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We report the identification of 89 new systems containing ultracool dwarf companions to main sequence stars and white dwarfs, using the citizen science project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 and cross-reference between Gaia and CatWISE2020. Thirty-two of these companions and thirty-three host stars were followed up with spectroscopic observations, with companion spectral types ranging from M7-T9 and host spectral types ranging from G2-M9. These systems exhibit diverse characteristics, from young to old ages, blue to very red spectral morphologies, potential membership to known young moving groups, and evidence of spectral binarity in 9 companions. Twenty of the host stars in our sample show evidence for higher order multiplicity, with an additional 11 host stars being resolved binaries themselves. We compare this sample's characteristics with those of the known stellar binary and exoplanet populations, and find our sample begins to fill in the gap between directly imaged exoplanets and stellary binaries on mass ratio-binding energy plots. With this study, we increase the population of ultracool dwarf companions to FGK stars by $\sim$42\%, and more than triple the known population of ultracool dwarf companions with separations larger than 1,000 au, providing excellent targets for future atmospheric retrievals., Comment: 61 pages, 11 figures, 11 tables. Accepted for publication in AJ

A complete accounting of nearby objects -- from the highest-mass white dwarf progenitors down to low-mass brown dwarfs -- is now possible, thanks to an almost complete set of trigonometric parallax determinations from Gaia, ground-based surveys, and Spitzer follow-up. We create a census of objects within a Sun-centered sphere of 20-pc radius and check published literature to decompose each binary or higher-order system into its separate components. The result is a volume-limited census of $\sim$3,600 individual star formation products useful in measuring the initial mass function across the stellar ($<8 M_\odot$) and substellar ($\gtrsim 5 M_{Jup}$) regimes. Comparing our resulting initial mass function to previous measurements shows good agreement above 0.8$M_\odot$ and a divergence at lower masses. Our 20-pc space densities are best fit with a quadripartite power law, $\xi(M) = dN/dM \propto M^{-\alpha}$ with long-established values of $\alpha = 2.3$ at high masses ($0.55 < M < 8.00 M_\odot$) and $\alpha = 1.3$ at intermediate masses ($0.22 < M < 0.55 M_\odot$), but at lower masses we find $\alpha = 0.25$ for $0.05 < M <0.22 M_\odot$ and $\alpha = 0.6$ for $0.01 < M < 0.05 M_\odot$. This implies that the rate of production as a function of decreasing mass diminishes in the low-mass star/high-mass brown dwarf regime before increasing again in the low-mass brown dwarf regime. Correcting for completeness, we find a star to brown dwarf number ratio of, currently, 4:1, and an average mass per object of 0.41 $M_\odot$., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 123 pages with four ancillary files

Brown dwarfs can serve as both clocks and chemical tracers of the evolutionary history of the Milky Way due to their continuous cooling and high sensitivity of spectra to composition. We focus on brown dwarfs in globular clusters that host some of the oldest coeval populations in the galaxy. Currently, no brown dwarfs in globular clusters have been confirmed, but they are expected to be uncovered with advanced observational facilities such as JWST. In this paper we present a new set of stellar models specifically designed to investigate low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in $\omega$ Centauri -- the largest known globular cluster. The parameters of our models were derived from iterative fits to HST photometry of the Main Sequence members of the cluster. Despite the complex distribution of abundances and the presence of multiple Main Sequences in $\omega$ Centauri, we find that the modal colour-magnitude distribution can be represented by a single stellar population with parameters determined in this study. The observed luminosity function is well-represented by two distinct stellar populations having solar and enhanced helium mass fractions and a common initial mass function, in agreement with previous studies. Our analysis confirms that the abundances of individual chemical elements play a key role in determining the physical properties of low-mass cluster members. We use our models to draw predictions of brown dwarf colours and magnitudes in anticipated JWST NIRCam data, confirming that the beginning of the substellar sequence should be detected in $\omega$ Centauri in forthcoming observations.

We present final Spitzer trigonometric parallaxes for 361 L, T, and Y dwarfs. We combine these with prior studies to build a list of 525 known L, T, and Y dwarfs within 20 pc of the Sun, 38 of which are presented here for the first time. Using published photometry and spectroscopy as well as our own follow-up, we present an array of color-magnitude and color-color diagrams to further characterize census members, and we provide polynomial fits to the bulk trends. Using these characterizations, we assign each object a $T_{\rm eff}$ value and judge sample completeness over bins of $T_{\rm eff}$ and spectral type. Except for types $\ge$ T8 and $T_{\rm eff} <$ 600K, our census is statistically complete to the 20-pc limit. We compare our measured space densities to simulated density distributions and find that the best fit is a power law ($dN/dM \propto M^{-\alpha}$) with $\alpha = 0.6{\pm}0.1$. We find that the evolutionary models of Saumon & Marley correctly predict the observed magnitude of the space density spike seen at 1200K $< T_{\rm eff} <$ 1350K, believed to be caused by an increase in the cooling timescale across the L/T transition. Defining the low-mass terminus using this sample requires a more statistically robust and complete sample of dwarfs $\ge$Y0.5 and with $T_{\rm eff} <$ 400K. We conclude that such frigid objects must exist in substantial numbers, despite the fact that few have so far been identified, and we discuss possible reasons why they have largely eluded detection., Comment: 101 pages, 31 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

The detection of brown dwarfs in globular star clusters will allow us to break the degeneracies in age, mass and composition that affect our current models, and therefore to constrain the physics of their atmospheres and interiors. Furthermore, detecting brown dwarfs will help us constrain the properties of the clusters themselves, as they carry information about the clusters' age and dynamics. Great advancements in this field are to be expected in the next ten years, thanks to the extraordinary sensitivity in the infrared of upcoming telescopes like JWST and the ELTs., Comment: White paper submitted for Astro2020 Decadal Survey. 8 pages, 2 figures

Infrared excesses due to dusty disks have been observed orbiting white dwarfs with effective temperatures between 7200 K and 25000 K, suggesting that the rate of tidal disruption of minor bodies massive enough to create a coherent disk declines sharply beyond 1~Gyr after white dwarf formation. We report the discovery that the candidate white dwarf LSPM J0207+3331, via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 citizen science project and Keck Observatory follow-up spectroscopy, is hydrogen-dominated with a luminous compact disk (L$_{\rm IR}$/L$_{\star}$=14%) and an effective temperature nearly 1000K cooler than any known white dwarf with an infrared excess. The discovery of this object places the latest time for large scale tidal disruption events to occur at $\sim$3 Gyr past the formation of the host white dwarf, making new demands of dynamical models for planetesimal perturbation and disruption around post main sequence planetary systems. Curiously, the mid-IR photometry of the disk cannot be fully explained by a geometrically thin, optically thick dust disk as seen for other dusty white dwarfs, but requires a second ring of dust near the white dwarf's Roche radius. In the process of confirming this discovery, we found that careful measurements of WISE source positions can reveal when infrared excesses for white dwarfs are co-moving with their hosts, helping distinguish them from confusion noise., Comment: 7 pages, Published in ApJ Letters

Using semi-empirical isochrones, we find the age of the Taurus star-forming region to be 3-4 Myr. Comparing the disc fraction in Taurus to young massive clusters suggests discs survive longer in this low density environment. We also present a method of photometrically de-reddening young stars using $iZJH$ data., Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure, To appear in "Young Stars and Planets Near the Sun", Proceedings of IAU Symposium No. 314 (Cambridge University Press), J.H. Kastner, B. Stelzer, S.A. Metchev, eds

We present an isochrone server for semi-empirical pre-main-sequence model isochrones in the following systems: Johnson-Cousins, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Two-Micron All-Sky Survey, Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) Wide-Field Camera, and INT Photometric H$\alpha$ Survey (IPHAS)/UV-Excess Survey (UVEX). The server can be accessed via the Cluster Collaboration webpage {http://www.astro.ex.ac.uk/people/timn/isochrones/}. To achieve this we have used the observed colours of member stars in young clusters with well-established age, distance and reddening to create fiducial loci in the colour-magnitude diagram. These empirical sequences have been used to quantify the discrepancy between the models and data arising from uncertainties in both the interior and atmospheric models, resulting in tables of semi-empirical bolometric corrections (BCs) in the various photometric systems. The model isochrones made available through the server are based on existing stellar interior models coupled with our newly derived semi-empirical BCs. As part of this analysis we also present new cluster parameters for both the Pleiades and Praesepe, yielding ages of $135^{+20}_{-11}$ and $665^{+14}_{-7}\,\rm{Myr}$ as well as distances of $132 \pm 2$ and $184 \pm 2\,\rm{pc}$ respectively (statistical uncertainty only)., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 18 pages, 8 figures and 7 tables. Tables 3, 4, 6 and 7 (for which only samples are given in the paper) are available in full at the Cluster Collaboration homepage {http://www.astro.ex.ac.uk/people/timn/Catalogues/paper3.html}