquid hydrogen target, and elastic $p+p$ differential cross sections were obtained over the angular range 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} using CH and C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ targets. The quasielastic $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}+p$ data are in good agreement with existing elastic $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}+p$ data, suggesting that the effects of final state interactions and Fermi motion averaging are small at this energy for the range of momentum transfer covered by these data. Results of phase shift analyses are reported, and the amplitudes important to microscopic analysis of 800 MeV $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}$+nucleus elastic differential cross section and analyzing power data are discussed. Use of these amplitudes to generate the microscopic Kerman-McManus-Thaler optical potential for 800 MeV $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}$+$^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ elastic scattering does not resolve the problems encountered previously concerning nuclear size information and poor fits to the analyzing power data.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{2}\mathrm{H}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}, pn)p$, $^{2}\mathrm{H}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}, pp)n$, $^{1}\mathrm{H}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}, p)$, $^{1}\mathrm{H}(p, p)$; ${E}_{p,\mathrm{inc}}=800$ MeV; measured $p+p$ elastic $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ for $6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}\ensuremath{\le}90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; measured $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}+p$ elastic ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for $10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}}\ensuremath{\le}47\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; measured $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}+p$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}+n$ quasielastic ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for $14\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}\ensuremath{\le}75\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; CH, C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, liquid hydrogen and liquid deuterium targets; two arm coincidence for quasielastic; phase shift analyses; microscopic (KMT) optical model calculations for 800 MeV $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}$+$^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$.

The spin-rotation parameter Q(theta) was measured for 800 MeV p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${+}^{16}$O, $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ elastic scattering for 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}${\mathrm{theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\le}}21\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}$. Microscopic ``relativistic'' (Dirac equation dynamics) and ``nonrelativistic'' (Schr\"odinger equation dynamics) optical model predictions are compared with the data. Slight preference for the relativistic impulse approximation approach is observed, but a marked mass dependence of the quality of the fit is evident. Other calculations are presented which suggest that inclusion of nuclear two-body correlation effects in the relativistic impulse approximation model might lead to better agreement with experiment.

We present results of calculations which suggest that several of the spin observables for elastic scattering of 500-MeV polarized protons from a polarized /sup 13/C target are sensitive to relativistic aspects of nuclear structure.

Elastic and inelastic angular distributions for 0.8 GeV $p$ + $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$ and $^{176}\mathrm{Yb}$ are reported and analyzed using the distorted-wave Born approximation and the coupled-channels formalism where phenomenological deformed optical potentials are used in the latter analysis. As expected, the multipole moments extracted from the optical potentials are found to be in excellent agreement with those of the charge densities as obtained from electron scattering and Coulomb excitation experiments. The analysis also clearly demonstrates that multistep processes are important at 0.8 GeV and must be included for a proper description of the experimental data.

A comparison of the relative sensitivities of 800 MeV proton-nucleus and 444 and 991 MeV K+ meson-nucleus elastic angular distributions to realistic details of neutron density distributions is presented for nuclei 40, 48Ca. The quantitative conclusions agree with qualitative expectations that medium energy K+ mesons are potentially superior at probing the nuclear interior, while medium energy protons are superior at probing the nuclear surface region.

New and/or corrected 800 MeV $p+^{40,42,44,48}\mathrm{Ca}$ elastic angular distributions are presented. The data, together with analyzing power measurements, are analyzed to investigate the isotopic neutron and matter density differences between these four calcium isotopes. The analysis employs a local, spin-dependent form of the second order Kerman, McManus, and Thaler optical potential in which approximately model-independent forms for the neutron densities are assumed. Nucleon-nucleon amplitude uncertainties which occur at 800 MeV are taken into account in determining the empirical isotopic density differences. The deduced neutron and matter density differences are compared to the results of other intermediate energy proton and alpha particle scattering analyses and to Hartree-Fock predictions. The various empirical results are generally in good agreement with each other and with the Hartree-Fock predictions, except for $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ where the results obtained here and elsewhere suggest that the $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ neutron excess is not distributed at quite as large a radius as predicted by Hartree-Fock theory.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Proton elastic scattering cross sections; targets, $^{40,42,44,48}\mathrm{Ca}$; ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}}=800$ MeV; second order Kerman, McManus, and Thaler optical potential; neutron and matter isotopic density differences.

Deformed spin-orbit, coupled-channels effects are investigated for 800 MeV proton inelastic scattering from 24 Mg and 154 Sm. The influence of the spin-orbit potential on the inelastic angular distributions and on the deduced multipole moments of the optical potential is shown to be small. The predicted 4 + and 6 + inelastic analyzing powers are, however, significantly affected by deformed spin-orbit coupling, multistep processes, and the large intrinsic quadrupole deformation of these two nuclei.

Experimental elastic and inelastic angular distributions for 0.8 GeV $p+^{12}\mathrm{C}$ are reported for momentum transfers up to $q=7.1$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. At the largest angle the elastic cross section is \ensuremath{\sim}2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ mb/sr. The data are analyzed using the distorted-wave Born approximation and the coupled-channels formalism, where phenomenologically deformed optical potentials are used in the latter analysis. The multipole moments extracted from the optical potentials are found to be in fair agreement with those of the charge densities as obtained from electron scattering.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{12}\mathrm{C}(p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $E=0.8$ GeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$; natural targets; resolution 100 to 650 keV, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=3.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{-}67.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, ${q}_{max}=7.1$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Optical model potential, DWBA and coupled channels analyses, rotational model, coupling parameters, multipole moments, inelastic deformation lengths ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{l}R$.

A nonrelativistic distorted wave Born approximation analysis, using a phenomenological effective proton-nucleon interaction to generate both optical and transition potentials, is made of new 500 MeV (p-arrow-right,p') data for excitation of low-lying states in /sup 40/Ca, /sup 48/Ca, /sup 90/Zr, and /sup 208/Pb. The data, differential cross section and analyzing power angular distributions for 5/sup 0/ less than or equal to theta/sub c.m./ less than or equal to 30/sup 0/, are well described using this effective interaction. Calculations using the impulse approximation to generate the optical and transition potentials do not adequately describe the data. As a further test of the 500 MeV empirical effective interaction, model-dependent neutron transition densities are deduced for excitations which are expected to be purely isoscalar, such as the first 3/sup -/ states of /sup 40/Ca and /sup 208/Pb. These are found to be qualitatively similar in strength and overall shape to the renormalized (x N/Z) model-independent proton densities determined from analysis of (e,e') data. Model-dependent neutron transition densities are also deduced for other excitations and are in reasonable agreement with results of analyses of other hadron plus nucleus scattering data. These results indicate that the 500 MeV isoscalar effective interaction is better than themore » free proton-nucleon scattering amplitudes (impulse approximation) as a starting point for analysis of (p,p') data aimed at detailed extraction of neutron transition densities and other nuclear structure information.« less

Inclusive quasielastic {ital {rvec p}}+{sup 2}H analyzing-power and spin-rotation depolarization ({ital D}{sub {ital ij}}) data are reported for the nucleon-nucleon center-of-momentum angular ranges 46.9{degree}--118.0{degree} and 58.3{degree}--110.0{degree} at 647 and 800 MeV, respectively. Exclusive quasielastic {ital {rvec p}p} and {ital {rvec p}n} analyzing-power data and exclusive {ital {rvec p}p} {ital D}{sub {ital ij}} data are also presented. A simple isospin weighting model successfully describes the inclusive data and is used to estimate the free {ital {rvec p}n} {ital D}{sub {ital ij}} values. The new data are compared with those of previous experiments and with predictions of phase-shift analyses. The deduced {ital {rvec p}n} {ital D}{sub {ital ij}} values extend the angular range of previous 800 MeV data and provide entirely new information at 647 MeV.

The sensitivity of intermediate energy K/sup +/ meson-induced elastic and inelastic differential cross section predictions to nuclear structure effects in the nuclear interior is examined for /sup 40/Ca and /sup 208/Pb targets. The observed sensitivity for K/sup +/ mesons is compared to that obtained with intermediate energy protons. In general, the K/sup +/ meson+nucleus elastic and inelastic scattering differential cross sections are an order of magnitude more sensitive to details of nucleon density distributions in the nuclear interior than corresponding proton-nucleus cross sections at comparable incident momentum. It is found that theoretical analyses of high quality K/sup +/ meson+nucleus data which extend to 3 fm/sup -1/ momentum transfer could, in principle, provide new information regarding neutron ground state and transition density distributions in the interiors of large nuclei.

Using a liquid deuterium target, 800 MeV quasielastic parrow+p and parrow+n spin-rotation and -depolarization parameters (D/sub S/S,D/sub S/L,D/sub L/S,D/sub L/L,D/sub N/N ) were determined over the center-of-momentum angular range 14.3/sup 0/--69.2/sup 0/. The parrow+p results are in good agreement with existing elastic results and predictions from phase shift analysis. The parrow+n results, in general, are not in agreement with predictions from phase shift solutions. Small corrections to previously reported parrow+p elastic observables are also discussed.

500 MeV p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+p elastic and quasielastic, and p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+n quasielastic, analyzing powers (${A}_{y}$) and spin-rotation-depolarization parameters (${D}_{\mathrm{SS}}$, ${D}_{\mathrm{SL}}$, ${D}_{\mathrm{LS}}$, ${D}_{\mathrm{LL}}$, ${D}_{\mathrm{NN}}$) were determined for center-of-momentum angular ranges 6.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\char21{}55.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (elastic) and 22.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\char21{}55.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (quasielastic); liquid hydrogen and deuterium targets were used. The p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+p elastic and quasielastic results are in good agreement; both the p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+p and p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+n parameters are well described by current phase shift solutions.

The differential cross sections and analyzing power are calculated for p+/sup 40/Ca and p+/sup 208/Pb elastic scattering with a tensor term included in the relativistic impulse approximation optical potential.(AIP)