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This study aims to analyze the somatotype structures in students studying at different departments of physical education. A total of 300 male students (elite-sub-elite athletes) who study physical education and sports (n=100), coaching education (n=100) and sports management (n=100) at School of Physical Education and Sports at University of Kirsehir Ahi Evran voluntarily participated in this study. Somatotype structures were determined using Heath-Carter method and SOMATOTURK calculation program. SPSS 22.0 package program for Windows was used for correlation analysis, and the level of significance was taken as 0.05. The results indicate that while students (elite-sub-elite athletes) participating in the study had a mesomorph structure, which is one of the most important body structure parameters for performance and characterized by a muscularity component, during early periods of their education (freshman and sophomore years), their bodies transformed into an endomorph structure, which is characterized by fat components, during later periods of their education (junior and senior years).

This study aims to analyze running distances in national teams during 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and to propose a new program which estimates oxygen consumption capacity based on running distances. The data were evaluated by SPSS 22.0 statistical package program. The findings demonstrate that among teams participating in 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup, the lowest average running distance and estimated VO[subscript 2]max values belong to Brazil with 7398.77 meters and 43.84 ml/kg/m, respectively. On the other hand, the highest average running distance and estimated VO[subscript 2]max values belong to Australia with 10598 meters and 67.69 ml/kg/m, respectively. The average running distance and estimated VO[subscript 2]max value in national teams participating in 2010 FIFA World Cup was 9635.54 meters and 60.52 ml/kg/m, while they were 9095.82 meters and 52 ml/kg/m in 2014 FIFA World Cup, respectively.

This study aims to analyze the relationship among somatotype structures, leg volume, leg mass, anaerobic strength and flexibility of elite male athletes in different branches. 90 male athletes who study at School of Physical Education and Sport at University of Kirsehir Ahi Evran and are active in wrestling (n = 15), gymnastics (15), football (15), handball (15), volleyball (15) and basketball (n = 15) voluntarily participated in this study. Somatotype structures, leg volumes and leg masses of the participants were determined using Heath-Carter, Frustum and Hanavan methods, respectively. Vertical jump test was used to measure anaerobic performance, while sit-and-reach test was used for flexibility performance. Spearman correlation analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 package program for Windows, and the level of significance was taken as 0.05. As a result, a significant correlation was found between leg volume and mass and anaerobic performance values in football, volleyball, basketball, handball, wrestling and gymnastics, which indicates a decisive role in anaerobic performance. It was observed that athletes with a higher amount of leg volume and mass display a better anaerobic performance. The width of femur circumference and a high amount of muscle mass and fiber in the femur lead to a higher strength in muscles and maximizes the strength.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between anaerobic performance and leg and foot volume and mass in female athletes in individual sports and team sports. 90 female athletes who have been active in sports for at least three years voluntarily participated in the study. The average age of participants is 21. Frustum and Hanavan methods were used to calculate leg volume and mass, respectively. 20-meter sprint test and vertical jump test were carried out in order to determine anaerobic performance. SPSS 22.0 package program for Windows was used for descriptive statistics and correlation analysis of the obtained data. In this study it was demonstrated that leg volume and mass of female athletes varied in each sport and that right and left leg volume and mass of these athletes were fairly close. Leg volume and mass were higher in team sports athletes than individual sports athletes. In addition, vertical jump performance was better in individual sports athletes. Therewithal it was found very highly negative significant correlation between vertical jump and 20-meter speed values in individual and team sports. As a result it was found that leg volume and mass were higher in team sports athletes than individual sports athletes. Besides when the relationship between leg volume and mass and anaerobic performance is analyzed, a very high positive significance was found between 20 meter speed and right leg mass in boxers. In this way the development of both leg volumes and mass is therefore important for a better anaerobic performance for athletes.

This study aims to scale average leg volume and mass scales of elite male and female athletes in some olympic sports. A total of 280 elite athletes comprising of 200 males and 80 females studying at School of Physical Education and Sports at University of Kirsehir Ahi Evran voluntarily participated in this study. Frustum and Hanavan methods were used to determine leg volume and mass, respectively. SPSS 22.0 package program for Windows was used for descriptive statistics analysis of the study. The present study found average leg volume and mass scale of male athletes in football, basketball, volleyball, handball, gymnastics and wrestling and female athletes in football, basketball, volleyball, handball, gymnastics, box, taekwondo and tennis. It was observed in the related scale that leg volume of the athletes in the lowest weight classes in weight sports were lower. In other words, leg volume and mass of the athletes were in direct proportion to their weight class. When the scale of female athletes is analyzed, it can be noted that volleyball players have the highest leg volume and mass among team sports players.

Our study aims to investigate the effects of somatotype characteristics of elite athletes on the balance performances. The study has included 46 elite athletes totally. The heights, body weights, skinfold thicknesses, periphery and diameter of skinfold of the subjects included in the study have been measured and somatotype characteristics have been determined by using Heath-Carter method. The balance performances of the athletes have been evaluated by using Biodex Balance System. It has been determined that the dynamic balance performance of the athletes has changed in accordance with the endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph characteristics of the athletes; however, static balance performances have not changed. Accordingly, no difference has been observed between the oscillation indexes and static balances of the athletes (p>0.05), whereas a significant difference has been found as the balance level increases in accordance with the endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph characteristics of the athletes in terms of dynamic balances (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.001). In conclusion, it is assumed that the athletes having endomorphic characteristics may be more successful in the sports branches that put an emphasis on the balance.

This study aims to analyze the relationship among somatotype structures, body compositions and estimated oxygen capacities of elite male handball players in Ahi Evran University Handball Team in 2017-2018 Turkish Men's Handball First Division. It was conducted on elite male handball players (n = 15) aged between 18 and 30 who voluntarily participated in the study. Their arithmetic means and standard deviations are 22.06 ± 3.80 years of age, 186.00 ± 7.62 cm height, 88.66 ± 10.69 kg weight, and BMI 25.65 ± 3.08 kg/m2, aerobic power (VO[subscript 2] max.) 41.39 ± 3.86 (ml/kg/min), and 13.10% ± 1.70% body fat. They had endomorph and mesomorph (4.43--3.96--2.14) in terms of somatotype properties. A highly negative significant correlation was found between VO[subscript 2] max and body fat % (r = -0.702, p<0.01), between VO[subscript 2] max and endomorph value (r = -0.702, p<0.01), and between VO[subscript 2] max and mesomorph value (r = -0.703, p<0.01), while a highly positive significant correlation was found between VO[subscript 2] max and ectomorph value (r = 0.609, p<0.05). In conclusion, it can be stated that differences in body fat data may result from players' somatotypes categories, intensity of training, duration of training, measurements by different researchers, measurements in different periods of the season, and use of different formulas in the calculation of measurement values.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between somatotypes and speed of 180 male sub-elite athletes aged between 18 and 25. Athletes were divided into two categories as balanced group (balanced somatotype groups) and randomly selected groups (groups outside balanced somatotypes groups) based on their somatotype structures. The arithmetic means and standard deviations of groups are (n = 30) 21.95 ± 2.80 years of age, height 168.40 ± 2.62 cm, weight 69.20 ± 5.26 kg in balanced endomorph group, (n = 30) 21.60 ± 3.15 years of age, height 170.25 ± 6.39 cm, weight 67.25 ± 6.09 kg in balanced mesomorph group, and (n = 30) 20.40 ± 1.46 years of age, height 175.10 ± 5.02 cm, and weight 60.05 ± 5.09 kg in balanced ectomorph group. On the other hand, the same values are (n = 30) 21.35 ± 2.30 years of age, height 160.10 ± 2.20 cm, and weight 69.30 ± 5.70 kg in random endomorph group, (n = 30) 21.36 ± 2.40 years of age, height 169.24 ± 2.21 cm and weight 65.40 ± 3.25 kg in random mesomorph groups, and (n = 30) 20.50 ± 1.85 years of age, height 176.15 ± 3.30 cm and weight 70.10 ± 4.45 kg in random ectomorph group. The measurement data were analyzed using SPSS 2.0 package program for Windows. Somatotype calculations were done in SOMATOTURK Calculation Program. The statistical analysis demonstrated that a highly positive significant correlation (p<0.001) was found between balanced somatotype groups (balanced endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph) and randomly selected somatotype groups (random endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph).

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In that study, it has been aimed to determine the effect of zinc and CoQ10 supplementation applied with 8- week swimming exercises on AST-ALT metabolism. Our study was conducted on 36 voluntary male athletes aged 18-22 who do physical exercises actively. The participants were divided equally into 4 groups. The groups were constituted in that way: 1st Group: Group which is supplied with zinc (Z), 2nd Group: Group which is supplied with Coenzyme Q10 (Q), 3rd Group: Control Group who does physical exercises (C) and 4th Group: Group which is supplied with Zinc and Coenzyme Q10 (ZQ). At the first week of the study, AST and ALT levels of the participants were measured from the samples which were drawn from the participants at pre-exercise resting period (PRP), post-exercise pre-test fatigue (PTF) and pre-exercise post-test rested (PTR) and post-exercise post-test fatigue (PTF) after 8-week supplementation period. In consequence of the conducted analysis, it was identified that rested AST levels of the group supplied with zinc were higher than their fatigue levels after 8- week supplementation period (p<0.05). As for ALT values of the group supplied with zinc, the post-test fatigue values were found lower than the pre-exercise rested and after 8-week exercise rested values (p<0.05). The post-test fatigue (PTF) values of the control group were determined lower than their post-test rested (PTR) values (p<0.05). It was identified statistically significant differences between not only PostTF and PostTR values but also PostTR and PreTR values of the group supplied with Zinc and Coenzyme Q10 (p<0.05). Consequently, it was confirmed that zinc and CoQ10 supplementation applied with 8-week swimming exercises had influence over the AST and ALT metabolism. It can be said that the antioxidant supplementation makes significant contributions as the AST and ALT metabolism are active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]