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Your search keyword '"Shajib, A. J."' showing total 17 results
Start Over Author "Shajib, A. J." Topic astrophysics::cosmology and extragalactic astrophysics
17 results on '"Shajib, A. J."'

1. LensingETC: a tool to optimize multi-filter imaging campaigns of galaxy-scale strong lensing systems

Author

Shajib, Anowar J., Glazebrook, Karl, Barone, Tania, Lewis, Geraint F., Jones, Tucker, Tran, Kim-Vy H., Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth, Collett, Thomas E., Frieman, Joshua, and Jacobs, Colin

Subjects
FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Imaging data is the principal observable required to use galaxy-scale strong lensing in a multitude of applications in extragalactic astrophysics and cosmology. In this paper, we develop Lensing Exposure Time Calculator (LensingETC) to optimize the efficiency of telescope time usage when planning multi-filter imaging campaigns for galaxy-scale strong lenses. This tool simulates realistic data tailored to specified instrument characteristics and then automatically models them to assess the power of the data in constraining lens model parameters. We demonstrate a use case of this tool by optimizing a two-filter observing strategy (in IR and UVIS) within the limited exposure time per system allowed by a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Snapshot program. We find that higher resolution is more advantageous to gain constraining power on the lensing observables, when there is a trade-off between signal-to-noise ratio and resolution; e.g., between the UVIS and IR filters of the HST. We also find that, whereas a point spread function (PSF) with sub-Nyquist sampling allows the sample mean for a model parameter to be robustly recovered for both galaxy-galaxy and point-source lensing systems, a sub-Nyquist sampled PSF introduces a larger scatter than a Nyquist sampled one in the deviation from the ground truth for point-source lens systems., 10 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables

Published
2022

2. Cosmology intertwined III: fσ8 and S8

Author

Di Valentino, Eleonora, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Özgür, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyros, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, François R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jens, Chudaykin, Anton, Colgáin, Eoin Ó, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, de Bernardis, Paolo, de Cruz Pérez, Javier, Delabrouille, Jacques, Dunkley, Jo, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Ferté, Agnès, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, Gómez-Valent, Adrià, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Andronikos, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, Poulin, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Solà Peracaula, Joan, van de Bruck, Carsten, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., Yang, Weiqiang, Di Valentino, Eleonora, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Özgür, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyro, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, François R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jen, Chudaykin, Anton, Colgáin, Eoin Ó, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, de Bernardis, Paolo, de Cruz Pérez, Javier, Delabrouille, Jacque, Dunkley, Jo, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Ferté, Agnè, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, Gómez-Valent, Adrià, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Androniko, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, Poulin, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Solà Peracaula, Joan, van de Bruck, Carsten, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., and Yang, Weiqiang

Subjects
cosmological tensions, astro-ph.CO, hep-ph, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, cosmological parameters
Abstract

The standard Λ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model provides a wonderful fit to current cosmological data, but a few statistically significant tensions and anomalies were found in the latest data analyses. While these anomalies could be due to the presence of systematic errors in the experiments, they could also indicate the need for new physics beyond the standard model. In this Letter of Interest we focus on the tension between Planck data and weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, in the value of the matter energy density Ωm and the amplitude σ8 (or the growth rate fσ8) of cosmic structure. We list a few promising models for solving this tension, and discuss the importance of trying to fit multiple cosmological datasets with complete physical models, rather than fitting individual datasets with a few handpicked theoretical parameters.

Published
2021

3. Cosmology intertwined III: f sigma(8) and S-8

Author

Di Valentino, Eleonora, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Özgür, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyros, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, François R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jens, Chudaykin, Anton, Ó Colgáin, Eoin, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, De Bernardis, Paolo, de Cruz Pérez, Javier, Delabrouille, Jacques, Dunkley, Jo, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Ferté, Agnès, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, Gómez-Valent, Adrià, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Andronikos, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, POULIN, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Solà, Joan, Van De Bruck, Carsten, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., WANG, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., Yang, Weiqiang, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), and Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
satellite: Planck, lens, matter: energy, new physics, redshift: dependence, PE9_14, anomaly, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, dark matter: density, tension, NO, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, cosmological tensions, cosmological model: parameter space, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], energy: density, structure, cosmological parameters, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], cosmological tensions, cosmological parameters, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The standard $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model provides a wonderful fit to current cosmological data, but a few tensions and anomalies became statistically significant with the latest data analyses. While these anomalies could be due to the presence of systematic errors in the experiments, they could also indicate the need for new physics beyond the standard model. In this Letter of Interest we focus on the tension of the Planck data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density $\Omega_m$, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure ($\sigma_8,f\sigma_8$). We list a few interesting models for solving this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit with a single model a full array of data and not just one parameter at a time., Comment: Snowmass2021 - Letter of Interest

Published
2021

4. H_0 from Lensed Quasars

Author

Wong, Kenneth C., Suyu, Sherry H., Chen, Geoff C. -F., Rusu, Cristian E., Millon, Martin, Sluse, Dominique, Bonvin, Vivien, Fassnacht, Christopher D., Taubenberger, Stefan, Auger, Matthew W., Birrer, Simon, Chan, James H. H., Courbin, Frederic, Hilbert, Stefan, Tihhonova, Olga, Treu, Tommaso, Agnello, Adriano, Ding, Xuheng, Jee, Inh, Komatsu, Eiichiro, Shajib, Anowar J., Sonnenfeld, Alessandro, Blandford, Roger D., Koopmans, Leon V. E., Marshall, Philip J., Meylan, Georges, and Astronomy

Subjects
Zenodo community h02020, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Strong gravitational lens systems with time delays between the multiple images are a powerful probe of cosmology, particularly of the Hubble constant (H0). The H0 Lenses In COSMOGRAIL's Wellspring (H0LiCOW) project has measured H0 from lensed quasars using deep Hubble Space Telescope and AO imaging, precise time delay measurements from the COSMOGRAIL monitoring project, a measurement of the velocity dispersion of the lens galaxies, and a characterization of the mass distribution along the line of sight. Our latest results from a total of six lenses constrains H0 to be 73.3(-1.8,+1.7) km/s/Mpc for a flat Lambda CDM cosmology, which is a measurement to 2.4% precision. These results are consistent with independent determinations of H0 using type Ia supernovae calibrated by the distance ladder method, and are in 3.1-sigma tension with the results of Planck CMB measurements. Combined with the latest distance ladder results from the SH0ES project, we find a 5.3-sigma tension between Planck and late-Universe probes, hinting at possible new physics beyond the standard LCDM model and highlighting the importance of this independent probe.

Published
2020
Full Text
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5. Cosmology Intertwined II:The Hubble Constant Tension

Author

Valentino, Eleonora Di, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Ozgur, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyros, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, François R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jens, Chudaykin, Anton, Colgáin, Eoin Ó, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, Bernardis, Paolo de, Pérez, Javier de Cruz, Delabrouille, Jacques, Dunkley, Jo, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Ferté, Agnès, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, Gómez-Valent, Adrià, Guy, Julien, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Andronikos, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, Poulin, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Solà, Joan, Bruck, Carsten van de, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., and Yang, Weiqiang

Subjects
astro-ph.CO, hep-ph, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The current cosmological probes have provided a fantastic confirmation of the standard $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model, that has been constrained with unprecedented accuracy. However, with the increase of the experimental sensitivity a few statistically significant tensions between different independent cosmological datasets emerged. While these tensions can be in portion the result of systematic errors, the persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the need for new physics. In this Letter of Interest we will focus on the $4.4\sigma$ tension between the Planck estimate of the Hubble constant $H_0$ and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the $H_0$ evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we will list a few interesting new physics models that could solve this tension and discuss how the next decade experiments will be crucial.

Published
2020

6. Cosmology Intertwined IV:The Age of the Universe and its Curvature

Author

Valentino, Eleonora Di, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Ozgur, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyros, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, François R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jens, Chudaykin, Anton, Colgáin, Eoin Ó, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, Bernardis, Paolo de, Pérez, Javier de Cruz, Delabrouille, Jacques, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Ferté, Agnès, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, Gómez-Valent, Adrià, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Andronikos, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, Poulin, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Solà, Joan, Bruck, Carsten van de, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., and Yang, Weiqiang

Subjects
astro-ph.CO, hep-ph, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

A precise measurement of the curvature of the Universe is of primeval importance for cosmology since it could not only confirm the paradigm of primordial inflation but also help in discriminating between different early Universe scenarios. The recent observations, while broadly consistent with a spatially flat standard $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter ($\Lambda$CDM) model, are showing tensions that still allow (and, in some cases, even suggest) a few percent deviations from a flat universe. In particular, the Planck Cosmic Microwave Background power spectra, assuming the nominal likelihood, prefer a closed universe at more than 99\% confidence level. While new physics could be in action, this anomaly may be the result of an unresolved systematic error or just a statistical fluctuation. However, since a positive curvature allows a larger age of the Universe, an accurate determination of the age of the oldest objects provides a smoking gun in confirming or falsifying the current flat $\Lambda$CDM model.

Published
2020

7. Cosmology Intertwined I:Perspectives for the Next Decade

Author

Di Valentino, Eleonora, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Ozgur, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyros, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, François R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jens, Chudaykin, Anton, Colgáin, Eoin Ó, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, de Bernardis, Paolo, Pérez, Javier de Cruz, Delabrouille, Jacques, Dunkley, Jo, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Ferté, Agnès, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, Gómez-Valent, Adrià, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Andronikos, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, Poulin, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Solà, Joan, van de Bruck, Carsten, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., and Yang, Weiqiang

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), astro-ph.CO, FOS: Physical sciences, hep-ph, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The standard $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model provides an amazing description of a wide range of astrophysical and astronomical data. However, there are a few big open questions, that make the standard model look like a first-order approximation to a more realistic scenario that still needs to be fully understood. In this Letter of Interest we will list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, also taking into account the current discordances present between the different cosmological probes, as the Hubble constant $H_0$ value, the $\sigma_8 - S_8$ tension, and the anomalies present in the Planck results. Finally, we will give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space-missions and facilities on Earth, that will be of crucial importance to address all these questions., Comment: Snowmass2021 - Letter of Interest

Published
2020

8. Cosmology Intertwined IV: The Age of the Universe and its Curvature

Author

Di Valentino, Eleonora, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Ozgur, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyros, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, Fran��ois R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jens, Chudaykin, Anton, Colg��in, Eoin ��, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, de Bernardis, Paolo, P��rez, Javier de Cruz, Delabrouille, Jacques, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Fert��, Agn��s, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, G��mez-Valent, Adri��, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Andronikos, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, Poulin, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Sol��, Joan, van de Bruck, Carsten, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., and Yang, Weiqiang

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

A precise measurement of the curvature of the Universe is of primeval importance for cosmology since it could not only confirm the paradigm of primordial inflation but also help in discriminating between different early Universe scenarios. The recent observations, while broadly consistent with a spatially flat standard $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter ($\Lambda$CDM) model, are showing tensions that still allow (and, in some cases, even suggest) a few percent deviations from a flat universe. In particular, the Planck Cosmic Microwave Background power spectra, assuming the nominal likelihood, prefer a closed universe at more than 99\% confidence level. While new physics could be in action, this anomaly may be the result of an unresolved systematic error or just a statistical fluctuation. However, since a positive curvature allows a larger age of the Universe, an accurate determination of the age of the oldest objects provides a smoking gun in confirming or falsifying the current flat $\Lambda$CDM model., Comment: Snowmass2021 - Letter of Interest

Published
2020

9. Cosmology Intertwined II: The Hubble Constant Tension

Author

Di Valentino, Eleonora, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Ozgur, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyros, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, François R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jens, Chudaykin, Anton, Colgáin, Eoin Ó, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, de Bernardis, Paolo, Pérez, Javier de Cruz, Delabrouille, Jacques, Dunkley, Jo, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Ferté, Agnès, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, Gómez-Valent, Adrià, Guy, Julien, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Andronikos, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, Poulin, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Solà, Joan, van de Bruck, Carsten, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., and Yang, Weiqiang

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The current cosmological probes have provided a fantastic confirmation of the standard $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model, that has been constrained with unprecedented accuracy. However, with the increase of the experimental sensitivity a few statistically significant tensions between different independent cosmological datasets emerged. While these tensions can be in portion the result of systematic errors, the persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the need for new physics. In this Letter of Interest we will focus on the $4.4\sigma$ tension between the Planck estimate of the Hubble constant $H_0$ and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the $H_0$ evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we will list a few interesting new physics models that could solve this tension and discuss how the next decade experiments will be crucial., Comment: Snowmass2021 - Letter of Interest

Published
2020
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10. Cosmology Intertwined III: $f ��_8$ and $S_8$

Author

Di Valentino, Eleonora, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Ozgur, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyros, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, Fran��ois R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jens, Chudaykin, Anton, Colg��in, Eoin ��, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, de Bernardis, Paolo, P��rez, Javier de Cruz, Delabrouille, Jacques, Dunkley, Jo, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Fert��, Agn��s, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, G��mez-Valent, Adri��, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Andronikos, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, Poulin, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Sol��, Joan, van de Bruck, Carsten, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., and Yang, Weiqiang

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The standard $��$ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model provides a wonderful fit to current cosmological data, but a few tensions and anomalies became statistically significant with the latest data analyses. While these anomalies could be due to the presence of systematic errors in the experiments, they could also indicate the need for new physics beyond the standard model. In this Letter of Interest we focus on the tension of the Planck data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density $��_m$, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure ($��_8,f��_8$). We list a few interesting models for solving this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit with a single model a full array of data and not just one parameter at a time., Snowmass2021 - Letter of Interest

Published
2020
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11. H0LiCOW XIII. A 2.4% measurement of $H_{0}$ from lensed quasars: $5.3\sigma$ tension between early and late-Universe probes

Author

Wong, Kenneth C., Suyu, Sherry H., Chen, Geoff C. -F., Rusu, Cristian E., Millon, Martin, Sluse, Dominique, Bonvin, Vivien, Fassnacht, Christopher D., Taubenberger, Stefan, Auger, Matthew W., Birrer, Simon, Chan, James H. H., Courbin, Frederic, Hilbert, Stefan, Tihhonova, Olga, Treu, Tommaso, Agnello, Adriano, Ding, Xuheng, Jee, Inh, Komatsu, Eiichiro, Shajib, Anowar J., Sonnenfeld, Alessandro, Blandford, Roger D., Koopmans, Leon V. E., Marshall, Philip J., and Meylan, Georges

Subjects
Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a measurement of the Hubble constant ($H_{0}$) and other cosmological parameters from a joint analysis of six gravitationally lensed quasars with measured time delays. All lenses except the first are analyzed blindly with respect to the cosmological parameters. In a flat $\Lambda$CDM cosmology, we find $H_{0} = 73.3_{-1.8}^{+1.7}$, a 2.4% precision measurement, in agreement with local measurements of $H_{0}$ from type Ia supernovae calibrated by the distance ladder, but in $3.1\sigma$ tension with $Planck$ observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This method is completely independent of both the supernovae and CMB analyses. A combination of time-delay cosmography and the distance ladder results is in $5.3\sigma$ tension with $Planck$ CMB determinations of $H_{0}$ in flat $\Lambda$CDM. We compute Bayes factors to verify that all lenses give statistically consistent results, showing that we are not underestimating our uncertainties and are able to control our systematics. We explore extensions to flat $\Lambda$CDM using constraints from time-delay cosmography alone, as well as combinations with other cosmological probes, including CMB observations from $Planck$, baryon acoustic oscillations, and type Ia supernovae. Time-delay cosmography improves the precision of the other probes, demonstrating the strong complementarity. Allowing for spatial curvature does not resolve the tension with $Planck$. Using the distance constraints from time-delay cosmography to anchor the type Ia supernova distance scale, we reduce the sensitivity of our $H_0$ inference to cosmological model assumptions. For six different cosmological models, our combined inference on $H_{0}$ ranges from $\sim73$-$78~\mathrm{km~s^{-1}~Mpc^{-1}}$, which is consistent with the local distance ladder constraints., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 23 pages, 13 figures, 8 tables

Published
2019

12. Is every strong lens model unhappy in its own way? Uniform modelling of a sample of 12 quadruply+ imaged quasars

Author

Shajib, A. J., Birrer, S., Treu, T., Auger, M. W., Agnello, A., Anguita, T., Buckley-Geer, E. J., Chan, J. H. H., Collett, T. E., Courbin, F., Fassnacht, C. D., Frieman, J., Kayo, I., Lemon, C., Lin, H., Marshall, P. J., McMahon, R., More, A., Morgan, N. D., Motta, V., Oguri, M., Ostrovski, F., Rusu, C. E., Schechter, P. L., Shanks, T., Suyu, S. H., Meylan, G., Abbott, T. M. C., Allam, S., Annis, J., Avila, S., Bertin, E., Brooks, D., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Cunha, C. E., Costa, L. N. da, Vicente, J. De, Desai, S., Doel, P., Flaugher, B., Fosalba, P., García-Bellido, J., Gerdes, D. W., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gutierrez, G., Hartley, W. G., Hollowood, D. L., Hoyle, B., James, D. J., Kuehn, K., Kuropatkin, N., Lahav, O., Lima, M., Maia, M. A. G., March, M., Marshall, J. L., Melchior, P., Menanteau, F., Miquel, R., Plazas, A. A., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, M., Soares-Santos, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E. C., Tarle, G., and Walker, A. R.

Subjects
astro-ph.GA, RCUK, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, STFC
Abstract

Strong-gravitational lens systems with quadruply-imaged quasars (quads) are unique probes to address several fundamental problems in cosmology and astrophysics. Although they are intrinsically very rare, ongoing and planned wide-field deep-sky surveys are set to discover thousands of such systems in the next decade. It is thus paramount to devise a general framework to model strong-lens systems to cope with this large influx without being limited by expert investigator time. We propose such a general modelling framework (implemented with the publicly available software Lenstronomy) and apply it to uniformly model three band Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 images of 12 quads. This is the largest uniformly modelled sample of quads to date and paves the way for a variety of studies. To illustrate the scientific content of the sample, we investigate the alignment between the mass and light distribution in the deflectors. The position angles of these distributions are well-aligned, except when there is strong external shear. However, we find no correlation between the ellipticity of the light and mass distributions. We also show that the observed flux-ratios between the images depart significantly from the predictions of simple smooth models. The departures are strongest in the bluest band, consistent with microlensing being the dominant cause in addition to millilensing. Future papers will exploit this rich dataset in combination with ground based spectroscopy and time delays to determine quantities such as the Hubble constant, the free streaming length of dark matter, and the normalization of the initial stellar mass function.

Published
2019

13. H0LiCOW XIII. A 2.4% measurement of $H_{0}$ from lensed quasars: $5.3��$ tension between early and late-Universe probes

Author

Wong, Kenneth C., Suyu, Sherry H., Chen, Geoff C. -F., Rusu, Cristian E., Millon, Martin, Sluse, Dominique, Bonvin, Vivien, Fassnacht, Christopher D., Taubenberger, Stefan, Auger, Matthew W., Birrer, Simon, Chan, James H. H., Courbin, Frederic, Hilbert, Stefan, Tihhonova, Olga, Treu, Tommaso, Agnello, Adriano, Ding, Xuheng, Jee, Inh, Komatsu, Eiichiro, Shajib, Anowar J., Sonnenfeld, Alessandro, Blandford, Roger D., Koopmans, Leon V. E., Marshall, Philip J., and Meylan, Georges

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a measurement of the Hubble constant ($H_{0}$) and other cosmological parameters from a joint analysis of six gravitationally lensed quasars with measured time delays. All lenses except the first are analyzed blindly with respect to the cosmological parameters. In a flat $��$CDM cosmology, we find $H_{0} = 73.3_{-1.8}^{+1.7}$, a 2.4% precision measurement, in agreement with local measurements of $H_{0}$ from type Ia supernovae calibrated by the distance ladder, but in $3.1��$ tension with $Planck$ observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This method is completely independent of both the supernovae and CMB analyses. A combination of time-delay cosmography and the distance ladder results is in $5.3��$ tension with $Planck$ CMB determinations of $H_{0}$ in flat $��$CDM. We compute Bayes factors to verify that all lenses give statistically consistent results, showing that we are not underestimating our uncertainties and are able to control our systematics. We explore extensions to flat $��$CDM using constraints from time-delay cosmography alone, as well as combinations with other cosmological probes, including CMB observations from $Planck$, baryon acoustic oscillations, and type Ia supernovae. Time-delay cosmography improves the precision of the other probes, demonstrating the strong complementarity. Allowing for spatial curvature does not resolve the tension with $Planck$. Using the distance constraints from time-delay cosmography to anchor the type Ia supernova distance scale, we reduce the sensitivity of our $H_0$ inference to cosmological model assumptions. For six different cosmological models, our combined inference on $H_{0}$ ranges from $\sim73$-$78~\mathrm{km~s^{-1}~Mpc^{-1}}$, which is consistent with the local distance ladder constraints., Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 23 pages, 13 figures, 8 tables

Published
2019
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14. H0LiCOW-XIII. A 2.4 per cent measurement of H-0 from lensed quasars: 5.3 sigma tension between early- and late-Universe probes

Author

Wong, Kenneth C., Suyu, Sherry H., Chen, Geoff C-F, Rusu, Cristian E., Millon, Martin, Sluse, Dominique, Bonvin, Vivien, Fassnacht, Christopher D., Taubenberger, Stefan, Auger, Matthew W., Birrer, Simon, Chan, James H. H., Courbin, Frederic, Hilbert, Stefan, Tihhonova, Olga, Treu, Tommaso, Agnello, Adriano, Ding, Xuheng, Jee, Inh, Komatsu, Eiichiro, Shajib, Anowar J., Sonnenfeld, Alessandro, Blandford, Roger D., Koopmans, Leon V. E., Marshall, Philip J., and Meylan, Georges

Subjects
galaxy-group identification, cosmic distance scale, time delays, internal structure, gravitational lensing: strong, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, distance scale, hubble constant, cosmology: observations, he 0435-1223, cosmological constraints, gravitational lens, cosmological parameters, sound-horizon, spectroscopic survey
Abstract

We present a measurement of the Hubble constant (H-0) and other cosmological parameters from a joint analysis of six gravitationally lensed quasars with measured time delays. All lenses except the first are analysed blindly with respect to the cosmological parameters. In a flat Lambda cold dark matter (Lambda CDM) cosmology, we find H-0 = 73.3(-1.8)(+1.7) km s(-1) Mpc(-1), a 2.4 per cent precision measurement, in agreement with local measurements of H-0 from type Ia supernovae calibrated by the distance ladder, but in 3.1 sigma tension with Planck observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This method is completely independent of both the supernovae and CMB analyses. A combination of time-delay cosmography and the distance ladder results is in 5.3 sigma tension with Planck CMB determinations of H-0 in flat Lambda CDM. We compute Bayes factors to verify that all lenses give statistically consistent results, showing that we are not underestimating our uncertainties and are able to control our systematics. We explore extensions to flat Lambda CDM using constraints from time-delay cosmography alone, as well as combinations with other cosmological probes, including CMB observations from Planck, baryon acoustic oscillations, and type Ia supernovae. Time-delay cosmography improves the precision of the other probes, demonstrating the strong complementarity. Allowing for spatial curvature does not resolve the tension with Planck. Using the distance constraints from time-delay cosmography to anchor the type Ia supernova distance scale, we reduce the sensitivity of our H-0 inference to cosmological model assumptions. For six different cosmological models, our combined inference on H-0 ranges from similar to 73 to 78 km s(-1) Mpc(-1), which is consistent with the local distance ladder constraints.

15. Snowmass2021 - Letter of interest cosmology intertwined IV: The age of the universe and its curvature

Author

Shahab Joudaki, Licia Verde, Mario Ballardini, Daniela Paoletti, Arindam Mazumdar, F. Piacentini, Antonella Palmese, Daniel E. Holz, Eleonora Di Valentino, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Valerio Marra, Jens Chluba, Rafael C. Nunes, Javier de Cruz Pérez, Julien Lesgourgues, Valeria Pettorino, Jacques Delabrouille, Anjan A. Sen, Mikhail M. Ivanov, Angela Chen, J. Muir, Alessio Notari, Özgür Akarsu, Luca Visinelli, Salvatore Capozziello, Paolo de Bernardis, Cristian Moreno-Pulido, Fabio Finelli, David Camarena, Sabino Matarrese, Marc Kamionkowski, Florian Niedermann, Elia S. Battistelli, Elena Giusarma, Dragan Huterer, Celia Escamilla-Rivera, Joan Solà Peracaula, Eoin Ó Colgáin, Nikki Arendse, Anil Kumar Yadav, Adrià Gómez-Valent, Carsten van de Bruck, Marika Asgari, Marco Raveri, David F. Mota, Jian-Min Wang, Emmanuel N. Saridakis, Francesco Pace, Anton Chudaykin, Joseph Silk, Laura Mersini-Houghton, Spyros Basilakos, Erminia Calabrese, Micol Benetti, Noemi Frusciante, Tanvi Karwal, Francis-Yan Cyr-Racine, Wendy L. Freedman, Benjamin D. Wandelt, Will Handley, Yacine Ali-Haïmoud, Agnès Ferté, Arman Shafieloo, Silvia Masi, Alan Heavens, Suresh Kumar, Tristan L. Smith, Marco Bruni, Weiqiang Yang, Alessandro Melchiorri, Hendrik Hildebrandt, Deng Wang, Alessandra Silvestri, Matteo Lucca, Martin S. Sloth, Andronikos Paliathanasis, Ankan Mukherjee, Lloyd Knox, Adam G. Riess, Luca Amendola, Vincenzo Salzano, Olga Mena, Vivian Miranda, Ian Harrison, Vivian Poulin, Luke Hart, François R. Bouchet, Simon Birrer, Luca Lamagna, Anowar J. Shajib, Supriya Pan, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Di Valentino, Eleonora, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Akarsu, Özgür, Ali-Haimoud, Yacine, Amendola, Luca, Arendse, Nikki, Asgari, Marika, Ballardini, Mario, Basilakos, Spyro, Battistelli, Elia, Benetti, Micol, Birrer, Simon, Bouchet, François R., Bruni, Marco, Calabrese, Erminia, Camarena, David, Capozziello, Salvatore, Chen, Angela, Chluba, Jen, Chudaykin, Anton, Colgáin, Eoin Ó, Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan, de Bernardis, Paolo, de Cruz Pérez, Javier, Delabrouille, Jacque, Escamilla-Rivera, Celia, Ferté, Agnè, Finelli, Fabio, Freedman, Wendy, Frusciante, Noemi, Giusarma, Elena, Gómez-Valent, Adrià, Handley, Will, Harrison, Ian, Hart, Luke, Heavens, Alan, Hildebrandt, Hendrik, Holz, Daniel, Huterer, Dragan, Ivanov, Mikhail M., Joudaki, Shahab, Kamionkowski, Marc, Karwal, Tanvi, Knox, Lloyd, Kumar, Suresh, Lamagna, Luca, Lesgourgues, Julien, Lucca, Matteo, Marra, Valerio, Masi, Silvia, Matarrese, Sabino, Mazumdar, Arindam, Melchiorri, Alessandro, Mena, Olga, Mersini-Houghton, Laura, Miranda, Vivian, Moreno-Pulido, Cristian, Mota, David F., Muir, Jessica, Mukherjee, Ankan, Niedermann, Florian, Notari, Alessio, Nunes, Rafael C., Pace, Francesco, Paliathanasis, Androniko, Palmese, Antonella, Pan, Supriya, Paoletti, Daniela, Pettorino, Valeria, Piacentini, Francesco, Poulin, Vivian, Raveri, Marco, Riess, Adam G., Salzano, Vincenzo, Saridakis, Emmanuel N., Sen, Anjan A., Shafieloo, Arman, Shajib, Anowar J., Silk, Joseph, Silvestri, Alessandra, Sloth, Martin S., Smith, Tristan L., Solà Peracaula, Joan, van de Bruck, Carsten, Verde, Licia, Visinelli, Luca, Wandelt, Benjamin D., Wang, Deng, Wang, Jian-Min, Yadav, Anil K., and Yang, Weiqiang

Subjects
Cold dark matter, satellite: Planck, Age of the universe, media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic microwave background, anomaly, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, dark matter: density, 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, NO, symbols.namesake, cosmological model: parameter space, 0103 physical sciences, Planck, cosmic background radiation: power spectrum, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, media_common, Inflation (cosmology), Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, new physics, PE9_14, Shape of the universe, Astronomy and Astrophysics, tension, Universe, inflation: model, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, curvature, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], symbols, fluctuation: statistical, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

A precise measurement of the curvature of the Universe is of prime importance for cosmology since it could not only confirm the paradigm of primordial inflation but also help in discriminating between different early-Universe scenarios. Recent observations, while broadly consistent with a spatially flat standard Λ Cold Dark Matter ( Λ CDM) model, show tensions that still allow (and, in some cases, even suggest) a few percent deviations from a flat universe. In particular, the Planck Cosmic Microwave Background power spectra, assuming the nominal likelihood, prefer a closed universe at more than 99% confidence level. While new physics could be at play, this anomaly may be the result of an unresolved systematic error or just a statistical fluctuation. However, since positive curvature allows a larger age of the Universe, an accurate determination of the age of the oldest objects provides a smoking gun in confirming or falsifying the current flat Λ CDM model.

Published
2021
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16. STRIDES: a 3.9 per cent measurement of the Hubble constant from the strong lens system DES J0408-5354

Author

Frederic Courbin, R. L. C. Ogando, M. Costanzi, Elisabeth Krause, Anupreeta More, Marcelle Soares-Santos, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, Antonella Palmese, Daniel Thomas, E. Buckley-Geer, M. A. G. Maia, N. Kuropatkin, David J. Brooks, Matthew W. Auger, B. Flaugher, M. Millon, Keith Bechtol, F. J. Castander, L. N. da Costa, Simon Birrer, A. Roodman, J. Poh, J. Gschwend, T. M. C. Abbott, G. Gutierrez, V. Scarpine, M. Sako, Daniel Scolnic, Peter Doel, Peter Melchior, D. L. Hollowood, S. Serrano, Basilio X. Santiago, A. R. Walker, G. Tarle, Timo Anguita, E. J. Sanchez, Ramon Miquel, A. K. Romer, Christopher D. Fassnacht, D. Brout, Anowar J. Shajib, Yanxi Zhang, Thomas E. Collett, Jennifer L. Marshall, Daniel Gilman, Marcos Lima, Joshua A. Frieman, Tenglin Li, Dominique Sluse, Tommaso Treu, E. Suchyta, Niall MacCrann, Geoff C. F. Chen, August E. Evrard, D. A. Finley, F. Paz-Chinchón, J. Carretero, J. De Vicente, Chiara Spiniello, Kenneth C. Wong, S. Desai, Cristian Rusu, A. Galan, M. Carrasco Kind, Richard G. McMahon, James H. H. Chan, J. P. Dietrich, Juan Garcia-Bellido, C. Lemon, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Dragan Huterer, J. Annis, Lise Christensen, M. Smith, Daniel Gruen, D. W. Gerdes, A. A. Plazas, D. L. Burke, Robert A. Gruendl, Huan Lin, Tesla E. Jeltema, K. Honscheid, Adriano Agnello, A. Carnero Rosell, G. Meylan, David J. James, Pablo Fosalba, Salcedo Romero de Ávila, Vivien Bonvin, Michael Schubnell, National Science Foundation (US), Danish Council for Independent Research, Villum Fonden, Swiss National Science Foundation, European Commission, Ministry of Education (Taiwan), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Department of Energy (US), Shajib, A. J., Birrer, S., Treu, T., Agnello, A., Buckley-Geer, E. J., Chan, J. H. H., Christensen, L., Lemon, C., Lin, H., Millon, M., Poh, J., Rusu, C. E., Sluse, D., Spiniello, C., Chen, G. C. -F., Collett, T., Courbin, F., Fassnacht, C. D., Frieman, J., Galan, A., Gilman, D., More, A., Anguita, T., Auger, M. W., Bonvin, V., Mcmahon, R., Meylan, G., Wong, K. C., Abbott, T. M. C., Annis, J., Avila, S., Bechtol, K., Brooks, D., Brout, D., Burke, D. L., Carnero Rosell, A., Carrasco Kind, M., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Costanzi Alunno Cerbolini, M., da Costa, L. N., De Vicente, J., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Doel, P., Drlica-Wagner, A., Evrard, A. E., Finley, D. A., Flaugher, B., Fosalba, P., García-Bellido, J., Gerdes, D. W., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Gutierrez, G., Hollowood, D. L., Honscheid, K., Huterer, D., James, D. J., Jeltema, T., Krause, E., Kuropatkin, N., Li, T. S., Lima, M., Maccrann, N., Maia, M. A. G., Marshall, J. L., Melchior, P., Miquel, R., Ogando, R. L. C., Palmese, A., Paz-Chinchón, F., Plazas, A. A., Romer, A. K., Roodman, A., Sako, M., Sanchez, E., Santiago, B., Scarpine, V., Schubnell, M., Scolnic, D., Serrano, S., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, M., Soares-Santos, M., Suchyta, E., Tarle, G., Thomas, D., Walker, A. R., Zhang, Y., McMahon, Richard [0000-0001-8447-8869], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), time delays, Cosmic microwave background, Cosmological parameters, internal structure, h-0, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, acs survey, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, distance scale, strong [Gravitational lensing], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Cosmology, law.invention, symbols.namesake, models, multi-gaussian expansion, law, 0103 physical sciences, cosmological parameters, observations [Cosmology], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, STFC, gravitational lensing: strong, cosmology: observations, Physics, Distance scale, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Angular diameter distance, Cosmic distance ladder, RCUK, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, density profile, elliptic galaxies, Redshift, Lens (optics), stellar-systems, Space and Planetary Science, symbols, astro-ph.CO, mass, cosmological parameter, Hubble's law, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Full author list: A J Shajib, S Birrer, T Treu, A Agnello, E J Buckley-Geer, J H H Chan, L Christensen, C Lemon, H Lin, M Millon, J Poh, C E Rusu, D Sluse, C Spiniello, G C-F Chen, T Collett, F Courbin, C D Fassnacht, J Frieman, A Galan, D Gilman, A More, T Anguita, M W Auger, V Bonvin, R McMahon, G Meylan, K C Wong, T M C Abbott, J Annis, S Avila, K Bechtol, D Brooks, D Brout, D L Burke, A Carnero Rosell, M Carrasco Kind, J Carretero, F J Castander, M Costanzi, L N da Costa, J De Vicente, S Desai, J P Dietrich, P Doel, A Drlica-Wagner, A E Evrard, D A Finley, B Flaugher, P Fosalba, J García-Bellido, D W Gerdes, D Gruen, R A Gruendl, J Gschwend, G Gutierrez, D L Hollowood, K Honscheid, D Huterer, D J James, T Jeltema, E Krause, N Kuropatkin, T S Li, M Lima, N MacCrann, M A G Maia, J L Marshall, P Melchior, R Miquel, R L C Ogando, A Palmese, F Paz-Chinchón, A A Plazas, A K Romer, A Roodman, M Sako, E Sanchez, B Santiago, V Scarpine, M Schubnell, D Scolnic, S Serrano, I Sevilla-Noarbe, M Smith, M Soares-Santos, E Suchyta, G Tarle, D Thomas, A R Walker, Y Zhang, We present a blind time-delay cosmographic analysis for the lens system DES J0408-5354. This system is extraordinary for the presence of two sets of multiple images at different redshifts, which provide the opportunity to obtain more information at the cost of increased modelling complexity with respect to previously analysed systems. We perform detailed modelling of the mass distribution for this lens system using three band Hubble Space Telescope imaging. We combine the measured time delays, line-of-sight central velocity dispersion of the deflector, and statistically constrained external convergence with our lens models to estimate two cosmological distances. We measure the 'effective' time-delay distance corresponding to the redshifts of the deflector and the lensed quasar DΔ t eff=3382-115+146 Mpc and the angular diameter distance to the deflector Dd = 1711-280+376 Mpc, with covariance between the two distances. From these constraints on the cosmological distances, we infer the Hubble constant H0= 74.2-3.0+2.7 km s-1 Mpc-1 assuming a flat ΛCDM cosmology and a uniform prior for ωm as \Omega m ∼ \mathcal {U(0.05, 0.5). This measurement gives the most precise constraint on H0 to date from a single lens. Our measurement is consistent with that obtained from the previous sample of six lenses analysed by the H0 Lenses in COSMOGRAIL's Wellspring (H0LiCOW) collaboration. It is also consistent with measurements of H0 based on the local distance ladder, reinforcing the tension with the inference from early Universe probes, for example, with 2.2σ discrepancy from the cosmic microwave background measurement., TT acknowledges support by the Packard Foundation through a Packard Research fellowship and by the National Science Foundation through NSF grants AST-1714953 and AST-1906976. This project is partly funded by the Danish council for independent research under the project ‘Fundamentals of Dark Matter Structures’, DFF - 6108-00470. AA was supported by a grant from VILLUM FONDEN (project number 16599). JHHC, MM, CL, DS, FC, and AG acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (COSMICLENS: grant agreement No 787866). CS has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions grant agreement No 664931. GCFC acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education in Taiwan via Government Scholarship to Study Abroad (GSSA). CDF and GCFC acknowledge support for this work from the National Science Foundation under Grant No AST-1715611. TA acknowledges support from Proyecto FONDECYT N○ 1190335. KCW was supported by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan. This work used computational and storage services associated with the Hoffman2 Shared Cluster provided by UCLA Institute for Digital Research and Education’s Research Technology Group. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) through allocation TG-AST190038, which is supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562 (Towns et al. 2014). Specifically, this work used the Comet and Oasis system at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), and the Bridges system, which is supported by NSF award number ACI-1445606, at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC, Nystrom et al. 2015). AJS thanks Smadar Naoz for providing access to additional computing nodes on the Hoffman2 Shared Cluster and Khalid Jawed for assisting with additional computational resources from the Structures–Computer Interaction Laboratory at UCLA. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2015-71825, ESP2015-66861, FPA2015-68048, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020, and the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) e-Universe (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2).

Published
2020

17. STRIDES: Spectroscopic and photometric characterization of the environment and effects of mass along the line of sight to the gravitational lenses DES J0408-5354 and WGD 2038-4008

Author

F. J. Castander, B. Flaugher, Peter Doel, H. T. Diehl, Josh Frieman, Samuel Hinton, E. J. Sanchez, G. Gutierrez, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, N. Kuropatkin, T. N. Varga, L. N. da Costa, Peter Melchior, Douglas L. Tucker, Kyler Kuehn, Sunayana Bhargava, Huan Lin, M. E. C. Swanson, K. Honscheid, J. Carretero, F. Paz-Chinchón, V. Scarpine, Jennifer L. Marshall, M. Costanzi, Tim Eifler, Santiago Avila, Michael Schubnell, Lise Christensen, Antonella Palmese, G. Tarle, E. Buckley-Geer, G. Meylan, M. Smith, David J. James, Daniel Gruen, M. A. G. Maia, Marcelle Soares-Santos, S. Desai, Cristian Rusu, Felipe Menanteau, E. Bertin, S. Serrano, David J. Brooks, Pablo Fosalba, Tommaso Treu, J. Poh, Anowar J. Shajib, Michel Aguena, J. Gschwend, A. Carnero Rosell, S. Allam, Robert A. Gruendl, A. A. Plazas, E. Suchyta, Simon Birrer, A. Agnello, S. Everett, Ramon Miquel, Thomas E. Collett, R. L. C. Ogando, Christopher D. Fassnacht, Juan Garcia-Bellido, Kenneth C. Wong, M. Carrasco Kind, Sampath Mukherjee, Enrique Gaztanaga, Timo Anguita, J. De Vicente, Buckley-Geer, E J, Lin, H, Rusu, C E, Poh, J, Palmese, A, Agnello, A, Christensen, L, Frieman, J, Shajib, A J, Treu, T, Collett, T, Birrer, S, Anguita, T, Fassnacht, C D, Meylan, G, Mukherjee, S, Wong, K C, Aguena, M, Allam, S, Avila, S, Bertin, E, Bhargava, S, Brooks, D, Carnero&nbsp, Rosell, A, Carrasco&nbsp, Kind, M, Carretero, J, Castander, F J, Costanzi, M, da&nbsp, Costa, L N, De&nbsp, Vicente, J, Desai, S, Diehl, H T, Doel, P, Eifler, T F, Everett, S, Flaugher, B, Fosalba, P, García-Bellido, J, Gaztanaga, E, Gruen, D, Gruendl, R A, Gschwend, J, Gutierrez, G, Hinton, S R, Honscheid, K, James, D J, Kuehn, K, Kuropatkin, N, Maia, M A G, Marshall, J L, Melchior, P, Menanteau, F, Miquel, R, Ogando, R L C, Paz-Chinchón, F, Plazas, A A, Sanchez, E, Scarpine, V, Schubnell, M, Serrano, S, Sevilla-Noarbe, I, Smith, M, Soares-Santos, M, Suchyta, E, Swanson, M E C, Tarle, G, Tucker, D L, Varga, T N, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DES, European Space Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Research Council, European Commission, and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)

Subjects
Software_OPERATINGSYSTEMS, redshifts, ANGULAR MASKS, h-0, quasars: individual: des j0408-5354, wgd 2038-4008, Astrophysics, I, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Gravitation, individual: DES J0408-5354, WGD 2038-4008 [quasars], galaxies: groups: general, clusters, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, galaxy-group identification, Line-of-sight, individual: DES J0408-5354 [quasars], gravitational lensing: strong, Velocity dispersion, ComputerSystemsOrganization_PROCESSORARCHITECTURES, i, WGD 2038–4008, STELLAR POPULATION SYNTHESIS, strong [gravitational lensing], quasars: individual: DES J0408–5354, stellar population synthesis, quasars: individual: DES J0408-5354, WGD 2038-4008, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), QUASARES, ComputingMethodologies_SIMULATIONANDMODELING, FOS: Physical sciences, Probability density function, Data_CODINGANDINFORMATIONTHEORY, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, REDSHIFTS, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxie, evolution, 0103 physical sciences, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, GALAXY-GROUP IDENTIFICATION, STFC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, groups: general [galaxies], H-0, RCUK, resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, angular masks, Redshift, Galaxy, EVOLUTION, RESOLUTION, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], CLUSTERS
Abstract

The DES Collaboration: et al., In time-delay cosmography, three of the key ingredients are (1) determining the velocity dispersion of the lensing galaxy, (2) identifying galaxies and groups along the line of sight with sufficient proximity and mass to be included in the mass model, and (3) estimating the external convergence κext from less massive structures that are not included in the mass model. We present results on all three of these ingredients for two time-delay lensed quad quasar systems, DES J0408–5354 and WGD 2038–4008 . We use the Gemini, Magellan, and VLT telescopes to obtain spectra to both measure the stellar velocity dispersions of the main lensing galaxies and to identify the line-of-sight galaxies in these systems. Next, we identify 10 groups in DES J0408–5354 and two groups in WGD 2038–4008 using a group-finding algorithm. We then identify the most significant galaxy and galaxy-group perturbers using the ‘flexion shift’ criterion. We determine the probability distribution function of the external convergence κext for both of these systems based on our spectroscopy and on the DES-only multiband wide-field observations. Using weighted galaxy counts, calibrated based on the Millennium Simulation, we find that DES J0408–5354 is located in a significantly underdense environment, leading to a tight (width ∼3 per cent⁠), negative-value κext distribution. On the other hand, WGD 2038–4008 is located in an environment of close to unit density, and its low source redshift results in a much tighter κext of ∼1 per cent⁠, as long as no external shear constraints are imposed., JP would like to thank Gourav Khullar for his help and insightful discussions that helped improve the analysis in this paper. This work made use of computing resources and support provided by the Research Computing Center at the University of Chicago. JP is supported in part by the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago through grant NSF PHY-1125897 and an endowment from the Kavli Foundation and its founder Fred Kavli. AJS was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) grant HST-GO-15320. AJS was also supported by the Dissertation Year Fellowship from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) graduate division. TA acknowledges support from Proyecto FONDECYT N: 1190335. This work was supported by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan. CDF acknowledges support for this work from the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-1715611. SM acknowledges the funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the EUs Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (COSMICLENS; grant agreement No. 787886). Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2015-71825, ESP2015-88861, FPA2015-68048, SEV-2012-0234, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.

Published
2020
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