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This paper presents the design and fabrication of new types of polymer-based cantilevers for atomic force microscopy. The design and fabrication are aimed at the capability of 3D laser microprinting technology based on two-photon polymerization on a standard silicon substrate. IP-Dip commercial material from the Nanoscribe company was used for the fabrication of the designed cantilevers. The fabricated microprinted cantilevers facilitate precise manipulation at the nanoscopic scale, which is essential for studying nanomaterials' mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. The cantilevers' flexibility allows for the integration of functional elements such as piezoelectric layers and optical fibers, enabling combined measurements of multiple physical parameters. Various cantilever geometries, including rectangular and V-shaped, are examined, and their resonance frequencies are calculated. The experimental process involves preparing the cantilevers on a silicon substrate and coating them with aluminum for enhanced reflectivity and conductivity. Scanning electron microscope analysis documents the precise form of prepared polymer cantilevers. The functionality of the probes is validated by scanning a step-height standard grating. This study demonstrates the versatility and precision of the fabricated cantilevers, showcasing their potential for large-area scans, living cell investigation, and diverse nanotechnology applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research article has investigated the synthesis and characterization of novel iron nanoparticles (INPs) from neem and betel leaves extract combination using response surface methodology–central composite design and coated with chitosan–curcumin (CCINPs) as a biocompatible and contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The coating of INPs with chitosan and curcumin (CCINPs) was carried out using a simple, easy, chemical‐free ultrasonication method and characteristics were confirmed by UV–visible (Vis) spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The biocompatibility of the particles was ensured by conducting hemolytic and cell viability assays. The nanoparticle was found to be nonhemolytic (<5%) up to 150 μg/mL for both INPs and CCINPs. The cell viability was stable (peripheral blood mononuclear cells‐PBMCs) till 48 h at 150 μg/mL of INPs and CCINPs. Both the test results produced were found to be biocompatible and additionally, an in vitro MRI study of INPs and CCINPs demonstrated the efficiency of the nanoparticle as a negative contrast agent with enhanced contrast nature in CCINPs. Thus, overall results indicate that the green synthesized chemical‐free novel CCINPs could be a potential candidate for a wide range of applications such as MRI, drug delivery, and in magnetic fluid hyperthermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible dielectric films with a high dielectric constant, utilizing P(VDF‐HFP)/salt composites, were manufactured through the solution casting method. In this work, we studied the impacts of three calcium chloride salts—CaCl2, CaCl2·2H2O, and CaCl2·6H2O—on the surface morphology, crystalline phase transformation, mechanical properties, and dielectric responses of the P(VDF‐HFP) copolymer. The detailed structure and properties of all samples were assessed via scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), tensile testing, and LCR meter analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that the addition of calcium salts to the P(VDF‐HFP) composites induced a visibly microporous morphology, with the porosity and surface roughness of the composites gradually increasing with salt content. In comparison to the pure P(VDF‐HFP) film, the composite films exhibited decreased stiffness and heightened flexibility. Furthermore, a higher β‐phase fraction and notable enhancements in the dielectric constant resulting from the inclusion of calcium salts were observed. Consequently, the P(VDF‐HFP) composite filled with 3 wt% of CaCl2·6H2O demonstrated the highest capability for promoting the β‐phase fraction and dielectric constant, achieving values of 98.33% and 21.49% (at 10 Hz), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study employes a picosecond laser (532 nm) for selective P1 laser scribing on the indium tin oxide (ITO) layer and subsequent fine‐tuning of P1 scribing conditions with machine learning (ML) techniques. Initially, the scribing is performed by varying different laser parameters and further evaluate them via an optical microscope and two probe resistivity measurements. The corresponding scribing width and sheet resistance data are used as input databases for ML analysis. The classification and regression tree (CART)‐based ML analysis revealed that median pulse energy <5.7 μJ insufficient to separate the adjacent scribing regions. While pulse energy >5.7 μJ, APL > 35%, LSO > 46%, and processing speed ≥1250 mm s−1 gives ≥16 μm of scribing width. Further, the decision tree (DT) analysis showed that pulse energy of ≥8.1 μJ, and LSO ≥ 37% are required for electrically isolated lines. The feature importance score suggests that laser fluence and pulse energy determined the scribing width, whereas electrical isolation strongly depends on LSO and processing speed. Finally, the ML achieved conditions experimentally validated and reassessed via scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy aligns well with optical microscope measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work is to compare the properties of nanohydroxyapatite coatings obtained using the electrophoretic deposition method (EDP) at 10 V, 20 V, and 30 V, and with deposit times of 2 and 5 min. The primary sedimentation was used to minimize the risk of the formation of particle agglomerates on the sample surface. Evaluation of the coating was performed by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), optical profilometer, drop shape analyzer, and a nanoscratch tester. All of the coatings are homogeneous without any agglomerates. When low voltage (10 V) was used, the coatings were uniform and continuous regardless of the deposition time. The increase in voltage resulted in the formation of cracks in the coatings. The wettability test shows the hydrophilic behavior of the coatings and the mean contact angle values are in the range of 20–37 ° . The coatings showed excellent adhesion to the substrate. The application of a maximum force of 400 mN did not cause delamination in most coatings. It is concluded that the optimal coating for orthopedic implants (such as hip joint implants, knee joint implants or facial elements) is obtained at 10 V and 5 min because of its homogeneity, and a contact angle that promotes osseointegration and great adhesion to the substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical, physico‐mechanical, morphological, and thermal characteristics of alkali treated natural cellulosic sustainable eco‐friendly fiber from peduncle of Areca Catechu tree were investigated. Areca Catechu fruit peduncle fiber (ACFPF) treated with 5% (w/v) NaOH solution for 60 min is found as optimally alkali treated ACFPF (OAACFPF) witnessed an increase in cellulose content by 17%. Single fiber tensile test perceived that OAACFPF enhanced tensile strength by 12.9% and x‐ray diffraction analysis depicts crystallinity index of OAACFPF improved by 14.2% compared with ACFPF. Also, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis endorsed partial removal of amorphous contents from fibers due to alkali treatment. In addition, alkali treatment has enhanced thermal stability of OAACFPF from 226°C to 235°C verified through Thermogravimetric analysis. Likewise, Differential scanning calorimetry analysis confirmed improvement in thermal degradation temperature of OAACFPF after alkali treatment. Moreover, the rougher surface of OAACFPF confirmed through scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy is due to partial removal of amorphous contents thus ensuing in good interfacial bonding characteristics with the matrix during reinforcement for bio‐composite fabrication. The above findings validated OAACFPF as a worthy substitute to harmful synthetic fibers for development of eco‐friendly and sustainable bio‐composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the fracture toughness of epoxy resin at low temperature, a secondary branched epoxy‐terminated silicone resin (ESR‐6) was synthesized and incorporated into bisphenol A epoxy resin at different contents. The structure of ESR‐6 was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and the fracture surface of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy. At room temperature and − 70°C, the maximum values of elongation at break were 15.78% and 12.55% with 10 wt% ESR. Compared with those of neat epoxy resin, the values of elongation at break of the composite were increased by 50.86% and 36.12%. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis also showed that the toughness of the modified resin had been improved. The SEM images of the fracture surfaces suggested that the fracture mode of the modified resin changed from brittle one to plastic one because of the addition of ESR‐6, which further confirmed the toughening effect of ESR‐6. These research results may provide a new strategy for enhancing the low‐temperature toughness of epoxy resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a homogeneous blend of starch and dietary fiber (DF), which contained both water‐soluble and water‐insoluble compositions, is prepared in ionic liquids. The morphology and structure of the regenerated blend are studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is found that the morphological structures of both original starch and DF are destroyed, and a homogeneous morphological structure is formed for the blend during the dissolution‐regeneration process in ionic liquids. Though no new chemical combination is observed from the infrared spectrum of the regenerated blend, the shift of absorption peaks appeared due to the destruction of the hydrogen bond during the dissolution of ionic liquids. The XRD results showed that the regenerated blend showed a disordered structure which is different from the orderly crystalline structure of original starch and DF. The disordered structure may result in the reduction of thermal stability. Among three ionic liquids 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidazole chloride ([AMIM]Cl), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazole chloride ([EMIM]Cl), and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazole acetate ([EMIM]OAc), [EMIM]Cl has the best solubility to the blend and also has the most disruptive to the native structure of starch and DF, correspondingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents an environmentally friendly, low‐cost polymer nanocomposite, polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate‐graphene‐zinc oxide (PVA‐SA/G‐ZnO) based triboelectric nanogenerator by spin coating. ZnO quantum dots of average particle size <10 nm and the graphene oxide (GO)‐doped ZnO are synthesized by co‐precipitation following ageing. ZnO and G‐ZnO particles are filled into the PVA/SA blend system using the solution mixing method. Spin‐coated films of ≈1.2 μm and casted films of 120 μm thicknesses were used to prepare triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to test the output voltage performances. Irrespective of the thickness values, the films gave similar voltage responses with contact electrification. This illustrates triboelectric power generation as a surface charge carrier phenomenon based on morphological analyses by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The maximum output voltage of 0.24 V was approximately 5 times higher for the PVA/SA composite containing 2 wt% G‐ZnO nanomaterials compared to the neat polymer are obtained. The nanocomposites also demonstrate excellent dielectric constant (22 times higher) values, suggesting the role of the biodegradable thin‐film TENGs in various self‐powering devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AlN epilayers were grown on magnetron-sputtered (MS) (11–22) AlN buffers on m-plane sapphire substrates at 1450 °C via hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE). The MS buffers were annealed at high temperatures of 1400–1600 °C. All the samples were characterised using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscope and Raman spectrometry. The crystal quality of epilayers regrown by HVPE was improved significantly compared to that of the MS counterpart. With an increasing annealing temperature, the crystal quality of both MS buffers and AlN epilayers measured along [11–23] and [1–100] improved first and then decreased, maybe due to the decomposition of MS buffers, while the corresponding anisotropy along the two directions decreased first and then increased. The optimum quality of the AlN epilayer was obtained at the annealing temperature of around 1500 °C. In addition, it was found that the anisotropy for the epilayers decreased significantly compared to that of annealed MS buffers when the annealing temperature was below 1500 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the morphology of the nanostructures is evaluated on the surface characterization and performance of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration mixed matrix membranes (MMM). To this end, silica nanoparticles (NPs) such as spherical (SiO2) and hexagonal mesoporous (MCM‐41) with high hydrophilicity were incorporated at 0.5, 1, and 2 wt%. Attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared analysis illustrated the placement of NP on the surface of the MMM. Atomic force microscopy studies also showed that SiO2 NP added to PAN exhibited a smoother surface than MCM‐41 NP. Field‐emission scanning electron microscope analysis of the MMM identified that all membranes are composed of a finger‐like porous structure. Contact angle measurements indicate that the morphology of the NPs has no significant effect on MMM hydrophilicity. Moreover, the performance of the MMM was evaluated, and regardless of NP morphology, the MMM showed better permeate flux with increased loading. A higher pure water flux was observed in the PAN‐MCM41‐1% membrane (237 L/m2 h), possibly because of inherent porosity and high hydrophilicity of MCM‐41 compared to SiO2 NP. Further, the PAN‐SiO2‐1% membrane exhibited superior antifouling properties due to a lower surface roughness. The present studies reveal that the morphology of the NP greatly influence on the structure, permeation, and antifouling properties of PAN membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-known effect of the local interaction between graphene and photoresist (LIGF) during the creation of biosensors is shown to lead to non-uniform distribution of compressive stresses, which deteriorates the adsorption properties of graphene, parameter reproducibility, and detecting ability of influenza B and SARS-Cov-2 biosensors. It is also shown that controlling the occurrence of LIGF areas on a graphene surface by atomic force microscopy or introducing a protective layer between graphene and photoresist can minimize the non-persistent effect of LIGF. The results of influenza B and SARS-CoV-2 imaging on the graphene surface in biosensor chips in a scanning electron microscope are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present study was to examine the effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) adhesion on dental zirconia by characterizing the physical and chemical properties. Eighty polished-sintered zirconia discs were prepared and randomly distributed to 5 groups (n = 16): Zirconia cultured with - Group 1: broth containing P.g. for – 3 days; Group 2: 7 days; Group 3: broth (alone) for – 3 days; Group 4: 7 days; and Group 5: dry discs (negative control). After experimental period, broths were analyzed for pH and Zr release with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The zirconia surface was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), water contact angle (WCA), and biaxial flexural strength (BFS). The mean pH with zirconia adhesion to P.g. group was significantly higher than the broth control (p < 0.05). As per ICP-OES, Zr ion/particulate release with P.g. adhesion to zirconia were significantly higher than the controls (p < 0.05). Post-experimental incubation, no defects were found on zirconia surfaces; tetragonal phase remained constant with no transformation to monoclinic phase but lower peak intensities were identified in experimental groups. WCA of zirconia surfaces with P.g. bacteria for 3 days (12.04° ± 2.05°) and 7 days (15.09° ± 2.95°) were significantly higher than zirconia surfaces immersed with broth (only) for 3 days (7.17° ± 1.09°) and 7 days (7.55° ± 0.65°), respectively (p < 0.05). BFS values of zirconia with P.g. for 3 days (632.57 ± 119.96 MPa) and 7 days (656.17 ± 100.29 MPa) were significantly lower than zirconia incubated in broth alone (765.01 ± 20.12 MPa) conditions (p < 0.05). Under the conditions of present study, it can be concluded that P.g. adhesion on zirconia leads to structural alterations of dental zirconia further contributing to zirconia degradation. • Significantly decreases the water contact angle. • Leads to material structural alterations. • Weakens the zirconia fracture strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the issues of insufficient film smoothness, and flammability of aqueous polyurethane dispersions (PUD) prepared by adding matting agents, two hydrophilic chain extenders, dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and sodium 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino] ethanesulphonate (A95), were used to regulate the particle size of the emulsion while using FRC-6 flame retardant as a small molecule chain extender to prepare a self-matting and flame retardant PUD. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy were used to structurally characterize the latex films. The results showed that as the R-value (NCO/OH molar ratio) and soft segment content decreased, the prepolymer viscosity increased, making it difficult to emulsify and reducing the glossiness of the film. Moreover, an initial increase in DMPA content led to a decrease in film glossiness, followed by an increase. Increasing the molar ratio of A95 sulfonic acid salt-based chain extender to EDA affected the glossiness of the film, with a 2:8 molar ratio of A95: ethylenediamine (EDA) resulting in a glossiness of the film of 6.5%. The addition of reactive flame retardant diethyl bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethyl phosphonate (FRC-6) increased the branching content in the prepolymer, improved the flame retardancy of the film, and reduced its glossiness. As a result, the self-prepared PUD had a flat film with a glossiness as low as 6.0% and a flame retardancy rating of level 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a nonbraided, bioresorbable polycaprolactone (PCL) flow diverter (FD) for the endovascular treatment of aneurysms. Bioresorbable FDs can reduce the risk associated with the permanent metallic FDs as they are resorbed by the body after curing of aneurysms. PCL FDs were designed and fabricated using an in-house hybrid electromelt spinning-fused deposition fabrication unit. Flow diverter's properties, surface qualities, and mechanical characteristics of PCL FDs of 50%, 60%, and 70% porosities were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and high precision universal testing machine (UTM). The deployability through a clinically relevant catheter was demonstrated in a PDMS aneurysm model. The angiographic visibility of the developed PCL FDs was evaluated using BaSO4 and Bi2O3 coatings of various concentration. The average strut thicknesses were 74.12 ± 6.63 μm, 63.07 ± 1.26 μm, and 56.82 ± 2.09 μm for PCL FDs with 50%, 60%, and 70% porosities, respectively. They average pore areas for the 50%, 60% and 70% porosities FDs were 0.055 ± 0.0056 mm², 0. 0605 ± 0.0065 mm², and 0.0712 ± 0.012 mm², respectively. The surface quality was great with an RMS roughness value of 14.45 nm. The tensile, radial strength, and flexibility were found to be satisfactory and comparable to the nonbraided coronary stents. The developed PCL FDs were highly flexible and demonstrated to be deployable through conventional delivery system as low as 4 Fr catheters in a PDMS aneurysm model. The visibility under X-ray increases with the increasing concentration of coating materials BaSO4 and Bi2O3. The visibility intensity was slightly higher with Bi2O3 coating of PCL FDs. The overall results of the engineering analysis of the developed nonbraided PCL FDs are promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized the vacuum thermal evaporation method to successfully grow Cu2AlSnS4 (CATS) and Cu2AlxFe1−xSnS4 films on glass substrates, with a focus on the impact of doping on the structural, morphological, optical, and dielectric characteristics of the deposited films. The obtained samples were identified and measured using XRD, SEM, EDX, AFM, and UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. X-Ray diffraction analysis confirmed a single phase of CATS with a crystalline nature and average crystallite size of 16.60–42.19 nm. Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy analysis showed a non-spherical agglomeration formation and surface roughness, respectively. According to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy examination, iron (Fe) was detected for doped samples in the CATS structure. Optical testing revealed that the band gap, the refractive index and extinction coefficient significantly changed as more iron was added. These results suggest that Fe doping in the Fe-cationic site of the CATS thin film can be systematically regulated to achieve desirable characteristics as an absorber for solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene has a series of excellent physical and chemical properties. In recent years, the in situ growth of graphene on diamond substrate has been the research focus. In this paper, graphene (or graphite nanoplate) is grown on a diamond substrate by vacuum high‐temperature rapid annealing method with the catalysis of Ni. Annealing temperature and time are varied and graphene with different layer numbers, lattice defect densities, and topographies are produced on a diamond. Different kinds of characterization such as Raman spectroscopy, optical density meter, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to characterize and analyze these properties, further determine the critical temperature and critical time of diamond‐graphene transformation, and study the influence of temperature and time on the layer number and quality of graphene. After annealing at 850 °C for 30 min, the sample can grow ≈56 layers of high‐quality graphene, which has quite low roughness and few defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Femtosecond laser ablation has found wide-ranging applications in the surface structuring of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics devices. Traditionally, the inspection of the fabricated three-dimensional (3D) morphology was performed using a scanning electron microscope or atomic force microscopy in an ex situ manner after processing was complete. To quickly monitor and efficiently optimize the quality of surface fabrication, we developed an in situ method to accurately reconstruct the 3D morphology of surface micro-structures. This method is based on a triangulation optical system that utilizes structured illumination. The approach offers a super-resolution capacity, making it a powerful and non-invasive tool for quick in situ monitoring of surface ablation structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyimide thin-film materials are widely used in aerospace and particle gas pedals, etc., but the phenomenon of secondary electron emission occurred under vacuum conditions. The graphene-coated polyimide materials were prepared for this phenomenon to suppress secondary electron emissions. The graphene coating was prepared on the polyimide surface through chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Scanning electron microscope images (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer images (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and other analytical methods were used to characterize the properties of the prepared materials. The C1s XPS fine spectra and Raman curve analyses showed that the material has an abundant sp2 hybridized structure, and the sp2 structure can reduce secondary electron emissions. The C, O, and N contents in the tested samples were 65.85, 20.47, and 13.68 at.%, respectively. It was examined that the graphene coating had an inhibitory effect on the secondary electron emissions of polyimide materials, and the secondary electron emission yield (SEY) was significantly reduced. The results of secondary electron tests showed that the maximum SEY (δmax) of the polyimide material decreased from 1.72 to 1.52 after the preparation of the graphene coating. The mechanism of using a graphene coating to reduce the SEY of polyimide was analyzed from experimental and theoretical perspectives. The results of this study can provide research ideas for polyimide thin film materials in aerospace, particle gas pedals, and other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ceramic-sintering affects bond strength and longevity of metal-ceramic. This study investigated the effect of sintering temperatures and times on metal-ceramic bond strength vis-a-vis interfacial fracture toughness. Materials and methods: One hundred eighty rectangular-shaped (25 × 8 × 1 mm) casting (Auriloy® (CA)) and CAD-milling (Ceramill Sintron® (MA)) alloys were prepared and randomly veneered with ceramic at normal (930 °C; (TN)), increased (940 °C; (TI)), and extremely increased (950 °C; (TE)) sintering temperatures and normal (1 min; (HN)), increased (2 min; (HI)), and extremely increased (3 min; (HE)) sintering time (n = 10/group). Pre-cracked was subjected to four loading–unloading cycles at 0.05 mm/min speed to determine interfacial fracture toughness from strain energy release rate (G). Microstructures were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). ANOVA and Tukey comparisons were determined for significant differences (α = 0.05). Results: Significant differences in G due to the effect of alloy, sintering temperature, and time (p < 0.05) were indicated. MA revealed higher G than CA. Raising temperatures enabled increasing G for CA, not for MA. Extended sintering permitted increasing G for both alloys. Rougher surface of MA than CA was observed. Interfacial ion exchange was differently indicated between CA and MA. Conclusions: Bond strength was influenced by alloy, sintering temperature, and time. Ceramic has better adhesion to MA than CA. Enhancing bond for CA was succeeded through increasing sintering temperature and time, whereas through extended sintering for MA. Clinical relevance: MA offers stronger bond than CA. Enhancing bond is suggested by extended sintering. Raising temperature can enhance bond for CA, not for MA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, anion exchange membranes are based on polyvinylchloride matrix as a net adsorbent, and then, the membrane surface modification was synthesized as a modified adsorbent to adsorption of methyl orange in batch tests. Regarding the elimination of methyl orange, the effects of solution pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage were carried out. Scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been used to characterize both net adsorbent and modified adsorbent. Three isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data. The results demonstrated that the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms for net adsorbent and modified adsorbent were well matched to the adsorption isotherm data. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided better explanation of the adsorption kinetic data for both adsorbents. In order to determine the rate-limiting step, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich equations were used. The modified adsorbent exhibited a higher adsorption performance for the removal of methyl orange than net adsorbent and proved to be a potential approach for the adsorption of industrial dye. The measured maximum adsorption capacities for net adsorbent and MA at 25 °C and based on the nonlinear Langmuir isotherm were 90.67 mg/g and 1427.52 mg/g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to connect asphalt binder mechanical properties to their dynamic microscopic morphology and chemical indices to provide a more thorough and fundamental picture of aging and cracking phenomena. Unmodified and modified asphalt binders were aged to five levels for a comprehensive representation of the asphalt binder service life. Rheological indices used covered linear viscoelastic cracking indicators and nonlinear parameters including fatigue life obtained by the linear amplitude sweep test. A recently validated asphalt binder cracking test, the poker chip test, was used to provide new insight into the mechanical performance of asphalt binders as they stretch into the nonlinear regime and experience cavitation damage. Rheological and mechanical properties were compared to static surface topography from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and time-sensitive asphalt binder microstructure based on electron beam loading using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Results indicated that the parameters based on linear viscoelastic analysis and fatigue life derived from the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test are not adequate to delineate the evolution of asphalt binder behavior with aging among different asphalt binders, due to poor ranking based on known phenomena. However, it was confirmed that the poker chip test was sensitive to longer aging cycles and could capture the total degradation of the asphalt binder's ductility for both modified and unmodified asphalt binders. The consistency between ESEM and AFM was ensured by observing static surface structures; however, quantification of the fibril formation in ESEM images was the most critical morphological observation when it came poker chip results, because both sharing similar deformation mechanisms. Chemical characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was also able to capture asphalt binder aging well, and could be best related to the strength of the asphalt binder. Overall, it was established that the surface microstructure has some relationship to mechanical properties, but not a definitive one, and that using ESEM as an energy absorption indicator was most similar to the comprehensive results from mechanical and chemical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In comparison with neutral covalent organic frameworks (COFs), few studies have been conducted on the synthesis and applications of ionic COFs. In this work, a novel cationic covalent organic framework (CCOF) with high porosity and crystallinity is synthesized by reacting ionic tris-aldehyde with 4,4'-oxydianiline through the catalyst-free Schiff's base reaction. The structural properties of cationic COF were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Application of this cationic COF as an adsorbent for selective removal of anionic dyes with sustainability concerns is investigated. The synthesized cationic COF exhibited good removal efficiency (95%) for methyl orange. The adsorption process was exothermic and fitted perfectly with the Langmuir isotherm with a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9737) and maximum adsorption capacity (196.08 mg/g) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis, typically characterized by chronic infection in endemic regions, has the potential to affect liver tissue and pose a serious threat to human health. Detecting and screening for this disease early on is crucial for its prevention and control. However, existing methods encounter challenges such as low sensitivity, time-consuming processes, and complex sample handling. To address these challenges, we report a soluble egg antigen (SEA)-based functionalized gridless and meander-type AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) sensor for the highly sensitive detection of antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum. Immobilization of the self-assembled membrane on the gate surface was verified using a semiconductor parameter analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The developed biosensor demonstrates remarkable performance in detecting anti-SEA, exhibiting a linear concentration range of 10 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL and a sensitivity of 0.058 mA/log (ng/mL). It also exhibits similar excellent performance in serum systems. With advantages such as rapid detection, high sensitivity, miniaturization, and label-free operation, this biosensor can fulfill the requirements for blood defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nanoscale-depth comet defects have been reported. They are a type of dislocation-driven nanostructure found in a semi-insulating Fe-InP substrate. Nomarski optical microscopy with the function of universal-differential interference contrast reflection (U-DICR), scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy revealed the presence of comet defect morphology features that contain a head and a tail and was subtle in scanning electron microscopy. We further employed the photoelectric coupling technique to prepare lamellae using a focused ion beam in a scanning electron microscope and demonstrated the growth mechanism through transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Finally, we proposed an inhibition method for comet defects using two scenarios: controlling the substrate surface chemistry ratio of indium and phosphorus and optimizing of process parameters, such as desorption, prior to epitaxial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colonies of C. glabrata were described, which morphology of isolated on sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is of great importance since they are highly involved in various medical and biological applications. The current study aims to produce Penicillium chrysogenum - derived AgNPs to be used to treat Candida glabrata. Nanoparticles were formed, the results of which was observed through UV-visible spectrophotometry. Therefore, the surface morphology and particles size of AgNPs were assessed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed that the average diameter of AgNPs was 18 nm which is appropriate to be used to deliver Penicillium chrysogenum to the Candida infected cells. The antifungal activity of AgNPs against C. glabrata was investigated in the serum of 15 mice. The mice were divided into four groups was examined after 21 days. A comet assay described procedure that sensitive measurement and permits reproducible of DNA repair and DNA damage using C. glabrara infection and treatment by Penicillium chrysogenum - derived AgNPs. This combination of assay with affected C. glabrara in DNA repaired and the extensive range of obtainable fungal molecular biology apparatuses can donate to light important devices of genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study was conducted to compare the effects of 810 nm, 980 nm, and dual (810: 50%--980: 50%) diode lasers on the surface modifications of implants contaminated by a standard strain of Escherichia coli. Methods: Based on the operation on their surface, the implants were divided into six groups: "Group 1" was the positive control group undergoing no specific procedures. "Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6" were contaminated by a standard strain of E. coli; "Group 2" was also set as the negative control group. "Groups 3, 4, and 5" were irradiated by 810nm, 980 nm, and dual lasers (810: 50%--980: 50%; 1.5W, 320 μm fiber) for 30 sec, respectively. "Group 6" was treated using standard titanium brushes. All groups were examined to evaluate the surface modifications by the X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscopy. Results: The values of carbon, oxygen, aluminum, titanium, and vanadium were significantly different in the surface composition of the contaminated implants from the control groups (p = 0.010, 0.033, 0.044, 0.016, and 0.037, respectively). In all target areas, there were significant differences in surface roughness (p < 0.0001); the same was also true about the pairwise comparison of the study groups (p < 0.0001). "Group 5" demonstrated lower morphological surface changes and roughness degrees. Conclusions: Overall, laser irradiation could alter the surfaces of the contaminated implants. Titanium brushes and 810/980 nm lasers resulted in similar morphological alterations. Dual lasers enjoyed the least degree of morphological alterations and surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2-SiO2 thin films were created on Corning glass substrates using a simple method. Nine layers of SiO2 were deposited; later, several layers of TiO2 were deposited, and their influence was studied. Raman spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron spectroscopy (HRTEM), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to describe the sample's shape, size, composition, and optical characteristics. Photocatalysis was realized through an experiment involving the deterioration of methylene blue (MB) solution exposed to UV-Vis radiation. With the increase of TiO2 layers, the photocatalytic activity (PA) of the thin films showed an increasing trend, and the maximum degradation efficiency of MB by TiO2-SiO2 was 98%, which was significantly higher than that obtained by SiO2 thin films. It was found that an anatase structure was formed at a calcination temperature of 550 °C; phases of brookite or rutile were not observed. Each nanoparticle's size was 13–18 nm. Due to photo-excitation occurring in both the SiO2 and the TiO2, deep UV light (λ = 232 nm) had to be used as a light source to increase photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber (NF) was carried out with bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and Triton X 100 (TX 100) surfactants. PCL and surfactant concentration were optimized to get fine NF. The morphological study of the NF was carried out by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. The structural changes were evaluated by X‐ray diffraction, and its elemental mapping was analyzed by energy dispersive X‐ray mapping. The addition of surfactants altered the morphology of PCL NFs and improved their physiochemical properties, such as wettability, roughness and crystallinity. Among these two surfactants, AOT gave a better NF structure. In the presence of AOT, the hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna (TA) was incorporated as the herbal drug, and antibacterial behavior against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria was monitored. The novelty of this work was in the use of a surfactant as a cospinning agent for dual purposes in a single step. The surfactant changed the hydrophobic PCL into a superhydrophilic matrix and incorporated herbal extract to develop an infection‐resistance nanofiber. The developed PCL/TA nanofiber showed excellent potential as an antimicrobial agent with antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific features of application of a low-energy atomic-force microscope (AFM) for studying the dynamic process of face growth in terms of the fluctuation model of crystal growth are discussed. It is shown that the probe interaction with an area of growing crystal surface on the time scale characteristic of a sequence of free energy fluctuations is a limiting factor for constructing an image of growing face surface. Agreement between the phenomenological and quantum (according to the uncertainty relation) descriptions of the effect of limiting magnification for a growing crystal face in an AFM is demonstrated. Specific features of detecting a growth stage on a crystal face using a transmission/scanning high-resolution electron microscope in a gas medium are also discussed. The effect of ultimate magnification when observing crystal growth in an АFМ is a basis for discussing the concept of the transient state of matter in the topochemical reaction of crystal growth and the phenomenon of building particle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of facet types affects the functionality of the surfaces of polycrystalline films. However, we are not aware of a previously published convenient method to determine their distribution. This work describes and demonstrates a process to determine and map the Miller indexes (hkl) of crystal facets exposed at the surfaces of polycrystalline films. To find facet types in non‐trivial cases, one must know the orientation of the crystal and the direction in which the facet is facing. The method presented here combines the crystal orientations obtained with electron backscatter diffraction with the topography of the same sample area measured with atomic force microscopy. A challenging step is to transfer the data from the two instruments into a common coordinate system. The sequence of steps in the data processing is presented, with methods to verify the results. The process is illustrated with the analysis of an etched copper clad laminate (CCL) and an electroless Cu film deposited on the CCL. This example relates to facet selection in electroless and galvanic plating processes in printed circuit board production, where an uncontrolled transition from epitaxial to non‐epitaxial growth can lead to surfaces with unacceptable roughness. Lay Description: Crystals are usually recognized by having distinct facets at their surface. The study of crystals and facets has a long tradition. To identify a crystal facet, one must know the orientation of the surface relative to stacking pattern of the atoms within the crystal. Both these tasks can be accomplished separately, but it is difficult to put the two pieces of information together for hundreds or thousands of crystals at a time. As the dimensions of the electronic circuits become smaller, for example in mobile phones, it is becoming increasingly important to know and control the facets present at the surface of the electrical connections. We measure the topography of the sample surface with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and identify flat parts of the surface as facets. On the same sample, we use a scanning electron microscope with a specialized module (Electron backscatter diffraction, EBSD) to find the directions in which the atoms are stacked below these facets. Combining the data from these two instruments allows us to find the facet types. The mathematical steps needed to do this are described and illustrated. This new technique will allow improved process design and process control in electronics manufacturing and other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of present work was to investigate microstructure and mechanical properties of 3D printed by selective laser melting (SLM) Co-Cr alloys, intended for additive manufacturing in dentistry. Methods: A scanning electron microscope (SEM), equipped with an integrated Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) system was used for investigation of the surface morphology and elemental composition of the 3D-printed Co-Cr sample. The X-ray structural analysis of the 3D-printed Co-Cr sample was made with a Bruker D8 Advance powder X-ray diffractometer. An atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the surface topography of the sample. Tensile test, a three-point bending test and nanoindentation experiments were conducted for investigation of mechanical properties of the 3D-printed Co-Cr sample. The influence of two different strain rates (1 mm/min and 60 mm/min) on the flexural strength was investigated as well. Results: Higher values of indentation hardness (6.76 GPa), tensile strength (1016 MPa), yield strength (636.5 MPa) and flexural strength (1908 and 1891 MPa) of the Co-Cr alloys produced with the use of selective laser melting have been obtained, compared to cast Co-Cr and Cr-Ni alloys. It was found that increasing the strain rate from 1 mm/min to 60 mm/min caused a proportional decrease in recorded flexural strength of ~0.9%. Conclusions: The obtained results showed that the laser-sintered Co-Cr alloy can fully replace the cast Co-Cr alloy in dentistry, regarding its good mechanics properties as well as the high precision of the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

chitosan (Cs) was extracted from shrimp shell and its derivative forms including N-alkyl (AlkCs) and nanoparticles (CsNPs) were prepared. Then, their antibacterial effects on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus strain sensitive to methicillin were investigated. Morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), chemical structure by X-ray diffraction pattern and size of CsNPs by zetasizer. Then, their antibacterial activity was evaluated by testing the minimum concentration of inhibition and lethality, diffusion in agar with the help of a disk, the permeability of the cell membrane by measuring the diffusion of cytoplasmic beta-galactosidase. The type of cell death induced was also examined by DAPI staining and changes in cell surface integrity by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the CsNPs are spherical with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 240 nm. AlkCs had a rough surface structure compared to chitosan. The best results regarding MIC (78/125 μg/ml) and MBC (100 μg/ml) points were observed for CsNPs (P < 0.05). CsNPs and AlkCs showed the highest diameter of growth inhibition zone at 1250 concentration compared to other disks (P <0.05). The permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane of Staphylococcus aureus treated with CsNPs and AlkCs showed a significant difference compared to the treatment with chitosan and control (untreated) (P < 0.05). (P < 0.05). DAPI staining test showed higher cell death of Staphylococcus aureus treated with CsNPs and AlkCs. The images obtained from AFM showed a change in the integrity of the membrane and the arrangement of the treated bacteria compared to the spherical surface and the cluster arrangement of the untreated bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) belongs to the high-resolution surface morphology investigation methods. Since it can, in many cases, be applied in air, samples can more easily be inspected than by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, several special modes exist which enable examination of the mechanical and other physical parameters of the specimen, such as friction, adhesion between tip and sample, elastic modulus, etc. In tapping mode, e.g., phase imaging can be used to qualitatively distinguish between different materials on the surface. This is especially interesting for polymers, for which the evaluation by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is mostly irrelevant. Here we give an overview of phase imaging experiments on different filaments used for 3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM). Furthermore, the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), especially different poly(lactide acids) (PLAs) with special features, such as thermochromic or photochromic properties, are investigated and compared with SEM images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Laser texturing offers a substantial advantage over traditional texturization in design, quality and flexibility. This study investigates nanosecond fiber laser textured surfaces with different patterns (Circle, Pyramid and Polygon) on optical characteristics like absorption and reflection. It exhibits a lengthy absorption path (200-900 nm) and a higher rough surface by surface changes, a roughly 20% reduction in incident light reflectance that enable higher light-trapping employed in solar cells. The surface features like surface morphology and surface roughness of the micro-textured silicon surface were examined by a three-dimensional profilometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine the effectiveness of the process. Surface roughness Ra increased after texturing from 1.006 to 11.09 µm. The SEM micrographs recognize overlapping patterns that are deep enough to trap light, while reflection tests reveal that the specimens have low reflectivity. AFM images of the micro-textured surface are analyzed to reveal the roughness, height variations, fractal dimension, etc. After laser irradiation, crystallographic structure and crystallinity change were examined using XRD, Micro-Raman spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the possibilities of applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques to the study of the wear of prosthetic biomaterials. In the conducted research, a zirconium oxide sphere was used as a test piece for mashing, which was moved over the surface of selected biomaterials: polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and dental gold alloy (Degulor M). The process was carried out with constant load force in an artificial saliva environment (Mucinox). An atomic force microscope with an active piezoresistive lever was used to measure wear at the nanoscale. The advantage of the proposed technology is the high resolution of observation (less than 0.5 nm) in the three-dimensional (3D) measurements in a working area of 50 × 50 × 10 µm. The results of nano wear measurements in two measurement setups are presented: zirconia sphere (Degulor M and zirconia sphere) and PEEK were examined. The wear analysis was carried out using appropriate software. Achieved results present a tendency coincident with the macroscopic parameters of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the surface roughness of glazed and polished monolithic ceramic materials and to use this as a baseline for comparison after adjustment and polishing with both the recommended kit for the specific materials as well as interchanged polishing kits. Material and methods: Flat ceramic specimens (n = 150) were fabricated from IPS ZirCAD Prime, IPS E.max, and Vitabloc Mark II. The specimens were adjusted and polished using either the proprietary polishing kit for the material or interchanged kits. The surface roughness was objectively assessed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and profilometer. Subjective assessment of surface finish was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Gravimetric weight loss of each sample was measured before and after polishing using a digital microscale. The mean surface roughness and standard deviation was calculated for each ceramic‐ polisher pair. A factorial ANOVA was used to compare the mean surface roughness values in nanometers between multiple groups (α = 0.05). The subjective results from the SEM were reported as descriptive statistics Results: The zirconia polishing system produced surfaces with the lowest surface roughness regardless of the ceramic material. The polisher‐ceramic combination was found to have a statistically significant effect on both Ra and RMS values when the AFM was used (p = 0.039 and 0.010, respectively). Conclusion: The zirconia polishing system resulted in the lowest surface roughness values regardless of ceramic materials tested. The zirconia polishing system also did not result in significant gravimetric weight loss regardless of the ceramic material used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, carbon fibers (CF) with different electrochemical treatment levels were obtained by changing the parameters of electrochemical treatment, and the effect of electrochemical treatment levels on the surface properties of CF was studied by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of CF with different electrochemical treatment levels were characterized by single fiber‐composite fragmentation. The effects of electrochemical treatment on the mechanical properties of CF were investigated by monofilament tensile test and composite laminate 0° tensile test. Finally, the carbon fibers were compounded with epoxy resin to prepare composite laminates, whose effect on the macroscopic mechanical properties of the composite, such as short beam shear strength (SBSS) and compression after impact (CAI) strength, was studied. As a result, with the increase of the level of electrochemical treatment, the surface roughness and chemical activity of CF increased first and then decreased, while the surface energy shows a gradually increasing trend. The IFSS of CF‐BX shows a gradually increasing trend, while that of the CF‐SX shows a trend of increasing first and then remaining basically unchanged, while SBSS shows the same trend. The monofilament tensile test and composite laminate 0° tensile test showed that the electrochemical treatment did not have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of CF. The compression after impact test showed that with the enhancement of the electrochemical treatment, the CAI of the composite laminates increased first and then remained roughly unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) tests were successfully conducted in an aluminum-based microfluidic chip developed in this work. The reaction chamber was coated with silicone-modified epoxy resin to isolate the reaction system from metal surfaces, preventing the metal ions from interfering with the reaction process. The patterned aluminum substrate was bonded with a hydroxylated glass mask using silicone sealant at room temperature. The effect of thermal expansion was counteracted by the elasticity of cured silicone. With the heating process closely monitored, real-time PCR testing in reaction chambers proceeded smoothly, and the results show similar quantification cycle values to those of traditional test sets. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed that the surface of the reaction chamber was smoothly coated, illustrating the promising coating and isolating properties. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) showed that no metal ions escaped from the metal to the chip surface. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to check the surface chemical state before and after tests, and the unchanged infrared absorption peaks indicated the unreacted, antifouling surface. The limit of detection (LOD) of at least two copies can be obtained in this chip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the development of polyvinyl chloride/functionalised multi-carbon nanotube (PVC/F-MWCNT) membranes and PVC/graphene oxide (PVC/GO) membranes for the improved removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from actual petroleum wastewater. Also, this work for the first time presents the proposed interaction mechanism between the contents of PVC/GO and PVC/F-MWCNT membranes as well as the interaction mechanism of each composite membrane with water molecules. The effect of both F-MWCNT and GO content on the characteristics and performance of the PVC/F-MWCNT membrane and PVC/GO membrane were studied. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle (CA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), porosity and tensile strength were used to examine the properties of F-MWCNT, GO, PVC/F-MWCNT and PVC/GO membranes. The composite membranes' performance was studied by measuring the rejection of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and mass flux. It was found that F-MWCNTs and GO played significant roles in the membranes' structural morphology. A significant improvement was obtained in the CA, porosity and tensile strength of the membranes by embedding the PVC casting solution with 0.12 wt% of each F-MWCNTand GO. The PVC/F-MWCNTs membrane showed higher performance in term of mass flux and COD rejection that reached 88.9%, which makes using a PVC/F-MWCNTs membrane preferable to remove COD from petroleum wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to synthesize and designate 50% BaFe11.5Co0.5O19 /50% NBR nanocomposite with enhanced physical properties. First, the BaFe11.5Co0.5O19 hexaferrite was successfully synthesized by the citrate auto-combustion technique. Composite nanoparticles were synthesized by melt mixing technique in a Brabender Plasticorder. The structure and morphology of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The average crystallite size is nearly 35 nm. The high values of Ms for BFCO can be clarified by Fe3+–O–Fe3+ super-exchange interaction in the present system. An investigation has found that substitution in M-type hexaferrite systems alters the valence states of Fe3+ ions to Fe3+ ions at the 2A sites (Ateia et al. in Appl Phys A 128: 884, 2022). This causes an enhancement of super-exchange interactions that improves the hyperfine field at 2b and 12 k sites. The switching field distribution was computed and reported. Tensile strength (T.S), Young's modulus (E), hardness (H) and Rheometric characteristics were enhanced after the addition of BFCO nanoparticles to NBR polymer. The obtained data from the present study revealed that the incorporation of 50% of BaFe11.5Co0.5O19 hexaferrite with 50% of NBR rubber enhanced the physico-mechanical and magnetic characteristics of the prepared composites. This indicates that hexaferrites achieve not only appropriate magnetic properties for the prepared composites, but also strengthen the rubber matrix. The originality of this investigation is clarified by emphasizing the magnetization of NBR and to accentuate the good mechanical properties of the investigated nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate combination of semiconducting polymer–inorganic nanocomposites can enhance the existing performance of polymers-only-based photovoltaic devices. Hence, polyaniline (PANI)/zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites were prepared by combining ZnO nanoparticles with PANI in four distinct ratios to optimize their photovoltaic performance. Using a simple coating method, PANI, ZnO, and its nanocomposite, with varying weight percent (wt%) concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles, i.e., (1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%, and 4 wt%), were fabricated and utilized as an active layer to evaluate the potential for the high-power conversion efficiency of various concentrations, respectively. PANI/ZnO nanocomposites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and I-V measurement techniques. The XRD analysis showed a distinct, narrow peak, which corresponds to the wurtzite ZnO (101) plane. The SEM analysis verified the production of the PANI/ZnO composite by demonstrating that the crystalline ZnO was integrated into the PANI matrix. The elemental composition was determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), which confirmed the existence of PANI and ZnO without any impurities, respectively. Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, various chemical bonds and stretching vibrations were analyzed and assigned to different peaks. The bandgap narrowing with an increasing PANI/ZnO composition led to exceptional optical improvement. The I-V characterization was utilized to investigate the impact of the nanocomposite on the electrical properties of the PANI/ZnO, and various concentrations of ZnO (1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%, and 4 wt%) in the PANI matrix were analyzed under both light and dark conditions at an STC of 1.5 AM globally. A high PCE of 4.48% was achieved for the PANI/ZnO (3 wt%), which revealed that the conductivity of the PANI/ZnO nanocomposite thin films improved with the increasing nanocomposite concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motion of liquid droplets is studied across many physics subfields and manipulation of nanoscale droplets on demand holds great promise in, e.g., nanotechnology. In this study, AuGe droplets on a germanium substrate are manipulated by an electron beam in a scanning electron microscope. The electron beam exposure creates a local temperature gradient in a substrate and induces a directional thermomigration of droplets nearby. To quantitatively analyse this phenomenon and to reveal the mechanism behind it, experimental observations under different conditions (beam current, sample temperature, scanning strategy) and simulations are combined. The obtained insights suggest that the droplet motion is limited by the dissolution of the substrate below the droplet. In addition, it is shown that the electron tractor beam is not only able to control the droplet motion but can also be used to split the droplets, thus opening new possibilities for droplet manipulation inside an SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper characterizes the surface modification on silicon surfaces with different patterns (circle, pyramid) using a nanosecond fiber laser with different parameters, which enhances its anti-reflection property. The influence of textured and untextured silicon surfaces and their structural properties were evaluated. It has a long absorption path (200–1000 nm) and a rougher surface due to surface modifications, which results in a 40% decrease in incident light reflectance, especially in pyramid-shaped dimples with 70 µm size, helping to trap more light in solar cells where the anti-reflecting surface is a crucial need for devices used in optical and photovoltaic applications to operate more effectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to examine the surface features to determine the process's effectiveness and recognize the development of patterns that are deep enough to trap light. XRD and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the irradiated surface's crystallographic structure and crystallinity change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the physical, chemical, thermal, morphological, and XRD analysis of Symphirema involucratum stem fiber to establish its suitability in composite reinforcements. The investigation on chemical components proved that the fiber possesses a good amount of cellulose content (57.32%) with low lignin (13.85%), hemicellulose (12.47%), wax (0.56%), moisture (9.11%), and ash (9.05%) contents. The fiber showed a density of 1389 kg/m3, a diameter of 542.26 ± 10.32 µm, and a crystallinity index of 28.22%. Higher maximum degradation temperature (350°C) with a kinetic activation energy of 74.88 kJ/mol obtained by thermogravimetric analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirmed the presence of high cellulose content at the intensities of the C-2, C-3, and C-5 lines. The microscopic examination of the SISF through a scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy revealed that the fiber possesses quite a high coarse fracture surface with pores. The properties of the SISF propose its suitability toward use as an alternative to man-made synthetic fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)-based nanolithography techniques have emerged as a very powerful approach for the machining of countless types of nanostructures. However, the conventional AFM-based nanolithography methods suffer from low efficiency, low rate of patterning, and high complexity of execution. In this frame, we first developed an easy and effective nanopatterning technique, termed Pulse-Atomic Force Lithography (P-AFL), with which we were able to pattern 2.5D nanogrooves on a thin polymer layer. Indeed, for the first time, we patterned nanogrooves with either constant or varying depth profiles, with sub-nanometre resolution, high accuracy, and reproducibility. In this paper, we present the results on the investigation of the effects of P-AFL parameters on 2.5D nanostructures' morphology. We considered three main P-AFL parameters, i.e., the pulse's amplitude (setpoint), the pulses' width, and the distance between the following indentations (step), and we patterned arrays of grooves after a precise and well-established variation of the aforementioned parameters. Optimizing the nanolithography process, in terms of patterning time and nanostructures quality, we realized unconventional shape nanostructures with high accuracy and fidelity. Finally, a scanning electron microscope was used to confirm that P-AFL does not induce any damage on AFM tips used to pattern the nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]