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1. The data acquisition system of the LZ dark matter detector: FADR

Author

Aalbers, J, Akerib, DS, Al Musalhi, AK, Alder, F, Amarasinghe, CS, Ames, A, Anderson, TJ, Angelides, N, Araújo, HM, Armstrong, JE, Arthurs, M, Baker, A, Balashov, S, Bang, J, Barillier, EE, Bargemann, JW, Beattie, K, Benson, T, Bhatti, A, Biekert, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Birch, HJ, Bishop, E, Blockinger, GM, Boxer, B, Brew, CAJ, Brás, P, Buckley, JH, Burdin, S, Buuck, M, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Carter, M, Chawla, A, Chen, H, Cherwinka, JJ, Chin, YT, Chott, NI, Converse, MV, Cottle, A, Cox, G, Curran, D, Dahl, CE, David, A, Delgaudio, J, Dey, S, de Viveiros, L, Di Felice, L, Dimino, T, Ding, C, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Eriksen, SR, Fan, A, Fearon, NM, Fieldhouse, N, Fiorucci, S, Flaecher, H, Fraser, ED, Fruth, TMA, Gaitskell, RJ, Geffre, A, Gelfand, R, Genovesi, J, Ghag, C, Gibbons, R, Gokhale, S, Green, J, van der Grinten, MGD, Haiston, JJ, Hall, CR, Han, S, Hartigan-O’Connor, E, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hernandez, MA, Hertel, SA, Heuermann, G, Homenides, GJ, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Hunt, D, Jacquet, E, James, RS, Johnson, J, Kaboth, AC, Kamaha, AC, Kannichankandy, M, Khaitan, D, Khazov, A, Khurana, I, Kim, J, Kim, YD, Kingston, J, Kirk, R, Kodroff, D, Korley, L, Korolkova, EV, Koyuncu, M, Kraus, H, Kravitz, S, and Kreczko, L

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Synchrotrons and Accelerators, Physical Sciences, Networking and Information Technology R&D (NITRD), Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Other Physical Sciences, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Nuclear and plasma physics
Abstract

The Data Acquisition System (DAQ) for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter detector is described. The signals from 745 PMTs, distributed across three subsystems, are sampled with 100-MHz 32-channel digitizers (DDC-32s). A basic waveform analysis is carried out on the on-board Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to extract information about the observed scintillation and electroluminescence signals. This information is used to determine if the digitized waveforms should be preserved for offline analysis. The system is designed around the Kintex-7 FPGA. In addition to digitizing the PMT signals and providing basic event selection in real time, the flexibility provided by the use of FPGAs allows us to monitor the performance of the detector and the DAQ in parallel to normal data acquisition. The hardware and software/firmware of this FPGA-based Architecture for Data acquisition and Realtime monitoring (FADR) are discussed and performance measurements are described.

Published
2024

2. Simulations of events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment

Author

Akerib, DS, Akerlof, CW, Alqahtani, A, Alsum, SK, Anderson, TJ, Angelides, N, Araújo, HM, Armstrong, JE, Arthurs, M, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Balashov, S, Bang, J, Bauer, D, Baxter, A, Bensinger, J, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Bhatti, A, Biekert, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Birch, HJ, Boast, KE, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Buckley, JH, Bugaev, VV, Burdin, S, Busenitz, JK, Cabrita, R, Carels, C, Carlsmith, DL, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Cascella, M, Chan, C, Chott, NI, Cole, A, Cottle, A, Cutter, JE, Dahl, CE, de Viveiros, L, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Edberg, TK, Eriksen, SR, Fan, A, Fayer, S, Fiorucci, S, Flaecher, H, Fraser, ED, Fruth, T, Gaitskell, RJ, Genovesi, J, Ghag, C, Gibson, E, Gilchriese, MGD, Gokhale, S, van der Grinten, MGD, Hall, CR, Harrison, A, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hor, JY-K, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Johnson, J, Kaboth, AC, Kamaha, AC, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Khazov, A, Khurana, I, Kocher, CD, Korley, L, Korolkova, EV, Kras, J, Kraus, H, Kravitz, S, Kreczko, L, Krikler, B, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, EA, Lee, J, Leonard, DS, Lesko, KT, Levy, C, Li, J, Liao, J, Liao, F-T, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Linehan, R, Lippincott, WH, Liu, R, Liu, X, and Loniewski, C

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, physics.ins-det, hep-ex, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics
Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter search aims to achieve a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross-section down to (1–2)×10−12 pb at a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c2. This paper describes the simulations framework that, along with radioactivity measurements, was used to support this projection, and also to provide mock data for validating reconstruction and analysis software. Of particular note are the event generators, which allow us to model the background radiation, and the detector response physics used in the production of raw signals, which can be converted into digitized waveforms similar to data from the operational detector. Inclusion of the detector response allows us to process simulated data using the same analysis routines as developed to process the experimental data.

Published
2021

3. Measurement of the gamma ray background in the Davis cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility

Author

Akerib, DS, Akerlof, CW, Alsum, SK, Angelides, N, Araújo, HM, Armstrong, JE, Arthurs, M, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Balashov, S, Baxter, A, Bernard, EP, Biekert, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boast, KE, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Buckley, JH, Bugaev, VV, Burdin, S, Busenitz, JK, Carels, C, Carlsmith, DL, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Cascella, M, Chan, C, Cole, A, Cottle, A, Cutter, JE, Dahl, CE, de Viveiros, L, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Edberg, TK, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Flaecher, H, Fruth, T, Gaitskell, RJ, Genovesi, J, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, Gokhale, S, van der Grinten, MGD, Hall, CR, Hans, S, Harrison, J, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hor, JYK, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Johnson, J, Kaboth, AC, Kamdin, K, Khaitan, D, Khazov, A, Kim, WT, Kocher, CD, Korley, L, Korolkova, EV, Kras, J, Kraus, H, Kravitz, SW, Kreczko, L, Krikler, B, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, EA, Lee, J, Leonard, DS, Lesko, KT, Levy, C, Li, J, Liao, J, Liao, FT, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Linehan, R, Lippincott, WH, Liu, R, Liu, X, Loniewski, C, Lopes, MI, López Paredes, B, Lorenzon, W, Luitz, S, Lyle, JM, Majewski, PA, Manalaysay, A, Manenti, L, Mannino, RL, Marangou, N, Marzioni, MF, McKinsey, DN, McLaughlin, J, Meng, Y, and Miller, EH

Subjects
Dark matter, Low background, Radiation, Underground, Gamma rays, Gamma spectroscopy, physics.ins-det, hep-ex, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics
Abstract

Deep underground environments are ideal for low background searches due to the attenuation of cosmic rays by passage through the earth. However, they are affected by backgrounds from γ-rays emitted by 40K and the 238U and 232Th decay chains in the surrounding rock. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a liquid xenon TPC located within the Davis campus at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota, at the 4850-foot level. In order to characterise the cavern background, in-situ γ-ray measurements were taken with a sodium iodide detector in various locations and with lead shielding. The integral count rates (0–3300 keV) varied from 596 Hz to 1355 Hz for unshielded measurements, corresponding to a total flux from the cavern walls of 1.9 ± 0.4 γ cm−2s−1. The resulting activity in the walls of the cavern can be characterised as 220 ± 60 Bq/kg of 40K, 29 ± 15 Bq/kg of 238U, and 13 ± 3 Bq/kg of 232Th.

Published
2020

4. Cosmogenic production of Ar37 in the context of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment

Author

Aalbers, J, Akerib, DS, Musalhi, AK Al, Alder, F, Alsum, SK, Amarasinghe, CS, Ames, A, Anderson, TJ, Angelides, N, Araújo, HM, Armstrong, JE, Arthurs, M, Bai, X, Baker, A, Balajthy, J, Balashov, S, Bang, J, Bargemann, JW, Bauer, D, Baxter, A, Beattie, K, Bernard, EP, Bhatti, A, Biekert, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Birch, HJ, Blockinger, GM, Bodnia, E, Boxer, B, Brew, CAJ, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Busenitz, JK, Buuck, M, Cabrita, R, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Cascella, M, Chan, C, Chawla, A, Chen, H, Chott, NI, Cole, A, Converse, MV, Cottle, A, Cox, G, Creaner, O, Cutter, JE, Dahl, CE, David, A, de Viveiros, L, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Eriksen, SR, Fan, A, Fayer, S, Fearon, NM, Fiorucci, S, Flaecher, H, Fraser, ED, Fruth, T, Gaitskell, RJ, Genovesi, J, Ghag, C, Gibson, E, Gilchriese, MGD, Gokhale, S, van der Grinten, MGD, Gwilliam, CB, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Hunt, D, Ignarra, CM, Jahangir, O, James, RS, Ji, W, Johnson, J, Kaboth, AC, Kamaha, AC, Kamdin, K, Khaitan, D, Khazov, A, Khurana, I, Kodroff, D, Korley, L, Korolkova, EV, Kraus, H, Kravitz, S, Kreczko, L, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, EA, Leonard, DS, Lesko, KT, Levy, C, Lee, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, and Linehan, R

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Particle and Plasma Physics, Molecular, Nuclear, Atomic, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

We estimate the amount of Ar37 produced in natural xenon via cosmic-ray-induced spallation, an inevitable consequence of the transportation and storage of xenon on the Earth's surface. We then calculate the resulting Ar37 concentration in a 10-tonne payload (similar to that of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment) assuming a representative schedule of xenon purification, storage, and delivery to the underground facility. Using the spallation model by Silberberg and Tsao, the sea-level production rate of Ar37 in natural xenon is estimated to be 0.024 atoms/kg/day. Assuming the xenon is successively purified to remove radioactive contaminants in 1-tonne batches at a rate of 1 tonne/month, the average Ar37 activity after 10 tons are purified and transported underground is 0.058-0.090 μBq/kg, depending on the degree of argon removal during above-ground purification. Such cosmogenic Ar37 will appear as a noticeable background in the early science data, while decaying with a 35-day half-life. This newly noticed production mechanism of Ar37 should be considered when planning for future liquid-xenon-based experiments.

Published
2022

5. Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the two-neutrino and neutrinoless double β decays of Xe134

Author

Akerib, DS, Musalhi, AK Al, Alsum, SK, Amarasinghe, CS, Ames, A, Anderson, TJ, Angelides, N, Araújo, HM, Armstrong, JE, Arthurs, M, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Balashov, S, Bang, J, Bargemann, JW, Bauer, D, Baxter, A, Beltrame, P, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Bhatti, A, Biekert, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Birch, HJ, Blockinger, GM, Bodnia, E, Boxer, B, Brew, CAJ, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Busenitz, JK, Buuck, M, Cabrita, R, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Cascella, M, Chan, C, Chott, NI, Cole, A, Converse, MV, Cottle, A, Cox, G, Creaner, O, Cutter, JE, Dahl, CE, de Viveiros, L, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Eriksen, SR, Fan, A, Fayer, S, Fearon, NM, Fiorucci, S, Flaecher, H, Fraser, ED, Fruth, T, Gaitskell, RJ, Genovesi, J, Ghag, C, Gibson, E, Gokhale, S, van der Grinten, MGD, Gwilliam, CB, Hall, CR, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, gnarra, MCI, Jahangir, O, James, RS, Ji, W, Johnson, J, Kaboth, AC, Kamaha, AC, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Khazov, A, Khurana, I, Kodroff, D, Korley, L, Korolkova, EV, Kraus, H, Kravitz, S, Kreczko, L, Krikler, B, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, EA, Lee, J, Leonard, DS, Lesko, KT, Levy, C, Liao, J, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Linehan, R, Lippincott, WH, Liu, X, Lopes, MI, and Asamar, E López

Subjects
Particle and Plasma Physics, Molecular, Nuclear, Atomic, Nuclear & Particles Physics
Abstract

The projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to two-neutrino and neutrinoless double β decay of Xe134 is presented. LZ is a 10-tonne xenon time-projection chamber optimized for the detection of dark matter particles and is expected to start operating in 2021 at Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA. Its large mass of natural xenon provides an exceptional opportunity to search for the double β decay of Xe134, for which xenon detectors enriched in Xe136 are less effective. For the two-neutrino decay mode, LZ is predicted to exclude values of the half-life up to 1.7×1024 years at 90% confidence level (CL) and has a three-sigma observation potential of 8.7×1023 years, approaching the predictions of nuclear models. For the neutrinoless decay mode LZ, is projected to exclude values of the half-life up to 7.3×1024 years at 90% CL.

Published
2021

6. Projected sensitivities of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to new physics via low-energy electron recoils

Author

Akerib, DS, Musalhi, AK Al, Alsum, SK, Amarasinghe, CS, Ames, A, Anderson, TJ, Angelides, N, Araújo, HM, Armstrong, JE, Arthurs, M, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Balashov, S, Bang, J, Bargemann, JW, Bauer, D, Baxter, A, Beltrame, P, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Bhatti, A, Biekert, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Birch, HJ, Blockinger, GM, Bodnia, E, Boxer, B, Brew, CAJ, Brás, P, Burdin, S, Busenitz, JK, Buuck, M, Cabrita, R, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Cascella, M, Chan, C, Chott, NI, Cole, A, Converse, MV, Cottle, A, Cox, G, Creaner, O, Cutter, JE, Dahl, CE, de Viveiros, L, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Eriksen, SR, Fan, A, Fayer, S, Fearon, NM, Fiorucci, S, Flaecher, H, Fraser, ED, Fruth, T, Gaitskell, RJ, Genovesi, J, Ghag, C, Gibson, E, Gokhale, S, van der Grinten, MGD, Gwilliam, CB, Hall, CR, Hardy, CA, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jahangir, O, James, RS, Ji, W, Johnson, J, Kaboth, AC, Kamaha, AC, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Khazov, A, Khurana, I, Kodroff, D, Korley, L, Korolkova, EV, Kraus, H, Kravitz, S, Kreczko, L, Krikler, B, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, EA, Lee, J, Leonard, DS, Lesko, KT, Levy, C, Li, J, Liao, J, Lindote, A, Linehan, R, Lippincott, WH, Liu, X, and Lopes, MI

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Particle and Plasma Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Molecular, Nuclear, Atomic, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

LUX-ZEPLIN is a dark matter detector expected to obtain world-leading sensitivity to weakly-interacting massive particles interacting via nuclear recoils with a ∼7-tonne xenon target mass. This paper presents sensitivity projections to several low-energy signals of the complementary electron recoil signal type: 1) an effective neutrino magnetic moment, and 2) an effective neutrino millicharge, both for pp-chain solar neutrinos, 3) an axion flux generated by the Sun, 4) axionlike particles forming the Galactic dark matter, 5) hidden photons, 6) mirror dark matter, and 7) leptophilic dark matter. World-leading sensitivities are expected in each case, a result of the large 5.6 t 1000 d exposure and low expected rate of electron-recoil backgrounds in the

Published
2021

7. Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the 0νββ decay of Xe136

Author

Akerib, DS, Akerlof, CW, Alqahtani, A, Alsum, SK, Anderson, TJ, Angelides, N, Araújo, HM, Armstrong, JE, Arthurs, M, Bai, X, Balajthy, J, Balashov, S, Bang, J, Baxter, A, Bensinger, J, Bernard, EP, Bernstein, A, Bhatti, A, Biekert, A, Biesiadzinski, TP, Birch, HJ, Boast, KE, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Buckley, JH, Bugaev, VV, Burdin, S, Busenitz, JK, Cabrita, R, Carels, C, Carlsmith, DL, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Cascella, M, Chan, C, Chott, NI, Cole, A, Cottle, A, Cutter, JE, Dahl, CE, de Viveiros, L, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Edberg, TK, Eriksen, SR, Fan, A, Fiorucci, S, Flaecher, H, Fraser, ED, Fruth, T, Gaitskell, RJ, Genovesi, J, Ghag, C, Gibson, E, Gilchriese, MGD, Gokhale, S, van der Grinten, MGD, Hall, CR, Harrison, A, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hor, JY-K, Horn, M, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Jahangir, O, Ji, W, Johnson, J, Kaboth, AC, Kamaha, AC, Kamdin, K, Kazkaz, K, Khaitan, D, Khazov, A, Khurana, I, Kocher, CD, Korley, L, Korolkova, EV, Kras, J, Kraus, H, Kravitz, S, Kreczko, L, Krikler, B, Kudryavtsev, VA, Leason, EA, Lee, J, Leonard, DS, Lesko, KT, Levy, C, Li, J, Liao, J, Liao, F-T, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Linehan, R, Lippincott, WH, Liu, R, Liu, X, Loniewski, C, Lopes, MI, and Paredes, B López

Subjects
Particle and Plasma Physics, Molecular, Nuclear, nucl-ex, Atomic, Nuclear & Particles Physics
Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double β decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to Xe136 neutrinoless double β decay, taking advantage of the significant (>600 kg) Xe136 mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 live-days, the median exclusion sensitivity to the half-life of Xe136 is projected to be 1.06×1026 years (90% confidence level), similar to existing constraints. We also report the expected sensitivity of a possible subsequent dedicated exposure using 90% enrichment with Xe136 at 1.06×1027 years.

Published
2020

8. Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment

Author

Akerib, DS, Akerlof, CW, Alsum, SK, Araújo, HM, Arthurs, M, Bai, X, Bailey, AJ, Balajthy, J, Balashov, S, Bauer, D, Belle, J, Beltrame, P, Benson, T, Bernard, EP, Biesiadzinski, TP, Boast, KE, Boxer, B, Brás, P, Buckley, JH, Bugaev, VV, Burdin, S, Busenitz, JK, Carels, C, Carlsmith, DL, Carlson, B, Carmona-Benitez, MC, Chan, C, Cherwinka, JJ, Cole, A, Cottle, A, Craddock, WW, Currie, A, Cutter, JE, Dahl, CE, de Viveiros, L, Dobi, A, Dobson, JEY, Druszkiewicz, E, Edberg, TK, Edwards, WR, Fan, A, Fayer, S, Fiorucci, S, Fruth, T, Gaitskell, RJ, Genovesi, J, Ghag, C, Gilchriese, MGD, van der Grinten, MGD, Hall, CR, Hans, S, Hanzel, K, Haselschwardt, SJ, Hertel, SA, Hillbrand, S, Hjemfelt, C, Hoff, MD, Hor, JY-K, Huang, DQ, Ignarra, CM, Ji, W, Kaboth, AC, Kamdin, K, Keefner, J, Khaitan, D, Khazov, A, Kim, YD, Kocher, CD, Korolkova, EV, Kraus, H, Krebs, HJ, Kreczko, L, Krikler, B, Kudryavtsev, VA, Kyre, S, Lee, J, Lenardo, BG, Leonard, DS, Lesko, KT, Levy, C, Li, J, Liao, J, Liao, F-T, Lin, J, Lindote, A, Linehan, R, Lippincott, WH, Liu, X, Lopes, MI, Paredes, B López, Lorenzon, W, Luitz, S, Lyle, JM, Majewski, P, Manalaysay, A, Mannino, RL, Maupin, C, McKinsey, DN, Meng, Y, and Miller, EH

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Particle and Plasma Physics, hep-ex, astro-ph.CO, Molecular, Nuclear, Atomic, Nuclear & Particles Physics, physics.ins-det, Astronomical and Space Sciences, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a next-generation dark matter direct detection experiment that will operate 4850 feet underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. Using a two-phase xenon detector with an active mass of 7 tonnes, LZ will search primarily for low-energy interactions with weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which are hypothesized to make up the dark matter in our galactic halo. In this paper, the projected WIMP sensitivity of LZ is presented based on the latest background estimates and simulations of the detector. For a 1000 live day run using a 5.6-tonne fiducial mass, LZ is projected to exclude at 90% confidence level spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross sections above 1.4×10-48 cm2 for a 40 GeV/c2 mass WIMP. Additionally, a 5σ discovery potential is projected, reaching cross sections below the exclusion limits of recent experiments. For spin-dependent WIMP-neutron(-proton) scattering, a sensitivity of 2.3×10-43 cm2 (7.1×10-42 cm2) for a 40 GeV/c2 mass WIMP is expected. With underground installation well underway, LZ is on track for commissioning at SURF in 2020.

Published
2020

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