1. Cardiorenal syndrome type 4: From chronic kidney disease to cardiovascular impairment
- Author
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Scarfia Vr, Claudio Ronco, Anna Clementi, Antonio Granata, Luca Zanoli, Alessandra Brocca, Massimo de Cal, Salvatore Corrao, Grazia Maria Virzì, Lorenzo Malatino, Granata, A., Clementi, A., Virzì, G., Brocca, A., De Cal, M., Scarfia, V., Zanoli, L., Ronco, C., Corrao, S., and Malatino, L.
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Renal function ,Cardiorenal syndrome ,Disease ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Left ventricular hypertrophy ,Atherosclerosis ,Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 ,Cardiovascular risk ,Chronic kidney disease ,Hypertension ,Cardio-Renal Syndrome ,Disease Progression ,Humans ,Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ,Renal Dialysis ,Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ,Risk Factors ,Internal Medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,In patient ,Renal Insufficiency ,Risk factor ,Chronic ,Intensive care medicine ,business.industry ,Hypertrophy ,medicine.disease ,Left Ventricular ,Renocardiac Syndrome ,Atherosclerosi ,Cardiology ,business ,Kidney disease - Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS type 4), or chronic renocardiac syndrome, has been defined as "chronic abnormalities in renal function leading to cardiac disease" and recognizes the extreme burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is common and increasingly recognized as a risk factor for CVD. Even though the treatment for CVD has dramatically improved over the past decades, it still takes responsibility for up to 50% of deaths in CKD patients. For this reason, patients with CKD should be thoroughly evaluated for cardiovascular risk factors that require careful management, given the significant burden of CRS type 4 on the healthcare system. This review focuses on the most significant conventional and non-conventional CVD risk factors related to CKD.
- Published
- 2016