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Your search keyword '"GEORGE, E. M."' showing total 25 results
Start Over Author "GEORGE, E. M." Topic astronomy and astrophysics
25 results on '"GEORGE, E. M."'

1. Cluster Cosmology Constraints from the 2500 deg$^2$ SPT-SZ Survey: Inclusion of Weak Gravitational Lensing Data from Magellan and the Hubble Space Telescope

Author

Bocquet, S., Dietrich, J. P., Schrabback, T., Bleem, L. E., Klein, M., Allen, S. W., Applegate, D. E., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Brodwin, M., Bulbul, E., Canning, R. E. A., Capasso, R., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. -M., Clocchiatti, A. Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., Garmire, G. P., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Grandis, S., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Jones, C., Khullar, G., Knox, L., Kraft, R., Lee, A. T., von der Linden, A., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., McDonald, M., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Morris, R. G., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Rapetti, D., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Strazzullo, V., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zenteno, A., Bocquet, S., Dietrich, J. P., Schrabback, T., Bleem, L. E., Klein, M., Allen, S. W., Applegate, D. E., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Brodwin, M., Bulbul, E., Canning, R. E. A., Capasso, R., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. -M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T., M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., Garmire, G. P., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Grandis, S., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Jones, C., Khullar, G., Knox, L., Kraft, R., Lee, A. T., von der Linden, A., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Morris, R. G., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Rapetti, D., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Strazzullo, V., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, cosmological parameters, cosmology: observations, galaxies: clusters: general, large-scale structure of universe, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, clusters: general [galaxies], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Weak gravitational lensing, Galaxy cluster, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Equation of state (cosmology), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Redshift, Space and Planetary Science, Log-normal distribution, symbols, Dark energy, cosmological parameter, observation [cosmology], Hubble's law
Abstract

We derive cosmological constraints using a galaxy cluster sample selected from the 2500~deg$^2$ SPT-SZ survey. The sample spans the redshift range $0.25< z5$. The sample is supplemented with optical weak gravitational lensing measurements of 32 clusters with $0.29, Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ (v2 is accepted version), the catalog can be found at https://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/sptsz-clusters/

Published
2018
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2. Improving Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Cluster Number Counts with CMB-cluster-lensing Data: Results from the SPT-SZ Survey and Forecasts for the Future

Author

P. S. Chaubal, C. L. Reichardt, N. Gupta, B. Ansarinejad, K. Aylor, L. Balkenhol, E. J. Baxter, F. Bianchini, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, S. Bocquet, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, T. de Haan, M. A. Dobbs, W. B. Everett, B. Floyd, E. M. George, N. W. Halverson, W. L. Holzapfel, J. D. Hrubes, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, D. Luong-Van, J. J. McMahon, S. S. Meyer, L. M. Mocanu, J. J. Mohr, T. Natoli, S. Padin, C. Pryke, J. E. Ruhl, F. Ruppin, L. Salvati, A. Saro, K. K. Schaffer, E. Shirokoff, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, J. D. Vieira, R. Williamson, Chaubal, P. S., Reichardt, C. L., Gupta, N., Ansarinejad, B., Aylor, K., Balkenhol, L., Baxter, E. J., Bianchini, F., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W. B., Floyd, B., George, E. M., Halverson, N. W., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Luong-Van, D., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Natoli, T., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Ruhl, J. E., Ruppin, F., Salvati, L., Saro, A., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Vieira, J. D., and Williamson, R.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, cosmology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We show the improvement to cosmological constraints from galaxy cluster surveys with the addition of CMB-cluster lensing data. We explore the cosmological implications of adding mass information from the 3.1$\sigma$ detection of gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by galaxy clusters to the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) selected galaxy cluster sample from the 2500 deg$^2$ SPT-SZ survey and targeted optical and X-ray followup data. In the $\Lambda$CDM model, the combination of the cluster sample with the Planck power spectrum measurements prefers $\sigma_8 \left(\Omega_m/0.3 \right)^{0.5} = 0.831 \pm 0.020$. Adding the cluster data reduces the uncertainty on this quantity by a factor of 1.4, which is unchanged whether or not the 3.1$\sigma$ CMB-cluster lensing measurement is included. We then forecast the impact of CMB-cluster lensing measurements with future cluster catalogs. Adding CMB-cluster lensing measurements to the SZ cluster catalog of the on-going SPT-3G survey is expected to improve the expected constraint on the dark energy equation of state $w$ by a factor of 1.3 to $\sigma(w) = 0.19$. We find the largest improvements from CMB-cluster lensing measurements to be for $\sigma_8$, where adding CMB-cluster lensing data to the cluster number counts reduces the expected uncertainty on $\sigma_8$ by factors of 2.4 and 3.6 for SPT-3G and CMB-S4 respectively., Comment: Comments are welcome

Published
2022

3. Shocks in the Stacked Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Profiles of Clusters II: Measurements from SPT-SZ + Planck Compton-y Map

Author

D Anbajagane, C Chang, B Jain, S Adhikari, E J Baxter, B A Benson, L E Bleem, S Bocquet, M S Calzadilla, J E Carlstrom, C L Chang, R Chown, T M Crawford, A T Crites, W Cui, T de Haan, L Di Mascolo, M A Dobbs, W B Everett, E M George, S Grandis, N W Halverson, G P Holder, W L Holzapfel, J D Hrubes, A T Lee, D Luong-Van, M A McDonald, J J McMahon, S S Meyer, M Millea, L M Mocanu, J J Mohr, T Natoli, Y Omori, S Padin, C Pryke, C L Reichardt, J E Ruhl, A Saro, K K Schaffer, E Shirokoff, Z Staniszewski, A A Stark, J D Vieira, R Williamson, Anbajagane, D., Chang, C., Jain, B., Adhikari, S., Baxter, E. J., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Calzadilla, M. S., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chown, R., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Cui, W., De Haan, T., Di Mascolo, L., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W. B., George, E. M., Grandis, S., Halverson, N. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Lee, A. T., Luong-Van, D., Mcdonald, M. A., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Natoli, T., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saro, A., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Vieira, J. D., and Williamson, R.

Subjects
Galaxies clusters intracluster medium, Large-scale structure of Universe, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Space and Planetary Science, clusters: intracluster medium [galaxies], FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, large-scale structure of Universe, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We search for the signature of cosmological shocks in stacked gas pressure profiles of galaxy clusters using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Specifically, we stack the latest Compton-y maps from the 2500 deg^2 SPT-SZ survey on the locations of clusters identified in that same dataset. The sample contains 516 clusters with mean mass = 1e14.9 msol and redshift = 0.55. We analyze in parallel a set of zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations from The Three Hundred project. The SPT-SZ data show two features: (i) a pressure deficit at R/R200m = $1.08 \pm 0.09$, measured at $3.1\sigma$ significance and not observed in the simulations, and; (ii) a sharp decrease in pressure at R/R200m = $4.58 \pm 1.24$ at $2.0\sigma$ significance. The pressure deficit is qualitatively consistent with a shock-induced thermal non-equilibrium between electrons and ions, and the second feature is consistent with accretion shocks seen in previous studies. We split the cluster sample by redshift and mass, and find both features exist in all cases. There are also no significant differences in features along and across the cluster major axis, whose orientation roughly points towards filamentary structure. As a consistency test, we also analyze clusters from the Planck and Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter surveys and find quantitatively similar features in the pressure profiles. Finally, we compare the accretion shock radius (Rsh_acc) with existing measurements of the splashback radius (Rsp) for SPT-SZ and constrain the lower limit of the ratio, Rsh_acc/Rsp > $2.16 \pm 0.59$., Comment: [v1]: 8 Figures, 16 Pages in Main text. [v2]: Added text to discussion. Version accepted in MNRAS

Published
2021
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4. Combining Planck and SPT cluster catalogs: cosmological analysis and impact on Planck scaling relation calibration

Author

L. Salvati, A. Saro, S. Bocquet, M. Costanzi, B. Ansarinejad, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, M. S. Calzadilla, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, R. Chown, A. T. Crites, T. de Haan, M. A. Dobbs, W. B. Everett, B. Floyd, S. Grandis, E. M. George, N. W. Halverson, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, J. D. Hrubes, A. T. Lee, D. Luong-Van, M. McDonald, J. J. McMahon, S. S. Meyer, M. Millea, L. M. Mocanu, J. J. Mohr, T. Natoli, Y. Omori, S. Padin, C. Pryke, C. L. Reichardt, J. E. Ruhl, F. Ruppin, K. K. Schaffer, T. Schrabback, E. Shirokoff, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, J. D. Vieira, R. Williamson, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Salvati, L., Saro, A., Bocquet, S., Costanzi, M., Ansarinejad, B., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Calzadilla, M. S., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chown, R., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W. B., Floyd, B., Grandis, S., George, E. M., Halverson, N. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Lee, A. T., Luong-Van, D., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Natoli, T., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Ruppin, F., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Shirokoff, E., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Vieira, J. D., and Williamson, R.

Subjects
cluster of galaxies, cosmology, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], cluster of galaxie, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We provide the first combined cosmological analysis of South Pole Telescope (SPT) and Planck cluster catalogs. The aim is to provide an independent calibration for Planck scaling relations, exploiting the cosmological constraining power of the SPT-SZ cluster catalog and its dedicated weak lensing (WL) and X-ray follow-up observations. We build a new version of the Planck cluster likelihood. In the $\nu \Lambda$CDM scenario, focusing on the mass slope and mass bias of Planck scaling relations, we find $\alpha_{\text{SZ}} = 1.49_{-0.10}^{+0.07}$ and $(1-b)_{\text{SZ}} = 0.69_{-0.14}^{+0.07}$ respectively. The results for the mass slope show a $\sim 4 \, \sigma$ departure from the self-similar evolution, $\alpha_{\text{SZ}} \sim 1.8$. This shift is mainly driven by the matter density value preferred by SPT data, $\Omega_m = 0.30 \pm 0.03$, lower than the one obtained by Planck data alone, $\Omega_m = 0.37_{-0.06}^{+0.02}$. The mass bias constraints are consistent both with outcomes of hydrodynamical simulations and external WL calibrations, $(1-b) \sim 0.8$, and with results required by the Planck cosmic microwave background cosmology, $(1-b) \sim 0.6$. From this analysis, we obtain a new catalog of Planck cluster masses $M_{500}$. We estimate the ratio between the published Planck $M_{\text{SZ}}$ masses and our derived masses $M_{500}$, as a "measured mass bias", $(1-b)_M$. We analyse the mass, redshift and detection noise dependence of $(1-b)_M$, finding an increasing trend towards high redshift and low mass. These results mimic the effect of departure from self-similarity in cluster evolution, showing different dependencies for the low-mass high-mass, low-z high-z regimes., Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures, the catalogs can be found at http://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/sptplanck_cluster

Published
2021
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5. The SPTpol Extended Cluster Survey

Author

Shahab Joudaki, M. Costanzi, Matt Dobbs, C. L. Chang, Carole Tucker, E. Bertin, Dale Li, Michael McDonald, A. E. Lowitz, T. M. Crawford, Mark Brodwin, W. B. Everett, A. Roodman, N. W. Halverson, J. Carretero, Santiago Serrano, G. Khullar, Elizabeth George, Adam Anderson, M. Smith, James A. Beall, C. Sievers, Nathan Whitehorn, Valentine Novosad, Marcelle Soares-Santos, Devon L. Hollowood, Volodymyr Yefremenko, C. Pryke, D. Gruen, Nesar Ramachandra, Gensheng Wang, Antonella Palmese, Steven W. Allen, John P. Nibarger, T. Veach, J. D. Hrubes, A. K. Romer, Ramon Miquel, H. T. Diehl, G. I. Noble, W. L. K. Wu, Niall MacCrann, Juan Garcia-Bellido, L. N. da Costa, Christian L. Reichardt, Federico Bianchini, B. Flaugher, Jason E. Austermann, A. A. Plazas, Jason Gallicchio, K. Honscheid, Santiago Avila, Joshua Montgomery, Amy N. Bender, N. L. Harrington, Robert A. Gruendl, Matthias Klein, A. T. Crites, Sebastian Bocquet, S. Patil, L. M. Mocanu, John E. Carlstrom, A. Carnero Rosell, Peter A. R. Ade, B. Stalder, Tesla E. Jeltema, T. de Haan, E. Buckley-Geer, K. K. Schaffer, K. T. Story, Jeff McMahon, J. Gschwend, Shantanu Desai, Benjamin Floyd, Keith Bechtol, Bradford Benson, Catherine Heymans, Jason W. Henning, Antony A. Stark, Joaquin Vieira, Graeme Smecher, Robert I. Citron, M. L. N. Ashby, Lloyd Knox, M. A. G. Maia, A. Saro, J. P. Dietrich, Chris Blake, T. Natoli, N. P. Kuropatkin, James Annis, J. T. Sayre, Michael D. Gladders, J. L. Marshall, C. Corbett Moran, Keith Vanderlinde, Joseph J. Mohr, Kent D. Irwin, W. L. Holzapfel, Jochen Weller, Jessica Avva, David Parkinson, Johannes Hubmayr, Stephen Padin, Joshua A. Frieman, Felipe Menanteau, Gregory Tarle, Tim Schrabback, Matthew B. Bayliss, Eli S. Rykoff, D. L. Burke, E. J. Sanchez, G. Gutierrez, Lindsey Bleem, N. Huang, A. Gilbert, H. C. Chiang, Yanxi Zhang, Tim Eifler, J. D. Remolina González, Benjamin Saliwanchik, F. Paz-Chinchón, Adrian T. Lee, D. W. Gerdes, D. H. Brooks, S. S. Meyer, G. P. Holder, Guillaume Mahler, M. Carrasco Kind, J. E. Ruhl, J. De Vicente, E. Suchyta, Nikhel Gupta, David James, C. Lidman, Keren Sharon, A. Nadolski, Peter Melchior, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SPT, DES, Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Stalder, B., Gladders, M. D., Ade, P. A. R., Allen, S. W., Anderson, A. J., Annis, J., Ashby, M. L. N., Austermann, J. E., Avila, S., Avva, J. S., Bayliss, M., Beall, J. A., Bechtol, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bertin, E., Bianchini, F., Blake, C., Brodwin, Brooks, D., Buckley-Geer, E., Burke, D. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Rosell, A. Carnero, Carrasco Kind, M., Carretero, J., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Costanzi, M., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., da Costa, L. N., de Haan, T., De Vicente, J., Desai, S., Diehl, H. T., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Eifler, T. F., Everett, W., Flaugher, B., Floyd, B., Frieman, J., Gallicchio, J., García-Bellido, J., George, E. M., Gerdes, D. W., Gilbert, A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Gupta, N., Gutierrez, G., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Heymans, C., Holder, G. P., Hollowood, D. L., Holzapfel, W. L., Honscheid, K., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., James, D. J., Jeltema, T., Joudaki, S., Khullar, G., Klein, M., Knox, L., Kuropatkin, N., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lidman, C., Lowitz, A., Maccrann, N., Mahler, G., Maia, M. A. G., Marshall, J. L., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Melchior, P., Menanteau, F., Meyer, S. S., Miquel, R., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Palmese, A., Parkinson, D., Patil, S., Paz-Chinchón, F., Plazas, A. A., Pryke, C., Ramachandra, N. S., Reichardt, C. L., Remolina González, J. D., Romer, A. K., Roodman, A., Ruhl, J. E., Rykoff, E. S., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sanchez, E., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Serrano, S., Sharon, K., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Smith, M., Soares-Santos, M., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Suchyta, E., Tarle, G., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Weller, J., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Zhang, Y., National Science Foundation (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Department of Energy (US), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), University of Illinois, University of Chicago, Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Brasil), Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional das Fundaçôes Estaduais de Amparo à Pesquisa (Brasil), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brasil), German Research Foundation, Argonne National Laboratory (US), Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Max Planck Society, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, European Commission, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany), Australian Research Council, Australian Astronomical Observatory, California Institute of Technology, and Generalitat de Catalunya

Subjects
Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Strong gravitational lensing, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Galaxy, Cosmology, Gravitational lens, Space and Planetary Science, Large-scale structure of the universe, 0103 physical sciences, astro-ph.CO, Cluster (physics), Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Galaxy clusters, Cluster sampling, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Full author list: L. E. Bleem, S. Bocquet, B. Stalder, M. D. Gladders, P. A. R. Ade, S. W. Allen, A. J. Anderson, J. Annis, M. L. N. Ashby, J. E. Austermann, S. Avila, J. S. Avva, M. Bayliss, J. A. Beall, K. Bechtol, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, E. Bertin, F. Bianchini, C. Blake, M. Brodwin, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, D. L. Burke, J. E. Carlstrom, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, C. L. Chang, H. C. Chiang, R. Citron, C. Corbett Moran, M. Costanzi, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, L. N. da Costa, T. de Haan, J. De Vicente, S. Desai, H. T. Diehl, J. P. Dietrich, M. A. Dobbs, T. F. Eifler, W. Everett, B. Flaugher, B. Floyd, J. Frieman, J. Gallicchio, J. García-Bellido, E. M. George, D. W. Gerdes, A. Gilbert, D. Gruen, R. A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, N. Gupta, G. Gutierrez, N. W. Halverson, N. Harrington, J. W. Henning, C. Heymans, G. P. Holder, D. L. Hollowood, W. L. Holzapfel, K. Honscheid, J. D. Hrubes, N. Huang, J. Hubmayr, K. D. Irwin, D. J. James, T. Jeltema, S. Joudaki, G. Khullar, M. Klein, L. Knox, N. Kuropatkin, A. T. Lee, D. Li, C. Lidman, A. Lowitz, N. MacCrann, G. Mahler, M. A. G. Maia, J. L. Marshall, M. McDonald, J. J. McMahon, P. Melchior, F. Menanteau, S. S. Meyer, R. Miquel, L. M. Mocanu, J. J. Mohr, J. Montgomery, A. Nadolski, T. Natoli, J. P. Nibarger, G. Noble, V. Novosad, S. Padin, A. Palmese, D. Parkinson, S. Patil, F. Paz-Chinchón, A. A. Plazas, C. Pryke, N. S. Ramachandra, C. L. Reichardt, J. D. Remolina González, A. K. Romer, A. Roodman, J. E. Ruhl, E. S. Rykoff, B. R. Saliwanchik, E. Sanchez, A. Saro, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, T. Schrabback, S. Serrano, K. Sharon, C. Sievers, G. Smecher, M. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, A. A. Stark, K. T. Story, E. Suchyta, G. Tarle, C. Tucker, K. Vanderlinde, T. Veach, J. D. Vieira, G. Wang, J. Weller, N. Whitehorn, W. L. K. Wu, V. Yefremenko, and Y. Zhang, We describe the observations and resultant galaxy cluster catalog from the 2770 deg2 SPTpol Extended Cluster Survey (SPT-ECS). Clusters are identified via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect and confirmed with a combination of archival and targeted follow-up data, making particular use of data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). With incomplete follow-up we have confirmed as clusters 244 of 266 candidates at a detection significance ξ ≥ 5 and an additional 204 systems at 4 < ξ < 5. The confirmed sample has a median mass of M500c ~ 4.4 ¿ 1014 M☉ h70 -1 and a median redshift of z = 0.49, and we have identified 44 strong gravitational lenses in the sample thus far. Radio data are used to characterize contamination to the SZ signal; the median contamination for confirmed clusters is predicted to be ∼1% of the SZ signal at the ξ > 4 threshold, and 10% of their measured SZ flux. We associate SZ-selected clusters, from both SPT-ECS and the SPT-SZ survey, with clusters from the DES redMaPPer sample, and we find an offset distribution between the SZ center and central galaxy in general agreement with previous work, though with a larger fraction of clusters with significant offsets. Adopting a fixed Planck-like cosmology, we measure the optical richness-SZ mass (l - M) relation and find it to be 28% shallower than that from a weak-lensing analysis of the DES data-a difference significant at the 4σ level-with the relations intersecting at λ = 60. The SPT-ECS cluster sample will be particularly useful for studying the evolution of massive clusters and, in combination with DES lensing observations and the SPT-SZ cluster sample, will be an important component of future cosmological analyses., This work was performed in the context of the South Pole Telescope scientific program. SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-0114422 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947 to the University of Chicago. This work is also supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. PISCO observations are supported by NSF AST-1814719. Work at Argonne National Lab is supported by UChicago Argonne LLC, operator of Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory, is operated under contract No. DE-AC02- 06CH11357. We also acknowledge support from the Argonne Center for Nanoscale Materials. M.G. and L.B. acknowledge partial support from HST-GO-15307.001. B.B. is supported by the Fermi Research Alliance LLC under contract No. De-AC02- 07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The CU Boulder group acknowledges support from NSF AST-0956135. The McGill authors acknowledge funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and the Fonds de Recherche du Québec Nature et technologies. The UCLA authors acknowledge support from NSF AST-1716965 and CSSI-1835865. The Stanford/SLAC group acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. A.S. is supported by the ERC-StG “ClustersXCosmo” grant agreement 716762 and by the FARE-MIUR grant “ClustersXEuclid” R165SBKTMA. C.H. acknowledges support from the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, in the framework of the Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award endowed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, in addition to support from the European Research Council under grant No. 647112. S.J. acknowledges support from the Beecroft Trust and ERC 693024. T.S. acknowledges support from the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) provided through DLR under projects 50 OR 1610 and 50 OR 1803, as well as support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, under project SCHR 1400/3-1. The Melbourne authors acknowledge support from the Australian Research Council’s Discovery Projects scheme (DP150103208). The 2dFLenS survey is based on data acquired through the Australian Astronomical Observatory, under program A/2014B/008. This work is based in part on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at The Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, the Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo InterAmerican Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2015-71825, ESP2015-66861, FPA2015-68048, SEV2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007- 2013), including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) e-Universe (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation grant No. AST1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

Published
2020
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6. Galaxy Clusters Selected via the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect in the SPTpol 100-square-degree Survey

Author

Elizabeth George, A. T. Crites, T. Veach, Amy N. Bender, G. I. Noble, Federico Bianchini, Matt Dobbs, Mark Brodwin, W. B. Everett, N. L. Harrington, S. S. Meyer, K. K. Schaffer, A. E. Lowitz, John E. Carlstrom, Jason E. Austermann, C. L. Chang, T. de Haan, T. M. Crawford, L. M. Mocanu, Lindsey Bleem, Michael McDonald, Dale Li, Joshua Montgomery, Jeff McMahon, Gensheng Wang, Jason Gallicchio, Nathan Whitehorn, Valentine Novosad, Keren Sharon, Graeme Smecher, S. Patil, Michael D. Gladders, Johannes Hubmayr, Robert I. Citron, J. D. Hrubes, Jason W. Henning, A. Saro, Nikhel Gupta, Adrian T. Lee, Adam Anderson, G. Khullar, Benjamin Floyd, Volodymyr Yefremenko, Joaquin Vieira, S. Guns, Steven W. Allen, W. L. K. Wu, J. E. Ruhl, John P. Nibarger, Antony A. Stark, C. Sievers, N. W. Halverson, J. T. Sayre, B. Stalder, Christian L. Reichardt, Kent D. Irwin, Peter A. R. Ade, A. Nadolski, C. Corbett Moran, K. T. Story, K. Vanderlinde, W. L. Holzapfel, Bradford Benson, Sebastian Bocquet, N. Huang, Jessica Avva, A. Gilbert, Stephen Padin, Lloyd Knox, T. Natoli, Gene C. Hilton, James A. Beall, C. Pryke, H. C. Chiang, Carole Tucker, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, Huang, N., Bleem, L. E., Stalder, B., Ade, P. A. R., Allen, S. W., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Crawford, T. M., Crite, A., T., Haan, T. de, Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Floyd, B., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Gladders, M. D., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Khullar, G., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lowitz, A., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Sharon, K., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., and Yefremenko, V.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Infrared, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, 01 natural sciences, Square (algebra), 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Redshift, Galaxy, Square degree, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, astro-ph.CO, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a catalog of galaxy cluster candidates detected in 100 square degrees surveyed with the SPTpol receiver on the South Pole Telescope. The catalog contains 89 candidates detected with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 4.6. The candidates are selected using the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect at 95 and 150 GHz. Using both space- and ground-based optical and infrared telescopes, we have confirmed 81 candidates as galaxy clusters. We use these follow-up images and archival images to estimate photometric redshifts for 66 galaxy clusters and spectroscopic observations to obtain redshifts for 13 systems. An additional 2 galaxy clusters are confirmed using the overdensity of near-infrared galaxies only, and are presented without redshifts. We find that 15 candidates (18% of the total sample) are at redshift of $z \geq 1.0$, with a maximum confirmed redshift of $z_{\rm{max}} = 1.38 \pm 0.10$. We expect this catalog to contain every galaxy cluster with $M_{500c} > 2.6 \times 10^{14} M_\odot h^{-1}_{70}$ and $z > 0.25$ in the survey area. The mass threshold is approximately constant above $z = 0.25$, and the complete catalog has a median mass of approximately $ M_{500c} = 2.7 \times 10^{14} M_\odot h^{-1}_{70}$. Compared to previous SPT works, the increased depth of the millimeter-wave data (11.2 and 6.5 $��$K-arcmin at 95 and 150 GHz, respectively) makes it possible to find more galaxy clusters at high redshift and lower mass., 21 pages, 7 figures, associated data available at http://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/sptsz-clusters. V2 was accepted to the AJ, and includes minor changes requested by the reviewer

Published
2020
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7. Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Clusters in the 2500 square-degree SPT-SZ Survey

Author

A. Zenteno, L. M. Mocanu, Jeff McMahon, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Nikhel Gupta, Michael McDonald, A. von der Linden, Daniel P. Marrone, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, Steven W. Allen, M. L. N. Ashby, Erik Shirokoff, Antony A. Stark, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, Helmuth Spieler, A. N. Doucouliagos, Ryan Keisler, Armin Rest, H-M. Cho, Zhen Hou, Lindsey Bleem, Shantanu Desai, S. S. Murray, N. Huang, Sebastian Bocquet, A. Saro, Stephen Padin, Joseph J. Mohr, I-Non Chiu, J. T. Sayre, Alejandro Clocchiatti, Adam Mantz, D. E. Applegate, B. Stalder, C. Pryke, Elizabeth George, Joaquin Vieira, John E. Carlstrom, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, Mark Brodwin, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Matthew B. Bayliss, Christian L. Reichardt, W. L. Holzapfel, Christopher W. Stubbs, Gilbert Holder, E. M. Leitch, J. P. Dietrich, Spencer A. Stanford, A. T. Crites, William R. Forman, K. Vanderlinde, Adrian T. Lee, Lloyd Knox, Z. K. Staniszewski, Henk Hoekstra, Tim Schrabback, R. J. Foley, K. T. Story, Mark W. Bautz, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Christine Jones, David Rapetti, Gordon P. Garmire, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, S. S. Meyer, N. W. Halverson, J. D. Hrubes, K. K. Schaffer, C. L. Chang, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, de Haan, T., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Allen, S. W., Applegate, D. E., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Doucouliagos, A. N., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., Garmire, G. P., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., von der Linden, A., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Rapetti, D., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Cosmic microwave background, cosmology: observations, galaxies: clusters: general, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, clusters: general [galaxies], Planck, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Weak gravitational lensing, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, CMB cold spot, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, Dark energy, symbols, observation [cosmology]
Abstract

(abridged) We present cosmological constraints obtained from galaxy clusters identified by their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect signature in the 2500 square degree South Pole Telescope Sunyaev Zel'dovich survey. We consider the 377 cluster candidates identified at z>0.25 with a detection significance greater than five, corresponding to the 95% purity threshold for the survey. We compute constraints on cosmological models using the measured cluster abundance as a function of mass and redshift. We include additional constraints from multi-wavelength observations, including Chandra X-ray data for 82 clusters and a weak lensing-based prior on the normalization of the mass-observable scaling relations. Assuming a LCDM cosmology, where the species-summed neutrino mass has the minimum allowed value (mnu = 0.06 eV) from neutrino oscillation experiments, we combine the cluster data with a prior on H0 and find sigma_8 = 0.797+-0.031 and Omega_m = 0.289+-0.042, with the parameter combination sigma_8(Omega_m/0.27)^0.3 = 0.784+-0.039. These results are in good agreement with constraints from the CMB from SPT, WMAP, and Planck, as well as with constraints from other cluster datasets. Adding mnu as a free parameter, we find mnu = 0.14+-0.08 eV when combining the SPT cluster data with Planck CMB data and BAO data, consistent with the minimum allowed value. Finally, we consider a cosmology where mnu and N_eff are fixed to the LCDM values, but the dark energy equation of state parameter w is free. Using the SPT cluster data in combination with an H0 prior, we measure w = -1.28+-0.31, a constraint consistent with the LCDM cosmological model and derived from the combination of growth of structure and geometry. When combined with primarily geometrical constraints from Planck CMB, H0, BAO and SNe, adding the SPT cluster data improves the w constraint from the geometrical data alone by 14%, to w = -1.023+-0.042.

Published
2016

8. SPT-GMOS: A Gemini/GMOS-South Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxy Clusters in the SPT-SZ Survey

Author

Anthony H. Gonzalez, Christine Jones, Michael McDonald, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, Antony A. Stark, Mark W. Bautz, C. L. Chang, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, D. E. Applegate, H-M. Cho, Christian L. Reichardt, John E. Carlstrom, I-Non Chiu, C. Pryke, R. Capasso, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, A. Saro, Christopher W. Stubbs, Henk Hoekstra, Tim Schrabback, E. M. Leitch, R. J. Foley, W. L. Holzapfel, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, K. Vanderlinde, William R. Forman, Bradford Benson, Ryan Keisler, S. A. Stanford, Z. K. Staniszewski, K. T. Story, Shantanu Desai, Helmuth Spieler, Lindsey Bleem, Zhen Hou, Sebastian Bocquet, Elizabeth George, Mark Brodwin, Armin Rest, A. T. Crites, A. Zenteno, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Jeff McMahon, Gilbert Holder, M. L. N. Ashby, Adrian T. Lee, A. N. Doucouliagos, Steven W. Allen, Lloyd Knox, Erik Shirokoff, L. M. Mocanu, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, J. P. Dietrich, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Daniel P. Marrone, Joseph J. Mohr, Nikhel Gupta, A. von der Linden, Matthew B. Bayliss, J. D. Hrubes, Joaquin Vieira, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, Stephen Padin, N. W. Halverson, S. S. Meyer, David Rapetti, Gordon P. Garmire, K. K. Schaffer, S. S. Murray, N. Huang, Bayliss, M. B., Ruel, J., Stubbs, C. W., Allen, S. W., Applegate, D. E., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Capasso, R., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Doucouliagos, A. N., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., Garmire, G. P., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., von der Linden, A., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Rapetti, D., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
catalog, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, catalogs, galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: distances and redshifts, techniques: spectroscopic, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, distances and redshift [galaxies], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysic, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Redshift, Galaxy, Radial velocity, Stars, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), spectroscopic [techniques], Equivalent width
Abstract

We present the results of SPT-GMOS, a spectroscopic survey with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on Gemini South. The targets of SPT-GMOS are galaxy clusters identified in the SPT-SZ survey, a millimeter-wave survey of 2500 squ. deg. of the southern sky using the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Multi-object spectroscopic observations of 62 SPT-selected galaxy clusters were performed between January 2011 and December 2015, yielding spectra with radial velocity measurements for 2595 sources. We identify 2243 of these sources as galaxies, and 352 as stars. Of the galaxies, we identify 1579 as members of SPT-SZ galaxy clusters. The primary goal of these observations was to obtain spectra of cluster member galaxies to estimate cluster redshifts and velocity dispersions. We describe the full spectroscopic dataset and resulting data products, including galaxy redshifts, cluster redshifts and velocity dispersions, and measurements of several well-known spectral indices for each galaxy: the equivalent width, W, of [O II] 3727,3729 and H-delta, and the 4000A break strength, D4000. We use the spectral indices to classify galaxies by spectral type (i.e., passive, post-starburst, star-forming), and we match the spectra against photometric catalogs to characterize spectroscopically-observed cluster members as a function of brightness (relative to m*). Finally, we report several new measurements of redshifts for ten bright, strongly-lensed background galaxies in the cores of eight galaxy clusters. Combining the SPT-GMOS dataset with previous spectroscopic follow-up of SPT-SZ galaxy clusters results in spectroscopic measurements for >100 clusters, or ~20% of the full SPT-SZ sample., 24 pages in eapj format. Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal Supplements

Published
2016
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9. Measurement of galaxy cluster integrated comptonization and mass scaling relations with the South Pole Telescope

Author

Elizabeth George, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, H. M. Cho, K. A. Aird, Christopher W. Stubbs, K. Vanderlinde, K. T. Story, A. T. Crites, Mark Brodwin, Matt Dobbs, Adrian T. Lee, K. K. Schaffer, Z. K. Staniszewski, Jiayi Liu, A. Saro, T. M. Crawford, L. M. Mocanu, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, T. E. Montroy, Erik Shirokoff, Alejandro Clocchiatti, R. J. Foley, W. L. Holzapfel, S. S. Murray, B. Stalder, Daniel P. Marrone, R. Williamson, William R. Forman, Ryan Keisler, N. W. Halverson, Stephen Padin, Helmuth Spieler, J. E. Ruhl, Michael D. Gladders, Lindsey Bleem, Alexey Vikhlinin, J. T. Sayre, Armin Rest, D. Nurgaliev, C. Pryke, S. S. Meyer, Adam Mantz, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, John E. Carlstrom, A. Zenteno, Jeff McMahon, Sebastian Bocquet, T. de Haan, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, E. M. Leitch, J. P. Dudley, Christian L. Reichardt, Spencer A. Stanford, Lloyd Knox, Shantanu Desai, Michael McDonald, Matthew B. Bayliss, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, Antony A. Stark, Joseph J. Mohr, C. L. Chang, J. Mehl, Anna Patej, Christine Jones, M. Lueker, Saliwanchik, B. R., Montroy, T. E., Aird, K. A., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Patej, A., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Aperture, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Radius, Astrophysics, Galaxies: clusters: general, Methods: data analysis, X-rays: galaxies: clusters, Space and Planetary Science, clusters: general [Galaxies], Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, Galaxy, galaxies: cluster [X-rays], data analysi [Methods], South Pole Telescope, Cluster (physics), Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We describe a method for measuring the integrated Comptonization (YSZ) of clusters of galaxies from measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in multiple frequency bands and use this method to characterize a sample of galaxy clusters detected in South Pole Telescope (SPT) data. We test this method on simulated cluster observations and verify that it can accurately recover cluster parameters with negligible bias. In realistic simulations of an SPT-like survey, with realizations of cosmic microwave background anisotropy, point sources, and atmosphere and instrumental noise at typical SPT-SZ survey levels, we find that YSZ is most accurately determined in an aperture comparable to the SPT beam size. We demonstrate the utility of this method to measure YSZ and to constrain mass scaling relations using X-ray mass estimates for a sample of 18 galaxy clusters from the SPT-SZ survey. Measuring YSZ within a 0.75' radius aperture, we find an intrinsic log-normal scatter of 21+/-11% in YSZ at a fixed mass. Measuring YSZ within a 0.3 Mpc projected radius (equivalent to 0.75' at the survey median redshift z = 0.6), we find a scatter of 26+/-9%. Prior to this study, the SPT observable found to have the lowest scatter with mass was cluster detection significance. We demonstrate, from both simulations and SPT observed clusters, that YSZ measured within an aperture comparable to the SPT beam size is equivalent, in terms of scatter with cluster mass, to SPT cluster detection significance., Submitted to ApJ. 13 pages, 10 figures

Published
2015

10. A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Galaxy Clusters Using Data from the South Pole Telescope

Author

Christian L. Reichardt, Spencer A. Stanford, Lloyd Knox, M. Lueker, Matthew B. Bayliss, Shantanu Desai, Helmuth Spieler, K. A. Aird, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Lindsey Bleem, Eric J. Baxter, Armin Rest, Alejandro Clocchiatti, S. S. Meyer, Zhen Hou, Christine Jones, John E. Carlstrom, I-Non Chiu, L. M. Mocanu, Steven W. Allen, B. Stalder, Jizhou Song, A. Saro, T. de Haan, Erik Shirokoff, E. M. Leitch, M. L. N. Ashby, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, R. Williamson, Scott Dodelson, Z. K. Staniszewski, Ryan Keisler, Michael McDonald, W. L. Holzapfel, A. T. Crites, Daniel P. Marrone, J. E. Ruhl, Michael D. Gladders, William R. Forman, Alexey Vikhlinin, Adrian T. Lee, J. P. Dietrich, A. Zenteno, Keith Vanderlinde, C. Hennig, Stephen Padin, Jeff McMahon, H-M. Cho, Henk Hoekstra, J. D. Hrubes, R. J. Foley, Benjamin Saliwanchik, K. T. Story, Gilbert Holder, Antony A. Stark, Mark W. Bautz, Jiayi Liu, C. Pryke, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Matt Dobbs, K. K. Schaffer, T. M. Crawford, Elizabeth George, N. W. Halverson, Sebastian Bocquet, Mark Brodwin, A. van Engelen, S. S. Murray, N. L. Harrington, C. L. Chang, Marius Millea, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, Baxter, E. J., Keisler, R., Dodelson, S., Aird, K. A., Allen, S. W., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. -M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., De Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., Hennig, C., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, cosmic background radiation, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Galaxy, galaxies: clusters: general, gravitational lensing: weak, Space and Planetary Science, Gravitational lens, South Pole Telescope, weak [gravitational lensing], Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Cluster sampling, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Clusters of galaxies are expected to gravitationally lens the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and thereby generate a distinct signal in the CMB on arcminute scales. Measurements of this effect can be used to constrain the masses of galaxy clusters with CMB data alone. Here we present a measurement of lensing of the CMB by galaxy clusters using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We develop a maximum likelihood approach to extract the CMB cluster lensing signal and validate the method on mock data. We quantify the effects on our analysis of several potential sources of systematic error and find that they generally act to reduce the best-fit cluster mass. It is estimated that this bias to lower cluster mass is roughly $0.85\sigma$ in units of the statistical error bar, although this estimate should be viewed as an upper limit. We apply our maximum likelihood technique to 513 clusters selected via their SZ signatures in SPT data, and rule out the null hypothesis of no lensing at $3.1\sigma$. The lensing-derived mass estimate for the full cluster sample is consistent with that inferred from the SZ flux: $M_{200,\mathrm{lens}} = 0.83_{-0.37}^{+0.38}\, M_{200,\mathrm{SZ}}$ (68% C.L., statistical error only)., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures. Published in ApJ. Replaced to match published version

Published
2015

11. Mass Calibration and Cosmological Analysis of the SPT-SZ Galaxy Cluster Sample Using Velocity Dispersion σ v and X-Ray Y X Measurements

Author

N. W. Halverson, C. L. Reichardt, L. M. Mocanu, Alfredo Zenteno, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, G. Bazin, T. M. Crawford, Christopher W. Stubbs, Daniel P. Marrone, Sebastian Bocquet, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, M. Lueker, A. Clocchiatti, Z. Staniszewski, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Michael D. Gladders, Bradford Benson, W. L. Holzapfel, K. Vanderlinde, Lindsey Bleem, Armin Rest, O. Zahn, Mike McDonald, Jeff McMahon, Lloyd Knox, Alexey Vikhlinin, B. Stalder, M. L. N. Ashby, Helmuth Spieler, T. de Haan, S. S. Meyer, S. S. Murray, Ryan Keisler, Aaron Lee, J. P. Dietrich, K. A. Aird, S. A. Stanford, M. Brodwin, K. T. Story, John E. Carlstrom, William R. Forman, R. Williamson, C. Pryke, Ryan J. Foley, Chihway Chang, A. T. Crites, Matthew B. Bayliss, G. P. Holder, J. D. Vieira, A. A. Stark, S. Padin, C. Hennig, E. M. Leitch, C. Jones, I-Non Chiu, S. Desai, H. M. Cho, Jiayi Liu, Erik Shirokoff, D. Gangkofner, Marshall W. Bautz, Benjamin Saliwanchik, J. E. Ruhl, Joseph J. Mohr, A. Saro, M. A. Dobbs, Elizabeth George, Bocquet, S, Saro, A, Mohr, J J, Aird, K A, Ashby, M L N, Bautz, M, Bayliss, M, Bazin, G, Benson, B A, Bleem, L E, Brodwin, M, Carlstrom, J E, Chang, C L, Chiu, I, Cho, H M, Clocchiatti, A, Crawford, T M, Crites, A T, Desai, S, de Haan, T, Dietrich, J P, Dobbs, M A, Foley, R J, Forman, W R, Gangkofner, D, George, E M, Gladders, M D, Gonzalez, A H, Halverson, N W, Hennig, C, Hlavacek-Larrondo, J, Holder, G P, Holzapfel, W L, Hrubes, J D, Jones, C, Keisler, R, Knox, L, Lee, A T, Leitch, E M, Liu, J, Lueker, M, Luong-Van, D, Marrone, D P, Mcdonald, M, Mcmahon, J J, Meyer, S S, Mocanu, L, Murray, S S, Padin, S, Pryke, C, Reichardt, C L, Rest, A, Ruel, J, Ruhl, J E, Saliwanchik, B R, Sayre, J T, Schaffer, K K, Shirokoff, E, Spieler, H G, Stalder, B, Stanford, S A, Staniszewski, Z, Stark, A A, Story, K, Stubbs, C W, Vanderlinde, K, Vieira, J D, Vikhlinin, A, Williamson, R, Zahn, O, and Zenteno, A

Subjects
Physics, galaxies: clusters: individual, large-scale structure of universe, clusters: individual [galaxies], Sigma, Velocity dispersion, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, cosmic background radiation, cosmology: observations, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Omega, symbols.namesake, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, Dark energy, symbols, Planck, Neutrino, Galaxy cluster, observation [cosmology]
Abstract

We present a velocity-dispersion-based mass calibration of the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect survey (SPT-SZ) galaxy cluster sample. Using a homogeneously selected sample of 100 cluster candidates from 720 deg^2 of the survey along with 63 velocity dispersion (σ_v) and 16 X-ray Y_X measurements of sample clusters, we simultaneously calibrate the mass-observable relation and constrain cosmological parameters. Our method accounts for cluster selection, cosmological sensitivity, and uncertainties in the mass calibrators. The calibrations using σ_v and Y_X are consistent at the 0.6σ level, with the σ_v calibration preferring ~16% higher masses. We use the full SP_(TCL) data set (SZ clusters+σ_v +Y_X) to measure σ_g(Ω_m/0.27)^(0.3) = 0.809 ± 0.036 within a flat ΛCDM model. The SPT cluster abundance is lower than preferred by either the WMAP9 or Planck+WMAP9 polarization (WP) data, but assuming that the sum of the neutrino masses is ∑m_ν = 0.06 eV, we find the data sets to be consistent at the 1.0σ level for WMAP9 and 1.5σ for Planck+WP. Allowing for larger ∑m_ν further reconciles the results. When we combine the SPT_(CL) and Planck+WP data sets with information from baryon acoustic oscillations and Type Ia supernovae, the preferred cluster masses are 1.9σ higher than the Y_X calibration and 0.8σ higher than the σ_v calibration. Given the scale of these shifts (~44% and ~23% in mass, respectively), we execute a goodness-of-fit test; it reveals no tension, indicating that the best-fit model provides an adequate description of the data. Using the multi-probe data set, we measure Ω_m = 0.299 ± 0.009 and σ_g = 0.829 ± 0.011. Within a νCDM model we find ∑m_ν = 0.148 ± 0.081 eV. We present a consistency test of the cosmic growth rate using SPT clusters. Allowing both the growth index γ and the dark energy equation-of-state parameter w to vary, we find γ = 0.73 ± 0.28 and w = –1.007 ± 0.065, demonstrating that the expansion and the growth histories are consistent with a ΛCDM universe (γ = 0.55; w = –1).

Published
2015

12. The Redshift Evolution of the Mean Temperature, Pressure, and Entropy Profiles in 80 SPT-Selected Galaxy Clusters

Author

Matthew B. Bayliss, H. M. Cho, M. Lueker, Steven W. Allen, S. S. Murray, Mark Brodwin, Christopher W. Stubbs, Stephen Padin, Elizabeth George, Erik Shirokoff, Joseph J. Mohr, K. A. Aird, Ryan Keisler, K. K. Schaffer, Matt Dobbs, L. M. Mocanu, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, A. T. Crites, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, Armin Rest, Alejandro Clocchiatti, A. Saro, B. Stalder, John E. Carlstrom, Eric D. Miller, T. M. Crawford, Daniel P. Marrone, J. T. Sayre, Christian L. Reichardt, Sebastian Bocquet, T. de Haan, Adam Mantz, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, W. L. Holzapfel, E. M. Leitch, Spencer A. Stanford, J. D. Hrubes, Lloyd Knox, William R. Forman, C. Pryke, Adrian T. Lee, Helmuth Spieler, A. Zenteno, Lindsey Bleem, Jeff McMahon, N. W. Halverson, R. Williamson, Antony A. Stark, Keith Vanderlinde, Mark W. Bautz, Christine M. Jones, J. E. Ruhl, R. J. Foley, S. S. Meyer, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Z. K. Staniszewski, Michael McDonald, K. T. Story, Jiayi Liu, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, C. L. Chang, Mcdonald, M., Benson, B. A., Vikhlinin, A., Aird, K. A., Allen, S. W., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Miller, E. D., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, X-rays: galaxies:clusters, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), galaxies:cluster [X-rays], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Flattening, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Entropy (information theory), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, early universe, South Pole Telescope, clusters: intracluster medium [galaxies], galaxies: clusters: general, Space and Planetary Science, Halo, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

(Abridged) We present the results of an X-ray analysis of 80 galaxy clusters selected in the 2500 deg^2 South Pole Telescope survey and observed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We divide the full sample into subsamples of ~20 clusters based on redshift and central density, performing an X-ray fit to all clusters in a subsample simultaneously, assuming self-similarity of the temperature profile. This approach allows us to constrain the shape of the temperature profile over 0R500) regions than their low-z (0.3R500 in our high-z subsample. This flattening is consistent with a temperature bias due to the enhanced (~3x) rate at which group-mass (~2 keV) halos, which would go undetected at our survey depth, are accreting onto the cluster at z~1. This work demonstrates a powerful method for inferring spatially-resolved cluster properties in the case where individual cluster signal-to-noise is low, but the number of observed clusters is high., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, submitted to ApJ. Updated following referee report

Published
2014

13. Analysis of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Mass-Observable Relations using South Pole Telescope Observations of an X-ray Selected Sample of Low Mass Galaxy Clusters and Groups

Author

Jonathan Ruel, Bradford Benson, Antony A. Stark, Michael McDonald, Armin Rest, Alejandro Clocchiatti, S. S. Murray, Adrian T. Lee, B. Stalder, L. M. Mocanu, A. Zenteno, K. Vanderlinde, Jeff McMahon, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, John E. Carlstrom, Elizabeth George, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Matthew B. Bayliss, T. de Haan, Matt Dobbs, E. M. Leitch, S. S. Meyer, C. L. Chang, Ryan J. Foley, T. M. Crawford, Shantanu Desai, Alexey Vikhlinin, Oliver Zahn, Michael D. Gladders, Joaquin Vieira, N. W. Halverson, M. Lueker, D. Gangkofner, Erik Shirokoff, W. L. Holzapfel, K. T. Story, R. Williamson, J. P. Dietrich, Sebastian Bocquet, J. E. Ruhl, Marshall W. Bautz, H. M. Cho, Jiayi Liu, Mark Brodwin, Stephen Padin, K. A. Aird, M. L. N. Ashby, Joseph J. Mohr, C. Pryke, A. Saro, R. Šuhada, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, Christian L. Reichardt, C. Hennig, I-Non Chiu, D. Luong-Van, C. Jones, Ryan Keisler, Z. K. Staniszewski, Helmuth Spieler, A. T. Crites, Lindsey Bleem, Liu, J., Mohr, J., Saro, A., Aird, K. A., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Gangkofner, D., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hennig, C., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., L. Reichardt, C., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Šuhada, R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Radio galaxy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Population, FOS: Physical sciences, observation [Cosmology], Astrophysics, clusters: intracluster medium [Galaxies], Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, clusters: general [Galaxies], Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, education, Galaxy cluster, Physics, education.field_of_study, Cosmology: observations, Galaxies: clusters: general, Galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy, Quasar, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Redshift, Galaxy, South Pole Telescope, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

(Abridged) We use 95, 150, and 220GHz observations from the SPT to examine the SZE signatures of a sample of 46 X-ray selected groups and clusters drawn from ~6 deg^2 of the XMM-BCS. These systems extend to redshift z=1.02, have characteristic masses ~3x lower than clusters detected directly in the SPT data and probe the SZE signal to the lowest X-ray luminosities (>10^42 erg s^-1) yet. We develop an analysis tool that combines the SZE information for the full ensemble of X-ray-selected clusters. Using X-ray luminosity as a mass proxy, we extract selection-bias corrected constraints on the SZE significance- and Y_500-mass relations. The SZE significance- mass relation is in good agreement with an extrapolation of the relation obtained from high mass clusters. However, the fit to the Y_500-mass relation at low masses, while in good agreement with the extrapolation from high mass SPT clusters, is in tension at 2.8 sigma with the constraints from the Planck sample. We examine the tension with the Planck relation, discussing sample differences and biases that could contribute. We also present an analysis of the radio galaxy point source population in this ensemble of X-ray selected systems. We find 18 of our systems have 843 MHz SUMSS sources within 2 arcmin of the X-ray centre, and three of these are also detected at significance >4 by SPT. Of these three, two are associated with the group brightest cluster galaxies, and the third is likely an unassociated quasar candidate. We examine the impact of these point sources on our SZE scaling relation analyses and find no evidence of biases. We also examine the impact of dusty galaxies using constraints from the 220 GHz data. The stacked sample provides 2.8$��$ significant evidence of dusty galaxy flux, which would correspond to an average underestimate of the SPT Y_500 signal that is (17+-9) per cent in this sample of low mass systems., 15 pages, 7 figures

Published
2014

14. Constraints on the CMB temperature evolution using multiband measurements of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect with the South Pole Telescope

Author

K. A. Aird, Anna Patej, N. W. Halverson, S. S. Murray, I-Non Chiu, C. L. Chang, Sebastian Bocquet, Matthew B. Bayliss, John E. Carlstrom, J. D. Hrubes, Mark Brodwin, S. S. Meyer, J. P. Dietrich, M. L. N. Ashby, Anthony H. Gonzalez, T. de Haan, J. P. Dudley, D. Gangkofner, E. M. Leitch, Elizabeth George, Oliver Zahn, J. Mehl, Joaquin Vieira, Matt Dobbs, Ryan J. Foley, C. Hennig, T. M. Crawford, Michael D. Gladders, R. Williamson, Christian L. Reichardt, Alexey Vikhlinin, Jonathan Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, Antony A. Stark, Bradford Benson, Alejandro Clocchiatti, Stephen Padin, B. Stalder, M. Lueker, W. L. Holzapfel, Z. K. Staniszewski, K. T. Story, Lindsey Bleem, D. Nurgaliev, Michael McDonald, C. Jones, Joseph J. Mohr, A. Saro, Jiayi Liu, A. T. Crites, Shantanu Desai, L. M. Mocanu, Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Helmuth Spieler, Klaus Dolag, Daniel P. Marrone, K. K. Schaffer, D. Luong-Van, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, K. Vanderlinde, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Jeff McMahon, T. E. Montroy, H. M. Cho, Ryan Keisler, C. Pryke, A. Zenteno, A. van Engelen, Erik Shirokoff, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Saro, A., Liu, J., Mohr, J. J., Aird, K. A., Ashby, M. L. N., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Dolag, K., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Gangkofner, D., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hennig, C., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Patej, A., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
general [Submillimetre], Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Cosmic microwave background, Cosmic background radiation, FOS: Physical sciences, observation [Cosmology], Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, clusters: general [Galaxies], Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, Cosmology, theory [Cosmology], Galaxy cluster, Physics, Cosmology: observations, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, Dark energy, Submillimetre: general, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Cosmology: theory, Galaxies: clusters: general, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The adiabatic evolution of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is a key prediction of standard cosmology. We study deviations from the expected adiabatic evolution of the CMB temperature of the form $T(z) =T_0(1+z)^{1-\alpha}$ using measurements of the spectrum of the Sunyaev Zel'dovich Effect with the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We present a method for using the ratio of the Sunyaev Zel'dovich signal measured at 95 and 150 GHz in the SPT data to constrain the temperature of the CMB. We demonstrate that this approach provides unbiased results using mock observations of clusters from a new set of hydrodynamical simulations. We apply this method to a sample of 158 SPT-selected clusters, spanning the redshift range $0.05 < z < 1.35$, and measure $\alpha = 0.017^{+0.030}_{-0.028}$, consistent with the standard model prediction of $\alpha=0$. In combination with other published results, we constrain $\alpha = 0.011 \pm 0.016$, an improvement of $\sim 20\%$ over published constraints. This measurement also provides a strong constraint on the effective equation of state in models of decaying dark energy $w_\mathrm{eff} = -0.987^{+0.016}_{-0.017}$., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS Letters

Published
2014

15. Optical spectroscopy and velocity dispersions of galaxy clusters from the SPT-SZ survey

Author

Mark Brodwin, M. L. N. Ashby, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, Lloyd Knox, S. A. Stanford, Marshall Joy, Christopher W. Stubbs, J. P. Dudley, J. Song, T. Natoli, W. L. Holzapfel, J. T. Sayre, K. Vanderlinde, Jeff McMahon, Ryan J. Foley, Scott Chapman, Adam Mantz, Sebastian Bocquet, K. A. Aird, Matt Dobbs, Elizabeth George, Robert Armstrong, Matthew B. Bayliss, Michael McDonald, William R. Forman, S. S. Murray, T. M. Crawford, Joseph J. Mohr, K. K. Schaffer, J. Mehl, A. Saro, Marshall W. Bautz, R. Suhada, B. Stalder, N. W. Halverson, Benjamin Saliwanchik, T. E. Montroy, Gilbert Holder, M. Lueker, A. Clocchiatti, A. van Engelen, Christian L. Reichardt, D. Nurgaliev, Stephen Padin, O. Zahn, Alfredo Zenteno, Michael D. Gladders, Antony A. Stark, Erik Shirokoff, C. Jones, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Joaquin Vieira, Lindsey Bleem, S. S. Meyer, A. T. Crites, S. Desai, C. Pryke, E. M. Leitch, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, H. M. Cho, Ryan Keisler, Alexey Vikhlinin, G. Bazin, T. Plagge, Z. Staniszewski, Helmuth Spieler, L. M. Mocanu, Daniel P. Marrone, L. Shaw, F. W. High, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, C. L. Chang, N. L. Harrington, John E. Carlstrom, T. de Haan, K. T. Story, Jiayi Liu, Ruel, J., Bazin, G., Bayliss, M., Brodwin, M., Foley, R. J., Stalder, B., Aird, K. A., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chapman, S. C., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Šuhada, R., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Starsk, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Physics, catalog, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Velocity dispersion, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Galaxy, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, galaxies: clusters: general, Space and Planetary Science, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Spectroscopy, Scaling, catalogs, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present optical spectroscopy of galaxies in clusters detected through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect with the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We report our own measurements of $61$ spectroscopic cluster redshifts, and $48$ velocity dispersions each calculated with more than $15$ member galaxies. This catalog also includes $19$ dispersions of SPT-observed clusters previously reported in the literature. The majority of the clusters in this paper are SPT-discovered; of these, most have been previously reported in other SPT cluster catalogs, and five are reported here as SPT discoveries for the first time. By performing a resampling analysis of galaxy velocities, we find that unbiased velocity dispersions can be obtained from a relatively small number of member galaxies ($\lesssim 30$), but with increased systematic scatter. We use this analysis to determine statistical confidence intervals that include the effect of membership selection. We fit scaling relations between the observed cluster velocity dispersions and mass estimates from SZ and X-ray observables. In both cases, the results are consistent with the scaling relation between velocity dispersion and mass expected from dark-matter simulations. We measure a $\sim$30% log-normal scatter in dispersion at fixed mass, and a $\sim$10% offset in the normalization of the dispersion-mass relation when compared to the expectation from simulations, which is within the expected level of systematic uncertainty., Comment: Accepted to ApJ. 20 pages, 6 figures

Published
2014

16. Cosmological constraints from sunyaev-zel'dovich-selected clusters with X-ray observations in the first 178 deg 2 of the south pole telescope survey

Author

B. A. Benson, T. de Haan, J. P. Dudley, C. L. Reichardt, K. A. Aird, K. Andersson, R. Armstrong, M. L. N. Ashby, M. Bautz, M. Bayliss, G. Bazin, L. E. Bleem, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, H. M. Cho, A. Clocchiatti, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, S. Desai, M. A. Dobbs, R. J. Foley, W. R. Forman, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, A. H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, N. Harrington, F. W. High, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, C. Jones, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, J. Liu, M. Lueker, D. Luong-Van, A. Mantz, D. P. Marrone, M. McDonald, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, L. Mocanu, J. J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, S. S. Murray, T. Natoli, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, B. R. Saliwanchik, A. Saro, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, J. Song, H. G. Spieler, B. Stalder, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, K. Story, C. W. Stubbs, R. Suhada, A. van Engelen, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, A. Vikhlinin, R. Williamson, O. Zahn, A. Zenteno, Benson, B. A., De Haan, T., Dudley, J. P., Reichardt, C. L., Aird, K. A., Andersson, K., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Bleem, L. E., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Suhada, R., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
cosmic background radiation, cosmology: observations, galaxies: clusters: general, large-scale structure of universe, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, clusters: general [galaxies], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Equation of state (cosmology), Astronomy and Astrophysic, CMB cold spot, South Pole Telescope, Dark energy, symbols, Baryon acoustic oscillations, Hubble's law, observation [cosmology]
Abstract

We use measurements from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) cluster survey in combination with X-ray measurements to constrain cosmological parameters. We present a statistical method that fits for the scaling relations of the SZ and X-ray cluster observables with mass while jointly fitting for cosmology. The method is generalizable to multiple cluster observables, and self-consistently accounts for the effects of the cluster selection and uncertainties in cluster mass calibration on the derived cosmological constraints. We apply this method to a data set consisting of an SZ-selected catalog of 18 galaxy clusters at z > 0.3 from the first 178 deg^2 of the 2500 deg^2 SPT-SZ survey, with 14 clusters having X-ray observations from either Chandra or XMM-Newton. Assuming a spatially flat ΛCDM cosmological model, we find the SPT cluster sample constrains σ_8(Ω_m /0.25)^(0.30) = 0.785 ± 0.037. In combination with measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum from the SPT and the seven-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data, the SPT cluster sample constrains σ_8 = 0.795 ± 0.016 and Ω_m = 0.255 ± 0.016, a factor of 1.5 improvement on each parameter over the CMB data alone. We consider several extensions beyond the ΛCDM model by including the following as free parameters: the dark energy equation of state (w), the sum of the neutrino masses (Σm ν), the effective number of relativistic species (N_(eff)), and a primordial non-Gaussianity (f_(NL)). We find that adding the SPT cluster data significantly improves the constraints on w and Σm_ν beyond those found when using measurements of the CMB, supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, and the Hubble constant. Considering each extension independently, we best constrain w = –0.973 ± 0.063 and the sum of neutrino masses Σm_ν < 0.28 eV at 95% confidence, a factor of 1.25 and 1.4 improvement, respectively, over the constraints without clusters. Assuming a ΛCDM model with a free N_(eff) and Σm_ν, we measure N_(eff) = 3.91 ± 0.42 and constrain Σm_ν < 0.63 eV at 95% confidence. We also use the SPT cluster sample to constrain f_(NL) = –220 ± 317, consistent with zero primordial non-Gaussianity. Finally, we discuss the current systematic limitations due to the cluster mass calibration, and future improvements for the recently completed 2500 deg^2 SPT-SZ survey. The survey has detected ~500 clusters with a median redshift of ~0.5 and a median mass of ~2.3 × 10^(14) M_☉ h^(–1) and, when combined with an improved cluster mass calibration and existing external cosmological data sets will significantly improve constraints on w.

Published
2013

17. SPT-CL J0205-5829: A z = 1.32 Evolved Massive Galaxy Cluster in the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Survey

Author

Christopher W. Stubbs, C. L. Chang, T. Plagge, Stephen S. Murray, K. Vanderlinde, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, K. A. Aird, Elizabeth George, F. W. High, M. Lueker, Mark Brodwin, A. Zenteno, Jeff McMahon, C. Pryke, T. E. Montroy, A. van Engelen, D. Gettings, Erik Shirokoff, J. Mehl, J. T. Sayre, T. Natoli, Ryan Keisler, Armin Rest, R. Šuhada, Adam Mantz, John E. Carlstrom, Adrian T. Lee, G. Bazin, Shantanu Desai, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, L. M. Mocanu, Marshall Joy, Christine Jones, E. M. Leitch, K. Andersson, Michael D. Gladders, Joseph J. Mohr, Alexey Vikhlinin, K. K. Schaffer, Robert Armstrong, Daniel P. Marrone, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, Michael McDonald, Christian L. Reichardt, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, A. Saro, Stephen Padin, L. Shaw, Spencer A. Stanford, R. Williamson, Lloyd Knox, D. Nurgaliev, J. P. Dudley, N. L. Harrington, S. Hoover, R. J. Foley, W. L. Holzapfel, Matthew L. N. Ashby, Antony A. Stark, Mark W. Bautz, Z. K. Staniszewski, William R. Forman, J. E. Ruhl, Matthew B. Bayliss, Helmuth Spieler, Lindsey Bleem, H. M. Cho, Benjamin Saliwanchik, A. T. Crites, Gilbert Holder, K. T. Story, S. S. Meyer, Jiayi Liu, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, Stalder, B., Ruel, J., Šuhada, R., Brodwin, M., Aird, K. A., Andersson, K., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gettings, D., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, galaxies: Formation, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), early universe, galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J0205?5829), galaxies: evolution, large-scale structure of universe, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 10. No inequality, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, evolution [galaxies], Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, clusters: individual (SPT-CL J0205?5829) [galaxies], Astronomy and Astrophysic, Galaxy, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Formation [galaxies], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0205-5829 currently has the highest spectroscopically-confirmed redshift, z=1.322, in the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SPT-SZ) survey. XMM-Newton observations measure a core-excluded temperature of Tx=8.7keV producing a mass estimate that is consistent with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich derived mass. The combined SZ and X-ray mass estimate of M500=(4.9+/-0.8)e14 h_{70}^{-1} Msun makes it the most massive known SZ-selected galaxy cluster at z>1.2 and the second most massive at z>1. Using optical and infrared observations, we find that the brightest galaxies in SPT-CL J0205-5829 are already well evolved by the time the universe was 3 Gyr, and low rates of star formation (, 11 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ApJ

Published
2013

18. High-redshift Cool-core Galaxy Clusters Detected via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the South Pole Telescope Survey

Author

L. M. Mocanu, M. Lueker, Daniel P. Marrone, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, Mark Brodwin, T. Plagge, Matt Dobbs, John E. Carlstrom, Christine Jones, K. A. Aird, A. Zenteno, R. Williamson, Matthew B. Bayliss, A. van Engelen, Jeff McMahon, J. E. Ruhl, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, E. M. Leitch, M. L. N. Ashby, T. E. Montroy, R. Šuhada, T. M. Crawford, Michael McDonald, Alejandro Clocchiatti, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, S. S. Murray, Christian L. Reichardt, J. D. Hrubes, B. Stalder, S. S. Meyer, C. L. Chang, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Ryan Keisler, Shantanu Desai, Antony A. Stark, Lloyd Knox, Mark W. Bautz, Michael D. Gladders, N. W. Halverson, Alexey Vikhlinin, T. Natoli, K. K. Schaffer, K. T. Story, Marshall Joy, Erik Shirokoff, J. Mehl, Stephen Padin, Christopher W. Stubbs, Sebastian Bocquet, K. Vanderlinde, Jiayi Liu, C. Pryke, F. W. High, Joseph J. Mohr, J. P. Dudley, W. L. Holzapfel, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, A. Saro, Armin Rest, N. L. Harrington, Adrian T. Lee, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, L. Shaw, R. J. Foley, S. Hoover, Helmuth Spieler, Elizabeth George, Lindsey Bleem, H. M. Cho, A. T. Crites, D. R. Semler, G. Bazin, Z. K. Staniszewski, Semler, D. R., Šuhada, R., Aird, K. A., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Bocquet, S., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, 01 natural sciences, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], Brightest cluster galaxy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Sigma, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, galaxies: cluster [X-rays], South Pole Telescope, galaxies: clusters: general, X-rays: galaxies: clusters, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We report the first investigation of cool-core properties of galaxy clusters selected via their Sunyaev--Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. We use 13 galaxy clusters uniformly selected from 178 deg^2 observed with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and followed up by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. They form an approximately mass-limited sample (> 3 x 10^14 M_sun h^-1_70) spanning redshifts 0.3 < z < 1.1. Using previously published X-ray-selected cluster samples, we compare two proxies of cool-core strength: surface brightness concentration (cSB) and cuspiness (��). We find that cSB is better constrained. We measure cSB for the SPT sample and find several new z > 0.5 cool-core clusters, including two strong cool cores. This rules out the hypothesis that there are no z > 0.5 clusters that qualify as strong cool cores at the 5.4�� level. The fraction of strong cool-core clusters in the SPT sample in this redshift regime is between 7% and 56% (95% confidence). Although the SPT selection function is significantly different from the X-ray samples, the high-z cSB distribution for the SPT sample is statistically consistent with that of X-ray-selected samples at both low and high redshifts. The cool-core strength is inversely correlated with the offset between the brightest cluster galaxy and the X-ray centroid, providing evidence that the dynamical state affects the cool-core strength of the cluster. Larger SZ-selected samples will be crucial in understanding the evolution of cluster cool cores over cosmic time., 9 pages, 5 figures. Version as published in December 20th, 2012 issue of ApJ

Published
2012

19. Galaxy clusters discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in the first 720 square degrees of the South Pole Telescope survey

Author

N. W. Halverson, S. Hoover, John E. Carlstrom, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, E. M. Leitch, Matthew B. Bayliss, M. L. N. Ashby, A. Zenteno, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, K. A. Aird, Bradford Benson, M. Lueker, K. T. Story, T. Plagge, Christopher W. Stubbs, Alejandro Clocchiatti, Matt Dobbs, B. Stalder, Michael McDonald, J. P. Dudley, Alexey Vikhlinin, Jiayi Liu, Elizabeth George, A. van Engelen, L. Shaw, Michael D. Gladders, K. Vanderlinde, T. M. Crawford, S. S. Murray, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, Benjamin Saliwanchik, F. W. High, G. Bazin, Gilbert Holder, Hsiao-Mei Cho, J. D. Hrubes, W. L. Holzapfel, N. L. Harrington, Mark Brodwin, Anthony H. Gonzalez, T. Natoli, C. L. Chang, Marshall Joy, L. M. Mocanu, Ryan Keisler, William R. Forman, Jeff McMahon, Armin Rest, Z. K. Staniszewski, Shantanu Desai, Adrian T. Lee, J. Mehl, Antony A. Stark, K. Andersson, Daniel P. Marrone, Mark W. Bautz, Stephen Padin, Robert Armstrong, Christine Jones, A. Saro, C. Pryke, Erik Shirokoff, T. E. Montroy, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, R. Šuhada, S. S. Meyer, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, Christian L. Reichardt, Lloyd Knox, Joseph J. Mohr, K. K. Schaffer, R. J. Foley, A. T. Crites, Helmuth Spieler, Lindsey Bleem, Reichardt, C. L., Stalder, B., Bleem, L. E., Montroy, T. E., Aird, K. A., Andersson, K., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Benson, B. A., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Šuhada, R., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
galaxies: clusters: individual, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Infrared, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, cosmic background radiation, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, 01 natural sciences, cosmology: observations, large-scale structure of universe, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, clusters: individual [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Neutrino, observation [cosmology], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a catalog of 224 galaxy cluster candidates, selected through their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signature in the first 720 deg2 of the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey. This area was mapped with the SPT in the 2008 and 2009 austral winters to a depth of 18 uK-arcmin at 150 GHz; 550 deg2 of it was also mapped to 44 uK-arcmin at 95 GHz. Based on optical imaging of all candidates and near-infrared imaging of the majority of candidates, we have found optical and/or infrared counterparts for 158 clusters. Of these, 135 were first identified as clusters in SPT data, including 117 new discoveries reported in this work. This catalog triples the number of confirmed galaxy clusters discovered through the SZ effect. We report photometrically derived (and in some cases spectroscopic) redshifts for confirmed clusters and redshift lower limits for the remaining candidates. The catalog extends to high redshift with a median redshift of z = 0.55 and maximum redshift of z = 1.37. Based on simulations, we expect the catalog to be nearly 100% complete above M500 ~ 5e14 Msun h_{70}^-1 at z > 0.6. There are 121 candidates detected at signal-to-noise greater than five, at which the catalog purity is measured to be 95%. From this high-purity subsample, we exclude the z < 0.3 clusters and use the remaining 100 candidates to improve cosmological constraints following the method presented by Benson et al., 2011. Adding the cluster data to CMB+BAO+H0 data leads to a preference for non-zero neutrino masses while only slightly reducing the upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses to sum mnu < 0.38 eV (95% CL). For a spatially flat wCDM cosmological model, the addition of this catalog to the CMB+BAO+H0+SNe results yields sigma8=0.807+-0.027 and w = -1.010+-0.058, improving the constraints on these parameters by a factor of 1.4 and 1.3, respectively. [abbrev], 22 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ

Published
2012

20. Redshifts, sample purity, and BCG positions for the galaxy cluster catalog from the first 720 square degrees of the south pole telescope survey

Author

T. Plagge, G. Bazin, Christopher W. Stubbs, K. Vanderlinde, A. van Engelen, Antony A. Stark, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, W. L. Holzapfel, M. A. Dobbs, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, Elizabeth George, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, John E. Carlstrom, Shantanu Desai, M. Lueker, Mark Brodwin, Z. K. Staniszewski, T. E. Montroy, Michael McDonald, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, T. M. Crawford, J. T. Sayre, Bradford Benson, K. A. Aird, E. M. Leitch, Marshall Joy, R. Šuhada, Matthew B. Bayliss, A. Saro, Stephen Padin, D. Nurgaliev, L. Shaw, Benjamin Saliwanchik, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, J. P. Dudley, Gilbert Holder, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Ryan Keisler, K. K. Schaffer, N. W. Halverson, K. T. Story, E. Bertin, N. L. Harrington, C. L. Chang, Jiayi Liu, Jeff McMahon, M. L. N. Ashby, J. Mehl, Michael D. Gladders, Erik Shirokoff, L. M. Mocanu, T. Natoli, Daniel P. Marrone, A. Zenteno, C. Pryke, Helmuth Spieler, Lindsey Bleem, H. M. Cho, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, S. S. Meyer, A. T. Crites, Christian L. Reichardt, R. J. Foley, F. W. High, D. Gettings, Spencer A. Stanford, Lloyd Knox, Joseph J. Mohr, Robert Armstrong, Song, J., Zenteno, A., Stalder, B., Desai, S., Bleem, L. E., Aird, K. A., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Benson, B. A., Bertin, E., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., De Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., George, E. M., Gettings, D., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Natoli, T., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Šuhada, R., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Williamson, R., and Zahn, O.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, cosmology: observations, galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: distances and redshifts, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], distances and redshift [galaxies], Brightest cluster galaxy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Estimator, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, Galaxy, South Pole Telescope, Cluster sampling, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, observation [cosmology]
Abstract

We present the results of the ground- and space-based optical and near-infrared (NIR) follow-up of 224 galaxy cluster candidates detected with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in the 720 deg^2 of the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey completed in the 2008 and 2009 observing seasons. We use the optical/NIR data to establish whether each candidate is associated with an overdensity of galaxies and to estimate the cluster redshift. Most photometric redshifts are derived through a combination of three different cluster redshift estimators using red-sequence galaxies, resulting in an accuracy of ��z/(1+z)=0.017, determined through comparison with a subsample of 57 clusters for which we have spectroscopic redshifts. We successfully measure redshifts for 158 systems and present redshift lower limits for the remaining candidates. The redshift distribution of the confirmed clusters extends to z=1.35 with a median of z_{med}=0.57. Approximately 18% of the sample with measured redshifts lies at z>0.8. We estimate a lower limit to the purity of this SPT SZ-selected sample by assuming that all unconfirmed clusters are noise fluctuations in the SPT data. We show that the cumulative purity at detection significance ��>5 (��>4.5) is >= 95 (>= 70%). We present the red brightest cluster galaxy (rBCG) positions for the sample and examine the offsets between the SPT candidate position and the rBCG. The radial distribution of offsets is similar to that seen in X-ray-selected cluster samples, providing no evidence that SZ-selected cluster samples include a different fraction of recent mergers than X-ray-selected cluster samples., 22 pages, 7 figures, 1 multi-page table at the end of the article

Published
2012

21. Weak-Lensing Mass Measurements of Five Galaxy Clusters in the South Pole Telescope Survey Using Magellan/Megacam

Author

C. L. Chang, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, Henk Hoekstra, G. Bazin, Tim Schrabback, R. J. Foley, M. L. N. Ashby, Mark Brodwin, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, T. Plagge, J. Mehl, T. Natoli, H. M. Cho, C. Pryke, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, L. M. Mocanu, R. Šuhada, Matthew B. Bayliss, A. van Engelen, D. Nurgaliev, John E. Carlstrom, A. T. Crites, Shantanu Desai, M. Lueker, Christine Jones, Stephen Padin, Jizhou Song, W. L. Holzapfel, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, S. Hoover, Christian L. Reichardt, T. de Haan, Daniel P. Marrone, William R. Forman, Marshall Joy, Helmuth Spieler, E. M. Leitch, Erik Shirokoff, K. A. Aird, Z. K. Staniszewski, Lindsey Bleem, Michael McDonald, S. S. Meyer, Christopher W. Stubbs, K. T. Story, Robert Armstrong, Lloyd Knox, T. E. Montroy, S. S. Murray, K. Vanderlinde, F. W. High, Elizabeth George, A. Zenteno, J. T. Sayre, Susan Tokarz, A. Saro, Adam Mantz, Jeff McMahon, L. Shaw, M. Conroy, Jiayi Liu, Antony A. Stark, Joseph J. Mohr, Mark W. Bautz, Armin Rest, K. K. Schaffer, Ryan Keisler, Benjamin Saliwanchik, J. P. Dudley, Gilbert Holder, Louis E. Abramson, Nicha Leethochawalit, Adrian T. Lee, N. W. Halverson, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, N. L. Harrington, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, High, F. W., Hoekstra, H., Leethochawalit, N., De Haan, T., Abramson, L., Aird, K. A., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Bazin, G., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Conroy, M., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Natoli, T., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Schrabback, T., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Šuhada, R., Tokarz, S., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
galaxies: clusters: individual, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Aperture, cosmology: observations, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Primary (astronomy), law, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Weak gravitational lensing, Galaxy cluster, Physics, clusters: individual [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, observation [cosmology], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We use weak gravitational lensing to measure the masses of five galaxy clusters selected from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey, with the primary goal of comparing these with the SPT Sunyaev--Zel'dovich (SZ) and X-ray based mass estimates. The clusters span redshifts 0.28 < z < 0.43 and have masses M_500 > 2 x 10^14 h^-1 M_sun, and three of the five clusters were discovered by the SPT survey. We observed the clusters in the g'r'i' passbands with the Megacam imager on the Magellan Clay 6.5m telescope. We measure a mean ratio of weak lensing (WL) aperture masses to inferred aperture masses from the SZ data, both within an aperture of R_500,SZ derived from the SZ mass, of 1.04 +/- 0.18. We measure a mean ratio of spherical WL masses evaluated at R_500,SZ to spherical SZ masses of 1.07 +/- 0.18, and a mean ratio of spherical WL masses evaluated at R_500,WL to spherical SZ masses of 1.10 +/- 0.24. We explore potential sources of systematic error in the mass comparisons and conclude that all are subdominant to the statistical uncertainty, with dominant terms being cluster concentration uncertainty and N-body simulation calibration bias. Expanding the sample of SPT clusters with WL observations has the potential to significantly improve the SPT cluster mass calibration and the resulting cosmological constraints from the SPT cluster survey. These are the first WL detections using Megacam on the Magellan Clay telescope., Main body: 18 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables. Appendix: 6 pages, 10 figures. Accepted by ApJ. New version incorporates changes from accepted article

Published
2012
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22. Discovery and Cosmological Implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the Most Massive Known Cluster at z>1

Author

Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, Elizabeth George, A. Saro, M. Lueker, T. M. Crawford, Peter A. R. Ade, Giovanni G. Fazio, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, K. Andersson, K. T. Story, N. W. Halverson, Christopher W. Stubbs, M. L. N. Ashby, Massimiliano Bonamente, Marshall Joy, T. E. Montroy, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, W. L. Holzapfel, Bradford Benson, Helmuth Spieler, K. Vanderlinde, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, K. A. Aird, Lindsey Bleem, John E. Carlstrom, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, K. K. Schaffer, Michael D. Gladders, Alexey Vikhlinin, C. L. Chang, Ryan J. Foley, Jizhou Song, M. A. Dobbs, T. de Haan, Shantanu Desai, S. Hoover, C. Pryke, A. Zenteno, Robert Armstrong, Jeff McMahon, S. S. Murray, Z. K. Staniszewski, J. Mehl, Joseph J. Mohr, A. T. Crites, E. M. Leitch, Daniel P. Marrone, L. Shaw, Joaquin Vieira, M. Brodwin, T. Plagge, Erik Shirokoff, G. Bazin, Antony A. Stark, Stephen Padin, Mark W. Bautz, J. P. Dudley, F. W. High, Christian L. Reichardt, Christine Jones, Spencer A. Stanford, Lloyd Knox, Ryan Keisler, William R. Forman, S. S. Meyer, Gordon P. Garmire, R. Williamson, J. E. Ruhl, Foley, R. J., Andersson, K., Bazin, G., De Haan, T., Ruel, J., Ade, P. A. R., Aird, K. A., Armstrong, R., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bonamente, M., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Fazio, G. G., Forman, W. R., Garmire, G., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Marrone, D. P., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Schaffer, K. K., Shaw, L., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
formation [galaxies], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2106-5844) [galaxies], Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, Luminosity, 0103 physical sciences, Galaxy formation and evolution, galaxies: formation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, evolution [galaxies], Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, large-scale structure of universe, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2106-5844), Astronomy and Astrophysic, K-line, early universe, Galaxy, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, galaxies: evolution, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Using the South Pole Telescope (SPT), we have discovered the most massive known galaxy cluster at z > 1, SPT-CL J2106-5844. In addition to producing a strong Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect signal, this system is a luminous X-ray source and its numerous constituent galaxies display spatial and color clustering, all indicating the presence of a massive galaxy cluster. VLT and Magellan spectroscopy of 18 member galaxies shows that the cluster is at z = 1.132^+0.002_-0.003. Chandra observations obtained through a combined HRC-ACIS GTO program reveal an X-ray spectrum with an Fe K line redshifted by z = 1.18 +/- 0.03. These redshifts are consistent with galaxy colors in extensive optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared imaging. SPT-CL J2106-5844 displays extreme X-ray properties for a cluster, having a core-excluded temperature of kT = 11.0^+2.6_-1.9 keV and a luminosity (within r_500) of L_X (0.5 - 2.0 keV) = (13.9 +/- 1.0) x 10^44 erg/s. The combined mass estimate from measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and X-ray data is M_200 = (1.27 +/- 0.21) x 10^15 M_sun. The discovery of such a massive gravitationally collapsed system at high redshift provides an interesting laboratory for galaxy formation and evolution, and is a powerful probe of extreme perturbations of the primordial matter density field. We discuss the latter, determining that, under the assumption of LambdaCDM cosmology with only Gaussian perturbations, there is only a 7% chance of finding a galaxy cluster similar to SPT-CL J2106-5844 in the 2500 deg^2 SPT survey region, and that only one such galaxy cluster is expected in the entire sky., Comment: 10 pages, submitted to ApJ

Published
2011

23. GALAXY CLUSTERS DISCOVERED VIA THE SUNYAEV-ZEL'DOVICH EFFECT IN THE 2500-SQUARE-DEGREE SPT-SZ SURVEY

Author

Alexey Vikhlinin, M. Lueker, Helmuth Spieler, Mark Brodwin, Lindsey Bleem, Christine Jones, C. Hennig, Sebastian Bocquet, K. A. Aird, K. T. Story, Christopher W. Stubbs, A. Zenteno, Z. K. Staniszewski, L. M. Mocanu, Jeff McMahon, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, I-Non Chiu, Michael McDonald, A. T. Crites, K. Vanderlinde, Jiayi Liu, Matthew B. Bayliss, Joseph J. Mohr, Stephen Padin, Hsiao-Mei Cho, Ryan Keisler, W. L. Holzapfel, Daniel P. Marrone, Matthew L. N. Ashby, Steven W. Allen, Henk Hoekstra, William R. Forman, Erik Shirokoff, Tim Schrabback, R. J. Foley, S. S. Meyer, Shantanu Desai, J. P. Dietrich, Antony A. Stark, Douglas Applegate, Adrian T. Lee, Christian L. Reichardt, Lloyd Knox, Mark W. Bautz, A. Saro, Armin Rest, C. Pryke, Spencer A. Stanford, R. Williamson, John E. Carlstrom, J. E. Ruhl, Jizhou Song, T. de Haan, Oliver Zahn, Joaquin Vieira, E. M. Leitch, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Michael D. Gladders, Elizabeth George, Matt Dobbs, T. M. Crawford, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, K. K. Schaffer, N. W. Halverson, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, C. L. Chang, S. S. Murray, Alejandro Clocchiatti, B. Stalder, Bleem, L. E., Stalder, B., De Haan, T., Aird, K. A., Allen, S. W., Applegate, D. E., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hennig, C., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Stubbs, C. W., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), clusters, cosmology, individual large-scale structure of universe Supporting material, machine-readable table, observations galaxies, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), observations galaxie, cluster, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, Galaxy, Square degree, South Pole Telescope, Cluster sampling, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a catalog of galaxy clusters selected via their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signature from 2500 deg$^2$ of South Pole Telescope (SPT) data. This work represents the complete sample of clusters detected at high significance in the 2500-square-degree SPT-SZ survey, which was completed in 2011. A total of 677 (409) cluster candidates are identified above a signal-to-noise threshold of $��$ =4.5 (5.0). Ground- and space-based optical and near-infrared (NIR) imaging confirms overdensities of similarly colored galaxies in the direction of 516 (or 76%) of the $��$>4.5 candidates and 387 (or 95%) of the $��$>5 candidates; the measured purity is consistent with expectations from simulations. Of these confirmed clusters, 415 were first identified in SPT data, including 251 new discoveries reported in this work. We estimate photometric redshifts for all candidates with identified optical and/or NIR counterparts; we additionally report redshifts derived from spectroscopic observations for 141 of these systems. The mass threshold of the catalog is roughly independent of redshift above $z$~0.25 leading to a sample of massive clusters that extends to high redshift. The median mass of the sample is $M_{\scriptsize 500c}(��_\mathrm{crit})$ ~ 3.5 x 10$^{14} M_\odot h^{-1}$, the median redshift is $z_{med}$ =0.55, and the highest-redshift systems are at $z$>1.4. The combination of large redshift extent, clean selection, and high typical mass makes this cluster sample of particular interest for cosmological analyses and studies of cluster formation and evolution., Minor changes to match accepted version; Associated data products available at http://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/sptsz-clusters/index.html

Published
2015
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24. SPT-CL J2040–4451: AN SZ-SELECTED GALAXY CLUSTER ATz= 1.478 WITH SIGNIFICANT ONGOING STAR FORMATION

Author

M. Brodwin, K. T. Story, J. D. Vieira, Jiayi Liu, J. E. Ruhl, B. Stalder, Joseph J. Mohr, Eric D. Miller, A. Saro, M. A. Dobbs, L. M. Mocanu, T. de Haan, K. A. Aird, S. A. Stanford, Daniel P. Marrone, Christian L. Reichardt, J. T. Sayre, Adam Mantz, Jeff McMahon, N. W. Halverson, Ryan J. Foley, S. S. Meyer, C. Jones, Z. Staniszewski, W. L. Holzapfel, Christopher W. Stubbs, J. Song, William R. Forman, Marshall Joy, Sebastian Bocquet, R. Williamson, K. K. Schaffer, Aaron Lee, K. Vanderlinde, S. S. Murray, Alfredo Zenteno, Marshall W. Bautz, M. L. N. Ashby, R. Suhada, J. Mehl, Stephen Padin, Ken Mawatari, Michael D. Gladders, T. E. Montroy, H. M. Cho, Matthew B. Bayliss, Ryan Keisler, A. van Engelen, Armin Rest, Michael McDonald, Lloyd Knox, T. M. Crawford, O. Zahn, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, J. D. Hrubes, Helmuth Spieler, J. P. Dudley, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Erik Shirokoff, Elizabeth George, T. Plagge, G. P. Holder, C. Pryke, M. Lueker, A. Clocchiatti, A. A. Stark, E. M. Leitch, S. Hoover, John E. Carlstrom, F. W. High, D. Gettings, Chihway Chang, A. T. Crites, S. Desai, Lindsey Bleem, Alexey Vikhlinin, Bayliss, M. B., Ashby, M. L. N., Ruel, J., Brodwin, M., Aird, K. A., Bautz, M. W., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gettings, D., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., De Haan, T., Halverson, N. W., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mawatari, K., Mcdonald, M., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Miller, E. D., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Stalder, B., Šuhada, R., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Stubbs, C. W., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), distances and redshift [galaxies], galaxies: clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2040-4451), galaxies: distances and redshifts, galaxies: evolution, large-scale structure of universe, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Spectroscopy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, evolution [galaxies], Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, clusters: individual (SPT-CL J2040-4451) [galaxies], Velocity dispersion, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Galaxy, Redshift, South Pole Telescope, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

SPT-CLJ2040-4451 -- spectroscopically confirmed at z = 1.478 -- is the highest redshift galaxy cluster yet discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. SPT-CLJ2040-4451 was a candidate galaxy cluster identified in the first 720 deg^2 of the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SPT-SZ) survey, and confirmed in follow-up imaging and spectroscopy. From multi-object spectroscopy with Magellan-I/Baade+IMACS we measure spectroscopic redshifts for 15 cluster member galaxies, all of which have strong [O II] 3727 emission. SPT-CLJ2040-4451 has an SZ-measured mass of M_500,SZ = 3.2 +/- 0.8 X 10^14 M_Sun/h_70, corresponding to M_200,SZ = 5.8 +/- 1.4 X 10^14 M_Sun/h_70. The velocity dispersion measured entirely from blue star forming members is sigma_v = 1500 +/- 520 km/s. The prevalence of star forming cluster members (galaxies with > 1.5 M_Sun/yr) implies that this massive, high-redshift cluster is experiencing a phase of active star formation, and supports recent results showing a marked increase in star formation occurring in galaxy clusters at z >1.4. We also compute the probability of finding a cluster as rare as this in the SPT-SZ survey to be >99%, indicating that its discovery is not in tension with the concordance Lambda-CDM cosmological model., 14 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, Accepted to ApJ

Published
2014
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25. THE GROWTH OF COOL CORES AND EVOLUTION OF COOLING PROPERTIES IN A SAMPLE OF 83 GALAXY CLUSTERS AT 0.3 <z< 1.2 SELECTED FROM THE SPT-SZ SURVEY

Author

L. M. Mocanu, Armin Rest, Adrian T. Lee, Lloyd Knox, Daniel P. Marrone, William R. Forman, M. L. N. Ashby, Jeff McMahon, S. A. Stanford, J. Song, K. Vanderlinde, K. T. Story, Lindsey Bleem, T. Plagge, S. S. Meyer, Z. Staniszewski, Ryan J. Foley, R. Suhada, W. L. Holzapfel, Michael D. Gladders, A. van Engelen, Antony A. Stark, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Gilbert Holder, Jiayi Liu, J. E. Ruhl, Joseph J. Mohr, F. W. High, Erik Shirokoff, Alexey Vikhlinin, Matthew B. Bayliss, A. Saro, Sebastian Bocquet, R. Williamson, M. A. Dobbs, Joaquin Vieira, D. Gettings, H. M. Cho, J. Mehl, M. Brodwin, Elizabeth George, J. T. Sayre, B. Stalder, John E. Carlstrom, Adam Mantz, Henry W. Lin, Eric D. Miller, Christian L. Reichardt, Jonathan Ruel, Daniel M. Luong-Van, Bradford Benson, A. T. Crites, C. Pryke, Ryan Keisler, M. Lueker, A. Clocchiatti, T. E. Montroy, Helmuth Spieler, D. Nurgaliev, S. Desai, S. Hoover, E. M. Leitch, C. L. Chang, Marshall W. Bautz, K. K. Schaffer, Stephen Padin, O. Zahn, Marshall Joy, S. S. Murray, T. de Haan, K. A. Aird, Mike McDonald, J. P. Dudley, T. M. Crawford, J. D. Hrubes, Anthony H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, Alfredo Zenteno, C. Jones, Mcdonald, M., Benson, B. A., Vikhlinin, A., Stalder, B., Bleem, L. E., De Haan, T., Lin, H. W., Aird, K. A., Ashby, M. L. N., Bautz, M. W., Bayliss, M., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gettings, D., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., High, F. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hoover, S., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Joy, M., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., Mcmahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Miller, E. D., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Montroy, T. E., Murray, S. S., Nurgaliev, D., Padin, S., Plagge, T., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Šuhada, R., Spieler, H. G., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium, early universe, galaxies: clusters: general, X-rays: galaxies: clusters, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Sample (material), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Cooling flow, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), clusters: general [galaxies], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, galaxies: cluster [X-rays], Amplitude, clusters: intracluster medium [galaxies], 13. Climate action, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present first results on the cooling properties derived from Chandra X-ray observations of 83 high-redshift (0.3 < z < 1.2) massive galaxy clusters selected by their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich signature in the South Pole Telescope data. We measure each cluster's central cooling time, central entropy, and mass deposition rate, and compare to local cluster samples. We find no significant evolution from z~0 to z~1 in the distribution of these properties, suggesting that cooling in cluster cores is stable over long periods of time. We also find that the average cool core entropy profile in the inner ~100 kpc has not changed dramatically since z ~ 1, implying that feedback must be providing nearly constant energy injection to maintain the observed "entropy floor" at ~10 keV cm^2. While the cooling properties appear roughly constant over long periods of time, we observe strong evolution in the gas density profile, with the normalized central density (rho_0/rho_crit) increasing by an order of magnitude from z ~ 1 to z ~ 0. When using metrics defined by the inner surface brightness profile of clusters, we find an apparent lack of classical, cuspy, cool-core clusters at z > 0.75, consistent with earlier reports for clusters at z > 0.5 using similar definitions. Our measurements indicate that cool cores have been steadily growing over the 8 Gyr spanned by our sample, consistent with a constant, ~150 Msun/yr cooling flow that is unable to cool below entropies of 10 keV cm^2 and, instead, accumulates in the cluster center. We estimate that cool cores began to assemble in these massive systems at z ~ 1, which represents the first constraints on the onset of cooling in galaxy cluster cores. We investigate several potential biases which could conspire to mimic this cool core evolution and are unable to find a bias that has a similar redshift dependence and a substantial amplitude., Comment: 17 pages with 15 figures, plus appendix. Published in ApJ

Published
2013
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