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Start Over Author "Tinetti, G." Topic astrophysics::earth and planetary astrophysics
17 results on '"Tinetti, G."'

1. A Principal Component Analysis-based method to analyse high-resolution spectroscopic data

Author

Damiano, M., Micela, G., and Tinetti, G.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

High-Resolution Spectroscopy (HRS) has been used to study the composition and dynamics of exoplanetary atmospheres. In particular, the spectrometer CRIRES installed on the ESO-VLT has been used to record high-resolution spectra in the Near-IR of gaseous exoplanets. Here we present a new automatic pipeline to analyze CRIRES data-sets. Said pipeline is based on a novel use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cross-Correlation Function (CCF). The exoplanetary atmosphere is modeled with the $\tau$-REx code using opacities at high temperature from the ExoMol project. In this work, we tested our analysis tools on the detection of CO and H$_2$O in the atmospheres of the hot-Jupiters HD209458b and HD189733b. The results of our pipeline are in agreement with previous results in the literature and other techniques., Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables, published in ApJ

Published
2019
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2. The transiting exoplanet community early release science program for JWST

Author

Bean, JL, Stevenson, KB, Batalha, NM, Berta-Thompson, Z, Kreidberg, L, Crouzet, N, Benneke, B, Line, MR, Sing, DK, Wakeford, HR, Knutson, HA, Kempton, EMR, Désert, JM, Crossfield, I, Batalha, NE, De Wit, J, Parmentier, V, Harrington, J, Moses, JI, Lopez-Morales, M, Alam, MK, Blecic, J, Bruno, G, Carter, AL, Chapman, JW, Decin, L, Dragomir, D, Evans, TM, Fortney, JJ, Fraine, JD, Gao, P, Muñoz, AG, Gibson, NP, Goyal, JM, Heng, K, Hu, R, Kendrew, S, Kilpatrick, BM, Krick, J, Lagage, PO, Lendl, M, Louden, T, Madhusudhan, N, Mandell, AM, Mansfield, M, May, EM, Morello, G, Morley, CV, Nikolov, N, Redfield, S, Roberts, JE, Schlawin, E, Spake, JJ, Todorov, KO, Tsiaras, A, Venot, O, Waalkes, WC, Wheatley, PJ, Zellem, RT, Angerhausen, D, Barrado, D, Carone, L, Casewell, SL, Cubillos, PE, Damiano, M, Borro, MDV, Drummond, B, Edwards, B, Endl, M, Espinoza, N, France, K, Gizis, JE, Greene, TP, Henning, TK, Hong, Y, Ingalls, JG, Iro, N, Irwin, PGJ, Kataria, T, Lahuis, F, Leconte, J, Lillo-Box, J, Lines, S, Lothringer, JD, Mancini, L, Marchis, F, Mayne, N, Palle, E, Rauscher, E, Roudier, G, Shkolnik, EL, Southworth, J, Swain, MR, Taylor, J, Teske, J, Tinetti, G, Tremblin, P, Tucker, GS, Boekel, RV, Waldmann, IP, Bean, JL [0000-0003-4733-6532], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
planets and satellites: atmospheres, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, methods: observational, planets and satellites: individual (WASP-79b, WASP-43b, WASP-18b)
Abstract

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) presents the opportunity to transform our understanding of planets and the origins of life by revealing the atmospheric compositions, structures, and dynamics of transiting exoplanets in unprecedented detail. However, the high-precision, time-series observations required for such investigations have unique technical challenges, and prior experience with other facilities indicates that there will be a steep learning curve when JWST becomes operational. In this paper we describe the science objectives and detailed plans of the Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science (ERS) Program, which is a recently approved program for JWST observations early in Cycle 1. The goal of this project, for which the obtained data will have no exclusive access period, is to accelerate the acquisition and diffusion of technical expertise for transiting exoplanet observations with JWST, while also providing a compelling set of representative datasets that will enable immediate scientific breakthroughs. The Transiting Exoplanet Community ERS Program will exercise the time-series modes of all four JWST instruments that have been identified as the consensus highest priorities, observe the full suite of transiting planet characterization geometries (transits, eclipses, and phase curves), and target planets with host stars that span an illustrative range of brightnesses. The observations in this program were defined through an inclusive and transparent process that had participation from JWST instrument experts and international leaders in transiting exoplanet studies. Community engagement in the project will be centered on a two-phase Data Challenge that culminates with the delivery of planetary spectra, time-series instrument performance reports, and open-source data analysis toolkits in time to inform the agenda for Cycle 2 of the JWST mission.

Published
2018

3. The science of ARIEL

Author

Tinetti, G., Drossart, P., Eccleston, P., Hartogh, P., Leconte, J., Micela, G., Ollivier, M., Pilbratt, G., Puig, L., Heske, A., Turrini, D., Vandenbussche, B., Wolkenberg, P., University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, ECLIPSE 2017, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), University of Valencia, Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Pomies, Marie-Paule, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)

Subjects
Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

International audience; Thousands of exoplanets have now been discovered with a huge range of masses, sizes and orbits: from rocky Earth-size planets to large gas giants grazing the surface of their host star. However, the essential nature of these exoplanets remains largely mysterious: there is no known, discernible pattern linking the presence, size, or orbital parameters of a planet to the nature of its parent star. We have little idea whether the chemistry of a planet is linked to its formation environment, or whether the type of host star drives the physics and chemistry of the planet's birth, and evolution. Progress with these science questions demands a large, unbiased spectroscopic survey of exoplanets. The ESA ARIEL M4 candidate mission has been conceived to conduct such a survey and to explore the nature of exoplanet atmospheres and interiors and, through this, the key factors affecting the formation and evolution of planetary systems.

Published
2017

4. The ARIEL Mission Reference Sample

Author

Zingales, T., Tinetti, G., Pillitteri, I., Sarkar, S., Leconte, J., University College of London [London] (UCL), ECLIPSE 2017, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

International audience; We present here an optimal list of targets observable by ARIEL (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Exoplanet Large survey), one of the three European Space Agency M4 mission candidates competing for a launch in 2026. In aprticular, we describe the assumptions made to estimate an optimal sample of exoplanets - including both the already known exoplanets and the "expected" ones yet to be discovered - observable by ARIEL and define a realistic mission scenario. The current ARIEL design enables the observation of 1000 planets during its four year mission lifetime. This nominal list of planets is expected to evolve over the years depending on the new exoplanet discoveries. Among the 1000 planets a good fraction of super-Earths and earth-sized planets will be included. While ARIEL will focus mainly on warm and hot planets, we briefly discuss its capability to study temperate planets around cool dwarfs like the ones orbiting TRAPPIST1.

Published
2017

5. The EChO science case

Author

Tinetti, G., Drossart, P., Eccleston, P., Hartogh, P., Isaak, K., Linder, M., Lovis, C., Micela, G., Olliver, M., Puig, L., Ribas, I., De Sio, A., Frith, J., Justtanot, K., Showman, A., Alard, C., Yurchenko, S. N., Parviainen, H., Fouqué, P., Oliva, E., Bordé, P., Balado, A., Varley, R., Di Giorgio, A., Griffin, M., Maillard, J. P., Maggio, A., Lellouch, E., Strazzulla, G., Villaver, E., Griffith, C., Stamper, R., Amado, P. J., Rezac, L., Laken, B., Hargrave, P., Orton, G., Thompson, S., Morales, J. C., Wright, G., Massi, F., Lundgaard Rasmussen, I., Altieri, F., Covino, E., Coustenis, A., Moses, J., Lithgow Bertelloni, C., Demangeon, O., Fletcher, L., Morales Calderón, M., Lo Cicero, U., López Puertas, M., Capria, M. T., Danielski, C., Luntzer, A., Bulgarelli, A., González Hernández, J., Jacquemoud, S., MacTavish, C., Mall, U., Christian Jessen, N., Sanromá, E., Femenía Castella, B., Rocchetto, M., Miles Paez, P., Allard, F., Aylward, A., Leconte, J., Palla, F., White, G., Malaguti, G., Cavarroc, C., Lammer, H., Leto, G., Batista, V., Adybekian, V., Readorn, K., Polichtchouk, I., Petrov, R., García Piquer, A., Pancrazzi, M., Gómez Leal, I., Israelian, G., Rebolo López, R., Peralta, J., Giro, E., Tecsa, M., Haigh, J., Moro Martín, A., Pezzuto, S., Piskunov, N., Agnor, C., Hollis, M., Radioti, A., De Kok, R., Gear, W., Eymet, V., Achilleos, N., Koskinen, T., Maurin, A. S., Rank Lüftinger, T., Barlow, M., Figueira, P., Affer, L., Viti, S., Machado, P., Vakili, F., Burston, R., González Merino, B., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Smith, A., Sitek, P., Sánchez Lavega, A., Kerschbaum, F., Hoogeeven, R., Ballerini, P., Filacchione, G., Rodler, F., Stixrude, L., Parmentier, V., Del Val Borro, M., Vandenbussche, B., Tingley, B. W., Deeg, H. J., Tabernero, H. M., Shore, S., Fossey, S., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Santos, N., Tozzi, A., Kipping, D., Maruquette, J. B., Trifoglio, M., Scandaratio, G., Scuderi, S., Hébrard, E., Lodieu, N., Forget, F., Gustin, J., Poretti, E., Murgas Alcaino, F., Sicardy, B., Stiepen, A., Hubert, B., Grodent, D., Magnes, W., Tennyson, J., Temple, J., Galand, M., Barton, E. J., Winter, B., Valdivieso, M. L., Cordier, D., Heredero, R. L., Barrado, D., Mueller Wodarg, I., Giani, E., Correira, A., Widemann, T., Ward Thompson, D., Montañés Rodríguez, P., Moya Bedon, A., Venot, O., Prinja, R., Pinfield, D., Waldmann, I., Morello, G., Lim, T., Pallé, E., Waters, R., Wawer, P., Lognonné, P., Pietrzak, R., Fernández Hernández, Maite, Winek, W., Andersen, A., Monteiro, M., Liu, S. J., Rengel, M., Tanga, P., Yelle, R., Barstow, J. K., Maldonado, J., Irshad, R., Nelson, R., Colomé, J., De Witt, J., Lanza, N., Glasse, A., Coudé du Foresto, V., Branduardi Raymont, G., Beaulieu, J. P., Claudi, R., García López, Ramón, Eales, S., López Valverde, M. A., Turrini, D., Vinatier, S., Crook, J., Damasso, M., Ramos Zapata, G., Kovács, G., Banaszkiewicz, M., Focardi, M., Mauskopf, P., Guedel, M., Rebordao, J., Stolarski, M., Adriani, A., Norgaard Nielsen, H. U., Selig, A., Peña Ramírez, K. Y., Schmider, F. X., Baffa, C., Piccioni, G., Pantin, E., Bowles, N., Hornstrup, A., Pilat Lohinger, E., Buchhave, L. A., Soret, L., Börne, P., López Morales, M., Medvedev, A., Gesa, L., Jones, H., Pérez Hoyos, S., Gerard, J. C., Bellucci, G., Morais, H., Álvarez Iglesias, C. A., Abe, L., Pinsard, F., Tessenyi, M., Blecka, M., Wawrzaszk, A., Middleton, K., Martín Torres, J., Cho, J., Berry, D., Rataj, M., Schrader, J. R., Scholz, A., Watkins, C., Abreu, M., Testi, L., Decin, L., Sánz Forcada, J., Sozzetti, A., Lagage, P. O., Ade, P., Alcala, J., Sousa, S., Espinoza Contreras, M., Swinyard, B., Dobrijévic, M., Sánchez Béjar, V. J., Krupp, N., Bakos, G., Chamberlain, S., Chadney, J., Brown, L., Iro, N., Montalto, M., Sethenadh, J., Bouy, H., Ottensamer, R., Kehoe, T., Doel, P., Delgado Mena, E., Read, P., Coates, A., Cecchi Pestellini, C., Guillot, T., Budaj, J., Selsis, F., Jarchow, C., Del Vecchio, C., Cassan, A., Burleigh, M. R., Pagano, I., Ray, T., Gambicorti, L., Biondi, D., Cerulli, R., Ciaravella, A., Watson, D., Deroo, P., Collura, A., Graczyk, R., North, C., Ramos, A. A., Waltham, D., Montes, D., Gianotti, F., Thrastarson, H., Cockell, C., Pace, E., Bryson, I., Gómez, H., Esposito, M., Azzollini, R., Allende Prieto, C., Gillon, M., Fabrizio, N., Rickman, H., Rees, J. M., Pascale, E., Luzzi, D., Bonford, B., Cole, R., Gizon, L., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Agundez, M., Lahav, O., Zapatero Osorio, M. R., Gaulme, P., Encrenaz, T., Heyrovsky, D., Guàrdia, J., Prisinzano, L., Terenzi, L., Swain, M., Grassi, D., Eiroa, C., Maxted, P., Kerins, E., Yung, Y., Irwin, P., Herrero, E., Guio, P., Boisse, I., Claret, A., Kervella, P., Heiter, U., Bézard, B., Cabral, A., Michaut, C., Giuranna, M., Hersant, F., Hueso, R., Savini, G., Snellen, I. A., Charnoz, S., Jones, G., Belmonte Avilés, J. A., Barber, R. J., Wisniowski, T., Morgante, G., University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique (LTM), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dpto. de Organización de Empresas, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Leicester], University of Leicester, U.S. Army Research Laboratory [Adelphi, MD] (ARL), United States Army (U.S. Army), Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE), University of Edinburgh, Departamento de Fisica [Aveiro], Universidade de Aveiro, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Planetary Sciences [Tucson], University of Arizona, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Center for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Centre for Astrophysics Research [Hatfield], University of Hertfordshire [Hatfield] (UH), ECLIPSE 2015, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [UCL London], Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire (LPAP), Université de Liège, Centro de Astronomia e Astrofísica da Universidade de Lisboa (CAAUL), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units (ISW), University of Stuttgart, Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units (ISW), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Curie [Paris], Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University [Newcastle], foreign laboratories (FL), CERN [Genève], STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental, Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental, Centre for Planetary Sciences [UCL/Birkbeck] (CPS), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dark Cosmology Centre (DARK), Niels Bohr Institute [Copenhagen] (NBI), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Departamento de Astrofisica [Madrid], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Calar Alto Observatory, Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán, Department of Geoscience, Nelson Mandela University [Port Elizabeth], African Earth Observatory Network - Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute (AEON-ESSRI), Animal Genetics, Teagasc - The Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovacao (INETI), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), CEA- Saclay (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Università di Salerno - Dipartimento di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Salerno = University of Salerno (UNISA), Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC)-Carolina Center for the Genome Sciences, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), ASP 2015, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institute for Astronomy [Vienna], University of Vienna [Vienna], Institut de génétique et microbiologie [Orsay] (IGM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH = German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto (CAUP), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Dipartimento di Matematica 'Ulisse Dini', Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Université de Rennes (UR), Imperial College London, Laboratoire Hippolyte Fizeau (FIZEAU), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bradford, Instituto Universitario de Electroquimica, Universidad de Alicante, Centre de recherche en éducation de Nantes (CREN), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Nantes - UFR Lettres et Langages (UFRLL), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Departamento de Fisica Aplicada [Bilbao], Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [Espagne] (UPV/EHU), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Osserv Astrofis Catania, Ist Nazl Astrofis, Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Consejo Super Invest Cient, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, ES-18080 Granada, Spain, Department of Rheumatology (LEIDEN - Rhumato), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Universiteit Leiden-Universiteit Leiden, Department of Rheumatology (COIMBRA - Rhumato), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des gaz et des plasmas (LPGP), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Department of Computer Science [Verona] (UNIVR | DI), Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona (UNIVR), IEB-UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA, Departamento de Física e Astronomia [Porto] (DFA/FCUP), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto-Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH (BIBA), Universität Bremen, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (OACT), Plasmon Nano-optics, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques [Castelldefels] (ICFO), Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Hong Kong Government Environmental Protection Department, Water Policy and Science Group, National Space Agencies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Agency, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA) - Grenoble-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), University of Oxford [Oxford], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut Curie, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], AEON-ESSRI African Earth Observatory Network — Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovacco (INETI), Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Francois Rabelais [Tours], Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Università degli Studi di Salerno (UNISA), IRTA, Laboratoire d'astrophysique de l'observatoire de Besançon (LAOB), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Universidade do Porto [Porto], Università degli Studi di Firenze [Firenze], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche, culture, éducation, formation, travail (CIRCEFT), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Station biologique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Informatica [Verona], Università degli Studi di Verona, Departamento de Física e Astronomia [Porto], UMR5116, Centre Émile Durkheim (CED), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Rebordao, J. [0000-0002-7418-0345], Kerschbaum, F. [0000-0001-6320-0980], Abreu, M. [0000-0002-0716-9568], Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298], López Puertas, M. [0000-0003-2941-7734], Jacquemoud, S. [0000-0002-1500-5256], Tennyson, J. [0000-0002-4994-5238], Focardi, M. [0000-0002-3806-4283], Leto, G. [0000-0002-0040-5011], Lodieu, N. [0000-0002-3612-8968], Tinetti, G. [0000-0001-6058-6654], Sanroma, E. [0000-0001-8859-7937], Poretti, E. [0000-0003-1200-0473], Deeg, H. [0000-0003-0047-4241], Grassi, D. [0000-0003-1653-3066], Piccioni, G. [0000-0002-7893-6808], Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312], Coates, A. [0000-0002-6185-3125], García Ramón, J. [0000-0002-8204-6832], Bouy, H. [0000-0002-7084-487X[, Lognonne, P. [0000-0002-1014-920X], Demangeon, O. [0000-0001-7918-0355], Morales, J. C. [0000-0003-0061-518X], Ray, T. [0000-0002-2110-1068], Guio, P. [0000-0002-1607-5862], Tanga, P. [0000-0002-2718-997X], Prisinzano, L. [0000-0002-8893-2210], Barstow, J. [0000-0003-3726-5419], Balado, A. [0000-0003-4268-2516], Lithgow Bertelloni, C. [0000-0003-0924-6587], Barton, E. [0000-0001-5945-9244], Delgado, M. E. [0000-0003-4434-2195], Affer, L. [0000-0001-5600-3778], Ciaravella, A. [0000-0002-3127-8078], Barrado Navascues, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Figueira, P. [0000-0001-8504-283X], Covino, E. [0000-0002-6187-6685], Venot, O. [0000-0003-2854-765X], Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X], Watson, D. [0000-0002-4465-8264], Morales Calderon, M. [0000-0001-9526-9499], Ward Thompson, D. [0000-0003-1140-2761], Rebolo, R. [0000-0003-3767-7085], López Valverde, M. A. [0000-0002-7989-4267], Gillon, M. [0000-0003-1462-7739], Morgante, G. [0000-0001-9234-7412], Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852], Bulgarelli, A. [0000-0001-6347-0649], Pena Ramírez, K. [0000-0002-5855-401X], Galand, M. [0000-0001-5797-914X], Pancrazzi, M. [0000-0002-3789-2482], Malaguti, G. [0000-0001-9872-3378], Sánchez Lavega, A. [0000-0001-7234-7634], Waldmann, I. [0000-0002-4205-5267], Kovacs, G. [0000-0002-2365-2330], Guillot, T. [0000-0002-7188-8428], Turrini, D. [0000-0002-1923-7740], Altieri, F. [0000-0002-6338-8300], Bellucci, G. [0000-0003-0867-8679], Baffa, C. [0000-0002-4935-100X], Olivia, E. [0000-0002-9123-0412], Selsis, F. [0000-0001-9619-5356], Scuderi, Salvatore [0000-0002-8637-2109], Hersant, F. [0000-0002-2687-7500], Gear, W. [0000-0001-6789-6196], Damasso, M. [0000-0001-9984-4278], Tizzi, A. [0000-0002-6725-3825], Pinfield, D. [0000-0002-7804-4260], Kipping, D. [0000-0002-4365-7366], Maldonado, J. [0000-0002-4282-1072], Pace, E. [0000-0001-5870-1772], Burleigh, M. [0000-0003-0684-7803], Monteiro, M. [0000-0001-5644-0898], Pilat Lohinger, E. [0000-0002-5292-1923], Chadney, J. [0000-0002-5174-2114], Moro Martín, A. [0000-0001-9504-8426], Claret, A. [0000-0002-4045-8134], Gómez, H. [0000-0003-3398-0052], Maldonado, J. [0000-0002-2218-5689], Michaut, C. [0000-0002-2578-0117], Hornstrup, A. [0000-0002-3363-0936], Scholz, A. [0000-0001-8993-5053], Irwin, P. [0000-0002-6772-384X], Bezard, B. [0000-0002-5433-5661], López Heredero, R. [0000-0002-2197-8388], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Danielski, C. [0000-0002-3729-2663], Sousa, S. [0000-0001-9047-2965], Medved, A. [0000-0003-2713-8977], Bakos, G. [0000-0001-7204-6727], Ade, P. [0000-0002-5127-0401], Vandenbussche, B. [0000-0002-1368-3109], Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236], Correira, A. [0000-0002-8946-8579], Haigh, J. [0000-0001-5504-4754], Scandariato, G. [0000-0003-2029-0626], Guedel, M. [0000-0001-9818-0588], Sánchez Bejar, V. [0000-0002-5086-4232], Rodríguez, P. [0000-0002-6855-9682], Piskunov, N. [0000-0001-5742-7767], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0001-9797-4917], Kervella, P. [0000-0003-0626-1749], Pascale, E. [0000-0002-3242-8154], Claudi, R. [0000-0001-7707-5105], Filacchione, G. [0000-0001-9567-0055], Rickman, H. [0000-0002-9603-6619], Amado, P. J. [0000-0002-8388-6040], Maggio, A. [0000-0001-5154-6108], Agundez, M. [0000-0003-3248-3564], Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X], Fletcher, L. [0000-0001-5834-9588], Stixrude, L. [0000-0003-3778-2432], Morais, M. H. [0000-0001-5333-2736], Hueso, R. [0000-0003-0169-123X], Yurchenko, S. [0000-0001-9286-9501], Rataj, M. [0000-0002-2978-9629], Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0002-2587-4682], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Peralta, J. [0000-0002-6823-1695], Budaj, J. [0000-0002-9125-7340], Barlow, M. [0000-0002-3875-1171], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universidade do Porto, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Verona (UNIVR), Universidade do Porto-Universidade do Porto, Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université de Nantes - UFR Lettres et Langages (UFRLL), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Le Mans Université (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze], COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique ( LESIA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), School of Physics & Astronomy, European Space Agency ( ESA ), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo ( OAPa ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), Laboratoire des technologies de la microélectronique ( LTM ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation ( IMEP-LAHC ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, U.S. Army Research Laboratory [Adelphi, MD] ( ARL ), United States Army ( U.S. Army ), Royal Observatory Edinburgh ( ROE ), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research ( SRON ), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) ( LMD ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -École polytechnique ( X ) -École des Ponts ParisTech ( ENPC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE ( LAGRANGE ), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson], Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences ( IWF ), Austrian Academy of Sciences ( OeAW ), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon ( CRAL ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Human-Computer Interaction ( HCI ), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali ( IAPS ), University of Hertfordshire [Hatfield] ( UH ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] ( LAB ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire ( LPAP ), Centro de Astronomia e Astrofísica da Universidade de Lisboa ( CAAUL ), Universidade de Lisboa ( ULISBOA ), Space Research Centre [Warsaw] ( CBK ), Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), Mullard Space Science Laboratory ( MSSL ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers ( IRFU ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ), foreign laboratories ( FL ), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ( RAL ), Science and Technology Facilities Council ( STFC ), Centre for Planetary Sciences [UCL/Birkbeck] ( CPS ), Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris ( IAP ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Dark Cosmology Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen ( KU ), Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] ( STFC ), LAEX, Depto. Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa]-Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], Teagasc, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Solid-State Physics (IAF), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] ( CAB ), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial ( INTA ) -Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovacco ( INETI ), INETI, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ), Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] ( PRC ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Università degli Studi di Salerno ( UNISA ), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill-Carolina Center for the Genome Sciences, Laboratoire d'astrophysique de l'observatoire de Besançon ( LAOB ), Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Universita degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua = Université de Padoue, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale ( IAS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux ( L3AB ), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers ( OASU ), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] ( LAB ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bordeaux ( UB ), Institut de génétique et microbiologie [Orsay] ( IGM ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH ( DFKI ), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas ( CONICET ), Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto ( CAUP ), Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ), Laboratoire Hippolyte Fizeau ( FIZEAU ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario CNR (IFSI), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de recherche en éducation de Nantes ( CREN ), Université de Nantes ( UN ), Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea ( UPV/EHU ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Onsala Space Observatory ( OSO ), Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ), Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire ( SCK-CEN ), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris ( IPGP ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía ( IAA ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Department of Rheumatology ( LEIDEN - Rhumato ), Department of Rheumatology ( COIMBRA - Rhumato ), Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment ( CSTB ), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri ( OAA ), Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche, culture, éducation, formation, travail ( CIRCEFT ), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis ( UP8 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique des gaz et des plasmas ( LPGP ), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg ( TLS ), BIBA Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH, Centre Émile Durkheim ( CED ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Sciences Po-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Sciences Po-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania ( OACT ), Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques [Castelldefels] ( ICFO ), Università di Perugia, Royal Holloway [University of London] ( RHUL ), and Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI)

Subjects
Astrofísica, Solar System, Computer science, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], HOT-JUPITER ATMOSPHERES, 7. Clean energy, Space missions, law.invention, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, Planet, law, Observatory, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Transit (astronomy), Atmospheric science, Exoplanets, IR astronomy, Spectroscopy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, QC, QB, Eclipse, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), education.field_of_study, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Exoplanet, GIANT PLANETS, Physical Sciences, ENERGY-BALANCE, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Population, MU-M, FOS: Physical sciences, F500, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Telescope, INFRARED-EMISSION-SPECTRUM, education, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], EXTRASOLAR PLANET ATMOSPHERE, Science & Technology, Astronomy, EXOPLANET HD 189733B, HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE, Astronomía, TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, WATER-VAPOR, astro-ph.EP, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The discovery of almost 2000 exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? What causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) has been designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large and diverse planet sample within its four-year mission lifetime. EChO can target the atmospheres of super-Earths, Neptune-like, and Jupiter-like planets, in the very hot to temperate zones (planet temperatures of 300K-3000K) of F to M-type host stars. Over the next ten years, several new ground- and space-based transit surveys will come on-line (e.g. NGTS, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO), which will specifically focus on finding bright, nearby systems. The current rapid rate of discovery would allow the target list to be further optimised in the years prior to EChO's launch and enable the atmospheric characterisation of hundreds of planets. Placing the satellite at L2 provides a cold and stable thermal environment, as well as a large field of regard to allow efficient time-critical observation of targets randomly distributed over the sky. A 1m class telescope is sufficiently large to achieve the necessary spectro-photometric precision. The spectral coverage (0.5-11 micron, goal 16 micron) and SNR to be achieved by EChO, thanks to its high stability and dedicated design, would enable a very accurate measurement of the atmospheric composition and structure of hundreds of exoplanets., Comment: 50 pages, 30 figures. Experimental Astronomy

Published
2015

6. EChOSim: The Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory software simulator

Author

Pascale, Enzo, Waldmann, I. P., MacTavish, C. J., Papageorgiou, Andreas, Amaral-Rogers, A., Varley, R., Coudé du Foresto, V., Griffin, Matthew Joseph, Ollivier, M., Sarkar, Subhajit, Spencer, Locke, Swinyard, Bruce, Tessenyi, M., Tinetti, G., Cardiff University, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), University College of London [London] (UCL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Instrumentation, instruments, planetary systems, space vehicles, spectrographs, spectroscopic, stars, techniques, space and planetary science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, QB, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

EChOSim is the end-to-end time-domain simulator of the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory (EChO) space mission. EChOSim has been developed to assess the capability EChO has to detect and characterize the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets, and through this revolutionize the knowledge we have of the Milky Way and of our place in the Galaxy. Here we discuss the details of the EChOSim implementation and describe the models used to represent the instrument and to simulate the detection. Software simulators have assumed a central role in the design of new instrumentation and in assessing the level of systematics affecting the measurements of existing experiments. Thanks to its high modularity, EChOSim can simulate basic aspects of several existing and proposed spectrometers for exoplanet transits, including instruments on the Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer, or ground-based and balloon borne experiments. A discussion of different uses of EChOSim is given, including examples of simulations performed to assess the EChO mission.

Published
2015

7. Photometric stability analysis of the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory (EChO)

Author

Waldmann, I. P., Pascale, E., Swinyard, B., Tinetti, G., Amaral-Rogers, A., Spencer, L., Tessenyi, M., Ollivier, M., Foresto, V. Coud�� du, University College of London [London] (UCL), School of Physics & Astronomy, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Haute résolution angulaire en astrophysique, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Photometric stability is a key requirement for time-resolved spectroscopic observations of transiting extrasolar planets. In the context of the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory (EChO) mission design, we here present and investigate means of translating spacecraft pointing instabilities as well as temperature fluctuation of its optical chain into an overall error budget of the exoplanetary spectrum to be retrieved. Given the instrument specifications as of date, we investigate the magnitudes of these photometric instabilities in the context of simulated observations of the exoplanet HD189733b secondary eclipse., submitted to MNRAS

Published
2013

8. 0.94 - 2.42 micron ground-based transmission spectra of the hot-Jupiter HD-189733b

Author

Danielski, C., Deroo, P., Waldmann, I. P., Hollis, M. D. J., Tinetti, G., and Swain, M. R.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present here new transmission spectra of the hot Jupiter HD-189733b using the SpeX instrument on the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. We obtained two nights of observations where we recorded the primary transit of the planet in the J-, H- and K-bands simultaneously, covering a spectral range from 0.94 to 2.42 {\mu}m. We used Fourier analysis and other de-trending techniques validated previously on other datasets to clean the data. We tested the statistical significance of our results by calculating the auto-correlation function, and we found that, after the detrending, auto-correlative noise is diminished at most frequencies. Additionally, we repeated our analysis on the out-of-transit data only, showing that the residual telluric contamination is well within the error bars. While these techniques are very efficient when multiple nights of observations are combined together, our results prove that even one good night of observations is enough to provide statistically meaningful data. Our observed spectra are consistent with space-based data recorded in the same wavelength interval by multiple instruments, indicating that ground-based facilities are becoming a viable and complementary option to spaceborne observatories. The best fit to the features in our data was obtained with water vapor. Our error bars are not small enough to address the presence of additional molecules, however by combining the information contained in other datasets with our results, it is possible to explain all the available observations with a modelled atmospheric spectrum containing water vapor, methane, carbon monoxide and hazes/clouds., Comment: 39 pages, 16 figures, 1 Table, accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2012

9. EChO

Author

Tinetti, G., Beaulieu, J. P., Henning, T., Meyer, M., Micela, G., Ribas, I., Stam, D., Swain, M., Krause, O., Ollivier, M., Pace, E., Swinyard, B., Aylward, A., van Boekel, R., Coradini, A., Encrenaz, T., Snellen, I., Zapatero-Osorio, M. R., Bouwman, J., Cho, J. Y-K., Coudé de Foresto, V., Guillot, T., Lopez-Morales, M., Mueller-Wodarg, I., Palle, E., Selsis, F., Sozzetti, A., Ade, P. A. R., Achilleos, N., Adriani, A., Agnor, C. B., Afonso, C., Prieto, C. Allende, Bakos, G., Barber, R. J., Barlow, M., Batista, V., Bernath, P., Bézard, B., Bordé, P., Brown, L. R., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Ciaravella, A., Cockell, C., Coustenis, A., Danielski, C., Decin, L., Kok, R. De, Demangeon, O., Deroo, P., Doel, P., Drossart, P., Fletcher, L. N., Focardi, M., Forget, F., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gaulme, P., Hernández, J. I. González, Grasset, O., Grassi, D., Grenfell, J. L., Griffin, M. J., Griffith, C. A., Grözinger, U., Guedel, M., Guio, P., Hainaut, O., Hargreaves, R., Hauschildt, P. H., Heng, Kevin, Heyrovsky, D., Hueso, R., Irwin, P., Kaltenegger, L., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T. T., Kovács, G., La Barbera, A., Lammer, H., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Lopez Morales, M., Lopez Valverde, M. A., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lovis, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. P., Maldonado Prado, J., Marquette, J. B., Martin-Torres, F. J., Maxted, P., Miller, S., Molinari, S., Montes, D., Moro-Martin, A., Moses, J. I., Mousis, O., Nguyen Tuong, N., Nelson, R., Orton, G. S., Pantin, E., Pascale, E., Pezzuto, S., Pinfield, D., Poretti, E., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Rees, J. M., Reiners, A., Samuel, B., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Forcada, J. Sanz, Sasselov, D., Savini, G., Sicardy, B., Smith, A., Stixrude, L., Strazzulla, G., Tennyson, J., Tessenyi, M., Vasisht, G., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., White, G. J., Widemann, T., Wordsworth, R., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.

Subjects
530 Physics, 520 Astronomy, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

A dedicated mission to investigate exoplanetary atmospheres represents a major milestone in our quest to understand our place in the universe by placing our Solar System in context and by addressing the suitability of planets for the presence of life. EChO—the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory—is a mission concept specifically geared for this purpose. EChO will provide simultaneous, multi-wavelength spectroscopic observations on a stable platform that will allow very long exposures. The use of passive cooling, few moving parts and well established technology gives a low-risk and potentially long-lived mission. EChO will build on observations by Hubble, Spitzer and ground-based telescopes, which discovered the first molecules and atoms in exoplanetary atmospheres. However, EChO’s configuration and specifications are designed to study a number of systems in a consistent manner that will eliminate the ambiguities affecting prior observations. EChO will simultaneously observe a broad enough spectral region—from the visible to the mid-infrared—to constrain from one single spectrum the temperature structure of the atmosphere, the abundances of the major carbon and oxygen bearing species, the expected photochemically-produced species and magnetospheric signatures. The spectral range and resolution are tailored to separate bands belonging to up to 30 molecules and retrieve the composition and temperature structure of planetary atmospheres. The target list for EChO includes planets ranging from Jupiter-sized with equilibrium temperatures T eq up to 2,000 K, to those of a few Earth masses, with T eq \u223c 300 K. The list will include planets with no Solar System analog, such as the recently discovered planets GJ1214b, whose density lies between that of terrestrial and gaseous planets, or the rocky-iron planet 55 Cnc e, with day-side temperature close to 3,000 K. As the number of detected exoplanets is growing rapidly each year, and the mass and radius of those detected steadily decreases, the target list will be constantly adjusted to include the most interesting systems. We have baselined a dispersive spectrograph design covering continuously the 0.4–16 μm spectral range in 6 channels (1 in the visible, 5 in the InfraRed), which allows the spectral resolution to be adapted from several tens to several hundreds, depending on the target brightness. The instrument will be mounted behind a 1.5 m class telescope, passively cooled to 50 K, with the instrument structure and optics passively cooled to \u223c45 K. EChO will be placed in a grand halo orbit around L2. This orbit, in combination with an optimised thermal shield design, provides a highly stable thermal environment and a high degree of visibility of the sky to observe repeatedly several tens of targets over the year. Both the baseline and alternative designs have been evaluated and no critical items with Technology Readiness Level (TRL) less than 4–5 have been identified. We have also undertaken a first-order cost and development plan analysis and find that EChO is easily compatible with the ESA M-class mission framework.

Published
2012
Full Text
View/download PDF

10. EChO

Author

Tinetti, G., Beaulieu, J. P., Henning, T., Meyer, M., Micela, G., Ribas, I., Stam, D., Swain, M., Krause, O., Ollivier, M., Pace, E., Swinyard, B., Aylward, A., van Boekel, R., Coradini, A., Encrenaz, T., Snellen, I., Zapatero-Osorio, M. R., Bouwman, J., Cho, J. Y-K., Coudé de Foresto, V., Guillot, T., Lopez-Morales, M., Mueller-Wodarg, I., Palle, E., Selsis, F., Sozzetti, A., Ade, P. A. R., Achilleos, N., Adriani, A., Agnor, C. B., Afonso, C., Prieto, C. Allende, Bakos, G., Barber, R. J., Barlow, M., Batista, V., Bernath, P., Bézard, B., Bordé, P., Brown, L. R., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Ciaravella, A., Cockell, C., Coustenis, A., Danielski, C., Decin, L., Kok, R. De, Demangeon, O., Deroo, P., Doel, P., Drossart, P., Fletcher, L. N., Focardi, M., Forget, F., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gaulme, P., Hernández, J. I. González, Grasset, O., Grassi, D., Grenfell, J. L., Griffin, M. J., Griffith, C. A., Grözinger, U., Guedel, M., Guio, P., Hainaut, O., Hargreaves, R., Hauschildt, P. H., Heng, Kevin, Heyrovsky, D., Hueso, R., Irwin, P., Kaltenegger, L., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T. T., Kovács, G., La Barbera, A., Lammer, H., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Lopez Morales, M., Lopez Valverde, M. A., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lovis, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. P., Maldonado Prado, J., Marquette, J. B., Martin-Torres, F. J., Maxted, P., Miller, S., Molinari, S., Montes, D., Moro-Martin, A., Moses, J. I., Mousis, O., Nguyen Tuong, N., Nelson, R., Orton, G. S., Pantin, E., Pascale, E., Pezzuto, S., Pinfield, D., Poretti, E., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Rees, J. M., Reiners, A., Samuel, B., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Forcada, J. Sanz, Sasselov, D., Savini, G., Sicardy, B., Smith, A., Stixrude, L., Strazzulla, G., Tennyson, J., Tessenyi, M., Vasisht, G., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., White, G. J., Widemann, T., Wordsworth, R., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.

Subjects
530 Physics, 520 Astronomy, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

A dedicated mission to investigate exoplanetary atmospheres represents a major milestone in our quest to understand our place in the universe by placing our Solar System in context and by addressing the suitability of planets for the presence of life. EChO—the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory—is a mission concept specifically geared for this purpose. EChO will provide simultaneous, multi-wavelength spectroscopic observations on a stable platform that will allow very long exposures. The use of passive cooling, few moving parts and well established technology gives a low-risk and potentially long-lived mission. EChO will build on observations by Hubble, Spitzer and ground-based telescopes, which discovered the first molecules and atoms in exoplanetary atmospheres. However, EChO’s configuration and specifications are designed to study a number of systems in a consistent manner that will eliminate the ambiguities affecting prior observations. EChO will simultaneously observe a broad enough spectral region—from the visible to the mid-infrared—to constrain from one single spectrum the temperature structure of the atmosphere, the abundances of the major carbon and oxygen bearing species, the expected photochemically-produced species and magnetospheric signatures. The spectral range and resolution are tailored to separate bands belonging to up to 30 molecules and retrieve the composition and temperature structure of planetary atmospheres. The target list for EChO includes planets ranging from Jupiter-sized with equilibrium temperatures T eq up to 2,000 K, to those of a few Earth masses, with T eq \u223c 300 K. The list will include planets with no Solar System analog, such as the recently discovered planets GJ1214b, whose density lies between that of terrestrial and gaseous planets, or the rocky-iron planet 55 Cnc e, with day-side temperature close to 3,000 K. As the number of detected exoplanets is growing rapidly each year, and the mass and radius of those detected steadily decreases, the target list will be constantly adjusted to include the most interesting systems. We have baselined a dispersive spectrograph design covering continuously the 0.4–16 μm spectral range in 6 channels (1 in the visible, 5 in the InfraRed), which allows the spectral resolution to be adapted from several tens to several hundreds, depending on the target brightness. The instrument will be mounted behind a 1.5 m class telescope, passively cooled to 50 K, with the instrument structure and optics passively cooled to \u223c45 K. EChO will be placed in a grand halo orbit around L2. This orbit, in combination with an optimised thermal shield design, provides a highly stable thermal environment and a high degree of visibility of the sky to observe repeatedly several tens of targets over the year. Both the baseline and alternative designs have been evaluated and no critical items with Technology Readiness Level (TRL) less than 4–5 have been identified. We have also undertaken a first-order cost and development plan analysis and find that EChO is easily compatible with the ESA M-class mission framework.

Published
2012

11. Characterising the Atmospheres of Transiting Planets with a Dedicated Space Telescope

Author

Tessenyi, M., Ollivier, M., Tinetti, G., Beaulieu, J. P., Coudé Du Foresto, V., Encrenaz, T., Giuseppina Micela, Swinyard, B., Ribas, I., Aylward, A., Tennyson, J., Swain, M. R., Sozzetti, A., Vasisht, G., Deroo, P., Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Haute résolution angulaire en astrophysique, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Exoplanetary science is among the fastest evolving fields of today's astronomical research. Ground-based planet-hunting surveys alongside dedicated space missions (Kepler, CoRoT) are delivering an ever-increasing number of exoplanets, now numbering at ~690, with ESA's GAIA mission planned to bring this number into the thousands. The next logical step is the characterisation of these worlds: what is their nature? Why are they as they are? The use of the HST and Spitzer Space Telescope to probe the atmospheres of transiting hot, gaseous exoplanets has demonstrated that it is possible with current technology to address this ambitious goal. The measurements have also shown the difficulty of understanding the physics and chemistry of these environments when having to rely on a limited number of observations performed on a handful of objects. To progress substantially in this field, a dedicated facility for exoplanet characterization with an optimised instrument design (detector performance, photometric stability, etc.), able to observe through time and over a broad spectral range a statistically significant number of planets, will be essential. We analyse the performances of a 1.2/1.4m space telescope for exoplanet transit spectroscopy from the visible to the mid IR, and present the SNR ratio as function of integration time and stellar magnitude/spectral type for the acquisition of spectra of planetary atmospheres in a variety of scenarios: hot, warm, and temperate planets, orbiting stars ranging in spectral type from hot F to cool M dwarfs. We include key examples of known planets (e.g. HD 189733b, Cancri 55 e) and simulations of plausible terrestrial and gaseous planets, with a variety of thermodynamical conditions. We conclude that even most challenging targets, such as super-Earths in the habitable-zone of late-type stars, are within reach of a M-class, space-based spectroscopy mission., v2: minor corrections

Published
2011

12. Deciphering Spectral Fingerprints of Habitable Extrasolar Planets

Author

Kaltenegger, L., Selsis, Franck, Fridlund, M., Lammer, H., Beichman, Ch., Danchi, W., Eiroa, C., Henning, T., Herbst, T., Leger, A., Liseau, R., Lunine, J., Paresce, F., Penny, A., Quirrenbach, A., Roettgering, H., Schneider, Jodi, Stam, D., Tinetti, G., White, G. J., Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University College of London [London] (UCL), Engineering Department, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)-Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, and Universiteit Leiden

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

In this paper we discuss how we can read a planets spectrum to assess its habitability and search for the signatures of a biosphere. After a decade rich in giant exoplanet detections, observation techniques have now reached the ability to find planets of less than 10 MEarth (so called Super-Earths) that may potentially be habitable. How can we characterize those planets and assess if they are habitable? The new field of extrasolar planet search has shown an extraordinary ability to combine research by astrophysics, chemistry, biology and geophysics into a new and exciting interdisciplinary approach to understand our place in the universe. The results of a first generation mission will most likely result in an amazing scope of diverse planets that will set planet formation, evolution as well as our planet in an overall context., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, Astrobiology, 10, 1, 2010

Published
2009
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13. Super Earth Explorer: A Coronagraphic Off-Axis Space Telescope

Author

Schneider, Jodi, Boccaletti, A., Mawet, D., Baudoz, P., Beuzit, J.-L., Doyon, R., Marley, M., Stam, D., Tinetti, G., Traub, W., Trauger, J., Aylward, A., Y-K. Cho, J., Keller, C.-U., Udry, S., Team, See-Coast, Barthelemy, Mathieu, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montréal (UdeM), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University College of London [London] (UCL), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université de Montréal [Montréal], and Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE)

Subjects
Physics, Super-Earth, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Exoplanets, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Polarimetry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Exoplanet, Earth radius, Starlight, Characterization (materials science), Spitzer Space Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Coronagraphy
Abstract

The Super-Earth Explorer is an Off-Axis Space Telescope (SEE-COAST) designed for high contrast imaging. Its scientific objective is to make the physico-chemical characterization of exoplanets possibly down to 2 Earth radii >. For that purpose it will analyze the spectral and polarimetric properties of the parent starlight reflected by the planets, in the wavelength range 400-1250 nm, Accepted in Experimental Astronomy

Published
2008
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14. Diversity among other worlds: characterization of exoplanets by direct detection

Author

Schneider, J., Boccaletti, A., Aylward, A., Baudoz, P., Beuzit, J. -L, Brown, R., Cho, J., Dohlen, K., Ferrari, M., Galicher, R., Grasset, O., Grenfell, L., Griessmeier, J. -M, Guyon, O., Hough, J., Kasper, M., Keller, Ch, Longmore, A., Lopez, B., Martin, E., Mawet, D., Menard, F., Merin, B., Palle, E., Perrin, G., Pinfield, D., Sein, E., Shore, P., Sotin, Ch, Alessandro Sozzetti, Stam, D., Surdej, J., Tamburini, F., Tinetti, G., Udry, S., Verinaud, C., and Walker, D.

Subjects
Astrophysics (astro-ph), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics
Abstract

The physical characterization of exoplanets will require to take spectra at several orbital positions. For that purpose, a direct imaging capability is necessary. Direct imaging requires an efficient stellar suppression mechanism, associated with an ultrasmooth telescope. We show that before future large space missions (interferometer, 4-8 m class coronograph, external occulter or Fresnel imager), direct imaging of giant planets and close-by super-Earth are at the cross-road of a high scientific interest and a reasonable feasibility. The scientific interest lies in the fact that super-Earths share common geophysical attributes with Earths. They already begin to be detected by radial velocity (RV) and, together with giant planets, they have a larger area than Earths, making them detectable with a 1.5-2 m class telescope in reflected light. We propose such a (space) telescope be a first step before large direct imaging missions., Comment: Update of a White Paper submitted to the ESA ExoPlanet Roadmap Advisory Team

Published
2008
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15. SEE-COAST: The Super-Earth Explorer

Author

Schneider, J., Riaud, P., Tinetti, G., Schmid, H. M., Stam, D., Udry, S., Baudoz, P., Boccaletti, A., Grasset, O., Mawet, D., Surdej, J., Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Astronomie du LESIA, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Barret, D., Casoli, F., Contini, T., Lagache, G., Lecavelier, A., and Pagani, L.

Subjects
Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

The Super-Earth Explorer Coronagraphic Off Axis Space Telescope (SEE-COAST) is a space mission concept to be submitted to ESA call for proposals. It is devoted to the direct imaging, in the visible, of the stellar light reflected by its planetary companion. Here we present the type of planetary characterization we may accomplish with SEE-COAST, and we include a brief description of the spacecraft and mission strategy.

Published
2006

16. Disk-averaged Spectra & light-curves of Earth

Author

Tinetti, G., Meadows, V. S., Crisp, D., Fong, W., Kiang, N., Fishbein, E., Velusamy, T., Bosc, E., and Turnbull, M.

Subjects
Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics
Abstract

We are using computer models to explore the observational sensitivity to changes in atmospheric and surface properties, and the detectability of biosignatures, in the globally averaged spectra and light-curves of the Earth. Using AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) data, as input for atmospheric and surface properties, we have generated spatially resolved high-resolution synthetic spectra using the SMART radiative transfer model, for a variety of conditions, from the UV to the far-IR (beyond the range of current Earth-based satellite data). We have then averaged over the visible disk for a number of different viewing geometries to quantify the sensitivity to surface types and atmospheric features as a function of viewing geometry, and spatial and spectral resolution. These results have been processed with an instrument simulator to improve our understanding of the detectable characteristics of Earth-like planets as viewed by the first generation extrasolar terrestrial planet detection and characterization missions (Terrestrial Planet Finder/Darwin and Life finder). The wavelength range of our results are modelled over are applicable to both the proposed visible coronograph and mid-infrared interferometer TPF architectures. We have validated this model against disk-averaged observations by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS TES). This model was also used to analyze Earth-shine data for detectability of planetary characteristics and biosignatures in disk-averaged spectra., Comment: 34 pages, 19 figures. submitted to Astrobiology

Published
2005

17. Disk-averaged Spectra & light-curves of Earth

Author

Tinetti, G., Meadows, V. S., Crisp, D., Fong, W., Kiang, N., Fishbein, E., Velusamy, T., Bosc, E., and Turnbull, M.

Subjects
Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics (astro-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We are using computer models to explore the observational sensitivity to changes in atmospheric and surface properties, and the detectability of biosignatures, in the globally averaged spectra and light-curves of the Earth. Using AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) data, as input for atmospheric and surface properties, we have generated spatially resolved high-resolution synthetic spectra using the SMART radiative transfer model, for a variety of conditions, from the UV to the far-IR (beyond the range of current Earth-based satellite data). We have then averaged over the visible disk for a number of different viewing geometries to quantify the sensitivity to surface types and atmospheric features as a function of viewing geometry, and spatial and spectral resolution. These results have been processed with an instrument simulator to improve our understanding of the detectable characteristics of Earth-like planets as viewed by the first generation extrasolar terrestrial planet detection and characterization missions (Terrestrial Planet Finder/Darwin and Life finder). The wavelength range of our results are modelled over are applicable to both the proposed visible coronograph and mid-infrared interferometer TPF architectures. We have validated this model against disk-averaged observations by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS TES). This model was also used to analyze Earth-shine data for detectability of planetary characteristics and biosignatures in disk-averaged spectra., 34 pages, 19 figures. submitted to Astrobiology

Published
2005
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